Academic literature on the topic 'Step phase contact'
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Journal articles on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Wzorek, Marek, Andrzej Czerwiński, Andrian V. Kuchuk, Jacek Ratajczak, Ania Piotrowska, and Jerzy Kątcki. "Ni-Based Ohmic Contacts to Silicon Carbide Examined by Electron Microscopy." Solid State Phenomena 186 (March 2012): 82–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.186.82.
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Ni/Si multilayer contact structures to 4H-SiC after subsequent annealing steps are investigated with electron microscopy methods. After high temperature annealing step, specific defects in the contact structures are observed. The influence of phase transformations during annealings on the morphology on the contacts is discussed and the explanation of formation mechanism of voids within contact layer is proposed.
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Thierry-Jebali, Nicolas, Olivier Ménard, Arnaud Yvon, Emmanuel Collard, Miao Zhe, Olivier Dezellus, Christian Brylinski, and Jean Claude Viala. "Al-Si-Ti Ohmic Contacts on N-Type Gallium Nitride." Materials Science Forum 679-680 (March 2011): 812–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.679-680.812.
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Ohmic contacts represent a major technological brick for the development of high power devices on Gallium Nitride. Al(200 nm) Ti(70 nm) metallization on n+-GaN, annealed at 650 °C, provides a “Specific Contact Resistivity” (SCR) in the range mid 10-5 Ω.cm², which is low enough for the main switching power applications. However, the Al-Ti metallic compound phases formed during the annealing step result from solid-solid reactions, which may lead to high stress and / or poor cohesion, possibly deleterious to contact reliability. In this work, we have investigated several configurations of Ti-Al-Si based contacts, aiming at favoring liquid-solid reactions and / or Si element diffusion, in order to get better SCR and / or morphology and cohesion of the metallic phase. Surprisingly, only contacts annealed at low temperature (450 °C) provide low contact SCR, comparable to that of Ti-Al only contact, but systematically higher.
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Hak, Laura, Jaap H. van Dieën, Peter van der Wurff, and Han Houdijk. "Stepping Asymmetry Among Individuals With Unilateral Transtibial Limb Loss Might Be Functional in Terms of Gait Stability." Physical Therapy 94, no. 10 (October 1, 2014): 1480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130431.
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BackgroundThe asymmetry in step length in prosthetic gait is often seen as a detrimental effect of the impairment; however, this asymmetry also might be a functional compensation. An advantage of a smaller step length of the nonprosthetic leg, and specifically foot forward placement (FFP), might be that it will bring the center of mass closer to the base of support of the leading foot and thus increase the backward margin of stability (BW MoS).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to characterize differences in step length, FFP, and the concomitant difference in BW MoS between steps of the prosthetic and nonprosthetic legs (referred to as prosthetic and nonprosthetic steps, respectively) of people after transtibial amputation.DesignThis was an observational and cross-sectional study.MethodsTen people after transtibial amputation walked for 4 minutes on a self-paced treadmill. Step length and FFP were calculated at initial contact. The size of the BW MoS was calculated for the moment of initial contact and at the end of the double-support phase of gait.ResultsStep length (5.4%) and FFP (7.9%) were shorter for the nonprosthetic step than for the prosthetic step. The BW MoS at initial contact was larger for the nonprosthetic step, but because of a significant leg × gait event interaction effect, BW MoS did not differ significantly at the end of the double-support phase.LimitationsAll participants were relatively good walkers (score of E on the Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine [SIGAM] scale).ConclusionsThe smaller step length and FFP of the nonprosthetic step help to create a larger BW MoS at initial contact for the nonprosthetic step compared with the prosthetic step. Hence, step length asymmetry in people after transtibial amputation might be seen as a functional compensation to preserve BW MoS during the double-support phase to cope with the limited push-off power of the prosthetic ankle.
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Kelkar, R., and G. A. Ateshian. "Contact Creep of Biphasic Cartilage Layers." Journal of Applied Mechanics 66, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 137–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2789140.
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Integral transform methods are used to solve the contact creep problem between two identical cylindrical biphasic cartilage layers bonded to rigid impermeable subchondral bone substrates. The biphasic model employed for cartilage consists of a binary mixture of an incompressible porous-permeable solid phase and an incompressible fluid phase. Solutions are obtained as a function of time, from the instantaneous to the equilibrium responses of the tissue. A significant result of this analysis is that under application of a step load, fluid pressurization may support upward of 96 percent of the total applied load for more congruent joints, shielding the solid collagen-proteoglycan matrix of the tissue from excessive stresses during physiological loading durations. The protection imparted by interstitial fluid pressurization to the solid collagen-proteoglycan matrix of cartilage is investigated, and the influence of material properties and osteoarthritic changes on the potential loss of this protective effect is discussed.
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Gao, Lichao, Alexander Y. Fadeev, and Thomas J. McCarthy. "Superhydrophobicity and Contact-Line Issues." MRS Bulletin 33, no. 8 (August 2008): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.160.
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AbstractThe wettability of several superhydrophobic surfaces that were prepared recently by simple, mostly single-step methods is described and compared with the wettability of surfaces that are less hydrophobic. We explain why two length scales of topography can be important for controlling the hydrophobicity of some surfaces (the lotus effect). Contact-angle hysteresis (difference between the advancing, θA, and receding, θR, contact angles) is discussed and explained, particularly with regard to its contribution to water repellency. Perfect hydrophobicity (θA/θR = 180°/180°) and a method for distinguishing perfectly hydrophobic surfaces from those that are almost perfectly hydrophobic are described and discussed. The Wenzel and Cassie theories, both of which involve analysis of interfacial (solid/liquid) areas and not contact lines, are criticized. Each of these related topics is addressed from the perspective of the three-phase (solid/liquid/vapor) contact line and its dynamics. The energy barriers for movement of the three-phase contact line from one metastable state to another control contact-angle hysteresis and, thus, water repellency.
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Wu, Yanxue, Gaoxu Wu, Shichao Yang, Tian Yang, and Fei Liu. "Two-step gradient-assisted phase-shifting demodulation algorithm for fast 3D reconstruction." Measurement Science and Technology 33, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 025204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/ac3677.
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Abstract The conventional multi-frequency heterodyne method is one of the most widely used methods in non-contact 3D measurement. However, it needs to project different phase-shifting patterns with different frequencies, so a large number of patterns are required. For most conventional methods, the fringe period number of the projected patterns is usually small due to its limited noise tolerance, though a larger fringe period number always means higher accuracy. We propose a two-step phase-shifting demodulation algorithm based on an intensitygradient. In this method, only two patterns for each frequency are required. With the intensity gradient of the two patterns, we obtain the wrapped phase of each frequency. Next, the absolute phase is retrieved from the three wrapped phases with the heterodyne algorithm. Because only two patterns are required for each frequency, the proposed method is more robust and has higher measuring speed compared with the traditional three-frequency four-step heterodyne method. Simulations and experiments prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the method, and demonstrate that the proposed method extends the noise tolerance and achieves highprecision with only half of the patterns required by the traditional three-frequency four-step method.
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Wu, Yucong, Yang Pan, Xiaokun Leng, and Zhicheng He. "Kid-size robot humanoid walking with heel-contact and toe-off motion." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (March 15, 2022): e797. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.797.
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Human-like features, like toe-off, heel-strike can enhance the performance of bipedal robots. However, few studies have considered the anthropomorphism of walking planning. Fewer studies have achieved their toe-off, heel-strike gait planning framework in a child-sized humanoid robot platform. This paper presents a human-like walking control framework based on the Divergent Component of Motion (DCM) com planning method that enables a child-sized humanoid robot to walk with a humanoid pattern with a speed of 0.6 s per step a strike of 30 cm. The control framework consists of three parts: the human-like gait generation of the center of mass (CoM) and swings foot trajectory, the dynamic replan in phase switch and the upper body stabilization controller. The dynamic replanning of the CoM and foot trajectory can efficiently decrease the vibration in the step-phase switch. The up-body stabilization controller can reduce the up-body swing in walking and increase the robot's stability while walking. The robot uses a mems-based inertial measurement unit (IMU) and joint position encoders to estimate the current state of the robot and use force-sensitive resistors (FSR) on the robot foot to identify the actual step phase of the robot. None of these solutions is high-cost or difficult to integrate with a child-size robot. Software simulations and walking experiments are using to verify the motion control algorithm. The effectiveness of the pattern generation and the controller can realize more human-like walking styles in a child-size robot are confirmed.
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Hayes, Heather Brant, Young-Hui Chang, and Shawn Hochman. "Stance-phase force on the opposite limb dictates swing-phase afferent presynaptic inhibition during locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 3168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01134.2011.
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Presynaptic inhibition is a powerful mechanism for selectively and dynamically gating sensory inputs entering the spinal cord. We investigated how hindlimb mechanics influence presynaptic inhibition during locomotion using pioneering approaches in an in vitro spinal cord–hindlimb preparation. We recorded lumbar dorsal root potentials to measure primary afferent depolarization-mediated presynaptic inhibition and compared their dependence on hindlimb endpoint forces, motor output, and joint kinematics. We found that stance-phase force on the opposite limb, particularly at toe contact, strongly influenced the magnitude and timing of afferent presynaptic inhibition in the swinging limb. Presynaptic inhibition increased in proportion to opposite limb force, as well as locomotor frequency. This form of presynaptic inhibition binds the sensorimotor states of the two limbs, adjusting sensory inflow to the swing limb based on forces generated by the stance limb. Functionally, it may serve to adjust swing-phase sensory transmission based on locomotor task, speed, and step-to-step environmental perturbations.
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Messerschmidt, Emily L., Eric E. Hall, Caroline J. Ketcham, Kirtida Patel, and Srikant Vallabhajosula. "Gait Assessment in College Athletes: Do Concussion History, Symptoms, Gender, and Type of Sport Matter?" Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 30, no. 7 (September 1, 2021): 988–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2019-0331.
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Context: Though previous research has focused on examining the effects of concussion history using a dual-task paradigm, the influence of factors like symptoms (unrelated to concussion), gender, and type of sport on gait in college athletes is unknown. Objective: To examine the effect of concussion history, symptoms, gender, and type of sport (noncontact/limited contact/contact) individually on gait among college athletes. Design: Exploratory cross-sectional study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: In total, 98 varsity athletes (age, 18.3 [1.0] y; height, 1.79 [0.11] m; mass, 77.5 [19.2] kg; 27 with concussion history, 58 reported at least one symptom, 44 females; 8 played noncontact sports and 71 played contact sports) walked under single- and dual-task (walking while counting backward by 7) conditions. Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Dual-task cost (DTC; % difference between single task and dual task) of gait speed, cadence, step length and width, percentage of swing and double-support phases, symptom score, and total symptom severity score. Independent samples t tests and 1-way analysis of variance were conducted (α value = .05). Results: Self-reported concussion history resulted in no significant differences (P > .05). Those who reported symptoms at testing time showed significantly greater DTC of step length (mean difference [MD], 2.7%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.3% to 5.1%; P = .012), % of swing phase (MD, 1.0%; 95% CI, −0.2 to 2.1%; P = .042), and % of double-support phase (MD, 3.9%; 95% CI, 0.2% to 7.8%; P = .019). Females demonstrated significantly higher DTC of gait speed (MD, 5.3%; 95% CI, 1.3% to 9.3%; P = .005), cadence (MD, 4.0%; 95% CI, 1.4% to 6.5%; P = .002), % of swing phase (MD, 1.2%; 95% CI, 0.1% to 2.3%; P = .019), and % of double-support phase (MD, 4.1%; 95% CI, 0.4% to 7.9%; P = .018). Noncontact sports athletes had significantly greater step width DTC than contact sports athletes (MD, 14.2%; 95% CI, 0.9% to 27.6%; P = .032). Conclusions: Reporting symptoms at testing time may influence gait under dual-task conditions. Additionally, female athletes showed more gait changes during a dual task. Sports medicine professionals should be aware that these variables, while unrelated to injury, may affect an athlete’s gait upon analysis.
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Xu, Kai, Xiao Zhong Deng, Jian Jun Yang, and Guan Qiang Dong. "Tooth Contact Analysis of Planetary Gear Trains with Equally Spaced Planets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 43 (December 2010): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.43.279.
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Based on Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA), a feasible approach for Transmission Error (TE) of planetary gear train is proposed in this paper. With a view to getting the total TE curve of the planetary gear train, a specific analysis of the TE from the planetary gear train with only one planet should be proceed firstly, the second step is to calculate each phase difference of planets in the gear train. The applicable conditions for the simplified calculation are spur gear or involute gear pairs in the gear train. Due to equal space between them, planets have the same phase angle.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Tseitlin, Musii, and Valentina Raiko. "Ratio between heat and mass transfer when concentrating the solution in a cooling tower." Thesis, Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/42106.
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The ratio between the intensity of the mass transfer in gas and the heat transfer in liquid during the evaporative solution concentration has been studied. It was determined that the share of liquid resistance in the total resistance to enthalpy transfer increases in the temperature range from 30 to 50°C by almost 2 times, and reaches 40 %. The technique has been developed for the separate determination of the mass transfer coefficients in gas and heat transfer in liquid.Досліджено співвідношення між інтенсивністю масопереносу в газі та передачею тепла в рідині під час концентрації випарного розчину. Встановлено, що частка опору рідини в загальному опорі переносу ентальпії зростає в діапазоні температур від 30 до 50 ° С майже в 2 рази, досягає 40%. Розроблена методика для окремого визначення коефіцієнтів масопереносу в газі і теплопередачі в рідині.
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Esser, Bryan David. "High Resolution Characterization of Magnetic Materials for Spintronic Applications." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524154928191728.
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Shih, Yu-ze, and 施宇澤. "The analysis of content for travel websites in Taiwan — phase on the whole step development perspective." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21834549608366088885.
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碩士靜宜大學
企業管理學系
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With the development of the Internet, travel websites have become the industrial star of the consumer electronic commerce. This change not only indicates the opportunity of the travel industry, but also implies many challenges on the management. However, many of native and foreign researches focus on toward the exploration of the homepage or in the consumer demand aspect. There are fewer evaluations on the whole step development of websites. This study focused on the differences of travel websites between the “entity” and the “conjecture”. First, we compared “entity” and the “conjecture” under businesses Internet and Internet members. Then, we continued comparing the differences of each step and analyzing their relativity. The results of the research show the following: (1) The “conjecture” travel websites share technological advantages. (2) As far as distributional channels are concerned, the “entity” travel websites are still kept in the step of product catalogue. On the contrary, the “conjecture” one has stepped forward into the on-line ordering step. (3) For the purpose of web site, the “entity” travel websites emphasize on the cumulation of loyal customers, while the “conjecture” travel websites incline to get other marketing opportunities with their present websites. (4) The development of product information has become more and more mature. In the future, travel websites should be focused on the development of the on- line trading system.
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Santos, Ângelo Emanuel Neves dos. "Design and simulation of a smart bottle with fill-level sensing based on oxide TFT technology." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/19593.
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Packaging is an important element responsible for brand growth and one of the main rea-sons for producers to gain competitive advantages through technological innovation. In this re-gard, the aim of this work is to design a fully autonomous electronic system for a smart bottle packaging, being integrated in a European project named ROLL-OUT. The desired application for the smart bottle is to act as a fill-level sensor system in order to determine the liquid content level that exists inside an opaque bottle, so the consumer can exactly know the remaining quantity of the product inside.
An in-house amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide thin-film transistor (a-IGZO TFT) model, previously developed, was used for circuit designing purposes. This model was based in an artificial neural network (ANN) equivalent circuit approach.
Taking into account that only n-type oxide TFTs were used, plenty of electronic building-blocks have been designed: clock generator, non-overlapping phase generator, a capacitance-to-voltage converter and a comparator. As it was demonstrated by electrical simulations, it has been achieved good functionality for each block, having a final system with a power dissipation of 2.3 mW (VDD=10 V) not considering the clock generator. Four printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been also designed in order to help in the testing phase.
Mask layouts were already designed and are currently in fabrication, foreseeing a suc-cessful circuit fabrication, and a major step towards the design and integration of complex trans-ducer systems using oxide TFTs technology.
Books on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Simion, Samuela. Marco Polo, Il Devisement dou monde nella redazione veneziana V (cod. Hamilton 424 della Staatsbibliothek di Berlino). Venice: Edizioni Ca' Foscari, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-321-2.
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The volume contains the commented edition of the Devisement dou monde based on the Berlin Staatsbibliothek - Preußischer Kulturbesitz Codex, Hamilton 424. The Hamilton 424 Codex, transcribed in Venice in the second half of the fifteenth century, contains the translation of a Latin model (whose features can be partially reconstructed virtually starting from some translation errors) and is the only known witness of V. Due to its characteristics, V represents a crucial point in the definition of the transmission dynamics of Polo’s book: its readings are confirmed, often in a broader form, by the Latin version known as Z. V strengthens the hypothesis that, after returning to Venice, Marco Polo modified the text written with Rustichello da Pisa in Genoa. Actually, version V represents the first step of this long process of rewriting, which probably occurred in several phases. This volume includes an introduction, the text edition, a textual commentary, as well as an index. A second and forthcoming volume will contain the linguistic analysis and glossary.
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Deudney, Daniel H. All Together Now. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905651.003.0011.
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Today, swollen numbers of humanity are now intensively interactive and interdependent through vast networks of complex machines and built infrastructures that span the planet, whose unintended consequences and spillovers have grown to species significance. The practical context for all human activities has become a densely occupied and tightly coupled neighborhood. While the content of cosmopolitanism, in its ancient, Enlightenment, and current phases, reflects shrinking geographical spaces, it presumes an Earth composed of different places, rather than a more accurate “terrapolitan” view of Earth as a single place. In the terrapolitan situation, the central problem is not that humans are insufficiently attentive to the needs of distant others. Rather, it is that they are insufficiently attentive to their collective self-interest in survival in the face of existential threats. In part, these limitations stem from the utter novelty of the threats to basic interests that have arisen with such historical rapidity.
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Cross, Rob, and Roger Spencer. Sustainable Gardens. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643097988.
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The third title in the CSIRO Gardening Guide series, Sustainable Gardens by Roger Spencer and Rob Cross shows how horticulture can contribute towards a more sustainable future. Written for home gardeners, professional horticulturists, landscapers, and all those passionate about cultivated landscapes, this book examines the steps we can take towards harmonising gardening activity with the cycles of nature.
Two outstanding botanists from the Royal Botanical Gardens in Melbourne, Roger and Rob have produced a genuine gardening bible for our times. They show how every gardener – both professional and amateur – can contribute positively to environmental stewardship. Gardens may be consumers of resources, but the negative effects of this consumption can be minimised and can be offset by some of the positive contributions gardens make.
Roger and Rob explain the connections between human activity, resource depletion, and environmental degradation. They show how to conduct an audit of gardening practices, materials, and results so that every gardener can measure the impact he or she is having on nature.
They show: how to minimise the impacts on nature of our consumption of water, materials and energy in the garden; how to make gardens more environmentally friendly through design, construction and maintenance phases; the importance of biodiversity and how horticulture can help protect natural systems; and the role that gardening can play in alleviating the environmental impacts of food production.
Checklists are provided so that gardeners can ensure they are taking the most sustainable path through each phase of gardening – design, construction, maintenance. The book ends with a guide round an existing garden that combines physical beauty with sustainability, and discusses future trends for sustainable horticulture.
In an increasingly urbanised world, parks and gardens are our main point of contact with nature. If we can maximise the environmental benefits of our gardens, public spaces and landscapes, we will make a huge contribution to sustainable living. This book if the first to show us how.
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Barry, Amelia, and Guy Trudel. Bone and Joint Disease Following Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0025.
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Bone and joint processes take second stage to life-threatening organ failure in the setting of critical illness. However, bone and joint disorders can cause significant impairment in survivors of critical illness. Return to pre-admission function is often limited by acquired complications such as joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, and altered bone metabolism. Critical care physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for joint contractures, as they are often asymptomatic but the source of enduring disability once the critical illness had receded. Research is needed to document the effectiveness of alternate positioning, stretching, and bracing which are the current standard practice for prevention of contractures. Heterotopic ossification should be considered in the context of a swollen, warm, painful musculoskeletal site. Early detection with triple phase bone scan and, in some cases, prophylaxis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication or radiation may be warranted. Bone hyperresorption in ICU patients can be caused by immobility, heightened inflammatory status, medication, hormonal changes, and vitamin D deficiency. Laboratory biomarkers can guide treatment, which is important to prevent long-term osteoporosis and stress fractures. Systematic physical examination and early patient mobilization may represent important steps to detect and prevent joint contractures and heterotopic ossification.
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Yende, Sachin, and Derek C. Angus. Genetic Determinants of Sepsis Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0027.
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Bone and joint processes take second stage to life-threatening organ failure in the setting of critical illness. However, bone and joint disorders can cause significant impairment in survivors of critical illness. Return to pre-admission function is often limited by acquired complications such as joint contractures, heterotopic ossification, and altered bone metabolism. Critical care physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for joint contractures, as they are often asymptomatic but the source of enduring disability once the critical illness had receded. Research is needed to document the effectiveness of alternate positioning, stretching, and bracing which are the current standard practice for prevention of contractures. Heterotopic ossification should be considered in the context of a swollen, warm, painful musculoskeletal site. Early detection with triple phase bone scan and, in some cases, prophylaxis with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication or radiation may be warranted. Bone hyperresorption in ICU patients can be caused by immobility, heightened inflammatory status, medication, hormonal changes, and vitamin D deficiency. Laboratory biomarkers can guide treatment, which is important to prevent long-term osteoporosis and stress fractures. Systematic physical examination and early patient mobilization may represent important steps to detect and prevent joint contractures and heterotopic ossification.
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Ansell, Joseph P. Arthur Szyk. Liverpool University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781874774945.001.0001.
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Artist and illustrator Arthur Szyk was a Polish Jew whose work was overwhelmingly Jewish in theme and content. The mission he set himself was to use his artistic talents to serve humanity and the Jewish people. His work as a political artist went well beyond a narrow definition of the Jewish cause. He is best known among Jews for his illustrated Haggadah, but the majority of his work deals with contemporary political themes and social causes. In Poland, Szyk promoted the causes of freedom, toleration, and human dignity. He believed that as a Jewish artist he had a responsibility to speak for all minorities. He worked for years on behalf of the Polish government in an effort to strengthen the Jews' position. Szyk left Europe in 1940 and arrived in the United States later the same year. Determined to use his art for political purposes, he crusaded against the Nazis. Convinced that Hitler would not stop with the Jews but would suppress all freedom-loving people, he supported the war effort through his striking propaganda images of the German and Japanese armies, to great effect. After the war he turned his efforts to promoting the idea of a Jewish homeland in Israel. In every phase of his career, one finds Szyk looking to the past but hoping for the future; he believed that art could make a difference in the world, politically and socially. This biography makes a singular contribution to the history of Jewish art and of Polish–Jewish relations in the first half of the twentieth century.
Book chapters on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Rinscheid, Adrian, and Linards Udris. "Referendum Campaigns in Swiss Energy Policy." In Swiss Energy Governance, 283–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80787-0_12.
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AbstractWhat are the patterns in media coverage in Swiss energy policy-making, and to what extent do the media influence voters’ decisions at the ballot? In a first step, this chapter provides a comparative investigation of media coverage in the run-up to three recent energy-related referenda (2015 initiative “Energy tax instead of VAT”; 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative; 2017 referendum on the federal Energy Strategy 2050), with 31 other referenda between 2014 and 2018 as a benchmark. Based on a content analysis of articles published in 21 Swiss newspapers, our analysis demonstrates that the three energy-policy referenda are characterized by patterns similar to non-energy votes but also have distinct features. In a second step, we specifically focus on the 2016 nuclear phase-out initiative, which was characterized by balanced newspaper reporting, and explain voting behavior by linking data on media coverage and individual-level data from a panel survey (n = 1014). The analysis relies on “linkage analysis”, a method that takes media contents as quasi-experimental stimuli to explain individual-level outcomes. We find that the failure of the phase-out initiative can be partly explained by exposure to newspaper coverage: one in four left-wing voters who had initially been in favor of the popular initiative but were exposed to strongly negative coverage about it during the “hot” campaign phase changed their initial voting intention. The analysis also suggests that the media coverage may have helped center/right-wing voters to learn about their preferred party’s position so as to align their vote choice with their political predisposition.
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Varriale, Roberta, Fabiana Rocci, and Orietta Luzi. "Total Process Error framework: an application to economic statistical registers." In Proceedings e report, 147–51. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-461-8.28.
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In recent years, the Italian national institute of statistics (Istat), together with most National Statistical Institutes, is progressively moving from traditional production models based on the use of primary source of information - represented by direct surveys - to new production strategies based on the combined use of different primary and secondary sources of information. As result, new multisource statistical processes have been built, that guarantee a major improvement of both amount and quality of information about several phenomena of public interest. In this context, the Total Process Error (TPE) framework has been recently proposed in literature for assessing the quality of multisource processes. The TPE framework represents an evolution of the Zhang’s two-phase life-cycle approach and it additionally includes an operational tool to connect the steps of the multisource production process to the phases of the quality evaluation framework. TPE framework can be used both to support a multisource process design and to monitor an entire production process, in order to provide key elements to assess the quality of both the processes and their statistical outputs. In the present work, we describe as a case study in the new context of Istat production of official statistics the use of the TPE framework to support the process design of the Register for Public Administrations.
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Toma, Stefánia. "Counteracting the Schools’ Demon: Local Social Changes and Their Effects on the Participation of Roma Children in School Education." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 117–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_8.
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AbstractThe aim of the article (The empirical material leading to the present chapter results from the research effort “MigRom—The Immigration of Romanian Roma to Western Europe: Causes, effects, and future engagement strategies”, a project funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under the call “Dealing with diversity and cohesion: the case of the Roma in the European Union” (GA319901). I also used the results and experiences of earlier fieldworks starting with 2000 in Bighal (the name of the localities were changed in order to respect the identities of the people) that were financed through Open Society Institute, Visegrad Funds, CERGE-EI through GDN and WIIW, respectively Inclusion 2007 through PHARE 2004. Earlier version of the article was presented at the GLS Conference in Nicosia (Cyprus) in 2017. The article was finalized in the framework of a visiting research programme at TARKI-POLC receiving funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 730998, “InGRID-2—Integrating Research Infrastructure for European expertise on Inclusive Growth from data to policy”.) is to inquire into the interconnectedness of large number of factors that carry the opportunity and possibility of improving school participation of Roma children in Romania.I argue that the inherent deficiencies of the educational system, starting with the structural constraints and ending with the psycho-social context in which Roma (or minoritized, marginalized, vulnerable) children learn, can be and are challenged by initiatives, strategies or processes that fall out of the immediate range of the strict framework of the educational system. Bourdieu used the Maxwell’s demon as a metaphor to illustrate the reproduction of socio-economic inequalities in the framework of school system. But this ‘demon’ might be challenged with more or less success if we step out and look for possible ‘tools’ to counteract this demon. Two such cases are presented in this chapter. One is a project implemented with and by the local Roma community using external financing and the other one is the participation of the members of the communities in international migration and use of remittances. I will emphasize that independently of the type and amount of the mobilized resources the individuals and/or communities are able to create and proactively make good use of path-departing opportunities through mechanisms of redefining and changing contextual constraints thus improvements can be observed in the school participation of the Roma children (PS. PS. The article was written before the COVID-19 pandemic hit the world. Its effects seems to neutralize the positive impact of the above mentioned processes: the slow steps taken in improving the socio-economic situation of the Roma seems to be stopped; prejudices and ethnic hatred seems to be stronger; access to services for Roma communities get more difficult, including to education: in this context, a further research question is how on-line schooling changed or will change the participation of Roma children?).
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Harrison, Roger G., Paul W. Todd, Scott R. Rudge, and Demetri P. Petrides. "Extraction." In Bioseparations Science and Engineering. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195391817.003.0009.
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Extraction is a process in which two phases come into contact with the objective of transferring a solute or particle from one phase to the other. For the separation and purification of biological products, the phases are most commonly immiscible liquids, and the solute is in soluble form. In certain instances, however, one phase is a liquid and the other phase is a solid; the extraction of caffeine from coffee beans is one example. Although most extractions in biotechnology involve the transfer of soluble bioproducts, organelles and cells have at times been transferred between phases. An organic solvent is often used as the extracting liquid when the solute to be extracted is stable in the organic solvent, typical examples being low molecular weight antibiotics. It is usually not feasible to extract proteins with organic solvents, since proteins are often denatured or degraded as a result of contact with the organic solvent. Proteins can often be successfully extracted by means of two immiscible liquid phases that consist of solutions of two water-soluble but incompatible polymers, or one polymer plus a high concentration of certain salts. Extraction usually comes early in the purification process for a bioproduct and typically would precede a high-resolution step such as chromatography. Extraction is often advantageous because it can bring about a significant reduction in volume and/or can separate the desired product from cells or cell debris. It is desirable to reduce the volume as soon as possible in the process, since large volumes typically lead to large costs. The extractions of interest in the purification of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products are mainly liquid-to-liquid, and this is the emphasis in this chapter. The basic definitions and principles of extraction are developed first, followed by an explanation of scale-up and design procedures for the extractors most commonly used for bioproducts. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Define and use key constants such as the partition coefficient, solvent-to-feed ratio, and extraction factor. • Explain the factors that affect the partitioning of biomolecules.
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Johnson, Annette, Cassandra McKay-Jackson, and Giesela Grumbach. "Launching Critical Service Learning: A Quick Guide to Each Phase." In Critical Service Learning Toolkit. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190858728.003.0013.
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This chapter is as a visual guide for launching a critical service learning (CSL) project with the goal of providing step- by- step implementation instructions. The implementation process may be different, depending on the setting, target population, and level of cognitive ability of the youth. The chapter is divided into five phases: (a) preplanning and screening, (b) skill building, (c) planning, (d) implementing/ action, and (e) evaluating. The content is structured to accommodate 12 group sessions. Each phase provides suggested materials, preparation tips, anticipated outcomes, and a content focus. In addition, two case examples are included, depicting a CSL project in an elementary school and one in a high school. Materials will be determined based on the focus and the marketing and recruitment needs of the project. Possible material may include marketing flyers and referral forms. Other notifications (parent) depend on school policies.
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Weissman, Myrna M., John C. Markowitz, and Gerald L. Klerman. "An Outline of IPT." In The Guide to Interpersonal Psychotherapy, edited by Myrna M. Weissman, John C. Markowitz, and Gerald L. Klerman, 13–18. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190662592.003.0002.
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As an acute treatment, IPT has three phases: a beginning, a middle, and an end. Each phase lasts a few sessions and has specific tasks. A fourth phase may follow acute treatment: namely, continuation or maintenance treatment, for which therapist and patient contract separately. Key steps in the initial sessions are defining and diagnosing depression, exploring the patient’s interpersonal inventory of current relationships to find potential social supports and interpersonal difficulties, providing the sick role, setting a time limit, defining an interpersonal focus, and linking the focus to the depressive diagnosis in a focal formulation. In the intermediate sessions, therapist and patient work on one of the four IPT problem areas: grief, role dispute, transitions, or deficits. Termination of this time-limited therapy is addressed in the last few sessions.
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Smits, Jasper A. J., Mark B. Powers, and Michael W. Otto. "General Approach." In Personalized Exposure Therapy, 31–69. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190602451.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 outlines the general approach to exposure therapy including three phases: planning for exposure therapy, delivering exposure therapy, and processing exposure therapy. The first phase includes specific steps to take in planning for exposure therapy including the initial phone contact, administering a questionnaire battery, conducting the intake, and initiating self-monitoring. These steps guide the case formulation focused on maintaining factors (triggers/cues, appraisals, emotions, and actions/behaviors). Next the delivery of exposure therapy begins with socialization to the exposure therapy model and further planning by working together on an exposure planning worksheet. Exposure should then be delivered in a systematic, deliberate, repeated, and prolonged manner. Typical obstacles and traps to progress are discussed. Finally, the chapter describes postexposure processing, drawing attention to what was (and was not) learned and assigning homework.
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Schewe, Klaus-Dieter, and Bernhard Thalheim. "Structural Media Types in the Development of Data-Intensive Web Information Systems." In Web Information Systems, 34–70. IGI Global, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-208-4.ch002.
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In this chapter, a conceptual modeling approach to the design of web information systems (WIS) will be outlined. The notion of media type is central to this approach. Basically, a media type is defined by a view on an underlying database schema, which allows us to transform the data content of a database into a collection of media objects that represent the data content presented at the web interface. The view is extended by operations and an adaptivity mechanism, which permits the splitting of media objects into several smaller units in order to adapt the WIS to different user preferences, technical environments and communication channels. The information entering the design of media types is extracted from a previous story boarding phase. In consecutive phases, media types have to be extended by style patterns as the next step toward implementation.
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Salehi, Fatemeh, Peivand Bastani, Leila Ahmadian, Katayoon Samadi, Azita Yazdani, and Roxana Sharifian. "Prerequisites of Personal Health Record for Chronic Kidney Disease: A Scoping Review and Evaluation of the Content Validity." In pHealth 2021. IOS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/shti210594.
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Background: It is obvious that the Personal Health Record (PHR) is a major cornerstone for “improving the self-management of patient”. However, lack of an effective and comprehensive personal health record system prohibits the widespread use of PHRs. The aim of this study was to identify the core data sets and required functionalities for designing a PHRs for chronic kidney disease (CKD) management and assess their validity. Methods: It was a study including two phases. In the initial phase, a scoping review was conducted with the aim of determination the core data sets and required functionalities for designing PHRs. Then in the second phase, the validity of data items and functionalities was determined by 25 multidisciplinary experts. Results: 22 studies were eligible after screening 1335 titles and abstracts and reviewing 88 full texts. We determined 20 core data set and 8 required functionalities of PHRs. From the perspective of experts, ‘health maintenance’ and ‘advance directives’ were most often marked as useful but not essential, while ‘test and examination’, ‘medication list’ and ‘diagnosis and comorbid conditions” were predominantly considered as essential by all experts (n=25,100%). Conclusion: This research is a step that we have taken to identify prerequisites that could be used for the design, development, and implementation of an effective and comprehensive electronic personal health record.
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Kamthan, Pankaj. "On the Prospects and Concerns of Pattern-Oriented Web Engineering." In Web Engineering Advancements and Trends, 97–128. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-719-5.ch006.
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In this chapter, the development and evolution of Web Applications is viewed from an engineering perspective that relies on and accommodates the knowledge inherent in patterns. It proposes an approach in the direction of building a foundation for pattern-oriented Web Engineering. For that, a methodology for pattern-oriented Web Engineering, namely POWEM, is described. The steps of POWEM include selection of a suitable development process model, construction of a semiotic quality model, namely PoQ, and selection and mapping of suitable patterns to quality attributes in PoQ. To support decision making and to place POWEM in context, the feasibility issues involved in each step are discussed. For the sake of is illustration, the use of patterns during the design phase of a Web Application are highlighted. Finally, some directions for future research, including those for Web Engineering education and Social Web Applications, are given.
Conference papers on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Xu, Kai, Aijun Xu, Jianjun Yang, Ming Qiu, and Jianxin Su. "Tooth Contact Analysis of Planetary Gear Trains and its Transmission Error Experiments and Frequency Spectrum Analysis." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37418.
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Based on Tooth Contact Analysis (TCA), a feasible approach for Transmission Error (TE) of planetary gear train is proposed in this paper as follows: the first step is to proceed a specific analysis of the TE from the planetary gear train with only one planet, the second step is to calculate each phase difference of planets in the gear train. Then the total TE of a planetary gear train can be calculated simply by the two steps. The paper points out 3 kinds of positional difference of planets: coincidence, equalization, imparity and their respective effect on the total TE of the gear train, then draws a conclusion that the equalization is the optimized one among the above three. Eventually, the TE experiment of the planetary gear train is performed, and spectrum analysis is adopted in the paper.
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Chokkalingam, Venkatachalam, Boris Weidenhof, Wilhelm F. Maier, Stephan Herminghaus, and Ralf Seemann. "Controlled Production of Monodispersed Silica Microspheres Using a Double Step-Emulsification Device." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62109.
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We explore droplet based microfluidics to perform chemical reactions within microfluidic channels. By dispensing the different chemicals in droplets and subsequently merging the droplets containing different chemicals, the reactive mixture never gets in contact with the walls of the surrounding microfluidic channel. Using this approach we can realize chemical reactions for gels or precipitates, which are neither possible in single phase microfluidics, nor in droplet based microfluidics if the chemicals are mixed prior to dispersing the droplets. We explore this explicitly for the production of porous silica particles from sol-gel chemistry. All processing steps ranging from droplet production, synchronization of the droplets containing the different chemicals, combining the droplets, mixing and post processing are discussed and optimized for the particular demands.
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Nikbakht, Ali, Alireza Fallahi Arezoodar, Mojtaba Sadighi, and Ali Tale Zadeh Lari. "Indentation of a Functionally Graded Plate by a Rigid Spherical Indenter in the Presence of a Semi-Elliptic Surface Crack." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82714.
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Graded materials, also known as functionally graded materials (FGMs), are multiphase composites mainly composed of a ceramic and a metal; thus, they exploit the heat, oxidation and corrosion resistance typical of ceramics, and the strength, ductility and toughness typical of metals. These materials are mainly used as heat barriers. In addition, many of the present and potential applications of FGMs involve contact problems. On the other hand, the production process of FGMs is somewhat complex and leaves some defects in the produced structure. One of the most important defects in such structures is surface cracks. Here, the combination of the contact and crack problems is investigated in a functionally graded rectangular plate containing a semi–elliptic surface crack indented by a frictionless rigid spherical indenter. The plate is simply supported and the crack is located in the middle of the plate surface in the tension part. The crack surface is parallel to one of the plate edges. The gradient of mechanical properties variation is considered through the thickness of the plate and the volume fraction distribution of the constituting phases is modeled by a polynomial function and the Poisson’s ratio is kept constant. The analyzing of the problem is divided into two steps. At the first step, for an uncracked plate the equations of equilibrium are derived in terms of the displacement field and are solved numerically to find the contact rule. As the second step in studying the problem, the contact problem of a cracked plate is modeled by using ABAQUS finite element package. The aim of this step is to find the effect of the presence of the crack on the contact rule. The optimum mesh for the ABAQUS model is found by using the results of the first step. In order to do so, an ABAQUS model is created for the uncracked plate. The analytical results and the obtained results from ABAQUS for specified plate and indenter dimensions and material properties are compared. After finding the optimum mesh, a crack is added to the ABAQUS model of the plate under contact loading. The effects of gradient changes and indenter dimensions on the contact rule and stress distribution at the crack tip are then investigated by using the obtained ABAQUS model. The acquired results show that the influence of the material nonhomogeneity on the stress distribution around the crack tip and in the plate (uncracked and cracked) and contact rule can be quite significant. In general, increasing the overall volume fraction of the metal phase increases the load carrying capacity in an uncracked plate. In a cracked plate, the changes in material distribution as well as the changes of the indenter diameter does not affect the results that much.
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Fan, Jinsheng, Brittany Newell, Jose Garcia, Richard M. Voyles, and Robert A. Nawrocki. "Contact-Poling Enhanced, Fully 3D Printed PVdF Pressure Sensors: Towards 3D Printed Functional Materials." In ASME 2021 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2021-67832.
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Abstract This work presents a new process to print piezoelectric polymer-based sensors through additive manufacturing via three-dimensional (3D) printing technology. 3D printing has become an efficient method to fabricate devices with complex geometric structures and embedded functionalities. The motivation of this research was to explore a path towards fully 3D printed multifunctional thin and flexible sensing devices. The 3D printed methods used were Fused Deposition Modelling and Direct Ink Writing. A fully 3D printed sensor consisting of a (2.54 cm × 2.54 cm) poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) film with thickness in the range of ∼250 μm to 350 μm was sandwiched between two fast-drying silver paint printed electrodes with thickness ranging from ∼10 μm to 50 μm. The arithmetic average roughness, Ra, of typical printed PVdF profiles with and without printed silver electrodes was ∼12.9 μm and ∼7.3 μm, respectively. Silver electrodes were printed to facilitate contact poling and to collect charges generated due to piezoelectricity. The average piezoelectric activity of printed unpoled films was 7.13 pC/N. The polarization in the printed PVdF films was realized by conventional contact poling at elevated temperatures (100, 110, 120 and 130 °C, respectively) with step increased electric fields, which were varied from 0.4 MV/m to 14 MV/m at 1 MV/m increments. To perform contact poling, PVdF films were immersed in mineral oil and a controlled voltage was applied to electrodes on one side while electrodes on the opposite side were grounded. The extrusion process during 3D printing and the subsequent contact poling process enabled the phase transition from the thermally stable α-phase to the piezoelectric active β-phase and the rearranging of the dipole alignments. The efficiency of poling was evaluated through measurement of the average value of the charge generated by six poled PVdF films in response to mechanical input increasing from 0.29 N to 1.91 N with ∼0.27 N increments. The highest average piezoelectric activity obtained was 59.2 pC/N, and a single device of 96.44 pC/N, at step increased poling voltages up to 3.5 kV under a fixed temperature 120 °C. The results demonstrate that by increasing the poling voltages and time, a higher piezoelectric activity (about 8 times compared to unpoled films) was achieved, indicating improvement of the β-phase content. This study provides a new method for continuous and direct printing of piezoelectric devices from PVdF polymeric filament. This technology opens a new path towards fully 3D printed free-form structured functional materials for sensing applications.
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Hauert, J., and F. Bachmann. "IN VITRO CLOT LYSIS INDUCED BY SINGLE-CHAIN UROKINASE (scu-PA) AND ACTIVATION OF THE CONTACT PHASE SYSTEM." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644418.
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Scu-PA was purified from ccaiditioned medium of cell lines (HT 1080, MG 118) by immunoaffinity chrcxnatography on anti-u-PA Sepharose and passage through benzamidine-Sepharose to remove traces of two-chain u-PA (tcu-PA). The amidolytic activity determined with S-2444 was 20'000 u-PA IU/mg before and undetectable ( <700 IU/mg) after the benzamidine-Sepharose step. Pretreatment of scu-PA by plasmin yielded a specific activity of 100'000 IU/mg. We have studied, in vitro, the lysis of plasma clots containing 125I-fibrin as tracer. To obtain 50% lysis in 90 min, 130 IU/ml of scu-PA had to be added to plasma before clotting; an equivalent rate of lysis was obtained with 45 IU/ml of tcu-PA. When, after the addition of scu-PA, the contact phase system of plasma was activated using ellagic acid and phospholipids, lysis was complete within minutes following clotting; 7 IU/ml of scu-PA induced 50% lysis in 90 min. An equivalent concentration of tcu-PA or plasmin-treated scu-PA did not bring about clot lysis after 7 h. Using plasmas deficient in prekalli-krein or in high molecular weight kininogen no lysis occured in the presence of 7 IU/ ml of scu-PA and contact phase activation; lysis reached 15% after 7 h with FXII deficient plasma and was normal with FXI deficient plasma. Clot digestion was totally abolished in the presence of a kallikrein inhibitor (SBTI 0.2 mg/ml) or antibodies directed against prekallikrein or u-PA. Hie addition of FXII inhibitor (LBTI 0.2 mg/ml) or of antibodies against FXII reduced the rate, but did not totally block the lysis. Contact dependent fibrinolysis in the presence of 7 IU/ml of scu-PA was furthermore modulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). A positive exponential correlation between the level of PAI-1 activity and 50% lysis time was observed (r2=0.83, n=12).We have previously reported that kallikrein efficiently converts scu-PA into tcu-PA. The present study shows that, in normal human plasma, the fibrinolytic effect of scu-PA is twenty fold potentiated through contact activation and suggests an important physiological role for scu-PA counteracting excessive clot formation in situations associated with contact activation of the coagulation system.
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Pusavec, Franci, Cedric Courbon, Joel Rech, Janez Kopac, and I. S. Jawahir. "An Investigation of the Effect of Nitrogen Phase on Cryogenic Machining Performance and a Case Study on Machining of Inconel 718 Alloy." In ASME 2014 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME 2014 International Conference on Materials and Processing and the 42nd North American Manufacturing Research Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2014-3992.
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Sustainable manufacturing trends dictate the need for cleaner processes that are environmentally benign and with no adverse health effects. Cryogenic machining in recent times has emerged as such an effective and clean manufacturing process. In this field, a strong collaboration among partnering researches in the EU and US has been established. Prior research has proven that cooling effect in such sustainable machining operation is significant, while the lubrication effect is still either marginal or questionable. The nitrogen phase that is delivered to the cutting zone has a significant effect on this. The constant phase of the delivered fluid is first necessary condition to avoid the occurrence of thermal shocks. The first step in this direction for phase control is to be able to sense and accurately quantify the phase of the cryogenic fluid at the delivery. Therefore, this paper aims at presenting new experimental results on the use of a novel optical nitrogen phase sensor from the investigation of its robustness and response time. Additionally, a case study has been performed to show how the nitrogen phase affects the tribological properties of Inconel 718 alloy against a carbide tool. To examine this, experiments have been performed with a specially designed open tribometer to characterize the macroscopic friction coefficient and heat partition coefficient in the contact surface versus sliding velocity. Also, a simplified FEM model of cryogenic machining has been constructed to simulate the behavior of the machining process when delivering different phases of nitrogen. The delivered cryogenic fluid has been characterized in gas and liquid phases. It has been shown that liquid nitrogen can improve friction conditions more efficiently than gas phase nitrogen. Liquid phase has in general lower temperature and more dominant capability for heat evacuation and better lubrication properties than the gas phase, with the novel sensor being shown as capable of robustly characterizing the phase of the cryogenic fluid in the delivery itself.
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Berruti, Teresa, Christian M. Firrone, and Muzio M. Gola. "A Test Rig for Non-Contact Travelling Wave Excitation of a Bladed Disk With Underplatform Dampers." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22879.
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The paper presents a static test rig called “Octopus” designed for the validation of numerical models aimed at calculating the nonlinear dynamic response of a bladed disk with underplatform dampers (UPDs). The test rig supports a bladed disk on a fixture and each UPD is pressed against the blade platforms by wires pulled by dead weights. Both excitation system and response measurement system are noncontacting. The paper features the design and the set-up of the noncontacting excitation generated by electromagnets placed under each blade. A travelling wave excitation is generated according to a desired engine order by shifting the phase of the harmonic force of one electromagnet with respect to the contiguous exciters. Since the friction phenomenon generated by UPDs introduces nonlinearities on the forced response, the amplitude of the exciting force must be kept constant at a known value on every blade during step-sine test to calculate Frequency Response Functions. The issue of the force control is therefore addressed since the performance of the electromagnet changes with frequency. The system calibration procedure and the estimated errors on the generated force are also presented. Examples of experimental tests that can be performed on a dummy integral bladed disk (blisk) mounted on the rig are described in the end.
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Arzpeyma, Alborz, Ali Dolatabadi, and Paula Wood-Adams. "A 3-D Numerical Modeling of Droplet Actuation via Electrowetting in Microchannels." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37581.
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Numerical investigation is performed to study the droplet behavior under electrowetting actuation inside microchannels. Volume of Fluid (VOF) technique is employed to track the interface while the electric field is solved inside the whole domain in each time step simultaneously. The equations are solved in three dimensions for water as the liquid phase. Droplet morphology under the application of an electric field is investigated. Droplet velocity studied under different actuation voltages and compared to the experiments. Contact angle hysteresis and its effects on the threshold voltage are discussed.
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Moghaddaszade-Kermani, Ahmad, Peter Oshkai, and Afzal Suleman. "Fluid-Structure Interaction Simulation of Blood Flow Inside a Diseased Left Ventricle With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in Early Systole." In ASME 2009 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2009-78381.
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Mitral-Septal contact has been proven to be the cause of obstruction in the left ventricle with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). This paper presents a study on the fluid mechanics of obstruction using two-way loosely coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) methodology. A parametric model for the geometry of the diseased left ventricular cavity, myocardium and mitral valve has been developed, using the dimensions extracted from magnetic resonance images. The three-element Windkessel model [1] was modified for HC and solved to introduce pressure boundary condition to the aortic aperture in the systolic phase. The FSI algorithm starts at the beginning of systolic phase by applying the left ventricular pressure to the internal surface of the myocardium to contract the muscle. The displacements of the myocardium and mitral leaflets were calculated using the nonlinear finite element hyperelastic model [2] and subsequently transferred to the fluid domain. The fluid mesh was moved accordingly and the Navier-Stokes equations were solved in the laminar regime with the new mesh using the finite volume method. In the next time step, the left ventricular pressure was increased to contract the muscle further and the same procedure was repeated for the fluid solution. The results show that blood flow jet applies a drag force to the mitral leaflets which in turn causes the leaflet to deform toward the septum thus creating a narrow passage and possible obstruction.
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Acar, Gizem Dilber, and Balakumar Balachandran. "Bifurcations of Periodic Orbits of a One-Dimensional Pre-Compressed Granular Array." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85491.
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Bifurcations of periodic orbits of a one-dimensional granular array are numerically investigated in this study. A conservative two-bead system is considered without any damping or external forces. By using the Hertzian contact model, and confining the system’s total energy to a certain level, changes in in-phase periodic orbit are studied for various pre-compression levels. At a certain pre-compression level, symmetry breaking and period doubling occur, and an asymmetric period-two orbit emerges from the in-phase periodic orbit. Floquet analysis is conducted to study the stability of the in-phase periodic solution, and to detect the bifurcation location. Although the trajectory of period-two orbit is close to the in-phase orbit at the bifurcation point, the asymmetry of the period-two orbit becomes more pronounced as one moves away from the bifurcation point. This work is meant to serve as an initial step towards understanding how pre-compression may introduce qualitative changes in system dynamics of granular media.
Reports on the topic "Step phase contact"
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Mahdavian, Farnaz. Germany Country Report. University of Stavanger, February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.180.
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Germany is a parliamentary democracy (The Federal Government, 2021) with two politically independent levels of 1) Federal (Bund) and 2) State (Länder or Bundesländer), and has a highly differentiated decentralized system of Government and administration (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit, 2021). The 16 states in Germany have their own government and legislations which means the federal authority has the responsibility of formulating policy, and the states are responsible for implementation (Franzke, 2020). The Federal Government supports the states in dealing with extraordinary danger and the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) supports the states' operations with technology, expertise and other services (Federal Ministry of Interior, Building and Community, 2020). Due to the decentralized system of government, the Federal Government does not have the power to impose pandemic emergency measures. In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, in order to slowdown the spread of coronavirus, on 16 March 2020 the federal and state governments attempted to harmonize joint guidelines, however one month later State governments started to act more independently (Franzke & Kuhlmann, 2021). In Germany, health insurance is compulsory and more than 11% of Germany’s GDP goes into healthcare spending (Federal Statistical Office, 2021). Health related policy at the federal level is the primary responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Health. This ministry supervises institutions dealing with higher level of public health including the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute (PEI), the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) and the Federal Centre for Health Education (Federal Ministry of Health, 2020). The first German National Pandemic Plan (NPP), published in 2005, comprises two parts. Part one, updated in 2017, provides a framework for the pandemic plans of the states and the implementation plans of the municipalities, and part two, updated in 2016, is the scientific part of the National Pandemic Plan (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). The joint Federal-State working group on pandemic planning was established in 2005. A pandemic plan for German citizens abroad was published by the German Foreign Office on its website in 2005 (Robert Koch Institut, 2017). In 2007, the federal and state Governments, under the joint leadership of the Federal Ministry of the Interior and the Federal Ministry of Health, simulated influenza pandemic exercise called LÜKEX 07, and trained cross-states and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007b). In 2017, within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with representatives from WHO and the World Bank to prepare for future pandemic events (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). By the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 27 February 2020, a joint crisis team of the Federal Ministry of the Interior (BMI) and the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG) was established (Die Bundesregierung, 2020a). On 4 March 2020 RKI published a Supplement to the National Pandemic Plan for COVID-19 (Robert Koch Institut, 2020d), and on 28 March 2020, a law for the protection of the population in an epidemic situation of national scope (Infektionsschutzgesetz) came into force (Bundesgesundheitsministerium, 2020b). In the first early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Germany managed to slow down the speed of the outbreak but was less successful in dealing with the second phase. Coronavirus-related information and measures were communicated through various platforms including TV, radio, press conferences, federal and state government official homepages, social media and applications. In mid-March 2020, the federal and state governments implemented extensive measures nationwide for pandemic containment. Step by step, social distancing and shutdowns were enforced by all Federal States, involving closing schools, day-cares and kindergartens, pubs, restaurants, shops, prayer services, borders, and imposing a curfew. To support those affected financially by the pandemic, the German Government provided large economic packages (Bundesministerium der Finanzen, 2020). These measures have adopted to the COVID-19 situation and changed over the pandemic. On 22 April 2020, the clinical trial of the corona vaccine was approved by Paul Ehrlich Institute, and in late December 2020, the distribution of vaccination in Germany and all other EU countries
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Sanz, E., P. Alonso, B. Haidar, H. Ghaemi, and L. García. Key performance indicators (KPIs). Scipedia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/prodphd.2021.9.002.
Full textAbstract:
The project “Social network tools and procedures for developing entrepreneurial skills in PhD programmes” (prodPhD) aims to implement innovative social network-based methodologies for teaching and learning entrepreneurship in PhD programmes. The multidisciplinary teaching and learning methodologies to be developed will enable entrepreneurship education to be introduced into any PhD programme, providing students with the knowledge, skills, and motivation to engage in entrepreneurial activities. However, the use of the output of the project will depend on the nature and profile of the research or scientific field. In this context, key performance indicators (KPIs) form the base on which the quality and scope of the methodologies developed in the project will be quantified and benchmarked. The project’s final product will be an online tool that higher education students can use to learn entrepreneurship from a social network perspective. Performance measurement is one of the first steps of any project and involves the choice and use of indicators to measure the effectiveness and success of the project’s methods and results. All the KPIs have been selected according to criteria of relevance, measurability, reliability, and adequacy, and they cover the process, dissemination methods, and overall quality of the project. In this document, each KPI is defined together with the units and instruments for measuring it. In the case of qualitative KPIs, five-level Likert scales are defined to improve indicator measurability and reliability. The KPIs for prodPhD are divided into three main dimensions, depending on the stage of the project they evaluate. The three main dimensions are performance and development (which are highly related to the project’s process), dissemination and impact (which are more closely correlated with the project’s output), and overall project quality. Different sources (i.e., European projects and papers) have been drawn upon to define a set of 51 KPIs classified into six categories, according to the project phase they aim to evaluate. An Excel tool has been developed that collects all the KPIs analysed in the production of this document. This tool is shared in the Scipedia repository.
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Rafaeli, Ada, Wendell Roelofs, and Anat Zada Byers. Identification and gene regulation of the desaturase enzymes involved in sex-pheromone biosynthesis of pest moths infesting grain. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613880.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The original objectives of the approved proposal included: 1. Establishment of the biosynthetic pathways for pheromone production using labeled precursors and GC-MS. 2. The elucidation of a circadian regulation of key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. 3. The identification, characterization and confirmation of functional expression of the delta-desaturases. 4. The identification of gene regulatory processes involved in the expression of the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are utilized by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates. The sex pheromones used are commonly composed of blends of aliphatic molecules that vary in chain length, geometry, degree and position of double bonds and functional groups. They are formed by various actions of specific delta-desaturases to which chain shortening, elongation, reduction, acetylation, and oxidation of a common fatty acyl precursor is coupled. In most of the moth species sex-pheromone biosynthesis is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). The development of specific and safe insect control strategies utilizing pheromone systems depends on a clear knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved. In this proposal we aimed at identifying and characterizing specific desaturases involved in the biosynthetic pathway of two moth pest-speciesof stored products, P. interpunctella and S. cerealella, and to elucidate the regulation of the enzymes involved in pheromone biosynthesis. Due to technical difficulties the second stored product pest was excluded from the study at an early phase of the research project. Major conclusions: Within the framework of the planned objectives we confirmed the pheromone biosynthetic pathway of P. interpunctella and H. armigera by using labeled precursor molecules. In addition, in conjunction with various inhibitors we determined the PBAN-stimulated rate-limiting step for these biosynthetic pathways. We thereby present conclusive evidence that the enzyme Acetyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase is activated as a result of PBAN stimulation. We also found that P. interpunctella produce the main pheromone component Z9, E12 Tetradecenyl acetate through the action of a D11 desaturase working on the 16:Acid precursor. This is evidenced by the high amount of incorporation of ²H-labeled 16:Acid into pheromone when compared to the incorporation of ²H-labeled 14:Acid. However, in contrast to reports on other moth species, P. interpunctella is also capable of utilizing the 14:Acid precursor, although to a much lesser extent than the 16:Acid precursor. Despite the discovery of nine different desaturase gene transcripts in this species, from the present study it is evident that although PCR detected all nine gene transcripts, specific to female pheromone glands, only two are highly expressed whereas the other 7 are expressed at levels of at least 10⁵ fold lower showing very low abundance. These two genes correspond to D11-like desaturases strengthening the hypothesis that the main biosynthetic pathway involves a D11 desaturase.