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Journal articles on the topic 'Steering wheel lever'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Pramanik, Santiranjan, and Sukrut Shrikant Thipse. "KINEMATIC SYNTHESIS OF CENTRAL-LEVER STEERING MECHANISM FOR FOUR WHEEL VEHICLES." Acta Polytechnica 60, no. 3 (2020): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2020.60.0252.

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A central lever steering mechanism has been synthesized to obtain five precision points for a four-wheel vehicle using Hooke and Jeeves optimization method. This compound mechanism has been studied as two identical crossed four-bar mechanisms arranged in series. The optimization has been carried out for one crossed four-bar mechanism only instead of the entire mechanism. The number of design parameters considered for the optimization is two. The inner wheel has been considered to rotate up to 52 degrees. The steering error, pressure angle and mechanical advantage of the proposed mechanism have

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Simionescu, P. A., and M. R. Smith. "Initial Estimates in the Design of Central-Lever Steering Linkages." Journal of Mechanical Design 124, no. 4 (2002): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1505853.

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Parametric design charts are proposed for the central-lever steering linkage, generated for simplified reference configuration mechanisms, the geometry of which is defined by only four parameters. This highlights the fact, yet not generally acknowledged, that the steering law ensured by a mechanism with adjacent central joints (known as bell crank mechanism), can be identically generated by a triple central joint variant of the same. Particular configurations are identified in which the length of the central lever does not affect the wheel-to-wheel transmission function of the mechanism, permi

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Belyaev, Alexander, Vladimir Orobinsky, Arkady Khimchenko, Tatiana Trishina, and Pavel Sheredekin. "JUSTIFICATION OF THE RATIONAL GEOMETRY OF THE STEERING TRAPEZOID OF A VEHICLE WITH A VARIABLE TRACK." SCIENCE IN THE CENTRAL RUSSIA, no. 1 (February 28, 2025): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.35887/2305-2538-2025-1-43-55.

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A steering trapezoid with a four-link articulated-lever mechanism is used in the control system of most modern wheeled vehicles, including tractors, to perform wheel rotation. It is noted that its use is not always effective due to non-observance of the required correspondence between the rotation angles of the inner αВ and outer αН of the steered wheels, required by the condition of implementing their pure, without slipping, rolling and correct rotation. It is established that when the track of a wheeled vehicle changes, the kinematic discrepancy between the correct and actual rotation increa

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4

Karditsas, Stylianos, Georgios Savaidis, and Michail Malikoutsakis. "Advanced leaf spring design and analysis with respect to vehicle kinematics and durability." International Journal of Structural Integrity 6, no. 2 (2015): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijsi-11-2013-0044.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide sound understanding of the mutual interactions of the major leaf spring design parameters and their effects on both the stress behavior of the designed leaf and the steering behavior of the vehicle. Design/methodology/approach – Finite elements analyses have been performed referring to the design of a high performance monoleaf spring used for the suspension of the front axle of a serial heavy truck. Design parameters like eye type, eye lever, spring rate and arm rate difference have been parametrically examined regarding the stress performance

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5

Kang, Yaw-Hong, Da-Chen Pang, and Dong-Han Zheng. "Optimal Dimensional Synthesis of Ackermann and Watt-I Six-Bar Steering Mechanisms for Two-Axle Four-Wheeled Vehicles." Machines 13, no. 7 (2025): 589. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines13070589.

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This study investigates the dimensional synthesis of steering mechanisms for front-wheel-drive, two-axle, four-wheeled vehicles using two metaheuristic optimization algorithms: Differential Evolution with golden ratio (DE-gr) and Improved Particle Swarm Optimization (IPSO). The vehicle under consideration has a track-to-wheelbase ratio of 0.5 and an inner wheel steering angle of 70 degrees. The mechanisms synthesized include the Ackermann steering mechanism and two variants (Type I and Type II) of the Watt-I six-bar steering mechanisms, also known as central-lever steering mechanisms. To ensur

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Asiabar, Aria Noori, and Reza Kazemi. "A direct yaw moment controller for a four in-wheel motor drive electric vehicle using adaptive sliding mode control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 233, no. 3 (2019): 549–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419318807700.

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In this paper, a direct yaw moment control algorithm is designed such that the corrective yaw moment is generated through direct control of driving and braking torques of four in-wheel brushless direct current motors located at the empty space of vehicle wheels. The proposed control system consists of a higher-level controller and a lower-level controller. In the upper level of proposed controller, a PID controller is designed to keep longitudinal velocity constant in manoeuvres. In addition, due to probable modelling error and parametric uncertainties as well as adaptation of unknown paramete

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Tarichko, V. I., and R. A. Ratnikov. "Classification of failures and malfunctions of passenger cars with the aim of creating a technical condition assessment system." Nauchno-tekhnicheskiy vestnik Bryanskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta 10, no. 3 (2024): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.22281/2413-9920-2024-10-03-225-236.

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The article provides an overview and classification of motor vehicle faults (class: passenger cars). The cause-and-effect relationships «Fault-RTA» are studied. Failure of steering and suspension elements entails loss of vehicle control, which leads to traffic accidents. It is determined that safety is significantly affected and cannot be self-diagnosed by articulated joints of ball joints and stabilizer struts. The ball joint is the support of the hub. Failure of the ball joint leads to loss of control of the vehicle’s trajectory due to the fact that the wheel occupies an arbitrary and uncont

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Hryciów, Zdzisław, Andrzej Wiśniewski, Piotr Rybak, and Tomasz Tarnożek. "Assessment of the effect of passenger car wheel unbalance on driving comfort." Archives of Automotive Engineering – Archiwum Motoryzacji 94, no. 4 (2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14669/am.vol94.art5.

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This paper presents the results of experimental investigations of the effects of car wheel unbalance on driving safety and comfort. Basic information about types of wheel unbalance, their causes, and effects are included. The test subject was a BMW 3 Series car with rear-wheel drive. A specific unbalance was introduced on the front steered wheels. The vehicle was driven in a straight line on an asphalt road in good condition at speeds between 70 km/h and 140 km/h. During the test runs, acceleration waveforms were recorded from sensors placed on the lower control arm, driver's seat, and steerin

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Han, Qianlong, Chengye Liu, Jingbo Zhao, and Haimei Liu. "The Fault-Tolerant Control Strategy for the Steering System Failure of Four-Wheel Independent By-Wire Steering Electric Vehicles." World Electric Vehicle Journal 16, no. 3 (2025): 183. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj16030183.

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The drive torque of each wheel hub motor of a four-wheel independent wire-controlled steering electric vehicle is independently controllable, representing a typical over-actuated system. Through optimizing the distribution of the drive torque of each wheel, fault-tolerant control can be realized. In this paper, the four-wheel independent wire-controlled steering electric vehicle is taken as the research object, aiming at the collaborative control problem of trajectory tracking and yaw stability when the actuator of the by-wire steering system fails, a fault-tolerant control method based on the

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10

Kojima, Toshinori, and Pongsathorn Raksincharoensak. "Risk-Sensitive Rear-Wheel Steering Control Method Based on the Risk Potential Field." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (2021): 7296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167296.

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Various driving assistance systems have been developed to reduce the number of automobile accidents. However, the control laws of these assistance systems differ based on each situation, and the discontinuous control command value may be input instantaneously. Therefore, a seamless and unified control law for driving assistance systems that can be used in multiple situations is necessary to realize more versatile autonomous driving. Although studies have been conducted on four-wheel steering that steers the rear wheels, these studies considered the role of the rear wheels only to improve vehic

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Akinnibosun, Olajide, Peter Adikwu, Onyemowo Sunday David, et al. "Microbiological Assessment of Car Doors and Steering Wheels at Benue State University, Makurdi: Public Health Implications." Suan Sunandha Science and Technology Journal 11, no. 1 (2024): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.53848/ssstj.v11i1.693.

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Microbiological assessments of car surfaces remain a fundamental approach to control hotspots of microbial contamination. This study was aimed at assessing the level microbial contaminations associated with car doors and steering wheel of cars within the faculty of science, Benue state university, Makurdi. A total of forty (40) samples were collected in duplicates. These included twenty duplicate samples from car door handles and twenty duplicate samples from car steering wheels respectively using sterile swab sticks and transported to Charis Research and Diagnostic laboratory for analysis. Th

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12

Gago-Calderón, Alfonso, Lucia Clavero-Ordóñez, Jose Ramón Andrés-Díaz, and Jose Fernández-Ramos. "Hardware Architecture and Configuration Parameters of a Low Weight Electronic Differential for Light Electric Vehicles with Two Independent Wheel Drive to Minimize Slippage." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 2 (2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020023.

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This article presents a design and performance analysis of an Electronic Differential (ED) system designed for Light Electric Vehicles (LEVs). We have developed a test tricycle vehicle with one front steering wheel and two rear fixed units in the same axis with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor integrated in each of them. Each motor has an independent controller unit and a common electronic Arduino CPU that can plan specific speeds for each wheel as curves are being traced. Different implementations of sensors (input current/torque, steering angle and speed of the wheels) are discussed related to th

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Bonera, Emanuele, Marco Gadola, Daniel Chindamo, Stefano Morbioli, and Paolo Magri. "On the Influence of Suspension Geometry on Steering Feedback." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124297.

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Feedback through the steering wheel is known as the most important source of information to the driver. The so-called steering feeling, composed of self-aligning actions coming from tyres and suspension geometry all the way through mechanical linkages to the driver’s hands, provides vital communication for intuitive driving, and it is therefore utterly important for safety and for a pleasant driving experience as well. Subtle forces and vibrations, due to the interaction between the tyre contact patch and the road surface texture, also play a role, provided they are not heavily filtered or can

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14

You, S.-S., and S.-K. Jeong. "Vehicle dynamics and control synthesis for four-wheel steering passenger cars." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 212, no. 6 (1998): 449–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954407981526109.

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This paper is concerned with the active robust autopilot design of a four-wheel steering vehicle against external disturbances. Firstly, the effect of four-wheel steering and independent wheel torques for lateral/directional and roll motions is modelled by a set of linear models under proper manoeuvring conditions. To enhance the dynamic performance of an automobile system, a mixed H2/H∞ synthesis with pole constraint is designed on the basis of full state feedback applying linear matrix inequality (LMI) theory. For lateral/directional and roll motions, the steering angles are actively control

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15

Tang, Tao, Shuilong He, Mingsong Ye, Enyong Xu, and Weiguang Zheng. "Research on a Multinode Joint Vibration Control Strategy for Controlling the Steering Wheel of a Commercial Vehicle." Shock and Vibration 2020 (January 4, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/7146828.

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The vibration degree of a steering wheel has important reference significance for drivers to evaluate the ride comfort of the whole vehicle. To solve the jitter problem of the steering wheel of a commercial vehicle at idle speed, this work proposes a multinode joint vibration control strategy (MDVC) based on the associated vibration path of the steering wheel. Based on the analysis of the associated vibration transfer paths of the steering wheel, the whole vehicle was divided into a system comprising several nodes. For the decomposed node system, taking the vibration transmission path associat

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16

Endo, Gen, and Shigeo Hirose. "Study on Roller-Walker – Multi-mode Steering Control and Self-Contained Locomotion –." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 12, no. 5 (2000): 559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2000.p0559.

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We have proposed a new leg-wheel hybrid mobile robot named ""Roller-Walker"". Roller-Walker is a vehicle with a special foot mechanism, which changes to a sole in walking mode and a passive wheel in skating mode. On rugged terrain the vehicle walks in leg mode, and on level or comparatively smooth terrain the vehicle makes wheeled locomotion by roller-skating using the passive wheels. The characteristics of Roller-Walker are: 1) it has a hybrid function but it is light-weight, 2) it has the potential capability to exhibit high terrain adaptability in skating mode if the control method for roll

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17

Hur, Hyunmoo, Yujeong Shin, and Dahoon Ahn. "Analysis on Steering Performance of Active Steering Bogie According to Steering Angle Control on Curved Section." Applied Sciences 10, no. 12 (2020): 4407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10124407.

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In this paper, prior to the commercialization of a developed active steering bogie, we want to analyze steering performance experimentally according to steering angle level with the aim of obtaining steering performance data to derive practical design specifications for a steering system. In other words, the maximum steering performance can be obtained by controlling the steering angle at the 100% level of the target steering angle, but it is necessary to establish the practical control range in consideration of the steering system cost increase, size increase, and consumer steering performanc

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18

Guo, Ningyuan, Jie Ye, and Zihao Huang. "Cooperative Control of Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles for Handling, Stability, and Energy Efficiency, via ARS and DYC." Sustainability 16, no. 24 (2024): 11301. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162411301.

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Distributed drive electric vehicles (DDEV), characterized by their independently drivable wheels, offer significant advantages in terms of vehicle handling, stability, and energy efficiency. These attributes collectively contribute to enhancing driving safety and extending the all-electric range for sustainable transportation. Nonetheless, the challenge persists in designing a control strategy that effectively coordinates the objectives of handling, stability, and energy efficiency under both lateral and longitudinal driving conditions. To this end, this paper proposes a cooperative control st

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19

Liu, Yong Chen, and Li Sun. "Steering Wheel Angle Pulse Input Simulation and Evaluation of a Car Based on ADAMS." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 7461–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.7461.

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Vehicle’s steering wheel angle pulse input performance was an representative test of handling and stability, it characterizes vehicle’s handling and stability by the transient response of the steering wheel angle pulse input. Taking a car for example, in the ADAMS software, vehicle dynamics model was established. According to GB/T6323.3—94 standards, the steering wheel angle pulse input virtual test was carried out, and then applied the QC/T 480—1999 limit vehicle handling and stability indices and assessment methods to evaluate the results of the simulation, the result is 66.2247 points, amon

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20

TOTH, Constantin Silviu, and Silviu Dănuți MĂCUȚĂ. "REVIEW ON THE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF THE WHEELS OF RAILWAY VEHICLES IN CONTACT WITH RAIL." Mechanical Testing and Diagnosis 9, no. 4 (2020): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mtd.2019.4.01.

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Rail transport is essential to the EU's strategy for a more sustainable transport sector, economic and social cohesion and connecting Europeans at and between each Member State. EU trend is to support the railway sector as a clean, main mode of transport at European level. The European rail system carries around 1.6 billion tones of freight and 9 billion passengers each year. The railway sector has a substantial contribution to the EU economy, directly employing over 1 million people. With the technological evolution of railway vehicles, it is important to focus on safety issues. Wheels are on

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Zhang, Pan, Huijun Yue, Pengchao Zhang, Jie Gu, and Hongjun Yu. "Research on an Adaptive Active Suspension Leveling Control Method for Special Vehicles." Processes 12, no. 7 (2024): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr12071483.

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Adaptive active suspension systems, integral to specialized vehicles, hold significance for their stability and safety. This study introduces a novel adaptive active suspension system featuring four independently controlled wheels employing wheel-hub motors, hydraulic cylinders, pump motor power, controllers, and sensors. A rapid and, within a certain range, leveling and height adjustment control strategy is proposed for this system, utilizing the Kalman filter algorithm. Additionally, the paper examines the front-wheel Ackermann steering model and four-wheel reverse Ackermann transition model

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Sakhno, Volodymyr, Igor Murovanyi, Svitlana Sharai, and Andrii Kotenko. "Comparative Analysis of Articulated Buses in Terms of Maneuverability." Vehicle and electronics. Innovative technologies, no. 27 (May 28, 2025): 69–79. https://doi.org/10.30977/veit.2025.27.0.3.

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Problem. The safe operation of vehicles and road trains is largely determined by their dynamic properties, particularly maneuverability, stability, and controllability. In most countries, the overall length of single buses is limited, although designs exceeding this limit are occasionally encountered. For articulated buses (AB), the maximum permissible length is defined to ensure safety and performance. When the total length of an AB exceeds this limit, it becomes necessary to control the wheels of the trailer section, which can be achieved through either kinematic or dynamic steering. In the

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An, Yuhui, Lin Wang, Xiaoting Deng, Hao Chen, Zhixiong Lu, and Tao Wang. "Research on Differential Steering Dynamics Control of Four-Wheel Independent Drive Electric Tractor." Agriculture 13, no. 9 (2023): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091758.

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Traditional tractors can only achieve steering through mechanical structures such as steering knuckles and steering trapezoids. Among them, the mechanical structure is more complex, and various parts are easily damaged, making the tractor malfunction. The four-wheel independent drive differential steering mode differs from the traditional Ackermann steering mode, which realizes steering by controlling the inner and outer wheel torque, which can accurately steer the working state of high-end agricultural machinery equipment and improve the operating efficiency of agricultural machinery equipmen

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Seo, Younghoon, Kwanghyun Cho, and Kanghyun Nam. "Integrated Yaw Stability Control of Electric Vehicle Equipped with Front/Rear Steer-by-Wire Systems and Four In-Wheel Motors." Electronics 11, no. 8 (2022): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11081277.

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This paper presents the integrated motion control method for an electric vehicle (EV) equipped with a front/rear steer-by-wire (SbW) system and four in-wheel motor (IWM). The proposed integrated motion control method aims to maintain stable cornering. To maintain vehicle agility and stability, the lateral force and yaw rate commands of the vehicle are generated by referring to the neutral steering characteristics. The driver’s driving force command, the lateral force command based on the bicycle model, and the yaw moment generated by the high-level controller are distributed into the driving f

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Ishak, Mohd Razmi, Abd Rahim Abu Bakar, Subki Shamsudin, Muhammad Husaini Maskak, and Mohd Kameil Abdul Hamid. "Experimental Investigation of Low Speed Disc Brake Judder Vibration." Applied Mechanics and Materials 471 (December 2013): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.471.25.

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Brake judder is defined as disc or drum deformation-induced vibration which typically occurs at frequency less than 200 Hz. There are two types of brake judder namely, low speed (cold) judder and high speed (hot) judder. These two types of judder are often causing the brake pedal, steering wheel, suspension or chassis to vibrate. Consequently, it will affect comfort level of the driver and passengers. This paper focuses on the experimental investigation of low speed brake judder. In doing so, a laboratory test rig consists of disc brake unit, steering and suspension systems was used to assess

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Rautenberg, Philip, Clemens Kurz, Martin Gießler, and Frank Gauterin. "Driving Robot for Reproducible Testing: A Novel Combination of Pedal and Steering Robot on a Steerable Vehicle Test Bench." Vehicles 4, no. 3 (2022): 727–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles4030041.

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Shorter development times, increased standards for vehicle emissions and a greater number of vehicle variants result in a higher level of complexity in the vehicle development process. Efficient development of powertrain and driver assistance functions under comparable and reproducible operating conditions is possible on vehicle test benches. Yet, the realistic simulation of real driving environments on test benches is a challenge. Current test procedures and new technologies, such as Real Driving Emission tests and Autonomous Driving, require a reproducible and even more detailed simulation o

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Mastanamma, Y., B. Laxman, J. Ramesh Babu, N. Nireekshan, and E. Saidulu. "Electric Cargo Tricycle-A New Mobility." E3S Web of Conferences 616 (2025): 03015. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202561603015.

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An electric cargo tricycle combines electric assistance with a cargo-carrying design to enhance load-carrying capability and sustainability for short-distance transport. An efficient replacement such as Electric Cargo Tricycle (ECT) will definitely reduce the dependency on conventional automobiles. This design presents an electric cargo tricycle intended for urban logistics, with emphasis on efficiency, maneuverability, and environmental sustainability. The tricycle incorporates an electric motor to assist pedal power, enhancing ease of use and reducing physical strain for users over various t

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Liberman, Ya L., E. V. Lepikhin, and L. N. Gorbunova. "NEW DESIGN OF SPRING-HYDRAULIC SUSPENSION OF VEHICLE WHEELS." Spravochnik. Inzhenernyi zhurnal, no. 323 (February 2024): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/hb.2024.02.pp.025-028.

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The designs of independent suspensions of vehicle wheels (single-lever with levers of equal thickness, double-lever with levers of different lengths, lever-telescopic, double-lever with torsion bar) are considered. The complexity of suspension structures and their low reliability in conditions of poor cross-country is noted. The ensures stabile damping efficiency in any direction of movement and comfortable steering. The absence of a complex lever system in the suspension design increases its reliability.

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Hartono, Rodi, and Gyan Aditiya Firdaus. "Implementation of Intelligent Fire Extinguisher Robots with Multi Independent Steering." Telekontran : Jurnal Ilmiah Telekomunikasi, Kendali dan Elektronika Terapan 6, no. 2 (2018): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/telekontran.v6i2.3798.

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Abstract - Robot technology appears to ease human work. With devices such as fire fighting robots, rescue robots, surveillance robots, and robots whose functions differ according to field needs. In this paper, we have the idea of implementing an intelligent fire extinguisher robot with multi-independent steering that can be directed to the location of the fire to find the source of hotspots. With multi-independent steering, the wheels on the robot can navigate and move swiftly on each wheel that moves in all directions. In this paper we simulate by searching for candles as a source of hotspots

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Woo, Min Sun, In Gyu Lee, Beop Min Kim, Kyupil Yeon, and Yong Min Kim. "Development of a Scale to Measure User Experience of Autonomous Vehicle Steering Wheel Design." Korean Data Analysis Society 25, no. 6 (2023): 2201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37727/jkdas.2023.25.6.2201.

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The purpose of this study is to develop a standardized scale for measuring the user experience of passengers regarding the steering wheel design in Level 5 autonomous vehicles. Preliminary items for user experience were constructed through literature review, and content validity was proved for the expert group. After a pilot test of 20 items, a user experience survey was conducted with 21 participants, evaluating 18 steering wheel designs. Each design was considered an independent case, and reliability and validity were confirmed based on 378 survey data collected from 21 participants. As a re

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Shchur, Ihor Zenonovich. "Lateral stability control system for front two-wheel independent driving electric vehicle." Applied Aspects of Information Technology 5, no. 1 (2022): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15276/aait.05.2022.3.

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High specific indicators of power and torque of modern electric motors, as well as the relative ease of implementation of electric drive system,determinesthe feasibility of using in electric vehicles independentdrives fortwo or more wheels. The configuration of pure electric vehicleswith two driving front wheels, which is considered in this paper, is still uncommon, but it has the advantage of a radical simplification of transmission and steering mechanism. A specific feature of this configuration is the ability to perform by front-wheel drive systems, in addition to the main function of tract

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Moussa, Mohamed, Adel Moussa, and Naser El-Sheimy. "Steering Angle Assisted Vehicular Navigation Using Portable Devices in GNSS-Denied Environments." Sensors 19, no. 7 (2019): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071618.

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Recently, land vehicle navigation, and especially by the use of low-cost sensors, has been the object of a huge level of research interest. Consumer Portable Devices (CPDs) such as tablets and smartphones are being widely used by many consumers all over the world. CPDs contain sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometer, etc.) that can be used for many land vehicle applications such as navigation. This paper presents a novel approach for estimating steering wheel angles using CPD accelerometers by attaching CPDs to the steering wheel. The land vehicle change of heading is then computed f

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Choromański, Włodzimierz, Iwona Grabarek, and Maciej Kozłowski. "Integrated Design of a Custom Steering System in Cars and Verification of Its Correct Functioning." Energies 14, no. 20 (2021): 6740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14206740.

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The subject of this article is the design of a nonstandard steering system in cars. The applied methodology takes into account universal design, ensuring the greatest possible adaptation of the steering system to potential users, and at the same time, thanks to the specific nature of the designed steering device, it also assumes a special approach allowing for individual adjustment of the steering system to the needs and limitations of drivers with lower-limb disabilities. It is implemented through the “custom design” methodology. This article presents the impact of the design features of the

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Nguyen, Hong Quan, Van Tan Vu, and Olivier Sename. "Construction of Ideal Electric Power-Steering Characteristics by Inverse Dynamic Analysis Method." Electronics 14, no. 6 (2025): 1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14061144.

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Currently, the control strategies of electric power-steering (EPS) systems mainly focus on power-steering torque control. There is no direct relationship between steering torque and steering motion intensity, which makes steering wheel adjustment difficult and does not easily meet the driver’s expectations. This paper proposes a method to represent the driver’s steering intention (steering torque) in the form of steering motion intensity based on the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the EPS system and vehicle motion dynamics. This method establishes the optimal relationship between s

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Mao, Xu, Xin Wang, Jun Chao Zhang, Kai Chen, Jiang Zhao, and Yu Zhang. "Design of Electric Orchard Vehicle Four-Wheel Steering Control System." Advanced Materials Research 753-755 (August 2013): 1966–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.753-755.1966.

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Nowadays, the operation of orchard vehicle which is used in China has the disadvantages such as single function poor automation level etc. Therefore, it can hardly adapt to the complex environment in orchard. The electric vehicle that powered by electrical drive motor can not only save energy, but also achieve the goal of controlling more conveniently and efficiently. Some electrical vehicles in China can take a variety of steering modes. However, most orchard vehicles lack of targeted terrain design. Electric four-wheel independent drive and steering vehicles have strongly strengthened this w

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Massarotti, Giorgio Paolo, German Filippini, Gustavo Raush Alviach, Pedro Javier Gamez-Montero, and Esteban Codina Macia. "A New Dual Steering System in a Compact Tractor." Actuators 14, no. 1 (2025): 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/act14010035.

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To achieve optimal controllability in a dual steering tractor (a four-wheel, iso-diametric tractor equipped with a dual-hydraulic steering system), this study proposes a coordinated approach that combines experimental testing (using a special agricultural tractor) with numerical analysis of the entire vehicle, developed in Bond Graph-3D. For certain crops, a dual steering vehicle is used to meet the needs of professionals who require easy maneuverability in narrow spaces and/or reduced steering time. This study aims to explore the reasons behind the need for dual steering tractors, highlightin

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Wang, Yaxiong, Feng Kang, Taipeng Wang, and Hongbin Ren. "A Robust Control Method for Lateral Stability Control of In-Wheel Motored Electric Vehicle Based on Sideslip Angle Observer." Shock and Vibration 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8197941.

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In-wheel motored powertrain on electric vehicles has more potential in maneuverability and active safety control. This paper investigates the longitudinal and lateral integrated control through the active front steering and yaw moment control systems considering the saturation characteristics of tire forces. To obtain the vehicle sideslip angle of mass center, the virtual lateral tire force sensors are designed based on the unscented Kalman filtering (UKF). And the sideslip angle is estimated by using the dynamics-based approaches. Moreover, based on the estimated vehicle state information, an

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Hyuc Ko, Min, Kyoung Chul Kim, Abhijit Suprem, N. Prem Mahalik, and Boem Sahng Ryuh. "4WD mobile robot for autonomous steering using single camera based vision system." International Journal of Intelligent Unmanned Systems 2, no. 3 (2014): 168–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijius-06-2014-0005.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate System-of-Systems (SoS) approach to design and development of unmanned robotic platform for greenhouse agricultural application. Design/methodology/approach – SoS design approach is important in developing engineering products. It was observed that while system integration considers designs in a multi-disciplinary level framework, SoS is viewed as a solution focussed approach. In this paper, the authors have demonstrated SoS approach to develop a mobile robot platform. The wheels of the platform are independently controlled by using brushle

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Zhang, Jiaxu, and Jing Li. "Integrated vehicle chassis control for active front steering and direct yaw moment control based on hierarchical structure." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 41, no. 9 (2018): 2428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331218801131.

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This paper presents an integrated vehicle chassis control (IVCC) strategy to improve vehicle handling and stability by coordinating active front steering (AFS) and direct yaw moment control (DYC) in a hierarchical way. In high-level control, the corrective yaw moment is calculated by the fast terminal sliding mode control (FTSMC) method, which may improve the transient response of the system, and a non-linear disturbance observer (NDO) is used to estimate and compensate for the model uncertainty and external disturbance to suppress the chattering of FTSMC. In low-level control, the null-space-

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Jackson, Lyle T., Matthew C. Crisler, Stephanie L. Tanner, Johnell O. Brooks, and Kyle J. Jeray. "Effects of Upper Extremity Immobilization and Use of a Spinner Knob on Vehicle Steering." HAND 12, no. 6 (2016): 597–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558944716675133.

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Background: A person’s ability to safely drive while immobilized is not well defined. Steering ability with a spinner knob during immobilization is unknown. The goal of this study is to further clarify the effect of immobilization on steering reaction time and accuracy with and without a steering wheel spinner knob. Methods: Twenty participants were enrolled in this crossover trial using a driving simulator with an automatic transmission. Five conditions were tested in a counterbalanced order. Steering reaction time and accuracy (number of errors on a dynamic steering task at 2 difficulty leve

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Bian, Haolin. "Exploration of the feasibility of steering wheelless cars based on Robotaxi operation data." Applied and Computational Engineering 5, no. 1 (2023): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/5/20230566.

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With the development of autonomous driving technology, higher-level autonomous driving is hopeful to be applied in vehicles, and drivers control of the car will also be replaced by intelligent algorithms. At the same time, a question has been raised as to whether the traditional steering wheel can be replaced when advanced autonomous driving becomes commonplace. To this end, a survey on steering wheelless cars was conducted to explore the feasibility of autonomous vehicles without the steering wheel. As a result, the operational data of Waymo and Apollo, two Robotaxi (a self-driving car operat

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Deng, Zebin, Annan Du, Chenxi Yang, Jianxing Tong, and Yu Chen. "Multilevel Evaluation Model of Electric Power Steering System Based on Improved Combination Weighting and Cloud Theory." Applied Sciences 14, no. 3 (2024): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14031043.

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In order to rapidly evaluate the working performance of an Electric Power Steering System (EPS) and clarify the key indicators that affect its working condition, targeted maintenance measures can be taken to improve the vehicle’s handling, stability, and safety. This paper took an EPS system as the research object and decomposed it into five working indicators: steering lightness, steering returnability, steering wheel mid-zone performance, steering wheel vibration, and power assist characteristics. On this basis, the subjective exponential extension Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was combin

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Razak, Muhammad Shukri Azizi, Fauzi Ahmad, Mohd Hanif Che Hasan, and Hishamuddin Jamaluddin. "Dynamic Testing of In-Wheel Motor Based Electric Vehicle in Longitudinal Direction." International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 20, no. 3 (2023): 10574–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.02.0816.

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This paper presents an investigation into the performance of in-wheel motor (IWM) based electric vehicles (IWM-EV) in the longitudinal direction. The design of IWM-EV is an innovation of the conventional go-kart vehicle with slightly modifications in steering, suspension, and braking system, which then makes use three-phase permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motor (PMSM-IWM) at both of the rear axle wheels. An extension of that is a simulation of IWM-EV vehicle using a 5-degree-of-freedom vehicle longitudinal model that has been developed by incorporating PMSM-IWM as a drive wheel located a

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Chen, Xinbo, Mingyang Wang, and Wei Wang. "Unified Chassis Control of Electric Vehicles Considering Wheel Vertical Vibrations." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113931.

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In the process of vehicle chassis electrification, different active actuators and systems have been developed and commercialized for improved vehicle dynamic performances. For a vehicle system with actuation redundancy, the integration of individual chassis control systems can provide additional benefits compared to a single ABS/ESC system. This paper describes a Unified Chassis Control (UCC) strategy for enhancing vehicle stability and ride comfort by the coordination of four In-Wheel Drive (IWD), 4-Wheel Independent Steering (4WIS), and Active Suspension Systems (ASS). Desired chassis motion

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McManus, Wyatt, and Jing Chen. "The Effects of Vehicle Level Of Automation and Warning Type on Responses to Vehicle Hacking." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, no. 1 (2019): 1977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631363.

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Modern surface transportation vehicles often include different levels of automation. Higher automation levels have the potential to impact surface transportation in unforeseen ways. For example, connected vehicles with higher levels of automation are at a higher risk for hacking attempts, because automated driving assistance systems often rely on onboard sensors and internet connectivity (Amoozadeh et al., 2015). As the automation level of vehicle control rises, it is necessary to examine the effect different levels of automation have on the driver-vehicle interactions. While research into the

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Liang, Yixiao, Yinong Li, Ling Zheng, Yinghong Yu, and Yue Ren. "Yaw rate tracking-based path-following control for four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering autonomous vehicles considering the coordination with dynamics stability." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 235, no. 1 (2020): 260–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407020938490.

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The path-following problem for four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering electric autonomous vehicles is investigated in this paper. Owing to the over-actuated characters of four-wheel independent driving and four-wheel independent steering autonomous vehicles, a novel yaw rate tracking-based path-following controller is proposed. First, according to the kinematic relationships between vehicle and the reference path, the yaw rate generator is designed by linear matrix inequality theory, with the ability to minimize the disturbances caused by vehicle side slip and varyi

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Makarov, Vladimir, Yuriy Molev, Dimitriy Proshin, and Maksim Cherevastov. "Response of Motor Vehicles, Front and Rear Axles of Which Are Fitted with Different Tires. Main Aspects." MATEC Web of Conferences 329 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032901012.

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This work shows the modelling of change of such a controllability indicator as the stabilization time, using the design model of a vehicle with tires of different stiffness on the front and rear axles. The influence of the change in the lateral slip resistance coefficient of the front and rear wheels of the vehicle on the safe speed at which the stabilization reaction of the vehicle to the steering wheel turn will be aperiodic monotonic rather than oscillating, is established. The dependences of the magnitude of the stabilization time on the degree of change in the lateral slip resistance coef

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Liu, Guohai, He Zhang, Duo Zhang, Yue Shen, Zijie Wang, and Yandong Xu. "High clearance four-wheel independent electric drive sprayer path tracking control based on self-correction controller." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2383, no. 1 (2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2383/1/012043.

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Most traditional agricultural machines use traditional mechanical transmission with fuel drive and front wheel steering, and most of them are manned, with low transmission efficiency, poor flexibility and low level of intelligence. This paper proposes a new high ground clearance sprayer with four-wheel independent drive (4WID) with dual front and rear steering axles. This sprayer is an oil-electric hybrid that not only saves energy, but also reduces the pollution to crops. In this study, a path tracking controller and a self-correcting controller are constructed based on the kinematic model of

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Zhang, Zhonghua, Caijin Yang, Weihua Zhang, Yanhai Xu, Yiqiang Peng, and Maoru Chi. "Motion Control of a 4WS4WD Path-Following Vehicle: Dynamics-Based Steering and Driving Models." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 15, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8861159.

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This paper deals with a four-wheel-steering four-wheel-driving (4WS4WD) vehicle under the path-following control. Focuses are placed on the motion control of the vehicle, and the drive forces and steering angles for achieving accurate path-following by the vehicle are determined. In this research, a nonlinear vehicle model of three degrees of freedom (DOFs) is used. The vehicle path-following dynamics are modeled using the classical mass-damper-spring vibration theory, which is described by three ordinary differential equations of second order with lateral, heading and velocity deviations, and

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Satti, Afraiz Tariq, Jiyoun Kim, Eunsurk Yi, Hwi-young Cho, and Sungbo Cho. "Microneedle Array Electrode-Based Wearable EMG System for Detection of Driver Drowsiness through Steering Wheel Grip." Sensors 21, no. 15 (2021): 5091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155091.

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Driver drowsiness is a major cause of fatal accidents throughout the world. Recently, some studies have investigated steering wheel grip force-based alternative methods for detecting driver drowsiness. In this study, a driver drowsiness detection system was developed by investigating the electromyography (EMG) signal of the muscles involved in steering wheel grip during driving. The EMG signal was measured from the forearm position of the driver during a one-hour interactive driving task. Additionally, the participant’s drowsiness level was also measured to investigate the relationship between

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