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Journal articles on the topic 'Stem growth'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Keller, Jonathan R., Sten E. W. Jacobsen, Claire M. Dubois, Kjetil Hestdal, and Francis W. Ruscetti. "Transforming growth factor-β: A bidirectional regulator of hematopoietic cell growth." International Journal of Cell Cloning 10, no. 1 (1992): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530100103.

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2

Quesenberry, Peter J. "Synergistic hematopoietic growth factors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 4, no. 1 (1986): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530040102.

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3

Brizzi, Maria F., G. Carlo Avanzi, and Luigi Pegoraro. "Hematopoietic growth factor receptors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, no. 4 (1991): 274–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090404.

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4

Whipker, Brian E., and P. Allen Hammer. "Growth and Yield Characteristics of Field-grown Limonium sinuatum (L.)." HortScience 29, no. 6 (June 1994): 638–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.638.

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Field studies were conducted on the potential of annual statice as an outdoor cut-flower crop for the Midwestern United States. Data was collected on seven cultivars in 1989 and 42 in 1990. In 1989, total fresh stem weight, stem count, and average stem weight differed significantly among cultivars. Yellow cultivars had more stems harvested than the rose, apricot, and blue cultivars, but stems of the yellow cultivars weighed less. The number of stems harvested over time tended to be concentrated in the first 8 weeks after flowering begins. In 1990, the average stem fresh weight was significantly different among the apricot, blue, and rose cultivars, but the number of stems harvested was significantly different only between the blue and rose cultivars.

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5

Parks, Brian M., Kevin M. Folta, and Edgar P. Spalding. "Photocontrol of stem growth." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 4, no. 5 (October 2001): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(00)00197-7.

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6

Sikström, U., Hans-Örjan Nohrstedt, Folke Pettersson, and Staffan Jacobson. "Stem-growth response of." Trees 12, no. 4 (1998): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050142.

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7

Golde, David W. "Hematopoietic growth factors-An overview." International Journal of Cell Cloning 8, S1 (1990): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530080702.

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8

Eva Singletary, S., Didier Frappaz, Susan L. Tucker, Lillie Larry, William A. Brock, and Gary Spitzer. "Epidermal growth factor effect on serum-free growth of primary and metastatic human tumors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 7, no. 1 (1989): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530070108.

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9

Deuel, Thomas F. "Growth factors, wound healing, and neoplasia platelet-derived growth factor as a model cytokine." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, S1 (May 1991): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090709.

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10

Konôpka, B., and J. Pajtík. "Foliage and fine roots in terms of growth efficiency – a comparison between European beech and Norway spruce at early growth stages." Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 11 (November 29, 2013): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/56/2013-jfs.

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The quantification of stems (under- and overbark), foliage and fine roots in 14-year-old stands of European beech and Norway spruce grown on the same site were evaluated. Therefore, 60 trees of each species were sampled, dry masses of stems and foliage were established and expressed by allometric equations with stem diameter as an independent variable. The spruce allocated a much larger portion of biomass into the foliage than beech. The equations on a tree level were constructed also for specific leaf area and one-sided projected leaf area. Moreover, the quantity and morphological characteristics of fine roots in both stands were surveyed through soil coring. While standing stocks of fine roots were similar in the stands of both tree species, significant interspecies differences occurred in morphological properties of roots. Growth efficiency, expressing annual stem production on a variety of foliage and fine root parameters was calculated. The largest differences, specifically fivefold in favour of spruce, were found in growth efficiency based on a number of root tips.

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11

Starman, Terri W., and Millie S. Williams. "Growth Retardants Affect Growth and Flowering of Scaevola." HortScience 35, no. 1 (February 2000): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.1.36.

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The effects of concentration and method of application of uniconazole on growth and flowering of Scaevola aemula R. Br. `New Wonder', `Mini Pink Fan', `Purple Fan', and `Royal Fan', Scaevola albida (Sm.) Druce. `White Fan', and Scaevola striata `Colonial Fan' were studied, as was the efficacy of four other growth retardants on S. aemula `New Wonder'. Variables measured included plant width, flower stem number, flower stem length, flower number per stem, flower number per cm stem length, and days to flower. Uniconazole (1.0 mg·L–1) applied as a medium drench to S. aemula `New Wonder' reduced plant width and flower stem length without affecting flower stem number or time to flower. Flower number per stem and number of flowers per cm of stem length were increased, resulting in attractive, compact clusters of flowers. Paclobutrazol medium drench at 4.0 mg·L–1 gave similar results. Daminozide and ethephon sprays reduced plant width; however, flower number was reduced and ethephon delayed flowering. Ancymidol did not affect the parameters measured. When uniconazole drenches were applied to the other cultivars, plant width and flower stem length in all cultivars except `White Fan' decreased as rate increased. Spray applications reduced plant width of all cultivars except `Mini Pink Fan'. Flower stem length was not affected in any cultivar. Flowering habit was improved more in S. aemula `New Wonder', `Purple Fan', and `Royal Fan' than in the other cultivars. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(s)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-ene-3-ol (uniconazole).

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12

Shirai, Tatsuya, Hiroyuki Yamamoto, Masato Yoshida, Mikuri Inatsugu, Chisato Ko, Kazuhiko Fukushima, Yasuyuki Matsushita, et al. "ECCENTRIC GROWTH AND GROWTH STRESS IN INCLINED STEMS OF GNETUM GNEMON." IAWA Journal 36, no. 4 (December 15, 2015): 365–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-20150107.

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Gnetum gnemon L. (Gnetales) forms hardwood-like secondary xylem in its trunks and branches although it is a gymnosperm. The present study tested the surface growth stress in relation to anatomical and chemical properties of the secondary xylem in inclined and vertical stems of G. gnemon using morphological and chemical composition analyses. Secondary growth was promoted on the upper half of the cross section in an inclined stem; at the same time, tensile growth stress increased on the upper side and decreased on the lower side of the inclined stem. However, formation of reaction wood fibers was not detected on either side. The microfibril angle was associated with differences in tensile growth stress. Thus, we conclude that negative gravitropism in G. gnemon is caused by a synergistic effect of increased tensile growth stress as well as the promotion of secondary growth on the upper side of the inclined stem. Our results are comparable to the negative gravitropism observed in the family Magnoliaceae, which does not form gelatinous fibers in its tension wood.

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13

Çavuşoğlu, K., S. Kılıç, and K. Kabar. "Effects of some plant growth regulators on stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline (NaCl) conditions." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 10 (October 24, 2008): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/405-pse.

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In this work, effects of gibberellic acid, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon), triacontanol, 24-epibrassinolide and polyamine (cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine, spermine) pretreatments on the stem anatomy of radish seedlings grown under saline conditions were studied. Salt stress decreased the stem diameter, epidermis cell size, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, cambium thickness, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in the seedlings non-pretreated with the growth regulators, in comparison with the control seedlings grown in distilled water medium. In addition, it slightly increased the cuticle thickness. On the other hand, many of the growth regulator pretreatments more or less stimulated the stem diameter, epidermis cell width, cortex zone thickness, vascular bundle width, xylem width, trachea diameter and phloem width in comparison with the control seedlings grown on saline medium. Moreover, they generally reduced the cuticle thickness, epidermis cell length and cambium thickness.

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14

Gartner, Barbara L., and G. R. Johnson. "Is long primary growth associated with stem sinuosity in Douglas-fir?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, no. 9 (September 1, 2006): 2351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-110.

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Stem sinuosity is a highly visible stem-form trait in the leaders of fast-growing Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees, yet its cause is unknown. We tested the hypotheses that sinuous stems have longer expanses of primary growth than nonsinuous stems (putting the leader at higher risk for curvature, induction of compression wood formation, and possibly overcorrection) and higher leader angle using 4- to 5-year-old saplings in raised beds. As hypothesized, sinuous stems had longer expanses of primary growth than did nonsinuous stems (13.5 vs. 12.3 cm, respectively). However, for the dates for which growth (length/day, primary growth, secondary growth, and total growth) differed significantly among sinuosity class, sinuosity class only explained 15%–21% of the variation in growth rate. There were no significant differences in leader angle for saplings of the three sinuosity classes. Contingency tables indicated some consistency in the category of sinuosity to which we assigned the stems in 2001 and 2002 (χ2 = 11.2, p < 0.004). When we used a more quantitative measure, the ratio of stem length/stem distance, there was a tendency toward a significant relationship between the two years (r = 0.272, p = 0.0893). These data suggest that, counter to expectation, the rate of stem growth was not a large factor in determining whether leaders become sinuous for this population of trees.

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15

Williams, Douglas E., Linda S. Park, Hal E. Broxmeyer, and Li Lu. "Hybrid cytokines as hematopoietic growth factors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, no. 6 (1991): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090604.

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16

Büchner, Thomas. "Hematopoietic growth factors in cancer treatment." Stem Cells 12, no. 3 (1994): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530120301.

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17

Gilman, Edward, and Jason Grabosky. "Growth Partitioning Three Years Following Structural Pruning of Quercus virginiana." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 35, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2009.042.

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One codominant stem on each of 48 similar Quercus virginiana Highrise® trees was pruned to evaluate impact of pruning severity on growth suppression and partitioning. Targeted pruning severity (0, 25, 50 or 75% foliage and subtending branches removed) based on visual estimates of two people correlated well (r2 = 0.87) with the ratio stem cross-sectional area removed: crosssectional area at base of the pruned codominant stem. Pruning reduced cross-sectional area growth on codominant stems compared to the leader stem that was not pruned, especially during the first 12 months following pruning. Increased pruning severity reduced cross-sectional area growth on the pruned stem in proportion to amount of foliage removed. In each of three years following pruning, cross-sectional area of the unpruned leader stem increased more on trees receiving targeted pruning severities of 25% or 50% than trees pruned with the 75% severity or trees not pruned. Shift in growth from the pruned to unpruned portion of the tree reduced diameter ratio between the two stems, which should make the union stronger. Diameter ratio changed most for the 75% pruning severity.

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18

Guan, Ennan, Tingchong Zhou, Jinhai Wang, Yong Chen, Yinxun Sun, Peigen Huang, Weiping Tang, and Minglun Zhao. "Growth inhibition of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma in athymic mice by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies." International Journal of Cell Cloning 7, no. 4 (1989): 242–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530070406.

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19

Fibach, E., D. Manor, A. Treves, and E. A. Rachmilewitz. "Growth of human normal erythroid progenitors in liquid culture: A comparison with colony growth in semisolid culture." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, no. 1 (1991): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090108.

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20

McBrien, H. L., and R. Harmsen. "Growth response of goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae), to periodic defoliation." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 7 (July 1, 1987): 1478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-204.

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Intensive grazing by Trirhabda spp. on the goldenrod, Solidago canadensis L., was simulated by manual defoliation experiments to estimate quantitatively the effects of various levels of grazing. Mean stem length per clump, measured as the sum of the lengths of the main stem and branches below the inflorescence, and the number of stems per clump were significantly reduced toward the end of the growing season. Inflorescence development was either retarded or prevented. By spring of the year following treatment, plants receiving repeated defoliation had both lower mean leaf biomass per stem and mean stem length and fewer stems per clump. There was also some clump mortality. These results corroborate the observation that repeated defoliation of Solidago canadensis during an outbreak of beetles of the genus Trirhabda is followed by a major reduction in goldenrod in old-field communities.

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21

Bregman, Marvin D., and Nancy J. Sipes. "Transformation-related growth factors and their receptors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 4, no. 4 (1986): 224–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530040401.

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22

Galimi, Francesco, Maria Felice Brizzi, and Paolo Maria Comoglio. "The hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor." STEM CELLS 11, S2 (January 1, 1996): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530110805.

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23

Liu, Xuan, Paul W. Robinson, Monica A. Madore, Guy W. Witney, and Mary Lu Arpaia. "`Hass' Avocado Carbohydrate Fluctuations. I. Growth and Phenology." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 6 (November 1999): 671–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.6.671.

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Seasonal fluctuations in nonstructural carbohydrates (starch and soluble sugars) were studied in `Hass' avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees on `Duke 7' rootstock over a 2-year period in southern California. On a dry weight basis, total soluble sugar (TSS) concentrations ranged from 33.0 to 236.0 mg·g-1 dry weight and were high compared to starch concentration (2.0 to 109.0 mg·g-1 dry weight) in all measured organs (stems, leaves, trunks and roots). The seven carbon (C7) sugars, D-mannoheptulose and perseitol, were the dominant soluble sugars detected. The highest starch and TSS concentrations were found in stem tissues, and in stems, a distinct seasonal fluctuation in starch and TSS concentrations was observed. This coincided with vegetative growth flushes over both sampling years. Stem TSS and starch concentrations increased beginning in autumn, with cessation of shoot growth, until midwinter, possibly due to storage of photosynthate produced during the winter photosynthetic period. TSS peaked in midwinter, while starch increased throughout the winter to a maximum level in early spring. A second peak in stem TSS was observed in midsummer following flowering and spring shoot growth. At this time, stem starch concentration also decreased to the lowest level of the year. This complementary cycling between stem TSS and starch suggests that a conversion of starch to sugars occurs to support vegetative growth and flowering, while sugars produced photosynthetically may be allocated directly to support flowering and fruit production.

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24

Zhang, Xiaoping, Bo Zeng, and Zhangcheng Zhong. "Differential responsiveness in stem height and diameter growth of two Ficus tree species in the Three Gorges reservoir region of China as affected by branch removal." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 9 (September 2007): 1748–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x07-030.

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In the Three Gorges reservoir region of China, Ficus microcarpa L. and Ficus virens Ait. var. sublanceolata (Miq.) Corner (Moraceae) are widely used in greening and ecological restoration following construction, including roads, railways, towns, etc. Branch cuttings are used for cultivating saplings of these trees. We conducted a 4 year experiment that included four branch-removal intensities to evaluate the influence of branch removal on stem height and diameter growth of these Ficus spp. It was found that branch removal did not affect the stem height growth of either F. microcarpa or F. virens, but decreased the growth of their stem basal diameters. The reduction in growth of stem basal diameter was intensified with branch removal. As expected, branch removal decreased the tapering of whole tree stems, but this effect was mainly due to the alteration of the shape of the bare stem part, and the shape of the stem part within the intact upper crown was not affected by the treatment. The data clearly showed that stem height growth was less sensitive than stem diameter growth to branch removal, and that the response of stem diameter growth to branch removal differed between bare and intact stem parts.

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25

Yamamoto, F., T. T. Kozlowski, and K. E. Wolter. "Effect of flooding on growth, stem anatomy, and ethylene production of Pinushalepensis seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x87-013.

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Flooding of soil for 43 days greatly altered growth and stem anatomy and increased ethylene production by stems of 10-month-old Pinushalepensis seedlings. Flooding reduced the dry weight increment of seedlings primarily as a result of decay of roots and, to a lesser extent, inhibition of growth of roots and needles. Flooding did not influence height growth of seedlings but increased stem diameter, largely because of an increase in bark thickness at all stem heights and stem hypertrophy associated with proliferation of phloem parenchyma cells and an increased amount of intercellular space in the phloem. The effects of flooding on xylem increment varied appreciably with stem height. In the submerged portion of the stem, flooding greatly reduced the number of tracheids laid down per radial file. Flooding also slightly reduced the number of tracheids produced in the portion of the stem just above the water level. In the upper stem, however, flooding had little effect on xylem increment and on tracheid production for the first 29 days but increased both thereafter. Flooding also induced formation of short, thick-walled, rounded tracheids resembling those in compression wood. However, these tracheids developed an S3 wall layer, which is absent in well-developed compression wood. Flooding also increased the number of longitudinal resin ducts as well as the number and size of the xylem rays. The basic density of stem segments was lower in flooded than in unflooded seedlings, largely because of the high proportion of parenchyma cells and more intercellular spaces in the wood and bark of flooded seedlings. Flooding greatly increased production of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid by roots and ethylene by stems. The capacity for production of ethylene increased faster in stem segments just above the water line than in submerged portions of stems. However, the capacity for ethylene production as a flooding response declined progressively with increase in stem height above the basal whorl of branches. The data indicated an important regulatory role of ethylene in altering growth and stem anatomy of woody plants.

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26

Epstein, Fred J., and Jean-Pierre Farmer. "Brain-stem glioma growth patterns." Journal of Neurosurgery 78, no. 3 (March 1993): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1993.78.3.0408.

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✓ During the last decade, several authors have reported that certain brain-stem gliomas may be associated with a better prognosis than others. In this paper, retrospective correlations between the pathological findings and the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging appearance of 88 brain-stem gliomas are established. The authors propose an anatomical hypothesis that helps identify glioma growth patterns in general and that clarifies why cervicomedullary, dorsally exophytic, and focal tumors have a more favorable prognosis. According to this hypothesis, growth of benign gliomas of the brain stem is guided by secondary structures such as the pia, fiber tracts, and the ependyma, which in turn leads to stereotypical growth patterns that are clearly identified on MR images. The authors believe that this hypothesis, in conjunction with clinical data, may help establish selection criteria for the surgical treatment of specific brain-stem lesions.

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27

Briggs, Winslow R. "New light on stem growth." Nature 366, no. 6451 (November 1993): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366110a0.

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28

Paul, J. "Growth factors and stem cells." FEBS Letters 182, no. 1 (March 11, 1985): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(85)81192-3.

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29

Ancona, Fabio, Alberto Bressan, Olivier Glass, and Wen Shen. "Feedback Stabilization of Stem Growth." Journal of Dynamics and Differential Equations 31, no. 3 (December 27, 2017): 1079–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10884-017-9633-z.

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30

Robinson, Richard. "GROWTH FACTORS AND STEM CELLS." Neurology Today 5, no. 5 (May 2005): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00132985-200505000-00010.

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31

Samimy, Cyrus. "Physical Impedance Retards Top Growth of Tomato Transplants." HortScience 28, no. 9 (September 1993): 883–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.9.883.

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Two-week-old `Ohio 8245' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were subjected to physical impedance by placing a sheet of Plexiglas on the shoots for 15 hours a night for 12 consecutive nights. This treatment reduced stem length by 21% and increased stem diameter by 20% compared to nontreated plants. Stems of treated seedlings were considered sturdier than those of nontreated seedlings since the treated seedlings remained erect for 28 to 33 days after impedance ended and the stems of control seedlings did not. Forty-four days after impedance ended, stems of treated plants were 18% shorter and 9% thicker than those of nontreated plants. The results showed that tomato seedlings subjected to impedance developed growth characteristics that are desirable in transplants.

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32

Barth, GE, NA Maier, JS Cecil, WL Chyvl, and MN Bartetzko. "Yield and seasonal growth flushing of Protea 'Pink Ice' and Leucadendron 'Silvan Red' in South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 7 (1996): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9960869.

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Data on yield and growth flushing of 2 protea varieties were collected at commercial sites in South Australia over 3 years. Mean (� s.e.) yield of Protea 'Pink Ice' in terms of marketable stems averaged 63 (�) stems/plant on a highly fertile soil to 39 (�1) stemslplant on an infertile site. On the same sites, Leucadendron 'Silvan Red' yielded means (�se.) of 314 (�13) and 219 (�5) marketable stems/plant. Data are presented in marketing classes based on stem length. Monthly increases in stem length and diameter were used to determine seasonal growth flushing patterns in the 2 cultivars. Pink Ice commenced annual growth in August-September, reached peak growth rate in October and fell to low levels in December. Silvan Red commenced growth between October and November, reached peak growth rate in December and continued stem elongation until March when all growth ceased until the following year.

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33

Tremblay, G. F., G. Bélanger, K. B. McRae, and R. Michaud. "Leaf and stem dry matter digestibility and ruminal undegradable proteins of alfalfa cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-122.

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Increased dry matter digestibility and ruminal undegradable protein (RUP) concentration are traits highly ranked to improve the nutritive value of forage legumes. Whole-plant, leaf, and stem samples of 27 alfalfa cultivars grown in eastern Canada were analysed for total nitrogen (TN), in vitro RUP, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The objectives were to determine if significant variation exists among these cultivars, and to establish the relationship between nutritive value parameters of leaves and stems, and those of whole plants. Cultivars were seeded in triplicate on 2 consecutive years and evaluated during the 2 subsequent production years with two harvests per year. There were significant differences among cultivars in IVDMD of stems and plants in spring growth and summer regrowth. Cultivar differences in leaf IVDMD were significant only in spring growth, but this variation was negligible in practical terms. Cultivars with high forage IVDMD also had high stem IVDMD and this relationship was stronger in summer regrowth. Alfalfa plant IVDMD is a function of stem digestibility and the leaf weight ratio (LWR). Cultivar differences were significant for plant TN in spring growth and summer regrowth, and for stem TN in spring growth only. Leaf (270 to 306 g kg-1 TN) and stem (242 to 287 g kg-1 TN) RUP concentrations varied among cultivars in spring growth. Cultivars with high stem RUP also had high leaf RUP concentration but differences in plant RUP were not always attributed to leaf and stem RUP. The RUP concentration was on average 10% higher in leaves than in stems in spring growth, and this difference reached 15% in summer regrowth. The LWR varied among cultivars in spring growth and summer regrowth, and it was positively related to plant RUP in spring growth. Improved whole-plant RUP concentration is unlikely to be achieved by simply selecting for high RUP in leaves or stems; LWR has a principal role in determining alfalfa plant RUP concentration. Key words: Dry matter digestibility, ruminal undegradable proteins, alfalfa, genetic variation, stems, leaves

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34

Marler, Thomas E., and Leah E. Willis. "Root and Stem Growth Patterns of Young `Mauritius' Lychee Trees." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 815–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.815.

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`Mauritius' lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) trees were planted in root observation chambers in July 1990 to determine the pattern of root and stem extension growth during 12 months. Root and stem lengths were measured at intervals ranging from 7 to 18 days from Aug. 1990 until Aug. 1991. During each period of active canopy growth, up to six stem tips were tagged and measured. Root growth was determined by measuring tracings of the extension of each root in a visible plane of the glass wall of the observation chambers. Stem growth was cyclic, with distinct periods of rapid extension followed by periods with no extension. In contrast, root growth was fairly continuous with only three periods of no visible root extension. Mean absolute extension rates were higher for stems than for roots. There were no consistent relationships between the timing of root and stem extension growth.

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35

Hamburger, Anne W., and Christine P. White. "Autocrine growth factors for human tumor clonogenic cells." International Journal of Cell Cloning 3, no. 6 (1985): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530030605.

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36

Nicola, Nicos A. "Mechanisms of regulation of hemopoietic growth factor receptors." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, S1 (May 1991): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090711.

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37

Schilling, C. V., W. Lange, L. Kanz, W. Brugger, A. Lindemann, and R. Mertelsmann. "Recombinant human hematopoietic growth factors in clinical oncology." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, S1 (May 1991): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530090716.

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38

Banchereau, J., F. Brière, Y. J. Liu, and F. Rousset. "Molecular control of B Lymphocyte growth and differentiation." Stem Cells 12, no. 3 (1994): 278–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530120304.

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Schiffer, Charles A. "Opportunities for the use of thrombopoietic growth factors." Stem Cells 16, S1 (May 1998): 249–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530160728.

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Starman, Terri Woods, and Millie S. Williams. "Chemical Growth Retardant Application to Scaevola." HortScience 33, no. 3 (June 1998): 522b—522. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.522b.

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Fan flower (Scaevola aemula L.) has become a popular specialty bedding and hanging basket plant in the United States. The genus contains several species from Australia and the Indo-Pacific region and there exists a wide diversity of growth habits and flower colors, including blue, violet, pink and white. Our objective was to measure the effect of type of growth retardant, method of application, and chemical concentration on S. aemula `New Wonder', `Mini Pink Fan', 'Purple Fan', and `Royal Fan', S. albida 'White Fan', and S. striata `Colonial Fan'. Variables measured included days to flower, plant width, flower stem number, flower stem length, and flower number per stem. Uniconazole applied as a media drench to S. aemula `New Wonder' at 1.0 and 2.0 mg·L–1 decreased plant width and flower stem length without affecting time to flower or flower number. Therefore, number of flowers per cm of stem length on S. aemula `New Wonder' was increased, resulting in attractive, compact clusters of flowers on pendulus stems. Paclobutrazol drench (4.0 and 8.0 mg·L–1) was also effective. Daminozide spray (5000 mg·L–1) reduced plant width but flower number was reduced. Ancymidol foliar sprays and media drenches (all rates) had no effect on the parameters measured. Ethephon (500 and 1000 mg·L–1) reduced plant width, but delayed flowering and reduced flower number. Uniconazole drenches were beneficial in improving the quality of S. aemula. `New Wonder' grown in hanging baskets, but the growth control was not long-lived. The effect of uniconzole on plant growth varied with Scaevola species and cultivars.

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Aravanopoulos, Filipos A., and Louis Zsuffa. "Growth-allometry relations in Salix species and families, having different tree form and being under different mating design." Forestry Chronicle 69, no. 6 (December 1, 1993): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc69717-6.

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Regression techniques were used to estimate biomass for different genetic entries in a breeding program. Growth (biomass production) in Salix amygdaloides and S. eriocephala was correlated to height of the major stem, basal diameter of the major stem, number of stems larger or equal to 1.5 cm, number of stems smaller than 1.5 cm. In S. amygdaloides (a tree-form willow), basal diameter alone was a good predictor of growth. In S. eriocephala (a shrub), height of the major stem and the number of stems greater or equal to 1.5 cm were the best estimators of growth. Simpler models were developed in S. amygdaloides families versus S. eriocephala families, and in full-sib families versus half-sib families.

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Mansouri, Katayoun, and John E. Preece. "The Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Budbreak and Shoot Growth from Large Stem Segments of Acer saccharinum L." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 984C—984. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.984c.

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A factorial combination of gibberellic acid (GA3) and benzyladenine (BA) was applied in 20% white exterior latex paint to large (40 cm long, >2.5 cm diameter) stem segments of Acer saccharinum L. (silver maple) to determine the effects on forcing new softwood shoots in the greenhouse or laboratory and the subsequent growth of these new shoots in vitro. Stem segments were harvested from 10-year-old field-grown coppice shoots. The GA3/BA-paint mixes were applied to the entire stem segments that were forced in plastic flats filled with 1 perlite: 1 vermiculite (by volume) and watered with care so as not to wet the new softwood shoots. The flats and stem segments were drenched weekly with Zerotol (0.18% H2O2). The softwood shoots were harvested when they were at least 3 cm long. After disinfesting and rinsing, the nodal and shoot tip explants were established aseptically in vitro on DKW medium with no cytokinin or with 10-8M thidiazuron. Coppice shoots were harvested, cut, and painted on 9 Sept., 28 Oct., and 12 Dec. 2005. Although there were no significant differences in shoot production among stem segments painted with various combinations of GA3/BA, stems treated with plant growth regulators produced a mean of 2.7, 1.8, or 0.5 shoots for the three harvest dates compared to 0.5, 0.0, or 0.25 shoots on control stem segments. It is well-known that shoot forcing is poor from September through January; however, use of GA3/BA resulted in growth of dormant epicormic shoots. Shoot tip explants produced the most shoots in vitro after 8 weeks if they were harvested from stem segments treated with 0.03 mM GA3, whereas nodal explants produced the most shoots if harvested from segments that had been treated with 0.01 mM GA3.

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Ryan, Michael G. "Growth and maintenance respiration in stems of Pinuscontorta and Piceaengelmannii." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x90-008.

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Stem maintenance respiration was linearly related to live-cell volume for lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Engelm.) from 4 to 36 cm dbh and for Engelmann spruce (Piceaengelmannii Parry) from 0 to 20 cm dbh. Sapwood contained greater than 80% of the total live-cell volume in stems. Bole surface area, commonly used to estimate tree respiration costs, poorly estimated stem maintenance respiration. At 15 °C, maintenance costs for lodgepole pine were 6.6 × 10−5 kg C•(kg C sapwood)−1•d−1. Stem respiration during the growing season, both corrected and uncorrected for maintenance, correlated well with annual stemwood growth. Annual stem maintenance respiration for trees and stands can be estimated using sapwood volume, sapwood temperature, and knowledge of respiratory behavior. Total respiration (construction plus maintenance) estimated using stem growth and a model of maintenance respiration was compared with actual respiration measurements integrated over a 100-d growing season. Estimated respiration agreed with the integrated measurements for Engelmann spruce, but overestimated the integrated measurements by 73% in lodgepole pine. These results suggest that estimates of stem respiration made during the growing season may be affected by transpiration.

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Maarouf, Saoussan A. "Supporting Academic Growth of English Language Learners: Integrating Reading into STEM Curriculum." World Journal of Education 9, no. 4 (August 24, 2019): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v9n4p83.

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English Language Learners (ELLs) in the U.S. have recently received growing attention in educational researchbecause of their struggle in academic performance, especially after the launch of the Common Core State Standards(CCSS) and assessments in 2009. Unfortunately, ELL students are required to take these standardized tests inEnglish language regardless of their proficiency level in reading. Despite increased focus and resources ofimplementing STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math) curriculum in K-12 education, there is a strongevidence that ELL students do not attain commensurate performance when compared to their nativeEnglish-speaking peers. The integration of Art into STEM disciplines has evolved STEM into STEAM. Lately, therehas been much discussion in the educational field that the acronym STEAM should be further evolved into STREAMby integrating Reading. The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy of integrating STEM and Readingcurriculum in K-12 education to reduce the achievement gap between ELL and non-ELL students. Practicalclassroom strategies for classroom teaching and instruction are discussed.

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Anand‐Apte, Bela, and Bruce Zetter. "Signaling Mechanisms in Growth Factor‐Stimulated Cell Motility." Stem Cells 15, no. 4 (July 1997): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.150259.

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Kehrl, John H. "Transforming growth factor-β: An important mediator of immunoregulation." International Journal of Cell Cloning 9, no. 5 (1991): 438–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.1991.5530090502.

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Kern, David H., Vernon K. Sondak, Susanne U. Hildebrand-Zanki, Alison Butler, and David H. Kern. "Growth inhibitory effect of sodium azide in chemosensitivity assays." International Journal of Cell Cloning 5, no. 3 (1987): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530050303.

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48

Murphy, Martin J. "Blood cell growth factors: Their biology and clinical applications." International Journal of Cell Cloning 8, no. 2 (1990): 138–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530080207.

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Gasson, Judith C. "Growth factors, tyrosine kinases and homeobox genes in myelopoiesis." Stem Cells 13, no. 1 (1995): 88–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530130114.

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Kaushansky, Kenneth. "Hematopoietic growth factors: The structural basis of functional diversity." Stem Cells 13, no. 1 (1995): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stem.5530130115.

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