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1
Jahad, Udai A., Riyadh Al-Ameri, Ali Chabuk, Ali Majdi, Hasan Sh Majdi, Nadhir Al-Ansari, and Jan Laue. "Dissolved Oxygen Variation on the Steps with a Quarter Circle End Sill for Flows over the Stepped Spillways." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 639–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170501.
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Determining the aeration efficiency of the stepped spillways is important because the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentration helps indicate the water quality. This study investigated the effects of varying step shape and chute slope on the aeration efficiency for stepped spillways. The measured parameters were DO, the inception point of the free surface, and the water surface profile above the crest to evaluate the geometry variation impacts. Several experiments were conducted on a six-step configuration over a stepped spillway with chute angle (θ = 26.6°, 21.8°, and 8.9°). The discharges up to 0.055 m3/s. The step configurations were including flat step, normal end sill, and quarter circle end sill. The results showed when the chute angle changed from 26.6° to 8.9°, the aeration efficiency of E20 improved with 11.51% at the lowest discharge and 6.05% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 10 steps. Also, E20 improved 11.39% at the lowest discharge and 6.50% at the highest discharge for the flat step model with 6 steps. The performance of the steps with the quarter circle end sill model in terms of aeration efficiency increased by 10%.
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Emiroglu, M. Emin, and Ahmet Baylar. "An Investigation of Effect of Stepped Chutes with End Sill on Aeration Performance." Water Quality Research Journal 38, no. 3 (August 1, 2003): 527–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2003.034.
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Abstract Dissolved oxygen is essential to healthy streams and lakes. The dissolved oxygen level is an indication of how polluted the water is and how well the water can support aquatic plant and animal life. A higher dissolved oxygen level indicates better water quality. There is a significant oxygen transfer associated with most hydraulic structures because the air entrained into the flow is split into small bubbles, which greatly increases the surface area for transfer. Stepped chutes are a particular instance of this, and the aeration efficiency of such structures has not been studied in the laboratory and field. In this paper, the aeration performance of the stepped chutes with and without end sill was investigated in a large laboratory stepped chute. An empirical correlation predicting the oxygen transfer efficiency was developed for stepped chutes. The results indicated that l/h and s/h had a significant effect on the aeration efficiency of stepped chutes.
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Hamedi, Amirmasoud, Mohammad Hajigholizadeh, and Abbas Mansoori. "Flow Simulation and Energy Loss Estimation in the Nappe Flow Regime of Stepped Spillways with Inclined Steps and End Sill: A Numerical Approach." Civil Engineering Journal 2, no. 9 (September 30, 2016): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2016-00000047.
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Recently, the usage of stepped spillways, as energy dissipaters, has increased and led to a reduction in the size of the stilling basin. Extensive experimental considerations, plus the high cost and extended time required for laboratory methods, are among the major issues that require precise attention to determine optimal step design. This research deals with comparing the 2-D numerical simulation and experimental description in stepped spillways equipped with inclined steps and end sill together and presents a brisk, reliable, low-cost, and non-experimental approach to designing the steps. In this new type and complicated geometry, simulation is more complicated than horizontal steps, because it needs more accuracy around the end sills. The VOF Method and the k-ε standard turbulence model are proposed to simulate the flow pattern and evaluate the energy loss over stepped spillway. Energy dissipations obtained through the numerical approach have been compared with laboratory measurements and demonstrate reasonable agreement. Also, the flow pattern, velocity vectors and flow direction resulted from numerical simulation is in a good agreement with the experimental results.
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Rashid Gubashi, Karim, and Batool Ali Hussain. "The Effect of Shape and Arrangement of End Sill Stepped Cascade Weirs on Water Quality." Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences 21, no. 2 (April 22, 2018): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.29194/njes21020199.
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El-Mahdy, Mohamed El-Sayed. "Experimental method to predict scour characteristics downstream of stepped spillway equipped with V-Notch end sill." Alexandria Engineering Journal 60, no. 5 (October 2021): 4337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.03.018.
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Hamedi, Amirmasoud, and Milad Ketabdar. "Energy Loss Estimation and Flow Simulation in the skimming flow Regime of Stepped Spillways with Inclined Steps and End Sill: A Numerical Model." International Journal of Science and Engineering Applications 5, no. 8 (September 24, 2016): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijsea0507.1006.
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Mahood, Gail A., and Paula C. Cornejo. "Evidence for ascent of differentiated liquids in a silicic magma chamber found in a granitic pluton." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 83, no. 1-2 (1992): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300007756.
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ABSTRACTFluid dynamic modelling of crystallising calc-alkalic magma bodies has predicted that differentiated liquids will ascend as boundary layers and that accumulation of these buoyant liquids near chamber roofs will result in compositionally stratified magma chambers. This paper reports physical features in La Gloria Pluton that can be interpreted as trapped ascending differentiated liquids. Leucogranitic layers decimetres thick, which are locally stratified, are trapped beneath overhanging wall contacts. The same felsic magmas were also preserved where they were injected into the wall rocks as dykes and as large sill complexes. These rocks do not represent differentiated magmas produced by crystallisation along the exposed walls because the felsic layers occur at the wall rock contact, not inboard of it. Rather, we speculate that evolved felsic liquids are generated by crystallisation all across the deep levels of chambers and that initial melt segregation occurs by flowage of melt into tension fractures. Melt bodies so formed may be large enough to have significant ascent velocities as diapirs and/or dykes. The other way in which the leucogranite occurrence is at variance with the convective fractionation model is that the ascending liquids did not feed a highly differentiated cap to the chamber, as the composition at the roof, although the most felsic in this vertically and concentrically zoned pluton, is considerably more mafic than the trapped leucogranitic liquids. This suggests that these evolved liquids were usually mixed back into the main body of the chamber. Backmixing may be general in continental-margin calc-alkalic magmatic systems, which, in contrast to those in intracontinental settings, rarely produce volcanic rocks more silicic than rhyodacite. That the highly differentiated liquids are preserved at all at La Gloria is a result of the unusual stepped nature of the contact and the entirely passive mode of emplacement of the pluton, which, in contrast to ballooning in place, does not result in wall zones being “scoured”.
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Amir Kamyab Moghaddam, Amirmasoud Hamedi, and Sepideh Amirahmadian. "Experimental survey of static pressure in stepped chutes with inclined and horizontal steps equipped with end sills in nappe and skimming flow regimes." World Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology and Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 30, 2023): 034–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjaets.2023.8.2.0069.
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A spillway is one of the most important parts of a dam for controlling floods. Among different types of spillways, stepped spillways are one of the best energy dissipaters. Due to technological advances and the satisfaction of two elements for safe and low-cost construction, the use of stepped spillways has increased widely. Due to this, more studies are focused on stepped spillways. Researchers have made some efforts and proposed different methods to improve structural efficiency to dissipate energy. Modifications on step geometry, regarding flow regime type, are one of these efforts. Flow pressure and its fluctuations on the steps of the stepped spillways is one of the main factors affecting structural design and safety. In this experimental research, reverse inclined steps combined with the end sills have been applied in four degrees [0o (horizontal), 5o, 8o, and 11o] to obtain static pressure in both the nappe flow and skimming flow regimes of stepped spillways. Static pressure obtained from reverse inclined steps with end sills have been compared to the amount in the horizontal step. Results indicate a slight increase in the energy loss rate when reverse inclined steps have been applied in the nappe flow regime of stepped spillways.
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Good, Irene. "On the question of silk in pre-Han Eurasia." Antiquity 69, no. 266 (December 1995): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00082491.
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When was silk first brought across the steppe from far China towards the European world? There is silk from the Middle Bronze Age of Uzbekistan, in Scythian burials of Siberia and among the Hallstatt grave-goods of western Europe. Teasing out the story of silk depends on identifying the textile, and distinguishing its several varieties apart.
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Zou, Rui, Qin Zhou, Qida Liu, Quanli Li, Zhiqing Chen, and Lin Niu. "Temperature Affects the Hydroxyapatite Crystal Arrangement on Silk Fibroin Surfaces." Polymers and Polymer Composites 25, no. 9 (November 2017): 689–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111702500907.
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A hydroxyapatite (HAP)/silk fibroin (SF) bone-like biomaterial was fabricated through a coprecipitation process using stepped temperatures. We evaluated the effect of increasing temperatures on hydroxyapatite crystal arrangement on a silk fibroin surface. We found that the HAP crystal particles self-assembled on the silk fibroin surface. Further we found that with rising temperature the HAP crystal c-axis became progressively more parallel to the long axis of the silk fibroin. This deposition pattern is similar to that seen with HAP and collagen assembly in normal bone. Based on the XRD, SEM, and TEM results, we conclude that higher temperatures promote crystal nucleation resulting in an increase in both HAP crystal size and HAP/SF particle size. These data support the use of HAP/SF bone-like biomaterials for bone replacement and regeneration.
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Høisæter, Tomas Larsen. "Polities and nomads: the emergence of the Silk Road exchange in the Tarim Basin region during late prehistory (2000–400 bce)." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 80, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x17000507.
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AbstractThe Silk Road trade network was arguably the most important network of global exchange and interaction prior to the fifteenth century. On the question of how and when it developed, scholars have focused mainly on the role of either the empires dominating the two ends of the trade network or the nomadic empires on the Eurasian steppe. The sedentary people of Central Asia have, however, mostly been neglected. This article traces the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin in eastern Central Asia, from c. 2000 bce to 400 bce. It argues that the development of the city-states of the Tarim Basin is closely linked to the rise of the ancient Silk Road and that the interaction between the Tarim polities, the nomads of the Eurasian steppe and the Han Empire was the central dynamic in the creation of the ancient Silk Road network in eastern Central Asia.
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Ochir-Goryaeva, Maria A., and Evgeny G. Burataev. "Погребения с изделиями из шелка эпохи Золотой Орды: проблемы интерпретации." Oriental Studies 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 1210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2021-58-6-1210-1225.
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Introduction. The Golden Horde epoch in the East European steppe was marked, among other things, by the emergence of urban culture in the region. The urban centers and, first of all, the Golden Horde capital in the Lower Volga were the seats of the ruling elite, but also the centers of trade and crafts people coming from all over the places. Around the towns, there were cemeteries with hundreds of burials that were opened and examined by specialists. In the steppe, near the bank of the river, the Golden Horde epoch is represented by a limited number of burials scattered among a variety of kurgan groups. The article aims to examine Golden Horde burials which comprise silk items; these Volga-Manych sites have previously been part of the studies of steppe elite burials. Materials and methods. The grave goods of most sites in question comprised weaponry, ceramics, and animal bones, the traces of funeral feasts, while luxury items were few. Of much interest in this respect are a Volga-Manych series of Golden Horde burials that comprised silk items. According to numerous data of the written sources, silk was equaled to gold in the medieval time. The fact that the Volga-Manych nomads had clothes made of silk was not only the evidence of their high social status and wealth but also a mark that they were the subjects of the Mongolian Empire. Results. In the burials under study, the silk finds were exclusively the clothing and headdress items of the buried. The fabric originated from the eastern (China, Egypt) and western (Byzantium) production centers. Remains of silk products were found both in the burials of men and women. These were both latitudinal-oriented graves, in which the buried were laid with their heads to the west, and meridionally-oriented graves, with the person’s head to the north. According to the present authors, the latter type may be interpreted as a feature characteristic of ethnic Mongolians’ funeral practice, while the former type graves were those of the Polovtsy and other Turkic-speaking groups.
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Christian, David. "Silk Roads or Steppe Roads? The Silk Roads in World History." Journal of World History 11, no. 1 (2000): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jwh.2000.0004.
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Polosmak, N. V. "CLOTHES FROM THE XIONGNU WARDROBE (Based on Finds from the Noin-Ula Burial Mounds)." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 36, no. 3 (June 10, 2020): 431–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2020.03.31.
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Clothing has always served as a major ethnic marker by uniting people of the same community. Written and archaeological sources tell us a lot about the Xiongnu culture, but the appearance of these formidable rulers of the steppe remains a mystery, and we are still on our way to deciphering it.
Archaeological finds for reconstructing the Xiongnu costume come from the Noin-Ula burial mounds (Mongolia), the only site attributed to this people where objects from organic materials have survived. Many items of clothing were discovered as early as in the 1920s by Pyotr Kozlov’s expedition. New data were obtained from three large Noin-Ula mounds as a result of studies organized and directed by the author of this article at the beginning of this century.
The main conclusions that we have arrived at today are as follows:
The costume worn by the Xiongnu nobility was eclectic and consisted of items of different origin. Those were mainly robes made of expensive silk, which were manufactured at Chinese (Han) workshops and presented by the emperor as gifts to the chanyu, who then passed them, as was the custom, to his confidants.
Clothes for people of high rank were sewn from an imported woolen textile of the topmost quality. The clothes from this textile — caftans, trousers, leggings-were created directly in the Steppe, possibly by craftswomen at the chanyu’s base camp.
We do not know the design of the woolen caftans, but the small fragments that were found in Noin-Ula mounds 20 and 22 give us a clue of how bright and decorative they were: these caftans must have been completely covered with embroidery and trimmed with sable fur. A variety of silk textiles were also used in creating these clothing items. It is known that the Xiongnu received from the imperial court as gifts (disguised tribute) plenty of silks from the best workshops of China. These unique textiles were then passed to local craftswomen, who skillfully combined them with woolen textiles and fur. They created truly magnificent garments, as is evident from the surviving fragments of a caftan from Noin-Ula mound 20. In our opinion, it was these caftans that represented the costume of the Xiongnu nobility; i. e., the eclecticism of this costume manifested itself not only in a combination of items of different origin and culture but also in the fact that the clothing items that were created directly in the Steppe were made not only from local materials-felts, coarse textiles, birch bark — but also from imported woolen and silk textiles and embroideries. A good example of these clothes is the leggings from Noin-Ula mound 22. They were sewn by a local craftswoman from a magnificent woolen textile produced in the Mediterranean workshops and embroidered with silk by a Chinese craftswoman, of whom there were many at the chanyu’s base camp. Felt shoes sewn to the leggings were covered with Chinese silk, and their soles were carved from birch bark. This one item brings together three civilizations: Mediterranean, China, and Eurasian Steppe.
Even if we possessed actual clothing items from the burials, we would not be able to confidently reconstruct the Xiongnu costume because we could not be sure that the available items represented the entire wardrobe. Furthermore, we would not know exactly how these clothes were worn. The experience of studying the undisturbed Pazyryk mounds showed that only in those cases where we see all the details of clothes directly on human body, we get a correct idea of how related to one another and how they were worn.
The recent finds from the Noin-Ula mounds added a lot of new details to the description of the costume of the Xiongnu nobility. However, the costume itself, by which we mean not only a set of clothes from the headdress to the shoes but also the color scheme, hairstyle, jewelry, cosmetics, accessories, and manner of wearing, still cannot be reconstructed in its entirety. As of now, we can describe in detail only individual components of this costume. However, I believe that over time we will «assemble» the entire wardrobe and reconstruct the appearance of the splendid riders of the Mongolian steppes.
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Butler, Jim. "Fourteen Poems by C. P. Cavafy, chosen and illustrated by David Hockney, translated by Nikos Stangos and Stephen Spender (1966–67)." Book 2.0 10, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 263–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/btwo_00035_5.
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Review of: Fourteen Poems by C. P. Cavafy, chosen and illustrated by David Hockney, translated by Nikos Stangos and Stephen Spender (1966–67) London: Editions Alecto, Edition A, Folio, illustrated with 12 etchings bound and 1 loose etching, cotton silk boards and silk slipcase, limited edition item
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Rodin, Victor V., and Peter S. Belton. "Changes in Natural Silk Fibres by Hydration, Tensile Loading and Heating as Studied by 1H NMR: Anisotropy in NMR Relaxation Times." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 3, 2022): 3665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173665.
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B. mori silkworm natural silk is a fibrous biopolymer with a block copolymer design containing both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. Using 1H NMR relaxation, this work studied B. mori natural silk fibres oriented at 0° and 90° to the static magnetic field B0 to clarify how measured NMR parameters reflect the structure and anisotropic properties of hydrated silk fibres. The FTIR method was applied to monitor the changes in the silk I and β-sheet conformations. Unloaded B. mori silk fibres at different hydration levels (HL), the silk threads before and after tensile loading in water, and fibres after a stepped increase in temperature have been explored. NMR data discovered two components in T1 and T2 relaxations for both orientations of silk fibres (0° and 90°). For the slower T2 component, the results showed an obvious anisotropic effect with higher relaxation times for the silk fibres oriented at 90° to B0. The T1 component (water protons, HL = 0.11) was sequentially decreased over a range of fibres: 0° oriented, randomly oriented, silk B. mori cocoon, 90° oriented. The degree of anisotropy in T2 relaxation was decreasing with increasing HL. The T2 in silk threads oriented at 0° and 90° also showed anisotropy in increased HL (to 0.42 g H2O/g dry matter), at tensile loading, and at an increasing temperature towards 320 K. The changes in NMR parameters and different relaxation mechanisms affecting water molecular interactions and silk properties have been discussed. The findings provide new insights relating to the water anisotropy in hydrated Bombyx mori silk fibres at tensile loading and under a changing HL and temperature.
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Bergmann, Michael, and Jeffrey E. Brower. "The God of Eth and the God of Earth." Think 5, no. 14 (2007): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147717560000186x.
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Stephen Law has recently argued (Think 9), using a dialogue set on the fictional planet Eth, that traditional belief in God is ‘silly’. Bergmann and Brower argue that theists on Earth should not be convinced.
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Zare, Hesham K., and John C. Doering. "Energy dissipation and flow characteristics of baffles and sills on stepped spillways." Journal of Hydraulic Research 50, no. 2 (February 27, 2012): 192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2012.659840.
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Li, Shuai, Jianmin Zhang, Jing Nie, and Yong Peng. "Energy dissipation and flow characteristics of baffles and sills on stepped spillways." Journal of Hydraulic Research 52, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00221686.2013.856040.
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Чекмарев, Petr Chekmarev, Мостякова, Antonina Mostyakova, Владимиров, and Vladimir Vladimirov. "MANAGEMENT OF POTATO PRODUCTIVITY WITH THE USE OF GROWTH REGULATORS IN THE FOREST-STEPPE AREA OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 10, no. 3 (September 15, 2015): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14784.
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The study of growth regulators efficiency in the cultivation of early-maturing potato of Red Scarlett variety was conducted on gray forest soil of Kama of the Republic of Tatarstan. The reaction of the new early maturing potato of Red Scarlett variety was examined, when assessing ways to use drugs Silk and Albit (soaking seed tubers, foliage cultivation, combined processing (tuber + foliage twice).
It was found, that the use of growth regulators of Silk for the treatment of tubers before planting, depending on the nutrition background, increased the productivity tubers to 2.33 – 3.32 tons per hectare, Albit drug application increased the harvest to 1.55-1.70 tons per hectare. Foliar treatment by Silk twice during the growing season has increased the yield by 3.31-4.05 tons per hectare, by Albit by 2.30-3.16 tons per hectare. When complete machining (tubers + tops) respectively by 5.18-7.16 and 4.16-5.20 tons per hectare. The most efficient option was at the processing of tubers + twice vegetative plant with growth regulator Silk in the background of calculated dozes applicant, rated on the tuber yield of 30 tons per hectare, when yield increase was 7.16 tons per hectare.
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Wei, Huo, and Zeng Qiang. "On the “Plateau Silk Road” Jointly Created by Ancient People of Various Ethnic Groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." China and Asia 5, no. 1 (August 1, 2023): 50–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2589465x-05010003.
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Abstract The “Silk Road” has referred to the roads or the road networks that facilitated East–West communication, with ancient China as the starting point in the East. For a long time, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the “roof of the world,” has not been included in discussions of the Silk Road, as it has been generally understood as dangerous for overland passage due to its location in the alpine snow region, challenging natural environment, and sparse population. As a result, few references on East–West passage through the plateau have been found in the historical records, in both the Chinese and Tibetan languages. However, archaeological discoveries in recent years have shown that from prehistoric times the early people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began their communication and exchanges with the outside world in various ways. No later than the Han and the Jin dynasties, the traditional “Land Silk Road” had extended its trunk routes into the plateau. During the Tang dynasty, as the Tubo kingdom expanded continuously, it built a relatively stable transportation and road network that connected it with South, Central, and East Asia, which this article terms the “Plateau Silk Road.” The formation of the Plateau Silk Road was of great significance, as it not only connected the “Land Silk Road” and the “Steppe Silk Road” in North China as well as the “Maritime Silk Road” and the “Southwest Silk Road” in South China as a whole, but also played an irreplaceable role in integrating the western territories of China and the ethnic groups inhabiting these territories into the Chinese national community. In this process, the ancient people of all ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau made important historical contributions.
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Choi, Hee Joon. "Construction of the Nine-story Pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa in Silla and the International Situation." Korean Institute for Buddhist Studies 57 (August 31, 2022): 75–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.34275/kibs.2022.57.075.
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This paper is the result of a review of the construction process of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa in the early 640s of Silla's domestic and foreign situations and changes. In 643, Silla promoted diplomacy to ask the Tang Dynasty for troops to prevent a joint attack between Baekje and Goguryeo. In the process, the question of whether the queen's rule was justified was raised again in the Silla. And at this time, Jajang asked Queen Seondeok to build a nine-story pagoda at Hwangnyong-sa Temple. Queen Seondeok and her supporters promoted the construction of the pagoda to emphasize the sacredness and authority of Queen Seondeok and to dispel dissatisfaction with the queen's rule.
Meanwhile, in the summer of 644, when preparations for the construction of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple were underway, a request from the Emperor of the Tang to participate in the Goguryeo expedition was delivered to Silla. After careful discussion, Silla eventually decided to dispatch troops, and resumed the battle with Baekje in September 644 to prepare for the possible counterattack of Baekje. Finally, the Tang Dynasty's expedition to Goguryeo began, and Silla also fought with 30,000 soldiers in May 645. However, the war ended with little success due to the retreat of Tang Taizong, and Queen Seondeok and her supporters, who insisted on participating in the war, had to take responsibility and divide power.
The continued war with Goguryeo and Baekje disturbed the minds of the Silla people at the time, and Silla stepped up the construction of the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa to stabilize and rally the public sentiment shaken by the war. As a result, despite the failure of the Goguryeo War and the division of power with the Queen's opponents, the project to build the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa was carried out without delay and was finally completed in 646. Now, through the construction process, the nine-story pagoda of Hwangnyong-sa has become a symbol of the Silla people's desperate desire to overcome the crisis of war and reach a peaceful era, beyond a device that proves the queen's sacredness and authority.
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Zangadiluly, N. "Great Silk Road and Kazakhstan." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 125, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 302–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-3/2664-0686.27.
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The author thinks that his short research article on the Great Silk Road has a lot of content, a long period of research, a wide range of research sources and a number of unique features that make it interesting for those who are interested in this field. Today, the study and further development of the Great Silk Road, which attaches great importance to the study of ancient civilizations, is a matter of incalculable importance and significance. From the first appearance of silk to its production and transformation into a valuable commodity, which served as the basis for the name of the great medieval strategic road, the Great Silk Road, is narrated by ancient Chinese sources. At the same time, this article describes the important historical role of ancient Kazakhstan in the formation and development of the Great Silk Road as a medieval strategic road. The original and key parts of the historical path, which marked the beginning of the trade named after silk, have flourished in the Kazakh steppe from time immemorial. The fact that the Kazakh land was not only the territory through which the Silk Road passed, but also played a historical role in turning this simple way of giving into a way of exchanging civilization between the West and the East, is confirmed by Chinese handwritten sources. Moreover, according to the information provided by modern significant Chinese information sources, the connection of the Nurly Zhol program proposed by the ex-President of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the One Belt, One Way program is revealed. It is proved that independent Kazakhstan plays an important role in the modern reconstruction of the historical path. Thus, both the past and the present of the Great Silk Road are inextricably linked with Kazakhstan.
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Mishra, Ravi K. "The ‘Silk Road’: Historical Perspectives and Modern Constructions." Indian Historical Review 47, no. 1 (June 2020): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983620922431.
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As it is frequently the case in the modern world, the term ‘Silk Road’ or ‘Silk Roads’ is of colonial provenance. The elaborate network of ancient routes originating in the fourth millennium bc and linking various parts of the Eurasian landmass through Central Asia was re-imagined and reinvented in the late nineteenth century as a ‘Silk Road’ connecting China with the Roman Empire, thereby undermining the role of the steppe with its various nomadic and oasis cultures which had always been at the heart of this Eurasian system of trade and other exchange. Ever since, historiography has focussed on the role of sedentary civilisations in this system of exchange, with a particular emphasis on China and the West, thus undermining the role of other sedentary civilisations such as India. Contrary to the dominant narrative, the antiquity of the Eurasian trade network goes back to several millennia before the rise of either the Han Empire or Rome. Whereas this network did connect the agrarian civilisations, this happened primarily through the agency of central Asian intermediaries whose culmination is represented by the rise of the vast Mongol Empire in the thirteenth century. The idea of the ‘Silk Road(s)’ is thus anachronistic in the sense that it is a backward projection of present into the historical past, especially in view of the fact that silk was only one among several important items of exchange, such as horses, cotton, precious stones, and furs.
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Dai, Gaofeng. "Study on Ethnic Channels and the Spread of Wheat in China from the Perspective of Crop Anthropology." Asia Social Science Academy 8, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51600/jass.2022.8.1.75.
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The spread of wheat from West Asia to China has experienced a long time and complicated paths. In particular, the plant archaeological studies reveal that the spread of wheat in China presents the phenomenon of time-space inversion and multi-point synchronization, which makes it difficult to justify the description of the simple linear path of wheat spread from west to east. From the perspective of crop anthropology, the spread of wheat is based on the combination of factors including climate change, physical and geographical conditions, farming techniques and cultural exchanges. The discussion on the spread track of wheat in China should integrate archaeological remains, natural conditions, livelihood style, ethnic communication, cultural changes, etc. From the perspective of nationalities and ethnic groups, the flow of people and cultural exchange should be put in the first place. The Eurasian steppe channel and the Silk Road are the two ethnic channels through which wheat spreads to China. First of all, wheat spread from eastern Central Asia to Shandong in a short period of time and was widely planted, which was a rapid spread through the Eurasian steppe channel. Second, the track of the eastward spread of wheat along the route of Silk Road can be confirmed by the wheat flour culture and customs retained by all ethnic groups in the Tibetan-Yi Corridor in China. Therefore, the ethnic channel provides a more concrete and diversified cognitive way for the study of wheat spread in China.
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Mavidkhaan Baasandulam. "“ECONOMIC BELT OF THE SILK ROAD”: NEW OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS FOR MONGOLIA." International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy, no. 6(26) (November 30, 2019): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_ijite/30112019/6797.
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Earth is continents, seas, the developing countries, the developed countries, the centers and the borders is the One Belt-One Road initiative. On the other hand, the Sea “Silk Road” is called the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” as a way of “New Belt and Road” for China's new long-term development strategy. "Silk Road" refers to the ancient land-based commercial trade route that originated in ancient China and connected to Asia, Africa and Europe.In order to benefit from the “Economic Belt of the Silk Road” initiative, China has partnered with other Asian countries and created two important financial development institutions, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and the Silk Road Fund.The main objective of the initiative is to create an Eurasian trade economic integration space and cross-border transport corridors, that is, to strengthen the links between government policies and national development strategies along the route, promote international cooperation, and promote the development of joint ventures. For this purpose, the following tasks have been set: 1. Development of regional economic integration method; 2. Create an integrated transportation design for Asian transportation, connect communication networks, and develop pipeline systems; 3. Switch back to investment and trade barriers and create a good investment environment; 4.Strengthen national currency; 5.Deepening cooperation in the humanitarian field; 6.Expanding China's exports and domestic power growth will be concentrated in the western provinces (steel, lead, photovoltaic equipment, wind turbines).The “One Belt and One Road” is a new starting point for China-global relations and human development. Utilize the geographical advantages of Mongolia, China and Russia to increase cross-border trade between Mongolia, Russia and China, creating opportunities for logistics and transportation. China is one of the Mongolia's largest sources of foreign direct investment and is seen as a huge market for Mongolia to provide services and products.Mongolia hopes to unite its “Steppe Road” initiative with China’s “One Belt and One Road” initiative. The goal of the “Steppe Road” initiative aims to expand the Mongolian economy through cross-border transportation, strengthen the road line connecting Russia and China, transform and extend the current railway line in Mongolia, and build oil and gas between Russia and China. The pipeline improves the infrastructure of Mongolia. Mongolia and other Asian countries are actively participating in the “One Belt and One Road” initiative implemented in China to reduce risks and threats and gain new opportunities and advantages in regional cooperation.
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Che, Ping, and Jianghu Lan. "Climate Change along the Silk Road and Its Influence on Scythian Cultural Expansion and Rise of the Mongol Empire." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052530.
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Climate change and cultural exchange both influenced cultural development along the continental Silk Road during the late Holocene, but climate change and its influence on nomadic civilizations during that time has yet to be systematically assessed. In this study, we analyzed records of climate change along the Silk Road covering key periods in the late Holocene, based on multiproxies from various archives including lake sediments, shorelines/beach ridges, peatlands, ice cores, tree rings, aeolian sediments, moraines, and historical documents. Combined with archaeological data, we assessed the influence of climate on development and expansion of representative pastoral nomadism. Our results show that the most notable climate changes in Central Asia were characterized by decreasing temperature, expanding glaciers, increasing precipitation, and increasing humidity during transitions from the Sub-Boreal to Sub-Atlantic Period (ca. 9–8th century BC) and from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age (ca. 13–14th century AD). The two periods coincided with Scythian Cultural expansion across the steppe landscape of Central Asia and rise of the Mongol Empire, respectively. These temporal coincidences are interpreted as causally related, where temperature fall and glacial advance may have forced the pastoral nomadism to southward migration. Coeval wetness and southward migration of steppe landscape in Central Asia were beneficial for these cultural expansions, which spanned the Eurasian arid and semi-arid zone westward. Therefore, during the historical period when productivity was underdeveloped, although expansions of pastoral nomadism were closely related to internal social structures, climate change was possibly the most critical controlling factor for sustainability development and collapse.
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Kudaibergenova, Diana T. "“My Silk Road to You”: Re-imagining routes, roads, and geography in contemporary art of “Central Asia”." Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, no. 1 (January 2017): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euras.2016.11.007.
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This paper re-focuses the Silk Road discussions from the position of contemporary art in Central Asian region. Since the late 1980s contemporary art in Central Asia boomed and it eventually became an alternative public space for the discussion of cultural transformations, social and global processes and problems that local societies faced. Initially the questions raised by many artists concerned issues of lost identity and lost heritage during the period of Soviet domination in the region. Different artists started re-imagining the concept of the Self in their works and criticising the old rigid approaches to geography, history and mobility. Nomadic heritage became one of the central themes in contemporary art of Central Asia in the 1990s. Artists started experimenting with symbols of mobility, fluid borders and imagined geography of the “magic steppe” (see Kudaibergenova 2017, “Punk Shamanism”). Contemporary art in Central Asia continues to serve as a space for social critique and a space for search and re-conceptualisation of new fluid identities, geographies and region's place on the world map. In this paper I critically evaluate three themes connected to the symbolism of Silk Road heritage that many artists engage with – imagined geography, routes, roads and mobility. All three themes are present in the selected case studies of Gulnara Kasmalieva's and Muratbek Djumaliev's TransSiberian Amazons (2005) and A New Silk Road: Algorithm of Survival and Hope (2007) multi-channel video art, Victor and Elena Vorobievs’ (Non)Silk Road (2006) performance and photography, Almagul Menlibayeva's My Silk Road to You video-art and photography (2010–2011), Yerbossyn Meldibekov's series on imagining Central Asia and the Mountains of Revolution (2012–2015), and Syrlybek Bekbotaev's Kyrgyz Pass installation (2014–2015) as well as Defenders of Issyk Kul (2014). I trace how artists modernise, mutate and criticise main discourses about Silk Road and what impact this has on the re-imagination processes.
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HANAYI, Omirbek. "EURASIAN HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY AS REFLECTED IN GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE AND IN MAPS FROM THE 13TH TO THE MID-17TH CENTURIES." Eurasian Research Journal 4, no. 2 (April 15, 2022): 71–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.53277/2519-2442-2022.2-05.
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When we talk about Eurasian Historical Geography, usually the vast steppes between Asia and Europe come to mind. However, this geography included the great lands of Eurasia spanning from East to West that was connected by the historical Silk Road that contained important ancient cities along the road. Names of the cities that we remembered or forgotten about have lived and reached today in the memories of the societies, archival materials and maps. There are numerous books has written and will be published in the future as well that examines the perception of space and time in the historical background of the place names.
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Chen, Andrea. "Silk Road Influences on the Art of Seals: A Study of the Song Yuan Huaya." Humanities 7, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h7030083.
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Song Yuan Huaya (the Huaya of the Song and Yuan Dynasties) is a type of seal featuring figurative patterns and sometimes decorated with ciphered or ethnic characters. Their origins are the Song and Yuan Dynasties, although their influence extends to the Ming (1368–1644 CE) and Qing (1644–1912 CE) Dynasties. Although it is based on the Chinese Han seal tradition, Song Yuan Huaya exhibits various elements from the influence of the Silk Road. This is thought to be the first time in Han seal history that the Steppe culture can be seen so abundantly on private seals. This paper takes an interdisciplinary approach to analyse, probably for the first time in the field, some cases of Song Yuan Huaya, in which a dialogue between the Han seal tradition and Silk Road culture occurs. The findings will hopefully advance the understanding of the complicated nature of the art history, society, peoples, and ethnic relationships in question, and will serve as the starting point for further studies of intercultural communication during specific historical periods.
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Novosádová, Irena, Jaroslav Záhora, and José Damian Ruiz-Sinoga. "The availability of mineral nitrogen in Mediterranean open steppe dominated by Stipa tenacissima L." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 5 (2011): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159050187.
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The area of interest is located in the Sierra de los Filabres in semi-arid steppe of the province of Almeria in Spain. The amount of water in the soil is a limiting factor and its availability affects the structure and species composition of ecosystem. On the other hand, the type of vegetation affects the water loss via evapotranspiration and thus the soil microclimate. It has a great influence on the growth and activity of soil microbial communities and hence the dynamics of decomposition of organic matter and nutrient availability. The aim of this study was to assess the intensity of microbial transformations of soil organic nitrogen and describe changes in the content of nitrogen mineral forms at different depths in the semi-arid climate soil in the Mediterranean region. Availability and movement of nitrogen was monitored by capturing the mineral nitrogen into the structures of ion exchange resin applied to the soil in three different variants (control variant, a variant with the addition of cellulose, and the variant with the addition of raw silk). Ion exchange resins have been installed into soil profile in 2008, 2009, and 2010. After the in situ exposure the ion exchange resins were removed from the soil profile and the quantity of captured mineral N was determined by distillation titration method. The availability of ammonia-nitrogen was significantly affected by the addition of different substrates mainly by the additions of the raw silk, where the availability was regularly the highest. However, the availability of ammonia-nitrogen form was generally higher than the availability of nitrate form.
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Zare, H. K., and J. C. Doering. "Inception Point of Air Entrainment and Training Wall Characteristics of Baffles and Sills on Stepped Spillways." Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 138, no. 12 (December 2012): 1119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000630.
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Tornikoski, M., E. Valtaoja, A. G. Smith, and A. D. Nair. "Connection Between Optical and High Frequency Radio Variability in AGN." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 159 (1994): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900175990.
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We have been searching for correlated optical and radio variability in large temporal data sets of 22 extragalactic radio sources. The optical data were obtained with the 76-cm reflector at the Rosemary Hill Observatory in Florida, USA. The radio data were obtained at two different sites: 22, 37 and some of the 90 GHz data at the Metsähovi Radio Research Station, Finland, and 90 and 230 GHz data at the Swedish-ESO Submillimetre Telescope (SEST) on La Silla, Chile. Because the SEST data unfortunately reaches only back to 1988, the 90 and 230 GHz data were complemented by the IRAM data from Steppe et al. (A&AS 75, 1988 and A&AS 96, 1992).
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Lister, Rodney. "Proms 2004: Turnage, Bingham, Sheng, Silk Road, Henze." Tempo 59, no. 231 (January 2005): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298205270055.
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In fulfillment of a commission from the BBC for a work in commemoration of the 75th anniversary of the BBC Symphony Chorus, Mark-Anthony Turnage produced Calmo, an untypically quiet and gentle work for chorus with handbells – and, what has become something of a signature instrument for him, desk bells. The text of the work consists of the words ‘Dona nobis pacem’ and their translations in several languages. It is dedicated to the memory of Turnage's friend Sue Knussen. Calmo's intense eloquence was enhanced by its brevity, and, both despite and because of it, stood out in a program of music for chorus, harp, and organ by an assortment of older and newer Czech and British Composers, including Janáček, MacMillan, Holst, and Eben, presented by the BBC Symphony Chorus, conducted by Stephen Jackson.
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Yi, Sang-hun. "The Development of the Battle of the Sasu during the Second War of Go-Tang (661-662)." Bukak History Academy 17 (January 30, 2023): 141–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37288/bukak.2023.17.2.141.
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In July 660, Silla-Tang allied forces destroyed Baekje. In 661, the Tang launched an attack on Goguryeo. The battle between Goguryeo and Tang from 661 to 662 was called the Second Go-Tang War. The Second Go-Tang War ended with the Battle of the Sasu in 662. In this study, the military base of the Tang army was specifically determined, and based on this, the defense battle was reconstructed. It is believed that the Sasu is located in the west, not east of Pyongyang Castle. The Tang army formed four camps to surround Pyongyang Castle. Bang Hyo-tae's troops were stationed in the west of Pyongyang Castle, installing a barrier along the shooter. Yoo Baek-young's unit was stationed on the left side of Bang Hyo-tae's unit, and Im Ah-sang and Jo Gye-sook's unit were stationed on the right side. And So Jeong-Bang is believed to have been stationed in the area of Maeup-san. Goguryeo troops first attacked Im Ah-sang's troops with weak defense facilities. When Im Ah-sang's unit was defeated, Bang Hyo-tae's unit was isolated and annihilated. As a result, the Tang army's siege of Pyongyang could no longer be maintained. In addition, the cold and food shortages were further aggravated by heavy snow at the time. In the end, the party forces, which received the military supplies supported by Silla, were relieved of the siege of Pyongyang and stepped down.
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Elnikov, M. V. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL MARKERS OF THE SOUTHERN SECTION OF THE MURAVSKY SHLYAH." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (March 25, 2018): 246–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.15.
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Muravsky Shlyah from the XVI century was one of the known routes of communication in the steppe region of the Left Bank of Ukraine. This important transport strategic highway was used both for military and commercial purposes. Reconstruction of the southern section of the Muravsky Shlyah «in a large semicircle», according to the «Kniga Bolshomu Chertezhu» — the tops of the rivers from Orel to Molochnaya, exclude its passage through water crossings. Analysis of a number of written sources and cartographic material of the XVII — early XX centuries, with the indication of «mosques» — archaeological markers on the «Orekhov route», allowed to draw a conclusion about the route of this steppe way through fords. At the river crossings, on the banks of the rivers Volchy, Кonsky and Ovecy Vody, ambassadorial missions, military and travelers fix the remains of «mosques» — hillforts period of the Golden Horde. In this region the trade routes crossed, including the Great Silk Road in the XIV century, which were of great strategic importance for a long time, — before the advent of the railway. Localization of the monuments of the Golden Horde period on this communication allows you to raise the question of its occurrence at an earlier time.
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Ma, Yu-Jun, Fang-Zhong Shi, Xia Hu, and Xiao-Yan Li. "Threshold Vegetation Greenness under Water Balance in Different Desert Areas over the Silk Road Economic Belt." Remote Sensing 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2020): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12152452.
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The sustainability of dryland vegetation growth over the Silk Road Economic Belt is under threat of water shortage, and the determination of water carrying capacity for vegetation is critically essential to balance water supply and water demand for the maintenance of existing ecosystems. To better understand how and why vegetation growth varies in different desert areas, this study first analyzed the spatiotemporal variation of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Then, we investigated the relationship between NDVI and climatic factors (precipitation, soil water content, air temperature, evapotranspiration), and estimated the threshold NDVI under water balance in different desert areas. Results showed that the higher NDVI was mainly distributed in Kazakhstan, Russia, and Azerbaijan, and it increased in approximately 53% of desert areas from 1982 to 2015 in the whole study region. The mean annual NDVI showed a simultaneous increasing trend in all desert areas from 1982 to 1994, and decreased significantly only in the cold arid desert area (p < 0.01, −0.0067 decade−1) or had no significant change in other desert areas after 1994 (p > 0.01). The climate condition generally appeared as a warming and drying trend in the past 34 years, with varied changing rates in different desert areas. NDVI presented a strong positive relationship with both precipitation and evapotranspiration in most desert areas. The threshold values of the mean annual NDVI under water balance between 1982 and 2015 were approximately 0.1041 (hot arid desert), 0.1337 (cold arid desert), 0.1346 (cold arid semi-desert), 0.0951 (hot arid desert semi-desert), 0.0776 (polar desert tundra), 0.1071 (hot arid desert shrub), 0.1377 (cold arid desert steppe), and 0.0701 (polar desert steppe), respectively. The responses of these threshold values to precipitation were all positive in different desert areas. These results provide an enhanced understanding of vegetation dynamics and ecological conservation, which are of great importance to implementing adaptation and mitigation measures for terrestrial ecosystems over the Silk Road Economic Belt.
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Bowden, Stephen. "The Warehouse Group: Entry into Australia." Journal of Management & Organization 9, no. 2 (January 2003): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1833367200004806.
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ABSTRACTThe Warehouse has been a company synonymous with growth and success in New Zealand since Stephen Tindall founded the company in 1982. By 1999, The Warehouse had become the largest retailer in New Zealand and had continued to steam ahead since. In early 2001, incoming CEO Greg Muir faced a real challenge in transferring that success across the Tasman into Australia. In August 2000, The Warehouse had acquired the Clint's Crazy Bargains/Silly Solly's chain of 115 discount variety stores in Australia. Could The Warehouse implement their format in Australia and would it be as successful as in New Zealand?
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Bowden, Stephen. "The Warehouse Group: Entry into Australia." Journal of the Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management 9, no. 2 (January 2003): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/jmo.2003.9.2.58.
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ABSTRACTThe Warehouse has been a company synonymous with growth and success in New Zealand since Stephen Tindall founded the company in 1982. By 1999, The Warehouse had become the largest retailer in New Zealand and had continued to steam ahead since. In early 2001, incoming CEO Greg Muir faced a real challenge in transferring that success across the Tasman into Australia. In August 2000, The Warehouse had acquired the Clint's Crazy Bargains/Silly Solly's chain of 115 discount variety stores in Australia. Could The Warehouse implement their format in Australia and would it be as successful as in New Zealand?
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Sabashkin, V. A., and V. R. Toropov. "THE CHOICE OF GRAIN CLEANING-AND-DRYING UNITS IN AREAS WITH HIGH GRAIN HUMIDITY." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 48, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2018-3-8.
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Grain cleaning-and-drying units for agricultural enterprises in the zones of Western Siberia with high grain humidity are substantiated. Such zones include part of the Northern forest-steppe lowlands, part of the forest-steppe foothills, taiga and subtaiga zones of lowlands and foothills. Grain cleaning-and-drying systems in these zones should provide the possibility of both single and double drying of grain. In order to achieve this, they are recommended to be equipped with two dryers or one dryer with two shafts with the possibility of parallel or sequential operation. Three sizes of systems have been identifi ed with the daily capacity of 100, 200 and 400 tons. Alternative versions of technological schemes of the units have been developed, technical and economic evaluation carried out and the boundary conditions of their application defi ned. It has been established that the choice of the unit will be mainly determined by the level of fi nancial or labor resources available. In the units with the capacity of 100 tons/day, the preferable way of grain handling is by the fl ow line method, which requires some additional capital investment. For the units with the capacity of 200 and 400 tons/day, the most effective option is grain processing and reserving it in the operating silo. The best technical and economic performance is achieved by units with a higher daily capacity.
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Pirtea, Adrian C. "Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity. Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250-750." Iran and the Caucasus 25, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210306.
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This article reviews a collection of twenty-six studies on Eurasia in Late Antiquity, edited by Nicola Di Cosmo and Michael Maas (2018). Aside from presenting a brief summary of all the chapters included in the volume, I discuss several contributions at length and engage with the methodology outlined by the editors in the Introduction. While the book focuses on Late Antique steppe empires (Huns, Türks, Avars, etc.) and the multiple ways these interacted with the great sedentary states of Eurasia (Byzantium, Iran, China), many chapters offer exciting new perspectives on a score of other topics, such as Silk Road trade, religion, history of science, migration, diplomacy and political ideology. On the whole, Empires and Exchanges is an extremely valuable addition to the growing number of studies that attempt to provide a holistic approach to Eurasian history.
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Larson, L. L., G. L. Kiemnec, and D. E. Johnson. "Influence of Freeze-Thaw Cycle on Silt Loam Soil in Sagebrush Steppe of Northeastern Oregon." Rangeland Ecology & Management 72, no. 1 (January 2019): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rama.2018.07.013.
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Radtke, Martin, Ina Reiche, Uwe Reinholz, Heinrich Riesemeier, and Maria F. Guerra. "Beyond the Great Wall: Gold of the Silk Roads and the First Empire of the Steppes." Analytical Chemistry 85, no. 3 (January 9, 2013): 1650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac3025416.
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Xiwei, Du. "Mongolia’s “The Steppe Road” plan and China-Mongolia-Russia economic corridor." Journal of International Studies 45, no. 114 (December 16, 2022): 64–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/jis.v45i114.2464.
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In this article on China’s “Belt and Road” and Mongolia’s “Steppe Road” initiative; the establishment and realization of trilateral cooperation between China, Mongolia and Russia, or the “China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor”; natural and historical factors andthe main purpose of the initiative and strategy proposed by Mongolia will be presented. The next issue will touch on the way to implement China-Mongolia strategic partnership and its development prospects. Within the framework of the principle of “Three sides are one whole and move forward together” put up by the Chinese government, Mongolia proposed a specific plan for cooperation in the areas of developing Eurasian transit traffic, implementing measures to support maritime exports, developing mineral resources, creating infrastructure, and strengthening financial cooperation. In the end, the author will state about the optimalities of trilateral cooperation between China, Mongolia, and Russia.The article states the fact that the “Steppe Road” of Mongolia, originated as a concept of the natural history of mankind in the northern part is not a completely new thing for social and historical researchers, but in terms of the content of the new plan of the “Silk Road Economic Zone”. It is necessary to understand in detail that various operating conditions support the implementation of the “Belt and Road” under the abovementioned initiative such as building large-scale cooperation at the regional level, reaching consensus on implementing the cooperation, and setting the cooperation levers as well as interactions among working groups. Монгол Улсын “Талын зам” ба “Хятад-Монгол-Орос гурван улсын эдийн засгийн коридор” Хятад хэлнээс орчуулсан: Н.Ганбат Доктор (Ph.D)
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U. A. Tokbergenova and A. M. Sarsebayeva. "THE LEVEL OF TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE TURKESTAN REGION." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Economics series, no. 1.2022 (March 31, 2022): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/asdn1565.
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"Turkestan has been a trade center since ancient times, Ordo yntymak. Therefore, the transformation of Turkestan into a regional center is certainly one of the most mobile solutions of the Elbasy. Since this year, the value of the city on the Great Silk Road has been increasing. Turkestan region has a high tourism potential. A particularly priority area of the tourism cluster is a favorable transport infrastructure. The center of the region is the city of Turkestan – the golden nest of historical tourism. At the very beginning of the city, entertainment centers, modern hotels, cultural and historical centers, a drama theater, restaurants, celebration houses, a water park, spot recreation facilities, markets and supermarkets have been completely built for guests and residents of the city. There are places where tourists can provide a full range of quality services. The novelty of the article is that the city of Turkestan, which has long been considered spiritual Astana, is developing in a tourist cluster and receives millions of tourists a year. Tourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of Kazakhstan’s economy. Each region of Kazakhstan is a hotbed of a tourism cluster. The region located in the center of Eurasia, which became the Darkhan steppe of the Great Silk Road, a city was built from ancient times, cultural centers were built. Majestic rivers-lakes and massifs of rocks, forests and deserts testified to historical epochs. "
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JUNTAO, WAN, ALEKSEI VOVENDA, DARIA LUYBINA, and EKATERINA MUSHENKO. "DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHINA-RUSSIA-MONGOLIA CORRIDOR: CROSS-BORDER DIMENSION." Sociopolitical Sciences 11, no. 5 (October 28, 2021): 27–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-5-27-33.
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Purpose. The article deals with the development of China-Russia-Mongolia economic corridor in the context of “One Belt, One Road” initiative, namely the projects of Silk Road economic belt and Steppe Route projects. The purpose of the research is to specify the peculiarities of cross-border cooperation between China, namely Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Russia and Mongolia. The China-Russia-Mongolia economic corridor is one of the six main economic corridors of “One Belt, One Road” initiative. The initiative is aimed at both effective economic cooperation of the three countries and the regional development in general. Results. The improvement of the mechanisms of cross-border cooperation is considered one of the key issues. Thus, the development of the transportation infrastructure facility, in particular, land transport ports, alignment of customs procedures, increasing the effectiveness of cooperation between urban agglomerations and between cross-border regions will allow comprehensive development of China-Russia-Mongolia economic corridor as well as the other projects of “One Belt, One Road” Initiative.
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Mandić, Slađana D. "SLIKOVNE SHEME U POSLOVICAMA KOJE SADRŽE SOMATIZME U ENGLESKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU: IZ KOGNITIVNOLINGVISTIČKE PERSPEKTIVE." ZBORNIK ZA JEZIKE I KNJIŽEVNOSTI FILOZOFSKOG FAKULTETA U NOVOM SADU 9, no. 9 (January 17, 2020): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/zjik.2019.9.11-32.
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Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu su slikovne sheme SADRŽATELJ, SILA, RAVNOTEŽA, CENTAR–PERIFERIJA, GORE–DOLE, i PREDMET (Johnson 1987: 126) u poslovicama koje sadrže somatizme u engleskom i srpskom jeziku poput, Place one’s head in the lion’s mouth / Staviti glavu na kocku. U istraživanju je korišćen korpus sačinjen od 30 poslovica engleskog i istog broja poslovica srpskog jezika. Cilj istraživanja jeste da se definišu metaforički pojmovni obrasci kojima je motivisana upotreba somatizama u posmatranim poslovicama, kao i da se predstave slikovne sheme kroz princip utelovljenja kao univerzalne kategorije. Kognitivnolingvističkom analizom pojmovnih obrazaca stiče se uvid u stepen sličnosti načina na koji govornici engleskog i srpskog jezika konceptualizuju apstraktne pojmove polazeći od delova ljudskog tela kao izvornih domena.
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Charvát, Petr. "Northwestern Caucasus in the Early Middle Ages: A Few Notes." Iran and the Caucasus 21, no. 3 (October 12, 2017): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20170303.
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The paper is on the history of the Northwestern Caucasus between the turn of the eras and the 13th century. From among the many ethnic groups inhabiting this region since the times of Greek and Roman Antiquity, the Alans were probably the best known. Settling down first in the submontane tracts of the Northern Caucasus, they gradually ascended the accessible valleys and rendered themselves as masters of the whole area north of the Caucasus main ridge. Constantly having to find their way between the ambitions of Byzantium and the Khazar Khanate of the steppes, the Northwestern Caucasians successfully exploited the region’s natural resources and engaged in long-distance trade along a side artery of the Silk Road. In the 10th century, Alans embraced Christianity and created their own state, a staunch ally of Byzantium. Alania perished in consequence of the Mongol invasion at the beginning of the 13th century. Most of its inhabitants followed their new masters into Central Asia, some have found new homes in Byzantium, Hungary and their vicinity.
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Surlyk, Finn, and Nanna Noe Nygaard. "Sand remobilisation and intrusion in the Upper Jurassic Hareelv Formation of East Greenland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 48 (December 31, 2001): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2001-48-10.
Full textAbstract:
An extensive Late Jurassic intrusive sandstone complex is exposed in Jameson land, East Greenland. The sandstones and the host mudstones form the Upper Oxfordian – Volgian Hareelv Formation. The formation covers an area of 55×70 km, is 200–400 m thick and consists of black basinal mudstones and highly irregular sandstone bodies, dykes and sills. Failure of shelf-margin sandbodies resulted in downslope sediment gravity flows and deposition of massive sands on the slope, at the base-of-slope and in the basin. The sands flowed in steep-sided gullies formed by retrogressive slumping of slope muds or loaded directly into the muds. Sandbodies deposited within the gullies have steep commonly stepped margins while those deposited at the downslope termination of gullies have a sheet-like geometry. All sandbodies underwent some degree of fluidization and liquefaction subsequent to burial and sand was intruded into the surrounding black mudstones. Remobilisation and intrusion took place over a long time interval ranging from almost syndepositional to relatively deep burial and primary sediment structures were lost in most cases. Sandstone dykes and sills are ubiquitous and were emplaced by all combinations of stoping and dilation. The intrusive sandbodies range in dimensions from centimetres to many hundreds of metres. The degree of post-burial remobilisation ranges from rather small-scale modifications to wholesale fluidization, liquefaction and out-of-place intrusion of the sand over tens to hundreds of metres. The Hareelv Formation was deposited during the most important Mesozoic rift event in East Greenland and the pervasive remobilisation of all sandbodies in the formation is interpreted as caused mainly by cyclic loading by seismic shocks. Additional important factors were slope shear stress, build up of pore pressure due to loading, slumping, upwards movement of pore waters expelled from the compacting muds and possibly also of biogenic and thermogenic gas. The Hareelv Formation is an excellent field analogue for deeply buried hydrocarbon reservoirs, which have been modified by remobilisation and injection of the sands.
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Kushkhov, A. S. "CULTIVATION OF HIGH-PROTEIN FORAGESAT THE MIXED CROPS OF THE SUGAR SORGHUM WITH SOYAND FEATURES OF THE AGROTECHNOLOGY IN THE STEPPE ZONE OF KBR." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 3 (September 28, 2018): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2018-0-3-151-154.
Full textAbstract:
In a solution of the problem of white for livestock production the main role is assigned to bean cultures. Use of their vegetative weight on a green forage, a silo, preparations of grass meal allows to balance fodder diets on a perevarimy protein and amino acids. The main reserve of increase in efficiency bean and increases in their volume in structure of forages, without reduction of the areas of other cultures, are the mixed crops. In work results of researches on technology of cultivation of the mixed crops of a sugar sorghum and soy, the agricultural technician of cultivation, productivity of green material, an exit of nutrients at the one-specific and mixed crops are considered.