Journal articles on the topic 'Step-like movements'
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Werner, K., and M. Raab. "Moving to Solution." Experimental Psychology 60, no. 6 (January 1, 2013): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000213.
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Embodied cognition theories suggest a link between bodily movements and cognitive functions. Given such a link, it is assumed that movement influences the two main stages of problem solving: creating a problem space and creating solutions. This study explores how specific the link between bodily movements and the problem-solving process is. Seventy-two participants were tested with variations of the two-string problem (Experiment 1) and the water-jar problem (Experiment 2), allowing for two possible solutions. In Experiment 1 participants were primed with arm-swing movements (swing group) and step movements on a chair (step group). In Experiment 2 participants sat in front of three jars with glass marbles and had to sort these marbles from the outer jars to the middle one (plus group) or vice versa (minus group). Results showed more swing-like solutions in the swing group and more step-like solutions in the step group, and more addition solutions in the plus group and more subtraction solutions in the minus group. This specificity of the connection between movement and problem-solving task will allow further experiments to investigate how bodily movements influence the stages of problem solving.
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Candeias, Mario. "Die verbindende Partei im Praxis-Text." PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 46, no. 182 (March 1, 2016): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v46i182.106.
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This article critically responds to Dario Azzelinis’ essay in PROKLA 181 and discusses new strategies to reorganize the relationship between left-wing political parties and social movements. It has always been a contested question how this relation should look like. Concepts about new types of party-movement relations like the Mosaic Left or the Connective Party try to rethink the tension theoretically while in practice, new developments in Greece and Spain seem to promise an important step towards building new connections. This article tries to analyze progress and problems, even failures, and to draw lessons for developing new theories and future political practises.
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Lenti, L., and S. Martino. "The interaction of seismic waves with step-like slopes and its influence on landslide movements." Engineering Geology 126 (February 2012): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.12.002.
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Shah, Ashvin, Andrew H. Fagg, and Andrew G. Barto. "Cortical Involvement in the Recruitment of Wrist Muscles." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 6 (June 2004): 2445–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00879.2003.
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In executing a voluntary movement, one is faced with the problem of translating a specification of the movement in task space (e.g., a visual goal) into a muscle-recruitment pattern. Among many brain regions, the primary motor cortex (MI) plays a prominent role in the specification of movements. In what coordinate frame MI represents movement has been a topic of considerable debate. In a two-dimensional wrist step-tracking experiment, Kakei et al. described some MI cells as encoding movement in a muscle-coordinate frame and other cells as encoding movement in an extrinsic-coordinate frame. This result was interpreted as evidence for a cascade of transformations within MI from an extrinsic representation of movement to a muscle-like representation. However, we present a model that demonstrates that, given a realistic extrinsic-like representation of movement, a simple linear network is capable of representing the transformation from an extrinsic space to the muscle-recruitment patterns implementing the movements on which Kakei et al. focused. This suggests that cells exhibiting extrinsic-like qualities can be involved in the direct recruitment of spinal motor neurons. These results call into question models that presume a serial cascade of transformations terminating with MI pyramidal tract neurons that vary their activation exclusively with muscle activity. Further analysis of the model shows that the correlation between the activity of an MI neuron and a muscle does not predict the strength of the connection between the MI neuron and muscle. This result cautions against the use of correlation methods as a measure of cellular connectivity.
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Nagao, Soichi. "1513 Responsiveness of flocculus and paraflocculus purkinje neurons to step-ramp like smooth pursuit eye movements." Neuroscience Research 28 (January 1997): S185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(97)90501-0.
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Daminov, V. D., P. V. Tkachenko, and A. A. Nizametdinova. "Application of the Mechanotherapy Devices Simulating Step-Like Movements in Combination with Electrical Stimulation in Spinal Cord Injury Patients." Bulletin of Restorative Medicine 99, no. 5 (October 29, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.38025/2078-1962-2020-99-5-53-61.
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Summarizing the results of the world scientific data on this topic, the possibility to evoke step-like movements in the lower limbs of patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) below the level of damage was noted. That was verified during electrical stimulation in combination with mechanotherapy, the electrodes application to the definite areas of spinal cord. In addition, we stated that these measures led to reduction of muscle hypertonus in the lower limbs, improvement of neuromuscular junction and tolerance towards increasing stimulation that were instrumentally confirmed. We stated that it is impossible to achieve the same effect using only one of these methods isolated. The first studies were carried out by implantation of epidural electrodes in the spinal cord, and later by a combination of electrical stimulation and step-like movements with the same frequency setting manually. During further technology development, stimulation became percutaneous, and the movements were carried out using robotic mechanotherapy. The advantage of this method is obvious: the specialist needs to set the initial parameters which are selected individually for the patient,to monitor the progress of the procedure and to fix changes. These devices include robotic systems which perform movements in the lower extremities with full and partial axial load. Currently a study of the device for robotic therapy in horizontal unsupported state is ongoing in rehabilitation clinic of FSBI NMCC n. a. N.I. Pirogov. Its excellence is support absense, the training is held in conditions of complete body weight unloading. Multimodal electrical stimulation is performed simultaneously with robotic therapy: percutaneous electrical stimulation of the spinal cord and functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the legs, back and abdomen muscles. It was stated that parameters of neurological status were improved significantly. This article presents the results of unsupported robotic mechanotherapy`s clinical testing in the SCI patients rehabilitation.
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Hore, J., and D. Flament. "Evidence that a disordered servo-like mechanism contributes to tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction." Journal of Neurophysiology 56, no. 1 (July 1, 1986): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1986.56.1.123.
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The characteristics of discontinuities and tremor that occurred in elbow flexions during cooling of the lateral cerebellar nuclei were investigated in five Cebus monkeys. Discontinuities in movements appeared as rhythmical oscillations (kinetic tremor) when movements were slow or when movements were made with a constant force that loaded the antagonist. These oscillations had similar properties to cerebellar terminal tremor following movements; e.g., their amplitude and frequency were decreased by addition of mass to the handle and they occurred in the absence of visual feedback. The abnormal initial decrease in velocity that initiated oscillations in flexion movements was associated with abnormally early or large antagonist (triceps) electromyogram (EMG) activity. This abnormal EMG activity did not follow the normal inverse relation between initial velocity and antagonist latency from onset of movement. The initial deflection from the expected trajectory was opposed by a second burst of EMG activity in the agonist (biceps). This second burst was not the continuation of a step of EMG activity because its amplitude was often larger than the amplitude of the first agonist burst. The second agonist burst had the properties of a servo-like response: it occurred when biceps shortening was slowed (but biceps was not stretched), its magnitude was proportional to the magnitude or the deflection in velocity, its latency was 50-80 ms from onset of the abnormal decrease in velocity, and it occurred in the absence of visual feedback. However, this servo-like response was disordered because it did not return the limb accurately to the expected trajectory. The servo-like mechanism was studied further by applying torque pulse perturbations during elbow flexions. When the cerebellar nuclei were cooled, agonist responses to the perturbation were proportional to the size of the velocity deflection, but they were prolonged and onset of antagonist activity was delayed. It is suggested that discontinuities and tremor in movements during cerebellar dysfunction result from the same mechanism: alternation between disordered stretch reflexes and disordered servo-assistance mechanisms, both partly involving transcortical pathways.
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Anderson, David I., Yuka Kobayashi, Kate Hamel, Monica Rivera, Joseph J. Campos, and Marianne Barbu-Roth. "Effects of support surface and optic flow on step-like movements in pre-crawling and crawling infants." Infant Behavior and Development 42 (February 2016): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2015.11.005.
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Bellet, Marie E., Joachim Bellet, Hendrikje Nienborg, Ziad M. Hafed, and Philipp Berens. "Human-level saccade detection performance using deep neural networks." Journal of Neurophysiology 121, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 646–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00601.2018.
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Saccades are ballistic eye movements that rapidly shift gaze from one location of visual space to another. Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings is important not only for studying the neural mechanisms underlying sensory, motor, and cognitive processes, but also as a clinical and diagnostic tool. However, automatically detecting saccades can be difficult, particularly when such saccades are generated in coordination with other tracking eye movements, like smooth pursuits, or when the saccade amplitude is close to eye tracker noise levels, like with microsaccades. In such cases, labeling by human experts is required, but this is a tedious task prone to variability and error. We developed a convolutional neural network to automatically detect saccades at human-level accuracy and with minimal training examples. Our algorithm surpasses state of the art according to common performance metrics and could facilitate studies of neurophysiological processes underlying saccade generation and visual processing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Detecting saccades in eye movement recordings can be a difficult task, but it is a necessary first step in many applications. We present a convolutional neural network that can automatically identify saccades with human-level accuracy and with minimal training examples. We show that our algorithm performs better than other available algorithms, by comparing performance on a wide range of data sets. We offer an open-source implementation of the algorithm as well as a web service.
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Platz, Thomas, and Karl-Heinz Mauritz. "Syndrome-Specific Deficits of Performance and Effects of Practice on Arm Movements with Deafferentation due to Posterior Thalamic Lesion." Behavioural Neurology 10, no. 1 (1997): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1997/354967.
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Aiming and tapping movements were analysed repeatedly over a three-week period in a patient who was hemideafferented due to an ischaemic posterior thalamic lesion. Contrasting behaviour observed in six healthy subjects, nine hemiparetic patients and one patient with hemianopic stroke, allowed the determination of behavioural deficits related to deafferentation. Finger tapping was not impaired specifically and did not improve with practice in the deafferented patient. When aiming movements were investigated, accuracy of the first, largely preprogrammed, phase of movement and timing of the late homing-in phase were impaired specifically in the deafferented patient. Practice led to a step-like change in preprogramming amplitude of the ballistic movement component, a gradual improvement of temporal efficiency of the early movement phase and a more marked improvement of the homing-in phase. Qualitatively comparable but quantitatively less marked effects of practice were documented for hemiparetic patients. These results demonstrated that deafferentation affects preprogrammed aspects of movement and those influenced by current control and that motor learning is possible with central deafferentation, even for aspects of performance that are impaired specifically. It is postulated that motor learning was mediated by changes in strategy (motor programming) and improved efficiency of intact motor control processes (visuomotor control).
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Vorochaeva, L. Yu, S. I. Savin, and A. V. Mal'chikov. "An Algorithm for Crawling Robot Climbing or Descending Stair Flights." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 24, no. 3 (December 6, 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2020-24-3-21-34.
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Purpose of research. The aim of this work is to develop an algorithm for sequential movements of a three-section crawling robot, which enables the device overcoming flights of stairs by crawling on each step or descending each step in the reverse sequence of stages. A special feature of the robot is the combination of three types of movement: snake-, worm - and caterpillar-like, which makes the device more maneuverable and expands its functionality. Methods. To develop a mathematical model of the movement of crawling robot sections at each stage of the algorithm and description of its contact interaction with the surface, the method of dynamics of multi-mass systems is used; methods of kinematic and structural analysis of the robot mechanism are used to form constraints that restrict the movement of the sections. Results. The article presents the results of simulation experiments of a robot crawling on a step of a flight of stairs and descending it, confirming the adequacy of the proposed movement algorithm. Positions of base points at the moments of the beginning and completion of the stages, section lengths and their turning angles in the vertical plane correspond to the values of these variables specified in the algorithm in the form of applied links and laid down conditions for the completion of stages. Conclusion. The article describes a detailed step-by-step algorithm for robot crawling on a step of a stairs flight and descending it; it is shown that crawling and descending are opposite operations from the point of view of sequence of stages implementing. The advantage of this algorithm is the versatility of its stages for moving the robot up and downstairs. In addition, the algorithm stages are designed in such a way that the robot does not roll over.
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Jothilingam, Muthukumaran, S. Roobha, R. Revathi, N. Paarthipan, and S. Saravan Kumar. "Effect of battle rope training on functional movements in young adults." Biomedicine 40, no. 4 (January 1, 2021): 547–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v40i4.339.
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Introduction and Aim: The battle rope exercise had obtained highest peak and mean VO2, highest energy expenditure and highest exercise heart rate than other exercises. There is no related evidence for Battle rope exercises by screening functional movement. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of battle rope training on functional movement screening.
Methodology: According to inclusion and exclusion criteria 30 subjects were selected. They were explained about the safety and simplicity of the procedure and by the lottery system they were divided into two groups with 15 subjects in each group. Each subject has undergone pre-test and post-test measurement of functional movement screening (FMS). Group A participants did regular set of floor exercises like pelvic bridging, bird dog exercise, cat and camel exercise for 4 weeks. Group B participants did pelvic bridging, bird dog exercise, cat and camel exercise and battle rope training for 4 weeks. The data collected and tabulated, were statistically analysed. Functional movements: 7patterns of functional movements include deep squat, hurdle step, inline lunge, rotary stability, active straight leg raise, shoulder mobility, and trunk stability push-up.
Results: The result of this study were statistically significant in FMS pretest and posttest with the p values (p<0.0001). Between the posttest mean and standard deviation of FMS of both group A and group B are 14.53(2.78), and15.43 (2.60) respectively. And there was a significant difference among the values (p >0.0001).
Conclusion: This study concludes that battle rope training is better than traditional floor exercises in improving functional movements among young adults because of its simulation of functional movement patterns.
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Rosell, Jan, Raúl Suárez, Néstor García, and Muhayy Ud Din. "Planning Grasping Motions for Humanoid Robots." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 16, no. 06 (December 2019): 1950041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219843619500415.
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This paper addresses the problem of obtaining the required motions for a humanoid robot to perform grasp actions trying to mimic the coordinated hand–arm movements humans do. The first step is the data acquisition and analysis, which consists in capturing human movements while grasping several everyday objects (covering four possible grasp types), mapping them to the robot and computing the hand motion synergies for the pre-grasp and grasp phases (per grasp type). Then, the grasp and motion synthesis step is done, which consists in generating potential grasps for a given object using the four family types, and planning the motions using a bi-directional multi-goal sampling-based planner, which efficiently guides the motion planning following the synergies in a reduced search space, resulting in paths with human-like appearance. The approach has been tested in simulation, thoroughly compared with other state-of-the-art planning algorithms obtaining better results, and also implemented in a real robot.
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Manlove, Kezia R., Laura M. Sampson, Benny Borremans, E. Frances Cassirer, Ryan S. Miller, Kim M. Pepin, Thomas E. Besser, and Paul C. Cross. "Epidemic growth rates and host movement patterns shape management performance for pathogen spillover at the wildlife–livestock interface." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1782 (August 12, 2019): 20180343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0343.
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Managing pathogen spillover at the wildlife–livestock interface is a key step towards improving global animal health, food security and wildlife conservation. However, predicting the effectiveness of management actions across host–pathogen systems with different life histories is an on-going challenge since data on intervention effectiveness are expensive to collect and results are system-specific. We developed a simulation model to explore how the efficacies of different management strategies vary according to host movement patterns and epidemic growth rates. The model suggested that fast-growing, fast-moving epidemics like avian influenza were best-managed with actions like biosecurity or containment, which limited and localized overall spillover risk. For fast-growing, slower-moving diseases like foot-and-mouth disease, depopulation or prophylactic vaccination were competitive management options. Many actions performed competitively when epidemics grew slowly and host movements were limited, and how management efficacy related to epidemic growth rate or host movement propensity depended on what objective was used to evaluate management performance. This framework offers one means of classifying and prioritizing responses to novel pathogen spillover threats, and evaluating current management actions for pathogens emerging at the wildlife–livestock interface. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Dynamic and integrative approaches to understanding pathogen spillover’.
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Adeyemo, Babatunde, and Dora E. Angelaki. "Similar Kinematic Properties for Ocular Following and Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (March 2005): 1710–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01020.2004.
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Ocular following (OFR) is a short-latency visual stabilization response to the optic flow experienced during self-motion. It has been proposed that it represents the early component of optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) and that it is functionally linked to the vestibularly driven stabilization reflex during translation (translational vestibuloocular reflex, TVOR). Because no single eye movement can eliminate slip from the whole retina during translation, the OFR and the TVOR appear to be functionally related to maintaining visual acuity on the fovea. Other foveal-specific eye movements, like smooth pursuit and saccades, exhibit an eye-position-dependent torsional component, as dictated by what is known as the “half-angle rule” of Listing's law. In contrast, eye movements that stabilize images on the whole retina, such as the rotational vestibuloocular reflex (RVOR) and steady-state OKN do not. Consistent with the foveal stabilization hypothesis, it was recently shown that the TVOR is indeed characterized by an eye-position-dependent torsion, similar to pursuit eye movements. Here we have investigated whether the OFR exhibits three-dimensional kinematic properties consistent with a foveal response (i.e., similar to the TVOR and smooth pursuit eye movements) or with a whole-field stabilization function (similar to steady-state OKN). The OFR was elicited using 100-ms ramp motion of a full-field random dot pattern that moved horizontally at 20, 62, or 83°/s. To study if an eye-position-dependent torsion is generated during the OFR, we varied the initial fixation position vertically within a range of ±20°. As a control, horizontal smooth pursuit eye movements were also elicited using step-ramp target motion (10, 20, or 30°/s) at similar eccentric positions. We found that the OFR followed kinematic properties similar to those seen in pursuit and the TVOR with the eye-position-dependent torsional tilt of eye velocity having slopes that averaged 0.73 ± 0.16 for OFR and 0.57 ± 0.12 (means ± SD) for pursuit. These findings support the notion that the OFR, like the TVOR and pursuit, are foveal image stabilization systems.
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MENDEZ-OTERO, ROSALIA, and MARCELO F. SANTIAGO. "Functional role of a glycolipid in directional movements of neurons." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 73, no. 2 (June 2001): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652001000200007.
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Migration of neurons from their site of origin to their final destination is a critical and universal step in the formation of the complex structure of the nervous system. The migratory process is thought to be governed in part by genetically and epigenetically defined sequences of signals which are interpreted by migrating cells. The molecular mechanisms that underlie neuronal migration have been the subject of intense investigation. As in other developmental processes, many molecules must participate in neuronal migration. Some molecules, such as cell adhesion molecules and motor proteins, may contribute to discrete steps in the migration act; others, like extracellular signaling molecules, may regulate the activation and/or termination of the migration program. In this article we review findings from our group that demonstrate the functional role(s) of a specific glycolipid in neuronal migration and neurite outgrowth in the developing and adult nervous system.
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Lee, Connie, Deborah Won, Mary Jo Cantoria, Marvin Hamlin, and Ray D. de Leon. "Robotic assistance that encourages the generation of stepping rather than fully assisting movements is best for learning to step in spinally contused rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (June 2011): 2764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01129.2010.
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Robotic devices have been developed to assist body weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) in individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) and stroke. Recent findings have raised questions about the effectiveness of robotic training that fully assisted (FA) stepping movements. The purpose of this study was to examine whether assist-as-needed robotic (AAN) training was better than FA movements in rats with incomplete SCI. Electromyography (EMG) electrodes were implanted in the tibialis anterior and medial gastrocnemius hindlimb muscles of 14 adult rats. Afterward, the rats received a severe midthoracic spinal cord contusion and began daily weight-supported treadmill training 1 wk later using a rodent robotic system. During training, assistive forces were applied to the ankle when it strayed from a desired stepping trajectory. The amount of force was proportional to the magnitude of the movement error, and this was multiplied by either a high or low scale factor to implement the FA ( n = 7) or AAN algorithms ( n = 7), respectively. Thus FA training drove the ankle along the desired trajectory, whereas greater variety in ankle movements occurred during AAN training. After 4 wk of training, locomotor recovery was greater in the AAN group, as demonstrated by the ability to generate steps without assistance, more normal-like kinematic characteristics, and greater EMG activity. The findings suggested that flexible robotic assistance facilitated learning to step after a SCI. These findings support the rationale for the use of AAN robotic training algorithms in human robotic-assisted BWSTT.
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Asante, Curtis Oware, Amy Chu, Mark Fisher, Leora Benson, Asim Beg, Peter Scheiffele, and John Martin. "Cortical Control of Adaptive Locomotion in Wild-Type Mice and Mutant Mice Lacking the Ephrin-Eph Effector Protein α2-Chimaerin." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 6 (December 2010): 3189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00671.2010.
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In voluntary control, supraspinal motor systems select the appropriate response and plan movement mechanics to match task constraints. Spinal circuits translate supraspinal drive into action. We studied the interplay between motor cortex (M1) and spinal circuits during voluntary movements in wild-type (WT) mice and mice lacking the α2-chimaerin gene (Chn1−/−), necessary for ephrinB3-EphA4 signaling. Chn1−/− mice have aberrant bilateral corticospinal systems, aberrant bilateral-projecting spinal interneurons, and disordered voluntary control because they express a hopping gait, which may be akin to mirror movements. We addressed three issues. First, we determined the role of the corticospinal system in adaptive control. We trained mice to step over obstacles during treadmill locomotion. We compared performance before and after bilateral M1 ablation. WT mice adaptively modified their trajectory to step over obstacles, and M1 ablation increased substantially the incidence of errant steps over the obstacle. Chn1−/− mice randomly stepped or hopped during unobstructed locomotion but hopped over the obstacle. Bilateral M1 ablation eliminated this obstacle-dependent hop selection and increased forelimb obstacle contact errors. Second, we characterized the laterality of corticospinal action in Chn1−/− mice using pseudorabies virus retrograde transneuronal transport and intracortical microstimulation. We showed bilateral connections between M1 and forelimb muscles in Chn1−/− and unilateral connections in WT mice. Third, in Chn1−/− mice, we studied adaptive responses before and after unilateral M1 ablation. We identified a more important role for contralateral than ipsilateral M1 in hopping over the obstacle. Our findings suggest an important role for M1 in the mouse in moment-to-moment adaptive control, and further, using Chn1−/− mice, a role in mediating task-dependent selection of mirror-like hopping movements over the obstacle. Our findings also stress the importance of subcortical control during adaptive locomotion because key features of the trajectory remained largely intact after M1 ablation.
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Khuong, Tran Linh. "Design, Implementation and Analysis of 3D Printed Grasshopper Robot for Jumping Mechanism." Journal of Biomimetics, Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering 28 (July 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jbbbe.28.1.
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This scientific paper consists of the analysis of the grasshopper jumping mechanism through literature studies, manufacturing, analysis and experimentation to enhance the knowledge to the manufacturing and analyzing of the artificially developed grasshopper-like robots. The first step involved the understanding of the actual grasshopper mechanisms which was carried out by the dissection of actual grasshopper bodies to analyze the hind leg movements, actuating muscles and structured sizes of the involved organs. The next step involved the development structural of the prototype consisted of design of the grasshopper jumping robot and the durability of the structure was checked at the critical locations. The results indicated that the strains produced in the tibia (immediately before and immediately after the jump) and femur of the designed structure was 2.5.10-5, 3.2.10-5 and 634.10-5 respectively. Whereas, the maximum allowable strain of the material during elastic deformation is 660.10-5, so the design of the structure could satisfy the strength requirements. The structural strength of the tibia and femur with the vertical printing were also in line with the stress requirements. Fabrication and jumping test was carried out which indicated 5 times higher jumps for the designed and fabricated grasshopper like jumping robot. This result is very helpful in robotic industry for the smooth movements of the robots for carrying out the intended function on rough terrains.
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Shen, L., and R. E. Poppele. "Kinematic analysis of cat hindlimb stepping." Journal of Neurophysiology 74, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 2266–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1995.74.6.2266.
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1. The purpose of this study is to analyze the kinematics of stepping from the point of view of limb control by attempting to dissociate the various neuronal and mechanical factors that shape actual movements observed experimentally. The cat hindlimb, like the primate arm, is a multijointed mechanical system with redundant degrees of freedom. We contend that a number of issues studied in the context of arm movement control, such as end point control and trajectory planning, may also be applicable to limb movement in locomotion. 2. We recorded and analyzed the kinematics of cat hindlimb movement in unrestrained over-ground locomotion at various speeds and with a variety of surface conditions. We found we could represent limb movement in the step cycle simply and concisely by the trajectories of the limb segment orientation angles. Each trajectory conformed to a monophasic sawtoothlike waveform, and the relative timing between segments was largely invariant in the range of movements studied. This contrasts with the representation using relative joint angles, as in Philippson's scheme, which exhibits a monophasic waveform at the hip but biphasic waveforms at the knee and ankle. 3. To investigate how whole limb kinematics, i.e., changes in the length and orientation of the whole limb, relates to that of the limb segments, we reconstructed limb movement from segment trajectories, assuming as a first approximation that they were indeed sawtooth wave forms. The result strongly suggested that the relative timing of segment movements played an important role in regulating limb length during the swing phase of the step cycle. A strong correlation between segment relative timing and changes in limb length was also observed experimentally. 4. A comparison between reconstructed and actual limb movement revealed two major differences. In contrast with the actual movement, which exhibited at least two extension phases and limb shortening during the stance phase, the reconstructed movement had only a single extension phase and no limb shortening. The discrepancies were fully accountable, however, by the limb-ground interaction in stance, indicating that the features present in the actual movement resulted from the limb-ground interaction rather than from any elaborated control by the nervous system. 5. A second difference between reconstructed and actual movements was evident in an apparent jerkiness of the former and a difference in the hindpaw paths during the swing phase. These differences could be accounted for by including the consequences of limb inertia and finite muscle power, namely a gradual rather than instant change in velocity. Using a bell-shaped velocity profile for the segment movements, we were able to accurately reconstruct limb kinematics during the swing phase. 6. We conclude from this analysis that the overall features of limb kinematics in stepping may be controlled by regulating a small set of parameters related to the orientation angles of the limb segments. Specifically, the position of the endpoint, the hindpaw in this case, may be determined by the relative timing and amplitudes of segment trajectories. The point-by-point details of the observed limb kinematics may be largely attributed to limb mechanics and the interaction of the limb with its environment. Thus the neural control may be simpler than the kinematics suggests.
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Fagg, Andrew H., Ashvin Shah, and Andrew G. Barto. "A Computational Model of Muscle Recruitment for Wrist Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 6 (December 1, 2002): 3348–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00621.2002.
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To execute a movement, the CNS must appropriately select and activate the set of muscles that will produce the desired movement. This problem is particularly difficult because a variety of muscle subsets can usually be used to produce the same joint motion. The motor system is therefore faced with a motor redundancy problem that must be resolved to produce the movement. In this paper, we present a model of muscle recruitment in the wrist step-tracking task. Muscle activation levels for five muscles are selected so as to satisfy task constraints (moving to the designated target) while also minimizing a measure of the total effort in producing the movement. Imposing these constraints yields muscle activation patterns qualitatively similar to those observed experimentally. In particular, the model reproduces the observed cosine-like recruitment of muscles as a function of movement direction and also appropriately predicts that certain muscles will be recruited most strongly in movement directions that differ significantly from their direction of action. These results suggest that the observed recruitment behavior may not be an explicit strategy employed by the nervous system, but instead may result from a process of movement optimization.
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Norman, Robert, Graham Caldwell, and Paavo Komi. "Differences in Body Segment Energy Utilization between World-Class and Recreational Cross-Country Skiers." International Journal of Sport Biomechanics 1, no. 3 (August 1985): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsb.1.3.253.
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Differences in the utilization of body segment movements between world-class and recreational cross-country skiers which result in a longer stride of the elite were studied using mechanical energy analyses. Nine world-class racers and six recreational skiers (novices) were filmed, the latter while they executed their fastest possible stable diagonal stride on a level track, and the former during competition. A 15-member linked segment model was digitized, the coordinate data filtered at 4.5 Hz and body segment energy curves; mechanical work output and mechanical energy transfers were calculated using the method described by Pierrynowski, Winter, and Norman (1980). The elite skiers exhibited larger exchanges between potential and kinetic energy in all segments during swing phases and all but the upper arm segment during pushing phases. Step-wise discriminant function analysis showed significant differences in the swinging foot, pushing foot, and pushing shank. The differences appear to be largely attributable to the higher leg swings of the experts, who prolong the glide and enhance step length, probably at a relatively lower metabolic cost by exploiting gravity to augment muscular force by generating pendulum-like movements.
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Hilbert, Martin, Javier Vásquez, Daniel Halpern, Sebastián Valenzuela, and Eduardo Arriagada. "One Step, Two Step, Network Step? Complementary Perspectives on Communication Flows in Twittered Citizen Protests." Social Science Computer Review 35, no. 4 (April 12, 2016): 444–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439316639561.
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The article analyzes the nature of communication flows during social conflicts via the digital platform Twitter. We gathered over 150,000 tweets from citizen protests for nine environmental social movements in Chile and used a mixed methods approach to show that long-standing paradigms for social mobilization and participation are neither replicated nor replaced but reshaped. In digital platforms, long-standing communication theories, like the 1955 two-step flow model, are still valid, while direct one-step flows and more complex network flows are also present. For example, we show that it is no contradiction that social media participants mainly refer to intermediating amplifiers of communicated messages (39% of the mentions from participants go through this two-step communication flow), while at the same time, traditional media outlets and official protest voices receive 80–90% of their mentions directly through a direct one-step flow from the same participants. While nonintuitive at first sight, Bayes’s theorem allows to detangle the different perspectives on the arising communication channel. We identify the strategic importance of a group of amplifying intermediaries in local positions of the networks, who coexist with specialized voices and professional media outlets at the center of the global network. We also show that direct personalized messages represent merely 20% of the total communication. This shows that the fine-grained digital footprint from social media enables us to go beyond simplistic views of a single all-encompassing step flow model for social communication. The resulting research agenda builds on long-standing theories with a new set of tools.
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Lyashenko, Vyacheslav, M. Ayaz Ahmad, Nataliya Belova, and Svitlana Sotnik. "Modern Walking Robots: A Brief Overview." International Journal of Recent Technology and Applied Science 3, no. 2 (September 15, 2021): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36079/lamintang.ijortas-0302.252.
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In this review, we would like to present some of the most interesting modern designs of walking robots: bipedal, quadropedal, hexopedal, and octopods. Their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted. It has been determined that structures with eight or more limbs are ineffective due to high level of electricity consumption. The use of more than six number of legs does not give noticeable advantages in profile cross-country ability or maneuverability, however, it allows to reduce the forces and moments of inertia forces due to decrease in mode coefficient (ratio of time spent by propulsor in support to time of entire step), and, consequently, smoother leg movements in swing phase.
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Mazzaro, Nazarena, Michael J. Grey, and Thomas Sinkjær. "Contribution of Afferent Feedback to the Soleus Muscle Activity During Human Locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 1 (January 2005): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00283.2004.
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During the stance phase of the human step cycle, the ankle undergoes a natural dorsiflexion that stretches the soleus muscle. The afferent feedback resulting from this stretch enhances the locomotor drive. In this study a robotic actuator was used to slightly enhance or reduce the natural ankle dorsiflexion, in essence, mimicking the small variations in the ankle dorsiflexion movement that take place during the stance phase of the step cycle. The soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior EMG were analyzed in response to the ankle trajectory modifications. The dorsiflexion enhancements and reductions generated gradual increments and decrements, respectively, in the ongoing SOL EMG. We exercised care to ensure that the imposed ankle movements were too slow to elicit distinct burst-like stretch reflex responses that have been investigated previously. The increased SOL EMG after the dorsiflexion enhancements was reduced when the group Ia afferents were blocked with peripheral ischemia at the thigh, and during high-frequency Achilles tendon vibration. However, neither ischemia nor tendon vibration affected the decrements in the SOL EMG during the dorsiflexion reductions. These findings give evidence of the contribution of afferent feedback to the SOL activity in an ongoing basis during the stance phase. The results suggest that mainly feedback from the group Ia pathways is responsible for the increments in the SOL EMG during the dorsiflexion enhancements. However, the decrements in the SOL activity might be mediated by different afferent mechanisms.
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Pan, Ming-Kai, Yong-Shi Li, Shi-Bing Wong, Chun-Lun Ni, Yi-Mei Wang, Wen-Chuan Liu, Liang-Yin Lu, et al. "Cerebellar oscillations driven by synaptic pruning deficits of cerebellar climbing fibers contribute to tremor pathophysiology." Science Translational Medicine 12, no. 526 (January 15, 2020): eaay1769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1769.
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Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders and the prototypical disorder for abnormal rhythmic movements. However, the pathophysiology of tremor generation in ET remains unclear. Here, we used autoptic cerebral tissue from patients with ET, clinical data, and mouse models to report that synaptic pruning deficits of climbing fiber (CF)–to–Purkinje cell (PC) synapses, which are related to glutamate receptor delta 2 (GluRδ2) protein insufficiency, cause excessive cerebellar oscillations and might be responsible for tremor. The CF-PC synaptic pruning deficits were correlated with the reduction in GluRδ2 expression in the postmortem ET cerebellum. Mice with GluRδ2 insufficiency and CF-PC synaptic pruning deficits develop ET-like tremor that can be suppressed with viral rescue of GluRδ2 protein. Step-by-step optogenetic or pharmacological inhibition of neuronal firing, axonal activity, or synaptic vesicle release confirmed that the activity of the excessive CF-to-PC synapses is required for tremor generation. In vivo electrophysiology in mice showed that excessive cerebellar oscillatory activity is CF dependent and necessary for tremor and optogenetic-driven PC synchronization was sufficient to generate tremor in wild-type animals. Human validation by cerebellar electroencephalography confirmed that excessive cerebellar oscillations also exist in patients with ET. Our findings identify a pathophysiologic contribution to tremor at molecular (GluRδ2), structural (CF-to-PC synapses), physiological (cerebellar oscillations), and behavioral levels (kinetic tremor) that might have clinical applications for treating ET.
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Peterson, Daniel S., Jordan S. Barajas, Linda Denney, and Shyamal H. Mehta. "Backward Protective Stepping During Dual-Task Scenarios in People With Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Study." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 8 (July 7, 2020): 702–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968320935814.
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Introduction. Reactive movements in response to a loss of balance are altered in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and are critical for fall prevention. Further, falls are more common while attention is divided. Although divided attention has been shown to impact postural responses in healthy older adults, the impact of dividing attention on reactive balance, and the natural prioritization across postural and cognitive tasks in people with PD is largely unknown. Objectives. To characterize (1) the impact of a secondary cognitive task on reactive postural control and (2) the prioritization across stepping and cognitive tasks in people with PD. Methods. Sixteen people with PD and 14 age-matched controls underwent step-inducing, support-surface perturbations from stance, with and without an auditory Stroop secondary cognitive task. Cognitive, neuromuscular, and protective stepping performance were calculated for single and dual task scenarios. Results. In PD and control participants, cognitive reaction times ( P = .001) and muscle onset latency ( P = .007), but not protective step outcomes ( P > .12 for all) were worse during dual tasking compared with single-task scenarios. Both PD and control groups prioritized the protective stepping task over the cognitive task. Overall, people with PD exhibited worse first-step margin of stability (a measure of protective step performance) than controls ( P = .044). Conclusion. This study provides preliminary evidence that people with PD, like age-matched controls, exhibit cognitive and neuromuscular, but not protective step, dual-task interference. The lack of dual-task interference on step performance indicates a postural prioritization for PD and healthy older adults during dual-task protective stepping.
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Gerasimenko, Yury, Parag Gad, Dimitry Sayenko, Zach McKinney, Ruslan Gorodnichev, Aleksandr Puhov, Tatiana Moshonkina, et al. "Integration of sensory, spinal, and volitional descending inputs in regulation of human locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 1 (July 1, 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00146.2016.
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We reported previously that both transcutaneous electrical spinal cord stimulation and direct pressure stimulation of the plantar surfaces of the feet can elicit rhythmic involuntary step-like movements in noninjured subjects with their legs in a gravity-neutral apparatus. The present experiments investigated the convergence of spinal and plantar pressure stimulation and voluntary effort in the activation of locomotor movements in uninjured subjects under full body weight support in a vertical position. For all conditions, leg movements were analyzed using electromyographic (EMG) recordings and optical motion capture of joint kinematics. Spinal cord stimulation elicited rhythmic hip and knee flexion movements accompanied by EMG bursting activity in the hamstrings of 6/6 subjects. Similarly, plantar stimulation induced bursting EMG activity in the ankle flexor and extensor muscles in 5/6 subjects. Moreover, the combination of spinal and plantar stimulation exhibited a synergistic effect in all six subjects, eliciting greater motor responses than either modality alone. While the motor responses to spinal vs. plantar stimulation seems to activate distinct but overlapping spinal neural networks, when engaged simultaneously, the stepping responses were functionally complementary. As observed during induced (involuntary) stepping, the most significant modulation of voluntary stepping occurred in response to the combination of spinal and plantar stimulation. In light of the known automaticity and plasticity of spinal networks in absence of supraspinal input, these findings support the hypothesis that spinal and plantar stimulation may be effective tools for enhancing the recovery of motor control in individuals with neurological injuries and disorders.
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POTKONJAK, VELJKO. "ROBOTIC HANDWRITING." International Journal of Humanoid Robotics 02, no. 01 (March 2005): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021984360500034x.
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Handwriting has always been considered an important human task, and accordingly it has attracted the attention of researchers working in biomechanics, physiology, and related fields. There exist a number of studies on this area. This paper considers the human–machine analogy and relates robots with handwriting. The work is two-fold: it improves the knowledge in biomechanics of handwriting, and introduces some new concepts in robot control. The idea is to find the biomechanical principles humans apply when resolving kinematic redundancy, express the principles by means of appropriate mathematical models, and then implement them in robots. This is a step forward in the generation of human-like motion of robots. Two approaches to redundancy resolution are described: (i) "Distributed Positioning" (DP) which is based on a model to represent arm motion in the absence of fatigue, and (ii) the "Robot Fatigue" approach, where robot movements similar to the movements of a human arm under muscle fatigue are generated. Both approaches are applied to a redundant anthropomorphic robot arm performing handwriting. The simulation study includes the issues of legibility and inclination of handwriting. The results demonstrate the suitability and effectiveness of both approaches.
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Bergeron, André, and Daniel Guitton. "In Multiple-Step Gaze Shifts: Omnipause (OPNs) and Collicular Fixation Neurons Encode Gaze Position Error; OPNs Gate Saccades." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 1726–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.1726.
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The superior colliculus (SC), via its projections to the pons, is a critical structure for driving rapid orienting movements of the visual axis, called gaze saccades, composed of coordinated eye-head movements. The SC contains a motor map that encodes small saccade vectors rostrally and large ones caudally. A zone in the rostral pole may have a different function. It contains superior colliculus fixation neurons (SCFNs) with probable projections to omnipause neurons (OPNs) of the pons. SCFNs and OPNs discharge tonically during visual fixation and pause during single-step gaze saccades. The OPN tonic discharge inhibits saccades and its cessation (pause) permits saccade generation. We have proposed that SCFNs control the OPN discharge. We compared the discharges of SCFNs and OPNs recorded while cats oriented horizontally, to the left and right, in the dark to a remembered target. Cats used multiple-step gaze shifts composed of a series of small gaze saccades, of variable amplitude and number, separated by periods of variable duration (plateaus) in which gaze was immobile or moving at low velocity (<25°/s). Just after contralaterally (ipsilaterally) presented targets, the firing frequency of SCFNs decreased to almost zero (remained constant at background). As multiple-step gaze shifts progressed in either direction in the dark, these activity levels prevailed until the distance between gaze and target [gaze position error (GPE)] reached ∼16°. At this point, firing frequency gradually increased, without saccade-related pauses, until a maximum was reached when gaze arrived on target location (GPE = 0°). SCFN firing frequency encoded GPE; activity was not correlated to characteristics or occurrence of gaze saccades. By comparison, after target presentation to left or right, OPN activity remained steady at pretarget background until first gaze saccade onset, during which activity paused. During the first plateau, activity resumed at a level lower than background and continued at this level during subsequent plateaus until GPE ∼8° was reached. As GPE decreased further, tonic activity during plateaus gradually increased until a maximum (greater than background) was reached when gaze was on goal (GPE = 0°). OPNs, like SCFNs, encoded GPE, but they paused during every gaze saccade, thereby revealing, unlike for SCFNs, strong coupling to motor events. The firing frequency increase in SCFNs as GPE decreased, irrespective of trajectory characteristics, implies these cells get feedback on GPE, which they may communicate to OPNs. We hypothesize that at the end of a gaze-step sequence, impulses from SCFNs onto OPNs may suppress further movements away from the target.
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Robinson, Farrel R., Andreas Straube, and Albert F. Fuchs. "Participation of Caudal Fastigial Nucleus in Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. II. Effects of Muscimol Inactivation." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): 848–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.2.848.
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Robinson, Farrel, R., Andreas Straube, and Albert F. Fuchs. Participation of the caudal fastigial nucleus in smooth pursuit eye movements. II. Effects of muscimol inactivation. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 848–859, 1997. We studied the effect of temporarily inactivating the caudal fastigial nucleus (CFN) in three rhesus macaques trained to make smooth pursuit eye movements. We injected the γ-aminobutyric acid A agonist muscimol into one or both CFNs where we had recorded pursuit-related neurons a few minutes earlier. Inactivating the CFN on one side impaired pursuit in one monkey so severely that it could not follow step-ramp targets moving at 20°/s, the target velocity that we used to test the other two monkeys. We tested this monkey with targets moving at 10°/s. In all three monkeys, unilateral CFN inactivation either increased the acceleration of ipsilateral step-ramp pursuit (in 2 monkeys, to 144 and 220% of normal) or decreased the acceleration of contralateral pursuit (in 1 monkey, to 71% of normal). Muscimol injected into both CFNs in two of the monkeys left both ipsilateral and contralateral acceleration nearly normal in both monkeys (101% of normal). Unilateral CFN inactivation also impaired the velocity of maintained pursuit as the monkeys tracked a target moving at a constant velocity or oscillating sinusoidally. Averaged across both types of movements in all three monkeys, gains for ipsilateral, contralateral, upward, and downward pursuit were 94, 67, 84, and 73% of normal, respectively. Unilateral CFN inactivation also impaired the monkeys' ability to suppress their vestibuloocular reflex (VOR). Averaged across the two monkeys VOR gain during suppression increased from 0.06 to 0.25 during yaw rotation and from 0.21 to 0.59 during pitch rotation. Bilateral CFN inactivation reduced pursuit gains in all directions more than unilateral injection did. In the two monkeys tested, ipsilateral, contralateral, upward, and downward gains went from 94, 86, 85, and 74% of normal, respectively, after we inactivated one CFN to 88, 73, 80, and 64% of normal after we also inactivated the second CFN. We can explain many, but not all, of the effects of CFN activation on smooth pursuit with the behavior of CFN neurons, and the assumption that the activity of each CFN neuron helps drive pursuit movements in the direction that best activates that neuron. We conclude that the CFN, like the flocculus-ventral paraflocculus, is a cerebellar region involved in control of smooth pursuit.
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Statton, Matthew A., Alexis Toliver, and Amy J. Bastian. "A dual-learning paradigm can simultaneously train multiple characteristics of walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00090.2016.
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Impairments in human motor patterns are complex: what is often observed as a single global deficit (e.g., limping when walking) is actually the sum of several distinct abnormalities. Motor adaptation can be useful to teach patients more normal motor patterns, yet conventional training paradigms focus on individual features of a movement, leaving others unaddressed. It is known that under certain conditions, distinct movement components can be simultaneously adapted without interference. These previous “dual-learning” studies focused solely on short, planar reaching movements, yet it is unknown whether these findings can generalize to a more complex behavior like walking. Here we asked whether a dual-learning paradigm, incorporating two distinct motor adaptation tasks, can be used to simultaneously train multiple components of the walking pattern. We developed a joint-angle learning task that provided biased visual feedback of sagittal joint angles to increase peak knee or hip flexion during the swing phase of walking. Healthy, young participants performed this task independently or concurrently with another locomotor adaptation task, split-belt treadmill adaptation, where subjects adapted their step length symmetry. We found that participants were able to successfully adapt both components of the walking pattern simultaneously, without interference, and at the same rate as adapting either component independently. This leads us to the interesting possibility that combining rehabilitation modalities within a single training session could be used to help alleviate multiple deficits at once in patients with complex gait impairments.
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Bay, S., P. Bossong, and M. Weigold. "ROBOT-BASED SURFACE FINISHING OF FORMING DIES CONCERNING DIFFERENT PATH STRATEGIES." MM Science Journal 2021, no. 5 (November 3, 2021): 5267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17973/mmsj.2021_11_2021144.
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The production of shape accurate forming dies in the toolmaking industry requires a high degree of manual labour. To achieve a higher level of automation, machine-based approaches are necessary. Therefore, robot-based milling experiments of difficult-to-machine cold work steel 1.2379 are carried out. This paper presents an experimental study of different path strategies using an industrial robot to mill example geometries of a forming die. Starting with preliminary tests to determine the best possible process and machining parameters, a conventional machining process strategy follows as a reference. Based on the findings two different strategies are derived: additional tool inclination and the avoidance of circular movements that are eventually joined and regarded in combination. Four different path strategies are carried out to determine the influence on form deviation in a CNC-like multi-step material removal process. Results are analysed and discussed regarding geometric fidelity and cutting moments of the example geometries.
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Bagheri, Mahsa. "Traces of Social Sustainability in Garden Cities- Karlsruhe as a Case Study." European Journal of Sustainable Development 9, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2020.v9n4p250.
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Discussions about sustainable communities as a significant measure in social sustainability began in the 2000s. Sustainable communities are defined as places in which existing and future generations would like to work and live. They contribute to the well-being and quality of life and offer equal opportunities to their residents. The definitions are similar to the objectives of one of the most influential movements in the history of urban planning: the Garden City. The principles of the Garden City are applicable to new and existing towns and its concept has been adopted in different contexts until today. Therefore, many lessons can be learnt regarding sustainable urbanism by studying social sustainability in this type of urban settlement. As a first step towards this aim, this paper studies the experience of living in the Garden City of Karlsruhe today. A survey was conducted among the current inhabitants. The study shows a high level of satisfaction and the tendency for a long residency in the Garden City because of the reasons like ample greenery, central location, and quietness of the settlement. The results will be used as the first dataset for developing a framework for urban social sustainability in the Garden Cities.
Keywords: sustainable urbanism, social sustainability, sustainable communities, user satisfaction, Garden Cities
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Li, Xingzhuo, Zhenghui Li, Francesco Fioranelli, Shufan Yang, Olivier Romain, and Julien Le Kernec. "Hierarchical Radar Data Analysis for Activity and Personnel Recognition." Remote Sensing 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2020): 2237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12142237.
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Radar-based classification of human activities and gait have attracted significant attention with a large number of approaches proposed in terms of features and classification algorithms. A common approach in activity classification attempts to find the algorithm (features plus classifier) that can deal with multiple activities analysed in one study such as walking, sitting, drinking and crawling. However, using the same set of features for multiple activities can be suboptimal per activity and not take into account the diversity of kinematic movements that could be captured by diverse features. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical classification approach that uses a large variety of features including but not limited to energy features like entropy and energy curve, physical features like centroid and bandwidth, image-based features like skewness extracted from multiple radar data domains. Feature selection is used at each step of the hierarchical model to select the best set of features to discriminate the target activity from the others, showing improvements with respect to the more conventional approach of using a multiclass model. The proposed approach is validated on a large dataset with 1078 recorded samples of varying length from 5 s to 10 s of experimental data, yielding 95.4% accuracy to classify six activities. The approach is also validated on a personnel recognition task to identify individual subjects from their walking gait, yielding 83.7% accuracy for ten subjects and 68.2% for a significantly larger group of subjects, i.e., 60 people.
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Pedraja, Federico, Volker Hofmann, Kathleen M. Lucas, Colleen Young, Jacob Engelmann, and John E. Lewis. "Motion parallax in electric sensing." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 3 (January 2, 2018): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712380115.
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A crucial step in forming spatial representations of the environment involves the estimation of relative distance. Active sampling through specific movements is considered essential for optimizing the sensory flow that enables the extraction of distance cues. However, in electric sensing, direct evidence for the generation and exploitation of sensory flow is lacking. Weakly electric fish rely on a self-generated electric field to navigate and capture prey in the dark. This electric sense provides a blurred representation of the environment, making the exquisite sensory abilities of electric fish enigmatic. Stereotyped back-and-forth swimming patterns reminiscent of visual peering movements are suggestive of the active generation of sensory flow, but how motion contributes to the disambiguation of the electrosensory world remains unclear. Here, we show that a dipole-like electric field geometry coupled to motion provides the physical basis for a nonvisual parallax. We then show in a behavioral assay that this cue is used for electrosensory distance perception across phylogenetically distant taxa of weakly electric fish. Notably, these species electrically sample the environment in temporally distinct ways (using discrete pulses or quasisinusoidal waves), suggesting a ubiquitous role for parallax in electric sensing. Our results demonstrate that electrosensory information is extracted from sensory flow and used in a behaviorally relevant context. A better understanding of motion-based electric sensing will provide insight into the sensorimotor coordination required for active sensing in general and may lead to improved electric field-based imaging applications in a variety of contexts.
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Mewes, K., and P. D. Cheney. "Primate rubromotoneuronal cells: parametric relations and contribution to wrist movement." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 1 (July 1, 1994): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.1.14.
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1. Fifty-nine rubromotoneuronal (RM) cells were identified in two rhesus monkeys on the basis of their postspike facilitation (PSpF) of rectified electromyographic (EMG) activity. These cells were studied in relation to a step tracking task requiring wrist movements between fixed target zones in flexion and extension. Movement away from a 0 position was opposed by spring-like loads (auxotonic). Additionally, nine cells were evaluated using an isometric task. Neuronal discharge could be divided into three basic components: background discharge in the absence of movement, phasic modulation during movement, and tonic modulation during sustained holding against external loads. 2. Four basic patterns of RM cell activity were observed in relation to ramp-and-hold wrist movements: phasic-tonic (44%), pure phasic (22%), pure tonic (2%), and unmodulated (24%). The discharge of unmodulated cells did not covary with movement parameters but, as with other RM cells, background discharge did increase in association with task performance. 3. The phasic discharge of RM cells led to the onset of target muscle EMG activity by an average of 89 +/- 82 ms (mean +/- SD, n = 104) in extensors and 88 +/- 74 ms (n = 30) in flexors. Target muscles are defined as ones showing PSpF of EMG activity. It was found that 94% of extensor and 87% of flexor RM cells discharged before or synchronous with the onset of target muscle EMG activity. 4. Thirty-one RM cells (53%) showed a tonic increase in cell activity during the static hold phase of the task. Twenty-three of these were tested for relations to static torque. Fifteen extension related cells and one flexion cell had significant, positive regression slopes for the relation between tonic discharge rate and static torque. The mean rate-torque slope for extension related cells was 160 Hz/Nm and 103 Hz/Nm for flexion related cells. These mean slopes are about one-third those of corticomotoneuronal (CM) cells. 5. Cell discharge rate was correlated with velocity and rate of change of torque (dT/dt) for 32 RM cells with a phasic component of discharge during movement. The peak increase in phasic discharge above tonic firing rate (PDI, peak dynamic index) was significantly correlated only with velocity in eight cells and only with dT/dt in five cells. The phasic discharge of four additional cells was correlated with both velocity and dT/dt, but for three of these cells, the correlation was stronger for velocity. The mean slope for the relation between velocity and PDI was 0.31 Hz.deg-1.s-1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Gamble, Clive, John Gowlett, and Robin Dunbar. "The Social Brain and the Shape of the Palaeolithic." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21, no. 1 (January 31, 2011): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959774311000072.
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It is often the case in interdisciplinary accounts of human evolution that archaeological data are either ignored or treated superficially. This article sets out to redress this position by using archaeological evidence from the last 2.5 million years to test the social brain hypothesis (SBH) – that our social lives drove encephalization. To do this we construct a map of our evolving social complexity that concentrates on two resources – materials and emotions – that lie at the basis of all social interaction. In particular, novel cultural and biological mechanisms are seen as evolutionary responses to problems of cognitive load arising from the need to integrate more individuals and sub-units into the larger communities predicted by the SBH. The Palaeolithic evidence for the amplification of these twin resources into novel social forms is then evaluated. Here the SBH is used to differentiate three temporal movements (2.6–1.6 Ma, 1.5–0.4 Ma and 300–25 ka) and their varied evolutionary responses are described in detail. Attention is drawn to the second movement where there is an apparent disconnect between a rise in encephalization and a stasis in material culture. This disconnect is used to discuss the co-evolutionary relationship that existed between materials and emotions to solve cognitive problems but which, at different times, amplified one resource rather than the other. We conclude that the shape of the Palaeolithic is best conceived as a gradient of change rather than a set of step-like revolutions in society and culture.
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Hussien, Marwa Kamel, and Hameed Abdul-Kareem Younis. "DWT Based-Video Compression Using (4SS) Matching Algorithm." Journal of University of Human Development 1, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v1n4y2015.pp427-432.
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Currently, multimedia technology is widely used. Using the video encoding compression technology can save storage space, and also can improve the transmission efficiency of network communications. In video compression methods, the first frame of video is independently compressed as a still image, this is called intra coded frame. The remaining successive frames are compressed by estimating the disparity between two adjacent frames, which is called inter coded frame. In this paper, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) is used powerful tool in video compression. Our coder achieves a good trade-off between compression ratio and quality of the reconstructed video.
The motion estimation and compensation, which is an essential part in the compression, is based on segment movements. The disparity between each two frames was estimated by Four Step Search (4SS) Algorithm. The result of the Motion Vector (MV) was encoded into a bit stream by Huffman encoding while the remaining part is compressed like the compression was used in intra frame. Experimental results showed good results in terms of Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Compression Ratio (CR), and processing time.
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Sundi, Shakuntala, V. D. Shukla, Rajan Nelson Munzni, and Sushma Khalkho. "Clinical Study of Nirgundi Ghana Vati with Nirgundi Patra Panda Sweda in the management on Amavata." Journal of Ayurveda and Integrated Medical Sciences (JAIMS) 5, no. 06 (December 25, 2020): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21760/jaims.5.6.4.
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Today as man is climbing the step of success, he is moving away from health abnormal food habits, style of living, greed, anger have become a part of his life. The sedentary life style has given birth to number of diseases. Amavata is one of the challenging diseases for the physicians due to its chronicity, incurability, complications and morbidity. Amavata (Rheumatoid arthritis) the term desires from the words as “Ama ” and “Vata” the word Ama is the condition which in various ailments in system due to its toxic effect. The Ama when combines with Vatadosha and occupies in Shleshmasthana (Asthi Sandhi) results painful disease „Amavata‟ The disease is characterized by various features like Sandhishoola in the nature of Toda, swelling inability of joints movements etc. In this research work 16 patients were registered, these patients were given Nirgundi Ghan Vati in the doses of 500gm two Vati three times a day for 30 days, along with Nirgundi Patra Pinda Sweda in 28 days. Results show that significant decrease in the symptoms of Amavata after treatment regimen.
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Andersen, K. H., A. Nielsen, U. H. Thygesen, H. H. Hinrichsen, and S. Neuenfeldt. "Using the particle filter to geolocate Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea, with special emphasis on determining uncertainty." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 64, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f07-037.
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The use of archival tags on fish gives information of individual behaviour with an unprecedented high resolution in time. A central problem in the analysis of data from retrieved tags is the geolocation, namely the infererence of movements of the fish by comparing the data from the tags with environmental observations like temperature, tide, day length, etc. The result is usually represented as a track; however, the spatial and temporal variability in the precision is often substantial. In this article, the particle filter is applied to geolocate Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the Baltic Sea, leading to a representation of the results as probability distributions for each time step, thus giving an explicit representation of uncertainty. Furthermore, the method is used to estimate the magnitude of the error in the measurements by the tags and the swimming velocity of the fish. The average swimming velocity during a day was estimated to be around 0.20 m·s–1 for fish of ~60 cm length. The method is general and the presentation is formulated to facilitate implementation for different systems where other quantities are observed.
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Le Sourne, Hervé, Nicolas Besnard, Cedric Cheylan, and Natacha Buannic. "A Ship Collision Analysis Program Based on Upper Bound Solutions and Coupled with a Large Rotational Ship Movement Analysis Tool." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/375686.
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This paper presents a user-friendly rapid prediction tool of damage to struck and striking vessels in a ship collision event. To do this, the so-called upper bound theorem is applied to calculate internal forces and energies of any substructure involved in the ships crushing process. At each increment of indentation, the total crushing force is transmitted to the external dynamics MCOL program, which calculates the global ship motion correction by solving the hydrodynamic force equilibrium equations. As a first step, the paper gives a brief description of the upper bound method originally developed for perpendicular collisions and recently enhanced for oblique ones. Then, the theory developed in MCOL program for large rotational ship movements is detailed. By comparing results obtained with and without MCOL, the importance of hydrodynamic effects is highlighted. Some simulation results are compared with results provided by classical nonlinear finite element calculations. Finally, by using the developed analytical tool, which mixes internal and external dynamics, different crushing scenarios including oblique collisions are investigated and the influence of some collision parameters like longitudinal and vertical impact location, impact angle, and struck ship velocity is studied.
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Tang, Zhenhua, Shuhai Jia, Xuesong Shi, Bo Li, and Chenghao Zhou. "Coaxial Printing of Silicone Elastomer Composite Fibers for Stretchable and Wearable Piezoresistive Sensors." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040666.
Full textAbstract:
Despite the tremendous efforts dedicated to developing various wearable piezoresistive sensors with sufficient stretchability and high sensitivity, challenges remain pertaining to fabrication scalability, cost, and efficiency. In this study, a facile, scalable, and low-cost coaxial printing strategy is employed to fabricate stretchable and flexible fibers with a core–sheath structure for wearable strain sensors. The highly viscous silica-modified silicone elastomer solution is used to print the insulating sheath layer, and the silicone elastomer solutions containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are used as the core inks to print the conductive inner layer. With the addition of silica powders as viscosifiers, silica-filled silicone ink (sheath ink) converts to printable ink. The dimensions of the printed coaxial fibers can be flexibly controlled via adjusting the extrusion pressure of the inks. In addition, the electro-mechanical responses of the fiber-shaped strain sensors are investigated. The printed stretchable and wearable fiber-like CNT-based strain sensor exhibits outstanding sensitivities with gauge factors (GFs) of 1.4 to 2.5 × 106, a large stretchability of 150%, and excellent waterproof performance. Furthermore, the sensor can detect a strain of 0.1% and showed stable responses for over 15,000 cycles (high durability). The printed fiber-shaped sensor demonstrated capabilities of detecting and differentiating human joint movements and monitoring balloon inflation. These results obtained demonstrate that the one-step printed fiber-like strain sensors have potential applications in wearable devices, soft robotics, and electronic skins.
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Marmottant, Philippe, Alexandre Ponomarenko, and Diane Bienaimé. "The walk and jump of Equisetum spores." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (November 7, 2013): 20131465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1465.
Full textAbstract:
Equisetum plants (horsetails) reproduce by producing tiny spherical spores that are typically 50 µm in diameter. The spores have four elaters, which are flexible ribbon-like appendages that are initially wrapped around the main spore body and that deploy upon drying or fold back in humid air. If elaters are believed to help dispersal, the exact mechanism for spore motion remains unclear in the literature. In this manuscript, we present observations of the ‘walks’ and ‘jumps’ of Equisetum spores, which are novel types of spore locomotion mechanisms compared to the ones of other spores. Walks are driven by humidity cycles, each cycle inducing a small step in a random direction. The dispersal range from the walk is limited, but the walk provides key steps to either exit the sporangium or to reorient and refold. Jumps occur when the spores suddenly thrust themselves after being tightly folded. They result in a very efficient dispersal: even spores jumping from the ground can catch the wind again, whereas non-jumping spores stay on the ground. The understanding of these movements, which are solely driven by humidity variations, conveys biomimetic inspiration for a new class of self-propelled objects.
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Decrette, Mathieu, Jean-François Osselin, and Jean-Yves Drean. "Motorized Jacquard technology for multilayer weaving damages study and reduction: Shed profile and close shed profile." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501983302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019833025.
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Materials used for composite reinforcements usually have high mechanical performances which are linked to a very sensitive and brittle behaviour to friction. The weaving process applied to delicate yarns, like glass, carbon and some other technical yarns, generate damages which tend to reduce the performances of the final composite. Shedding may be a major weaving stage for the generation of yarn damages. Based on a specific weaving pattern, it was observed that different shedding configurations could influence yarn damages at the shedding step. The specificity of the motorized Jacquard device is used to generate different movements and geometry configurations. A particular methodology needed to be set in order to confirm these observations and bring out a clear effect of shedding parameters on yarn damages. After damages have been identified and classified, some experiments will count the damage occurrences and evolutions in time according to shedding parameters. The aim of this research is first to show a clear effect of shedding on warp damaging thanks to the quantification of damages and then to set out an optimized configuration of shedding parameters which may reduce deterioration involved in high-density multilayer woven fabrics.
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Maeda, Rodrigo S., Shawn M. O'Connor, J. Maxwell Donelan, and Daniel S. Marigold. "Foot placement relies on state estimation during visually guided walking." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 480–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00015.2016.
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As we walk, we must accurately place our feet to stabilize our motion and to navigate our environment. We must also achieve this accuracy despite imperfect sensory feedback and unexpected disturbances. In this study we tested whether the nervous system uses state estimation to beneficially combine sensory feedback with forward model predictions to compensate for these challenges. Specifically, subjects wore prism lenses during a visually guided walking task, and we used trial-by-trial variation in prism lenses to add uncertainty to visual feedback and induce a reweighting of this input. To expose altered weighting, we added a consistent prism shift that required subjects to adapt their estimate of the visuomotor mapping relationship between a perceived target location and the motor command necessary to step to that position. With added prism noise, subjects responded to the consistent prism shift with smaller initial foot placement error but took longer to adapt, compatible with our mathematical model of the walking task that leverages state estimation to compensate for noise. Much like when we perform voluntary and discrete movements with our arms, it appears our nervous systems uses state estimation during walking to accurately reach our foot to the ground. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Accurate foot placement is essential for safe walking. We used computational models and human walking experiments to test how our nervous system achieves this accuracy. We find that our control of foot placement beneficially combines sensory feedback with internal forward model predictions to accurately estimate the body's state. Our results match recent computational neuroscience findings for reaching movements, suggesting that state estimation is a general mechanism of human motor control.
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D’Emilia, Giulio, Antonella Gaspari, and Emanuela Natale. "Physical and Metrological Approach for Feature’s Definition and Selection in Condition Monitoring." Sensors 19, no. 23 (November 26, 2019): 5186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19235186.
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In this paper, a methodology is described aiming at emphasizing physical and metrological criteria in feature selection for condition monitoring of a real scale mechatronic system. The device is used for packaging applications according to the movements of its end effector, driven by a couple of brushless servomotors and a kinematic mechanical linkage. The approach is hybrid, meaning that the starting feature set is built with reference to both experimental data from different sensors and to the indication of a simplified kinematic and dynamic model of the mechanical linkage itself. A critical comparison and mixing of theoretical and experimental data, based also on a physical interpretation of differences, suggests some more features, with respect to the classical ones, of hybrid type, which could be mostly correlated to the effects of statuses and defects of the system to be identified. The whole procedure is step by step validated, in order to evaluate the variability of features, throughout the whole procedure. The variability is analyzed depending on the actions that are realized in order to define, select, and use the proposed features for data processing by advanced algorithms, like the most typically used classifiers and artificial neural networks. A comparison with the state-of-the-art automatic feature’s selection procedure is also presented. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology is able to classify with high accuracy many statuses of the mechatronic system, which are only slightly different as for set-up settings and/or mechanical wear and lubrication conditions of mechanical parts of the mechatronic system. Issues to be pursued to a more effective generalization of the method are also discussed.
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Beraneck, Mathieu, Erwin Idoux, Atsuhiko Uno, Pierre-Paul Vidal, Lee E. Moore, and Nicolas Vibert. "Unilateral Labyrinthectomy Modifies the Membrane Properties of Contralesional Vestibular Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 92, no. 3 (September 2004): 1668–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00158.2004.
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Vestibular compensation after a unilateral labyrinthectomy leads to nearly complete disappearance of the static symptoms triggered by the lesion. However, the dynamic vestibular reflexes associated with head movements remain impaired. Because the contralesional labyrinth plays a prominent role in the generation of these dynamic responses, intracellular recordings of contralesional medial vestibular nucleus neurons (MVNn) were done after 1 mo of compensation. Their firing properties and cell type were characterized at rest, and their response dynamics investigated using step, ramp, and sinusoidal current stimulations. The sensitivity of the contralesional MVNn firing rates to applied current was increased, which, along with increased phase leads, suggests that significant changes in active conductances occurred. We found an increased proportion of the phasic type B neurons relative to the tonic type A neurons in the contralesional MVN. In addition, the remaining contralesional type A MVNn response dynamics tended to approach those of type B MVNn. Thus the contralesional MVNn in general showed more phasic response dynamics than those of control MVNn. Altogether, the firing properties of MVNn are differentially modified on the ipsilesional and contralesional sides of the brain stem 1 mo after unilateral labyrinthectomy. Ipsilesional MVNn acquire more “type A–like” tonic membrane properties, which would contribute to the stabilization of the spontaneous activity that recovers in the deafferented neurons during vestibular compensation. The bilateral increase in the sensitivity of MVNn and the acquisition of more “B-like” phasic membrane properties by contralesional MVNn should promote the restoration of the vestibular reflexes generated by the remaining, contralesional labyrinth.
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Israel, I., and A. Berthoz. "Contribution of the otoliths to the calculation of linear displacement." Journal of Neurophysiology 62, no. 1 (July 1, 1989): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1989.62.1.247.
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1. The present work is a quantitative study of the eye movements induced by linear translation when the subject is instructed to stabilize his gaze on a memorized earth-fixed target. These experiments may allow a better understanding of the central processing of otolithic signals. 2. Human subjects were submitted to either sinusoidal or step-like horizontal linear displacements along the interaural (Y)-axis in darkness, seated in a cart moving along a linear track. Each subject's head was fixed by a helmet secured to the cart. They were asked to keep their eyes on an earth-fixed memorized target at 63 cm from them on the X-axis. 3. During sinusoidal motion, a combination of low smooth compensatory eye movements and of compensatory saccades allowed the subjects to track the memorized target. The linear model of the responses of five subjects (seven sessions) exhibited a near-ideal slope of 1.14 (range 0.84-1.58). Two subjects did not compensate properly for their displacement. The mean "vestibular-saccadic" (VS) gain (ratio of overall eye movement peak-peak amplitude versus head displacement amplitude) was 1.52 +/- 0.80 (SD), showing an overestimation of head displacement. 4. The otolith-ocular reflex (OOR) mean gain values (ratio of slow phase cumulated peak-peak amplitude versus head displacement amplitude) were about 0.13 degrees/cm. This value is 5 times higher than what has been reported in the literature, probably due to the fact that the target was at a short distance. 5. The number of saccades occurring during sinusoidal stimulations varied according to the different subjects. They were obviously compensatory saccades and not quick phases. They indicate that although the gain of the OOR was small, the brain has computed the adequate desired eye position. 6. During steplike head displacements in darkness, although the OOR gain was also small, seven of the eight subjects could stabilize their gaze with a mean VS gain of 1.01 +/- 0.70. The linear model for the pooled responses of these subjects exhibited a slope of 0.82. 7. When subjects were instructed not to move their eyes during the translation, three of the five examined could still correctly reproduce the head movement amplitude with saccades, even as late as 50 s after motion had stopped. This indicates that head displacement was stored with the adequate metrics and could be used to drive the saccadic system. 8. Bilabyrinthectomized patients could not perform any adequate gaze stabilization. This shows that the observed performance was of vestibular origin.
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M.R., Yogitha Bali, and John Ebnezar. "Role of Nasya Karma (nasal instillation therapy) in Apabahuka (frozen shoulder)– A qualitative systematic review." Journal of Ayurvedic and Herbal Medicine 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jahm.2021.7412.
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Background: With an incidence of 3%-5% in the general population and up to 20% in people with diabetes, peak incidence of frozen shoulder is more common in women and in manual workers between the age of 40 and 60yrs. Though multiple interventions have been studied on the frozen shoulder, the complete and the effective treatment is indefinite. Nasya karma is one among the panchakarma therapies of Ayurvedic system of medicine which can deliver the potential effects to the patients of frozen shoulder or apabahuka. Purpose: The objective of this study was to review the case reports and case series that are published on nasya karma and apabahuka or frozen shoulder. Design: Systematic review. Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane (CENTRAL), EMBASE, Google Scholar, TKDL, AYUSH and DHARA databases were screened from inception until March 8th, 2020. References of the full text articles were screened and selected articles by searching manually as a next step. Based on the pre-specified inclusion criteria articles were screened and finally 5 case reports and 0 case series were included for the study. Results: All the 5 studies included in the review administered nasya karma to the patients suffering from apabahuka or frozen shoulder and assessed pain, severity of the pain, VAS (visual analogue scale), stiffness, ROM (Range of movements) like flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation and external rotation, forward elevation, lateral elevation, restricted movements and constant assessment scale of shoulder joint before and after the treatment which showed significant improvement in all the parameters. Conclusions: Nasya karma, one of the panchakarma therapies in Ayurvedic system of medicine constitutes the prime modality of treatment in the management of jatru-urdhwagata rogas mainly apabahuka or the frozen shoulder. Though present review showed significant changes in all the parameters, there are several limitations besides the quality of reporting, that is generally low in the included case reports. In addition, this review provides a comprehensive knowledge that may assist the researcher as a supplementary by giving an intuition for the execution of RCT’s and clinical studies further on the domain studied. Having negligible number of systematic reviews in Ayurveda and absence of systematic reviews on case studies or reports and series, this review may serve as a preliminary step towards conducting more systematic reviews in Ayurvedic system of medicine which is the need of hour..