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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel'
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1
Zhang, Yan Mei, Kang Qin, Qing Ping Du, Jia Qiang Huang, Ge Guo Shuai, and Xiao Hua Jie. "Study on Antibacterial Properties of SUSXM7 Cu- Bearing Austenitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 997–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.997.
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SUSXM7 Cu-bearing austenitic stainless stee1 was conducted with special antibacterial heat treatment and antibacterial properties of the steel were studied. The experimental results show that a suitable amount of ε-Cu phases can precipitate from the matrix of SUSXM7 steel after solution treated at 1100 °C and aging treated at 650 - 850 °C. ε-Cu phases are granular with diameter of 100 - 200 nm. SUSXM7 Cu-bearing austenitic stainless steels possess excellent antibacterial properties. Antibacterial rates against two typical bacteria of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus surpass 99.0％ and are basically equal to that of Cu-bearing austenitic antibacterial stainless steel researched widely now.
2
Gao, Bing, Bo Wang, and Jian Qi Zou. "Anti-Pulls Out Strength Research on Concretes Component of Low-Alloy Coupled Steels and Cold Rolling Belt Rib Steel Bars." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 2537–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.2537.
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Both Low-alloy Coupled Steels and Cold rolling belt rib steel bars are cold finishing steel bars. In project practice, Anchor ability of Low-alloy Coupled Steels Concrete will higher than cold rolling belt rib steel bars. So, more economical steel bars and cement contents. Through comparative trial about on concretes component of Low-alloy coupled steels and cold rolling belt rib steel bars in this article. Summarizes that anchor ability of Low-alloy coupled steels are depending transverse steel, well, steel bars and concretes has the better joint work ability.
3
Shi, Gang, Huatian Zhao, and Yang Gao. "Research on high‐performance steel structure with high‐strength steel column, ordinary‐strength steel beam, and low‐yield‐point steel BRB." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 645–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2657.
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AbstractIn order to reasonably make full use of the advantages of different steels and then achieve a steel structure with excellent seismic behaviour, the authors proposed novel triple grades hybrid high‐performance steel structures (TGHSSs) comprising high‐strength steel (HSS) columns, ordinary‐strength steel beams, and low‐yield‐point (LYP) steel buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs). The basic concept and expected advantages were introduced. To validate this concept, eight full‐scale single‐bay two‐storey TGHSS specimens were tested under cyclic loads, in which columns are of 460 MPa, 690 MPa, and 890 MPa HSSs, beams are of 345 MPa steel, and BRBs are of 100 MPa, 160 MPa, and 225 MPa LYP steels. Meantime, nine LYP steel BRB specimens were taken out and tested under uniaxial cyclic loads. Based on the experimental study, numerical simulation and parametric analyses on TGHSSs were further conducted, and a performance‐based design method was proposed. Results indicated that the TGHSSs featured a sequential yielding mechanism with excellent seismic performance. Specifically, the LYP steel BRBs yielded at first to dissipate seismic energy. Then, the ordinary‐strength steel beams developed plastic hinges at beam ends. At last, the HSS columns kept almost elastic or presented limited plasticity at column bases. This research proves such a high‐performance structure with a reasonable combination of high, ordinary, and low strength steels, whose advantages can be fully developed.
4
Li, Yang, Jing Wang, Jiaquan Zhang, Changgui Cheng, and Zhi Zeng. "Deformation and Structure Difference of Steel Droplets during Initial Solidification." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0113.
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AbstractThe surface quality of slabs is closely related with the initial solidification at very first seconds of molten steel near meniscus in mold during continuous casting. The solidification, structure, and free deformation for given steels have been investigated in droplet experiments by aid of Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope. It is observed that the appearances of solidified shells for high carbon steels and some hyper-peritectic steels with high carbon content show lamellar, while that for other steels show spherical. Convex is formed along the chilling direction for most steels, besides some occasions that concave is formed for high carbon steel at times. The deformation degree decreases gradually in order of hypo-peritectic steel, ultra-low carbon steel, hyper-peritectic steel, low carbon steel, and high carbon steel, which is consistent with the solidification shrinkage in macroscope during continuous casting. Additionally, the microstructure of solidified shell of hypo-peritectic steel is bainite, while that of hyper-peritectic steel is martensite.
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Chen, Shan, Xue Qun Chen, Lin Zheng, Guo Ming Li, Wan Shun Chang, and Guo Liang Cao. "The Effect of Calcium Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Manganese Steels." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.850.
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The metallurgy quality of the steel was improved greatly by calcium treatment which was a technique developed for a long time. The Mn steels treated with calcium, carbon-manganese steels and nickel-chromium steels were collected and their corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mn steel is lower than that of the Ni-Cr steel. The shape of the inclusions can be modified and quality of the steels can be enhanced by the calcium treatment, and the corrosion resistance of the steel treated with calcium is higher than that of the common carbon-Mn steel, and near to that of the NiCr steel.
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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.
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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades ČSN 17 and 19) were selected. These provided representative specimens for the actual comparison experiment. For stainless steel type, two steel types were chosen: hardenable X47Cr14 (ČSN 17 029) stainless steel and non-hardenable X2CrNiMo18-14-3 (ČSN 17 350) steel. They are suitable e.g. for surgical tools and replacements (respectively). For tooling materials, C80U (ČSN 19 152) carbon steel and American D2 highly-alloyed steel (ČSN “equivalent” being 19 572 steel) were chosen for the project. Finally, the M390 Böhler steel was chosen as representative of powdered (atomized) steels. The goal of this paper is to discuss structural aspects of modern stainless and tool steel types and to compare them against the steel made by the RSP method. Based on the paper's results, impact of powdered steel structural characteristics on the resistance to crack initiation shall be evaluated.
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Sidorova, Elena, Andrey V. Karasev, Denis Kuznetsov, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Oil-Pipeline Steels by Ca-Treatment." Metals 9, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040391.
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Corrosion rate in different steel grades (including oilfield pipeline steels) is determined by the presence of non-metallic inclusions (NMI) in steels. Specifically, the effect of different inclusions on the quality of steels depends on their characteristics such as size, number, morphology, composition, and physical properties, as well as their location in the steel matrix. Therefore, the optimization and control of NMI in steels are very important today to obtain an improvement of the material properties of the final steel products. It is well known that a Ca-treatment of liquid steels in ladle before casting is an effective method for modification of non-metallic inclusions for improvement of the steel properties. Therefore, the NMI characteristics were evaluated in industrial steel samples of low carbon Ca-treated steel used for production of oil-pipelines. An electrolytic extraction technique was used for extraction of NMI from the steel samples followed by three-dimensional investigations of different inclusions and clusters by using SEM in combination with EDS. Moreover, the number and compositions of corrosion active non-metallic inclusions were estimated in hot rolled steel samples from two different heats. Finally, the corrosion resistance of these steels can be discussed depending on the characteristics of non-metallic inclusions present in the steel.
8
Gao, Bing, and B. Wang. "Two Kinds of Cold Working Steel Performance Contrast Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 271-272 (December 2012): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.271-272.316.
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In project practice, Anchor ability of coupled steel bars concrete will higher than cold rolling belt rib steel bars. So, more economical steel bars and cement contents. Through comparative trial about on concretes component of coupled steels bars and cold rolling belt rib steel bars in this article. Summarizes that anchor ability of Low-alloy coupled steels are depending transverse steel, well, steel bars and concretes has the better joint work ability.
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Wu, Guo Sheng, and Yu Tao Wang. "Study on Thermal Fatigue Performance of Cold Work Roll Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 117-119 (October 2011): 817–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.117-119.817.
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Thermal stability and thermal fatigue performance tests of four kinds of cold work roll steels were done. There are indications that after isothermal 2～6 hours under conditions of 400°C～720°C, the best is 8Cr5SiMoV steel, its thermal stability grows up as isothermal time increase; the second is 8Cr4MoV steel; the worse are 8Cr5MoV steel and 9Cr3MoV steel; and all the thermal stability of four kinds of cold work roll steels are lower than 400°C. Thermal fatigue performance of four kinds of cold work roll steels are basically same as their thermal stability, i.e. the best is 8Cr5SiMoV steel, and the second is 8Cr4MoV steel.
10
Maube, Shem, Japheth Obiko, Josias Van der Merwe, Fredrick Mwema, Desmond Klenam, and Michael Bodunrin. "Comparative Study on Hot Metal Flow Behaviour of Virgin and Rejuvenated Heat Treatment Creep Exhausted P91 Steel." Applied Sciences 13, no. 7 (March 31, 2023): 4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074449.
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This article reports on the comparative study of the hot deformation behaviour of virgin (steel A) and rejuvenated heat treatment creep-exhausted (steel B) P91 steels. Hot uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the two steels at a deformation temperature range of 900–1050 °C and a strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 to a total strain of 0.6 using Gleeble® 3500 equipment. The results showed that the flow stress largely depends on the deformation conditions. The flow stress for the two steels increased with an increase in strain rate at a given deformation temperature and vice versa. The flow stress–strain curves exhibited dynamic recovery as the softening mechanism. The material constants determined using Arrhenius constitutive equations were: the stress exponent, which was 5.76 for steel A and 6.67 for steel B; and the apparent activation energy, which was: 473.1 kJ mol−1 for steel A and 564.5 kJmol−1 for steel B. From these results, steel A exhibited better workability than steel B. Statistical parameters analyses showed that the flow stress for the two steels had a good correlation between the experimental and predicted data. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) was 0.97 for steel A and 0.98 for steel B. The average absolute relative error (AARE) values were 7.62% for steel A and 6.54% for steel B. This study shows that the Arrhenius equations can effectively describe the flow stress behaviour of P91 steel, and this method is applicable for industrial metalworking process.
11
Simcoe, Charles R. "Stainless Steel: The Steel That Does Not Rust, Part I." AM&P Technical Articles 173, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.amp.2015-01.p038.
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Abstract One of the greatest advances in modern metallurgy was the discovery of a steel that does not rust, which occurred after research into high chromium steels began. French researchers began adding chromium or nickel to heat treated alloy steels during the 1880s and 1890s, while German researchers began combining chromium with nickel in the 1890s. This article recounts the early history of stainless steel.
12
Yao, Zi Shan, Guang Xu, and Ming Xing Zhou. "Effect of Vanadium on the Microstructure and Property of Rebar Steel." Materials Science Forum 928 (August 2018): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.928.269.
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Rebar steel is used in the construction of various buildings. Vanadium (V), one of microalloying elements, is often added in the rebar steel to improve mechanical property. In order to analyse the effect of V on the microstructure and property of rebar steel, 0.043 wt.% V was added in a 20MnSi rebar steel. The base steel and V added steel were refined in a 50 kg vacuum induction furnace and rolled to plates of 14 mm thick. The mechanical properties of two steels were compared by tensile tests on a Wan-10000 tensile testing machine. The microstructure and precipitation of two steels were analysed by SEM and TEM observations. The microstructures of two steels consist of ferrite and pearlite. However, the grains of V bearing steel are finer. Moreover, fine nanoscale precipitates of V can be observed in V bearing steel. Therefore, the mechanical property of V addition rebar steel is improved by gain refinement strengthening and precipitation strengthening.
13
Yang, Yang, Kang Min Lee, Keun Yeong Oh, and Sung Bin Hong. "Structural Performance Evaluation of Built-Up Stub Steel Column with Various Steel Grades under Concentric Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.127.
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The current local stability criteria (KBC2009, AISC2010) are enacted through theoretical and experimental studies of ordinary steels, but the mechanical properties of high strength steels are different from ordinary steels. The high strength steel in the applicability of design criteria should be needed to review because of increasing market demanding for high strength steel in the high-rise and long span buildings. In this study, stub columns of H-shaped and box section with various steel grades subjected to concentric loading were investigated, and these steels were checked to the applicability of current local stability criteria. The difference between the ordinary steel and high strength steel was compared. As a result of comparison with various steel grades, most specimens were satisfied with the design criteria, but some specimens with lower tensile strength were not reached the required strength. It is considered that the uncertainty of material was the higher when the tensile strength of material was the lower.
14
Sarangi, Soumya Sourav, and Avala Lavakumar. "Application of Rietveld Refinement and Williamson Hall Analysis in Ultra-Low Carbon to High Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 969 (August 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.969.3.
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Current study deals with the microstructural characterization of five different plates of steel with carbon concentration ranging from ultra-low to moderately high. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD technique. The XRD results were analyzed through Rietveld refinement and Williamson Hall plots. Rietveld refinement was carried out to understand the effect of carbon concentration on the lattice parameters of the above steel samples in as-received condition and also after deformation under uni-axial tensile loading. Lattice parameters obtained from refinement showed the strong dependence on carbon concentration of the given steels. But the failed specimens showed somewhat complex results as Spheroidized high carbon steel, Low carbon steel and IF steel showed an increase in lattice parameter whereas Medium carbon steel and Microalloyed steel showed a contraction in lattice parameter. Williamson Hall plot gave the crystallite size, microstrain and dislocation density in the steels. For IF and Microalloyed steels the dislocation density in the material is found to be higher after deformation whereas dislocation density decreased in Spheroidized high carbon steel, Medium carbon steel and Low carbon steel.
15
Yan, Zhu Ling. "Analysis of Factors Influencing the Performance of Q460 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 599-601 (August 2014): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.599-601.7.
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With the development of technology, steel structures have been gaining increasingly widespread application, and the scope of research of steel types is also becoming increasingly broad. In addition to the four common steels used in construction, various mechanical properties and practical application of Q460 steel have also been studied at home and abroad at present. This paper introduces the research status of Q460 steel, describes its mechanical properties and the requirements for steels used in steel building structures, and analyzes the main factors influencing the properties of Q460 steel, providing some reference for practical engineering application of Q460 steel.
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Tao, Huimin, Yafang Cai, Zeqi Tong, Yong Huang, and Mingming Ding. "Improved Ability to Resist Corrosion of Selective-Laser-Melted Stainless Steel Based on Microstructure and Passivation Film Characteristics." Coatings 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050589.
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The local corrosion resistance of forging and selective laser melting (SLM) 304 steels was explored by intergranular corrosion analysis, double-loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, dynamic polarization experimentation, structural analysis, and passivation film characteristics analysis. The ability to resist sensitization of SLM 304 steel is greater than that of forging 304 steel at a temperature of 650 °C for 9 h. Moreover, the pit corrosion resistance of forging and SLM 304 steels is weakened by sensitization, while the pit corrosion resistance of SLM 304 steel is much greater than that of forging steel. Therefore, SLM technology can improve the ability to resist sensitization and pit corrosion of 304 steel. Analysis showed that the ability to resist corrosion of the passivation film of SLM 304 steel is greater than that of forging steel. In addition, corrosion pits are easier to generate at the interface of forging steel and SLM 304 steel. The grain boundary corrosion of SLM 304 steel intensified while the corrosion of the melt pool boundaries weakened after the sensitization treatment, resulting in a decrease in pit corrosion resistance. The coupling effect of these different structures and passivation films decides the pit and sensitization resistance of forging and SLM 304 steels. Clarifying the corrosion mechanism of forging and SLM steels is of great significance for scientific research and the widespread use of SLM technology.
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Hietala, Mikko, Antti Järvenpää, Markku Keskitalo, and Kari Mäntyjärvi. "Bending Strength of Laser-Welded Sandwich Steel Panels of Ultra-High Strength Steel." Key Engineering Materials 786 (October 2018): 286–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.786.286.
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The study was performed to investigate the bending resistance of laser-welded sandwich panels (Vf-core). The main aim of the study was to determine the effect of the tensile strength on bending strength of the panel structures. Panels were manufactured using an ultra-high strength (UHS) and low strength (LS) steels with yield strengths of 1200 and 200 MPa, respectively. Secondly, the bending strength of the panel structures was compared with the conventional sheet steels to estimate the possibilities for weight reduction. Results showed that the UHS steel panels had significantly higher bending strength than panels of the LS steel. The bending strength in the weakest loading direction of the UHS panel was approximately four times higher than the one of LS steel panel. The panels made with UHS steel faceplates and LS steel cores had better bending strength than LS steel panels. In comparison to UHS sheet steel, 30% weight saving is estimated by using the geometry optimized UHS steel panel.
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Huang, Shi Hong, Ting Lei, Hong Xiao Chi, and Dang Shen Ma. "Application of Si in Tool and Die Steel." Advanced Materials Research 676 (March 2013): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.676.35.
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This paper analyzed the application status of Si in high speed tool steel, cold working die steel, hot work die steel and plastic die steel. On this basis, the effect of Si on the properties of different types of tool and dies steels is summarized. There is the certain reference value of the application of Si in tool and die steels.
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Wang, Hailong, Yuanjian Wu, Xiaoyan Sun, Jiayan Ling, and Daoqin Zou. "Corrosion Resistance to Chloride of a Novel Stainless Steel: The Threshold Chloride Value and Effect of Surface State." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142235.
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To evaluate the corrosion resistance of a novel stainless steel intended for use within reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to aggressive environments, the threshold chloride concentration of three stainless steels (316, 2205, novel 2205) and two carbon steels (HRB400, HRB500) exposed to pore solutions of fresh concrete was experimentally studied by means of electrochemical methods. The effect of steel surface state on the corrosion resistance was also experimentally investigated. The results showed that the novel stainless steel has a much higher corrosion resistance than those of the carbon steels and stainless steels when subjected to chloride environments. The presence of surface damage leads to significant decrease of corrosion resistance for carbon steel, however the corrosion can be certainly inhibited with the accumulation of rust on the steel surface. Although the oxide layer was worn, the novel 2205 stainless steel still has a great corrosion resistance.
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Krstevska, Aleksandra, Maja Poser, and Filip Zdraveski. "Weldability between steel type 304H and steel type P91 for high temperature applications." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 68, no. 4 (2023): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2301029k.
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This paper presents research about weldability between two dissimilar steels, martensitic steel P91 and 304H austenitic steel. Both materials are being preferred as a structural material for higher temperature applications due to their good mechanical properties at high temperatures. The mechanical properties at high temperature, such as tensile strength and creep resistance, are very important factors that ensure the application of materials. The P91 is modified martensitic Cr steel with higher amount of chromium which improves the higher temperature strength and molybdenum that increases creep resistance. On the other hand, the 304H represents advance austenitic stainless steel with controlled carbon content, which makes it ideal for applications requiring good mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. With increasing the demand of high efficiency in the power generation industry the high temperature applications usually require joints between advanced austenitic stainless steels and new class martensitic stainless steels in order to achieve the goal with the increased steam parameters. Therefore, this paper focuses on the weldability assessment between these two different steels and the characteristics of the weld metal.
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Zhou, Zaifeng, Zhexuan Zhang, Quan Shan, Zulai Li, Yehua Jiang, and Ru Ge. "Influence of Heat-Treatment on Enhancement of Yield Strength and Hardness by Ti-V-Nb Alloying in High-Manganese Austenitic Steel." Metals 9, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9030299.
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To deal with the problem of poor yield strength and hardness in the initial use of high-manganese austenitic steel, we investigated the alloying design, microstructure, precipitates, mechanical properties, and comprehensive strengthening mechanism of high-manganese austenitic steel through two novel heat-treatment processes, namely continuous heating process (CHP) and segmented heat preservation process (SHPP). In this work, austenitic Fe-0.9C-17Mn-0.8Si-2.0Cr-0.3Ni-0.5Cu-0.7Mo steels alloyed with Ti, V, and Nb were designed. The grain size of SHPP steels was smaller than that of CHP steels due to the smaller size of precipitates. The results of mechanical experiments showed that the yield strength and impact toughness of SHPP steel were obviously higher than those of CHP steel, but the Brinell hardness of CHP steel was higher than that of SHPP steel. The higher Brinell hardness and poorer impact toughness of CHP steel were mainly due to the larger-sized precipitates. Finally, solid-solution strengthening played the most effective role of increasing the yield and tensile strengths of the two steels.
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Mirkhaydarova, K. A., A. S. Tyusenkov, and Rif G. Rizvanov. "Gas Corrosion of Pyrolysis Furnace Coils." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 1297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.1297.
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The dependence of the rate of gas corrosion of high-alloy steels on temperature is investigated in this article. High corrosion resistance of steels is achieved by introducing into their composition of elements that form thin and strong oxide films on its surface. The most effective alloying elements are chromium, aluminum and nickel. Steel, containing these elements, becomes resistant to gas corrosion at high temperatures. Steels, containing less chromium, are susceptible to gas corrosion to the same extent as carbon steels. The steel 310 S and 316 Ti were tested for heat-resistance. Samples of steel 310 S were cut from a new pipe and from the coil of pyrolysis furnace, which was used for 6800 hours. Tests were carried out at 500 ... 1000 °С. It is established that steel 310 S is more heat-resistant than steel 316 Ti. It is shown that the heat-resistance of steel 310 S decreases after operation in the pyrolysis furnace and has lower values than values of the new steel.
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BIBICU, ION. "Mössbauer studies on steel samples." Journal of Engineering Sciences and Innovation 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2021): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.56958/jesi.2021.6.3.7.
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"The paper presents the studies on the steels samples performed by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The 57Fe isotope is most studied isotope by this method. The first studies were realized in the transmission geometry. Thus were studied industrial Fe-C steels, Fe-Si electrotechnical steels, the action of an organic inhibitor on the corrosion of OL37 steel and the compound formed at the Fe-Sn interface of a babbit bearing. The following studies were concentrated on the surface studies. The development of new detectors for surface studies was accomplish. The corrosion of industrial carbon steel in diluted ammoniacal media was studied. The inhibition effect of three organic compounds on the corrosion of carbon-steel in ammoniacal solutions was determined. The corrosion of industrial carbon steel in HCl solutions was investigated. The inhibition effect of five organic compounds for samples corroded in solutions of HCl were determined. Low carbon Fe-C steel surface has been studied before and after electrolytic galvanisation. "
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Schaupp, Thomas, Dirk Schröpfer, Arne Kromm, and Thomas Kannengiesser. "Welding Residual Stress Distribution of Quenched and Tempered and Thermo-Mechanically Hot Rolled High Strength Steels." Advanced Materials Research 996 (August 2014): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.996.457.
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Beside quenched and tempered (QT) high strength steels advanced technologies in steel manufacturing provide steels produced by the thermo-mechanical controlled process (TMCP) with yield strength of 960 MPa. These steels differ in the carbon and micro-alloying element content. With variation of heat control TIG-welded dummy seams on both steel types were performed. Analyses concerning microstructure and residual stress evolution due to welding showed typical stress distributions according to common concepts. Yet, the TMCP-steel shows higher residual stresses than the QT-steel.
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Ene, Anna, Aurel Stratan, Ioan Both, and Ovidiu Abrudan. "Monotonic and cyclic response of mild, stainless, and high‐strength steels, and their welded connections." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 595–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2481.
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AbstractIn the last decades, a significant number of studies have been devoted to the use of high‐performance steels in construction industry, due to their superior mechanical properties. High‐performance steels include, among others, austenitic stainless steel for its large ductility and excellent toughness and high‐strength steel for its high proof stress. When several steel grades are adopted in the same structural component, welded connections between dissimilar steels have a decisive importance in the seismic performance of a dissipative member. An experimental assessment of the monotonic and cyclic response of the of S235 mild‐carbon steel, 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel and S690 high‐strength steel is presented in this paper. The experimental program concerns a series of tensile tests and low‐cycle fatigue tests in several different protocols, performed both on base materials specimens, and on welded connections between dissimilar steels. Besides the material characterization which could provide reliable data for further calibration of the numerical models, the investigation of welded connections allows assessing the feasibility of combining dissimilar steels in dissipative structures.
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Ene, Anna, Ioan Both, Ovidiu Abrudan, Aurel Stratan, Horia Florin Daşcău, and Nicușor Alin Sîrbu. "Experimental Investigation of Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviour of High-Performance Steels." Key Engineering Materials 953 (August 25, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k0xked.
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As a new trend in modern structural design, the high-performance steels are increasingly used in steel structures, due to their superior mechanical properties, which could have decisive impact on the resistance and deformation capacity of structural components. High-performance steels include stainless and high-strength steels. The higher proof stress of the high-strength steels allows using thinner sections and material economy for those structural elements that do not experience stability problems. Austenitic stainless steel shows a series of advantages, including low maintenance costs and an excellent toughness at low temperatures. But the main characteristic which matters especially in seismic design, is the higher ductility, larger strain hardening and elongation at fracture in comparison with carbon steels. In this paper, the analysis of the behaviour of 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel and of S690 high-strength steel, in comparison with a reference S235 mild carbon steel is presented. This paper presents the assessment of the monotonic and cyclic performance of these steel grades, as well as the failure pattern, in order to assess the potential use in structural applications.
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Węgrzyn, Tomasz, Tadeusz Szymczak, Bożena Szczucka-Lasota, and Bogusław Łazarz. "MAG Welding Process with Micro-Jet Cooling as the Effective Method for Manufacturing Joints for S700MC Steel." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 5, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020276.
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Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) steels are relatively not very well weldable because of the dominant martensitic structure with coarse ferrite and bainite. The utmost difficulty in welding these steels is their tendency to crack both in the heat affected zone (HAZ) and in weld. The significant disadvantage is that the strength of the welded joint is much lower in comparison to base material. Adopting the new technology regarding micro-jet cooling (MJC) after welding with micro-jet cooling could be the way to steer the microstructure of weld metal deposit. Welding with micro-jet cooling might be treated as a very promising welding S700MC steel process. Tensile and fatigue tests were mainly carried out as the main destructive experiments for examining the weld. Also bending probes, metallographic structure analysis, and some non-destructive measurements were performed. The welds were created using innovative technology by MAG welding with micro-jet cooling. The paper aims to verify the fatigue and tensile properties of the thin-walled S700MC steel structure after welding with various parameters of micro-cooling. For the first time, micro-jet cooling was used to weld S700MC steel in order to check the proper mechanical properties of the joint. The main results are processed in the form of the Wöhler’s S–N curves (alternating stress versus number cycles to failure).
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Kolařík, Ladislav, Miroslav Sahul, Marie Kolaříková, Martin Sahul, and Milan Turňa. "Resistance Spot Welding of Low Carbon Steel to Austenitic CrNi Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1499.
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The contribution deals with resistance spot welding of low carbon steel to austenitic CrNi stainless steel. The thickness of welded dissimilar steels was 2 mm. DeltaSpot welding gun with process tape was utilized for welding of the above-mentioned combination of steels. Resistance spot welds were produced under different welding currents. The welding currents used were 7 kA, 7.5 kA and 8 kA, respectively. Optical microscopy, microhardness measurement across the weld joint and EDX analysis across the weld joint interface were used to evaluate the quality of resistance spot welds of dissimilar steels.
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Huang, Xuqiang, and Zhaoyang Lu. "Microstructure and Properties of Press-Bonded Dissimilar Stainless Steel and Mild Carbon Steel Ingots." Metals 12, no. 12 (December 14, 2022): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12122142.
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Dissimilar steel welds between stainless and mild steels are necessary for the efficient utilization of stainless steels in construction. In the present work, a dissimilar large-sized steel ingot was fabricated by press bonding a Q235 steel to a SUS 304 steel at 1100–500 °C. The microstructure of bonded interfaces has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and transmission electron microscopy, together with tensile tests to evaluate the bonding strength. It has been demonstrated that a strong-bonded, high-quality, dissimilar steel ingot could be fabricated by press bonding. The (Fe, Cr)3C carbide is present in the narrow zone of diffusion-bonded stainless steel and mild steel. Interestingly, the maximum hardness is not too high to make the transition zone brittle but enough to constrain the narrow soft ferrite during tensile and fatigue tests, causing the final fracture to occur in the mild steel region rather than the bonding interface.
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Habib, K. A., M. S. Damra, J. J. Saura, I. Cervera, and J. Bellés. "Breakdown and Evolution of the Protective Oxide Scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 Stainless Steels under High-Temperature Oxidation." International Journal of Corrosion 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/824676.
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The failure of the protective oxide scales of AISI 304 and AISI 316 stainless steels has been studied and compared at 1,000°C in synthetic air. First, the isothermal thermogravimetric curves of both stainless steels were plotted to determine the time needed to reach the breakdown point. The different resistance of each stainless steel was interpreted on the basis of the nature of the crystalline phases formed, the morphology, and the surface structure as well as the cross-section structure of the oxidation products. The weight gain of AISI 304 stainless steel was about 8 times greater than that of AISI 316 stainless steel, and AISI 316 stainless steel reached the breakdown point about 40 times more slowly than AISI 304 stainless steel. In both stainless steels, reaching the breakdown point meant the loss of the protective oxide scale of Cr2O3, but whereas in AISI 304 stainless steel the Cr2O3scale totally disappeared and exclusively Fe2O3was formed, in AISI 316 stainless steel some Cr2O3persisted and Fe3O4was mainly formed, which means that AISI 316 stainless steel is more resistant to oxidation after the breakdown.
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Wang, Dong, and Ye Feng Guan. "Investigation on the Reaction of Refractories with 16MnRE Steel." Key Engineering Materials 575-576 (September 2013): 423–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.575-576.423.
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When teeming rare earth treated steels the nozzle blockage occurred so frequently that seriously interferes the application of RE in steels. In this study we tried to investigate the relationship between the wettablility of 16MnRE steel and nozzle materials. The results showed that the weakest wettability of steel liquid was observed on fused silica among the six nozzle materials. Next came zircon and high-alumina nozzle. It has no obvious difference between the 16MnRE steels when final deoxidized containing and not containing Al addition. The wettability of 10Ti steel was weaker than 16MnRE steels on zircon nozzle. The clay nozzle was corroded by the precipitate from steel liquid.
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Meng, Qian, Peiqing La, Liang Yao, Peng Zhang, Yupeng Wei, and Xin Guo. "Effect of Al on Microstructure and Properties of Hot-Rolled 2205 Dual Stainless Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7518067.
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The microstructure, mechanical properties, oxidation, and corrosion resistance of 2205 stainless steels without and with Al in a range of 0.5 to 2.5 wt.% were investigated in this paper. The results showed that the matrix phase transformed from austenite to ferrite. The volume fraction of the ferrite in the steels decreased at first and then increased and was the lowest in the steel with 0.5 wt.% Al. Most of the Al was dissolved in the ferrite and austenite phases in the steels. The ultimate tensile strength and elongation rate of the steels increased at first and then decreased with the increasing Al content, with the highest values in the steel with 0.5 wt.% Al. The yield strength of the steels slightly increased from 544 to 607 MPa due to the addition of Al. The oxidation rates of the steels with Al were much lower than that of the steel without Al, and the rate of the steel with 1.5 wt.% Al was the lowest, approximately 10 times lower than that of the steel without Al. The corrosion rates of the steels with 0.5 and 1.0 wt.% Al were slightly higher than that of the alloy without Al. In general, the steel with 1 wt.% Al had optimal properties.
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Wang, Yuhang, Xian Zhang, Wenzhui Wei, Xiangliang Wan, Jing Liu, and Kaiming Wu. "Effects of Ti and Cu Addition on Inclusion Modification and Corrosion Behavior in Simulated Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of Low-Alloy Steels." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040791.
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In this paper, the effects of Ti and Cu addition on inclusion modification and corrosion behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of low-alloy steels were investigated by using in-situ scanning vibration electrode technique (SVET), scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and electrochemical workstation. The results demonstrated that the complex inclusions formed in Cu-bearing steel were (Ti, Al, Mn)-Ox-MnS, which was similar to that in base steel. Hence, localized corrosion was initiated by the dissolution of MnS. However, the main inclusions in Ti-bearing steels were modified into TiN-Al2O3/TiN, and the localized corrosion was initiated by the dissolution of high deformation region at inclusion/matrix interface. With increased interface density of inclusions in steels, the corrosion rate increased in the following order: Base steel ≈ Cu-bearing steel < Ti-bearing steel. Owing to the existence of Cu-enriched rust layer, the Cu-bearing steel shows a similar corrosion resistance with base steel.
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Aromaa, Jari, Antero Pehkonen, Sönke Schmachtel, Istvan Galfi, and Olof Forsén. "Electrochemical Determination of Hydrogen Entry to HSLA Steel during Pickling." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3676598.
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Pickling with hydrochloric acid is a standard method to clean steel surfaces before hot-dip galvanizing. When normal low strength steels are pickled, hydrogen formed in pickling reactions does not have any significant harmful effect on the mechanical properties of steel. However, in pickling of steels with higher strength, the penetration of hydrogen into the steel may cause severe damages. The effect of pickling of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels was investigated using a cell construction based on the Devanathan-Stachurski method with modified anodic surface treatment and hydrogen production using acid. The penetration and the permeability of hydrogen were measured using an electrochemical cell with hydrochloric acid on the one side of the steel sample and a solution of NaOH on the other side. No protective coating, for example, palladium on the anodic side of the sample, is needed. The penetration rate of hydrogen into the steel and exit rate from the steel were lower for higher strength steel.
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HU, Ju-Yun, and Won-Kee HONG. "Steel beam–column joint with discontinuous vertical reinforcing bars." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 4 (April 21, 2017): 440–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1210217.
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The authors have previously proposed steel beam–column connections for precast concrete frames. The steel–concrete composite frames combined the advantages of the fast assembly of steel and the low cost of concrete structures. However, when not enough space is available at column–beam joints, steel sections from beams cannot be connected with column brackets. To address this issue, this paper explores the strategy of disconnecting some vertical reinforcing bars at the joints by connecting vertical steel reinforcements to steel plates placed above and below column steels, to provide a load transfer path. Loads from re-bars are transferred to steel plates, column steels, and back to steel plates and re-bars below the column steels. This strategy provided space for beam–column joints of composite frames. Extensive experiments were performed to verify load transfer from re-bars to steel plates above joints and from the steel plates to re-bars below the joint. The flexural load-bearing capacity of a column with a total of 24 vertical re-bars was compared to that of columns with discontinuous re-bars at the joints; the number of discontinuous re-bars at the joint used in the column specimens tested was 0 (0.0%), 4 (16.7%), 12 (50.0%), and 20 (83.3%).
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Selokar, Ashish, D. B. Goel, and Ujjwal Prakash. "A Comparative Study of Cavitation Erosive Behaviour of 23/8N Nitronic Steel and 13/4 Martensitic Stainless Steel." Advanced Materials Research 585 (November 2012): 554–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.585.554.
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Abstract: Hydroturbine blades in hydroelectric power plants are subjected to erosion. Currently these blades are made of 13/4 martensitic stainless steel (ASTM grade A743). This steel suffers from several maintenance and welding related problems. Nitronic steels are being considered as an alternative to martensitic stainless steels since they have good weldability. In present work, erosive behaviour of 13/4 Martensitic and Nitrogen alloyed austenitic stainless steel (23/8N steel) has been studied. Cavitation erosion tests were carried out in distilled water at 20 KHz frequency at constant amplitude. Microstructure of eroded surface, mechanical properties and erosion rate were characterized. It was observed that 23/8N steel possesses excellent resistance to erosion in comparison to 13/4 martensitic steels. 23/8N steel showed good hardness coupled with high tensile toughness and work hardening ability, leading to improved erosion resistance.
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YU, Z. Q., Y. K. HOU, S. H. LI, Z. Q. LIN, and W. G. ZHANG. "SURFACE DAMAGE BEHAVIOR OF GALVANIZED STEEL SHEETS IN FORMING PROCESS UNDER TENSION-BENDING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 30 (December 10, 2010): 5877–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210057481.
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The surface damage behaviors of different galvanized steel sheets were investigated under the condition of tension-bending. The U-channel forming tests were performed for HDGI (hot-dip galvanized) and HDGA (hot-dip galvannealed) steels. Experimental results indicate that HDGI steel shows better damage resistance than HDGA steel in sheet metal forming. Scratching is the main surface damage in the forming of HDGI steel while exfoliating and scratching of coating are two types of surface damage for HDGA steel. And tool hardness and surface topography have crucial effects on part surface damage in the forming of the two kinds of galvanized steels. Different surface treatments should be applied to the forming tools in the forming of HDGI and HDGA steels for better surface qualities of products.
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Maznichevsky, Alexander N., Radii V. Sprikut, and Yuri N. Goikhenberg. "Investigation of Nitrogen Containing Austenitic Stainless Steel." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.152.
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An important factor in solving the problem of stainless steel corrosion resistance is carbon concentration reduction. However, a decrease in carbon content of austenitic steels leads to a drop in level of their strength properties. Theoretically, nitrogen alloying can lead to a strength increase in all types of austenitic corrosion-resistant steels. Practically, nitrogen alloying is effectively only with low-carbon compositions. This work shows the effect of nitrogen on the mechanical properties of middle-alloying nitrogen, containing stainless steel, and a study of AISI 304L and pilot steel with different nitrogen content (from 0.16 to 0.30 wt. %). Nitrogen increases strength of steel, which is approximately 30-60% higher than for steel without nitrogen, but reduces technological plasticity. Pilot steels show high corrosion resistance and fine austenite grains.
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Campagnoli, Elena, Paolo Matteis, Giovanni M. M. Mortarino, and Giorgio Scavino. "Thermal Diffusivity of Traditional and Innovative Sheet Steels." Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (April 2010): 893–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.893.
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The low carbon steels, used for the production of car bodies by deep drawing, are gradually substituted by high strength steels for vehicle weight reduction. The drawn car body components are joined by welding and the welded points undergo a reduction of the local tensile strength. In developing an accurate welding process model, able to optimized process parameters and to predict the final local microstructure, a significant improvement can be given by the knowledge of the welded steels thermal diffusivity at different temperatures. The laser-flash method has been used to compare the thermal diffusivity of two traditional deep drawing steels, two high strength steels already in common usage, i.e. a Dual Phase (DP) steel and a TRansformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel, and one experimental high-Mn austenitic TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steel. The low carbon steels, at low temperatures, have a thermal diffusivity that is 4-5 times larger than the TWIP steel. Their thermal diffusivity decreases by increasing temperature while the TWIP steel shows an opposite behaviour, albeit with a lesser slope, so that above 700°C the TWIP thermal diffusivity is larger. The different behaviour of the TWIP steel in respect to the ferritic deep drawing steels arises from its non ferro-magnetic austenitic structure. The DP and TRIP steels show intermediate values, their diffusivity being lower than that of the traditional deep drawing steels; this latter fact probably arises from their higher alloy content and more complex microstructure.
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Darma, Eko, Jaka Muslim Nuranto, and Fajar Prihesnanto. "Comparative Investigation of the Tensile Strength of Steel Bars With and Without Couplers." E3S Web of Conferences 500 (2024): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450003007.
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Connection in reinforced concrete is unavoidable due to limited length of steel. As known the maximum length of steel 12 metres and used for beams, columns, plates, foundations, etc. Sometimes several buildings use long spans between column to column for architecture causes longer steel needs. If spans are more than 12 metres the steels should be connected by welding, coupler drates, and other parts of connection. Coupler drates one of the most popular connection and it is easy to make connection between steels in the reinforcement concrete. This research aims to determine the behaviour of steels when they were tensioned at testing machine either full steel bar and connected steel bar by coupler drates. The testing was conducted at the materials laboratory the references for testing are Indonesian standards for testing materials like SNI - 2052 - 2017, SNI - 8389 - 2017 and SNI - 07 - 0408 - 1989. The type of steel bars for testing are drate steels of diameters 25 mm and 32 mm and the type of test is tensioning test. The results of testing for normal steel bar of D- 25 mm is 619.3 MPa and D-32 mm is 636 MPa respectively and steel bar with coupler drates for D- 25 mm is 428 MPa and D-32 mm is 522.5 MPa respectively. It means tension strength of D-25 mm coupler drates decreases 30.88 % and tension strength of D-32 mm decreases 17.84 % as compared with steel bars.
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Li, Guannan, Xiaopei Guo, Tao Li, and Shuoyang Wang. "Development of low-cost weathering steel for photovoltaic supports." Metallurgical Research & Technology 120, no. 1 (2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2023009.
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The demand for galvanized steels used for the photovoltaic supports has been increasing significantly with the widely application of photovoltaic equipment. However, the producing progress of galvanized steel has caused serious environment pollution which mainly includes water pollution and soil pollution. Therefore, the alternatives of galvanized steel are sought by numerous steel manufactures. Weathering steel emerged as one of its substitutes. In this paper, three types of weathering steel were developed as substitutes for galvanized steel Q235. The mechanical properties and wet-dry accelerated tests were carried out for the steel. The surface morphology, composition and element distribution of the corrosion products were analyzed in detail. Additionally, the weight loss and corrosion rate of the weathering steel after service of 20 and 30 years were predicted according to the results of current work and the testing data of National Environmental Corrosion Platform for Material. The results show that all the weathering steels could fulfill the required grade of the mechanical properties. Compared with Q235, the corrosion rate of Type 2 is the most suitable in the three types of weathering steels for photovoltaic supports and decreases by 30.3% after 20 years and by 31.0% after 30 years while the steel costs less pricey alloys.
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Korchynsky, Michael. "Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.471.
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The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.
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Li, Zhuang, Di Wu, Wei Lv, Shao Pu Kang, and Zhen Zheng. "Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Machining Characteristics of Austenitic Stainless Steels without Lead Addition." Applied Mechanics and Materials 377 (August 2013): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.377.128.
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Rare earth elements (REE) are harmless for human health. REE addition contributes to the improvement of the machinability of the steels. In the present paper, machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition were investigated by adding free-machining elements, such as sulfur, REE and bismuth. The results have shown that large numbers of rounded, globular shaped inclusions were obtained for both steels. The machinability of steel B is better than that of steel A, and the cutting forces of steel B are lower than those of steel A at various cutting speeds. Lead can be substituted by REE and bismuth in free machinable austenitic stainless steels. REE significantly affects machining characteristics of austenitic stainless steels without lead addition. The mechanical properties of both steels were similar, and their fracture exhibited ductile characteristics. Satisfactory machinability and mechanical properties can be obtained for both steels.
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Park, Jeong Yeol, Byoung Koo Kim, Dae Geun Nam, and Myung Hyun Kim. "Effect of Nickel Contents on Fatigue Crack Growth Rate and Fracture Toughness for Nickel Alloy Steels." Metals 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12020173.
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In terms of steel alloying elements, generally, nickel is used as an austenite stabilizing element to increase the toughness of steel. The low temperature materials, such as nickel alloy steels with a nickel content of 3.5% to 9%, stainless steel and Invar, show excellent toughness at low (173 K) and cryogenic (108 K) temperatures. In particular, in the shipbuilding industry, it is mainly used for liquefied ethane and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers, and research on low-temperature steels are attracting attention again as regulations on environmental issues are strengthened in recent years. Therefore, in this study, fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steel containing 9% or less among nickel alloy steels are evaluated. Moreover, we assess the Fatigue Ductile to Brittle Transition (FDBT) of nickel alloy steels based on crack tip opening displacement (CTOD). In order to discuss the fatigue and fracture performances of nickel alloy steels, microstructure analysis carried out. As a result, CTOD and Fatigue Crack Growth Rate (FCGR) of nickel alloy steels increases as nickel contents increase. In addition, FDBT of 9% nickel alloy steel is the lowest compared to other nickel alloy steels.
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Ahmed, A., S. N. Ghali, M. Eissa, and S. A. El Badry. "Influence of Partial Replacement of Nickel by Nitrogen on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Metallurgy 2011 (November 16, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/639283.
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A new modified austenitic stainless steel has been developed through partial replacement of nickel by nitrogen. Nitrogen stainless steel was produced in 10 kg induction furnace under nitrogen pressure, while reference one, AISI 316 steel grade, was produced in open-induction furnace. Both were cast and hot forged, and the total nitrogen was determined. Furthermore, the produced forged steels were subjected to solution treatment at different temperatures. The microstructure of produced stainless steels was observed. The X-ray diffractmeter and Mossbauer effect spectroscopy were used to follow the phase change in reference and modified steels after different heat treatment temperatures. The influence of grain-size, soluble, and insoluble nitrogen on tensile strength and hardness was investigated. The major phase in the modified steel has a fcc structure similar to the reference one, but with finer grains and more expanded lattice. The yield strength and hardness of the nitrogen-modified stainless steel are higher than the reference steel. On the other hand, the increase of nitrogen content deteriorates the steel ductility.
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Ayer, Raghavan, and P. M. Machmeier. "TEM examination of hardening and toughening phenomena in a ultrahigh-strength steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 698–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171225.
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During the development of the popular ultrahigh strength AF1410 steel, Machmeier, et.al., observed that a small variation in the chromium content had a significant improvement on the toughness of the steel in the quenched and tempered condition. The present TEM study was directed at examining the microstructural basis for this toughness enhancement.The following samples of AF1410 type steels with two levels of chromium were examined: Steel A: 0.16%C, 10.02%Ni, 2.97%Cr, 1.21 %Mo, 13.74%Co and bal. Fe Steel B: 0.16%C, 10.15%Ni, 1.95%Cr, 0.98%Mo, 13.8% Co and bal. Fe. Steel A represents the composition of AF1410 while steel B had the same base composition except for 1% higher chromium.Figure 1 shows the strength and toughness of steels A and B when tempered in the range of 400-600°C. The yield strengths of the two steels were comparable over most of the tempering range; however, the toughness of steel B, measured by Charpy V notch impact test, was superior in the range of 482 - 538°C.
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Qi, Liang, Ai Min Zhao, and Zheng Zhi Zhao. "Effect of Boron or Cuprum on Phase Transition and Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Steels for Oil Tank." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1063–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1063.
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Two kinds of oil tank steels were fabricated by added B(B-steel) and Cu(Cu-steel) , and their microstructures, tensile and Charpy impact properties, undercooled austenite transformation were investigated. In this work,0.0016%B can improve hardenability distinctly. The B-steel was mainly composed of bainite at the cooling rate of 3°Cs-1, but the Cu-steel completely consisted of bainite when the cooling rate exceed 20°Cs-1. The steels manufactured by thermo-mechanical controlled process , test results indicated that the B-steel had the higher yield and tensile strength than the Cu-steel ,because their volume fractions and morphologies of bainite. The Cu-steel had the higher impact energy than the B-steel because of their higher effective grain size. Majority of the precipitation particles which were compounded of Nb and Ti existed as（Nbx,Ti(1-x)) (CyN(1-y)).
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Ryabov, A. V. "Mastering of production of lead-free ecologically clean free-machining steels." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 3 (June 27, 2019): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-3-337-343.
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Both in the domestic and world steel industry alternative ecologically clean free-cutting steels, having cutting machinability characteristics and mechanicalproperties, comparable with lead-containing steels, but voided of their drawbacks,are actively searched. First ofall the alternative steels should not be not so ecologically harmful. Scientific and technological aspects of lead-free free-machining steels production, alloyed by bismuth, calcium, tin, boron and nitrogen presented. Solubility of bismuth in iron and iron alloys with chromium, manganese, nickel, tungsten, vanadium, cobalt,phosphor, sulphur, aluminum, carbon and other elements at the temperature of 1550–1650 ºСdetermined. Parameters of interaction of the first and second order calculated. Study of bismuth behavior and tin spherical samples in 40X steel melt accomplished. The study done at the high temperature facility with controlled atmosphere and X-ray TV observation system. Simulation of phase compositions multicomponent alloys of steel АВЦ40ХГНМaccomplished by application of a program package FactSage. Within the study,a production technology of lead-free, ecologically clean free-machining, steels elaborated and masteredat OJSC “Zlatoust electro-metallurgical works”. Free-machining corrosion-resistant steels (АВЦ19ХГН, АВЦ40Х, АВЦ40ХГНМ, АВЦ12Х18Н10, АВЦ40Х13, АВЦ14Х17Н2) alloyed by bismuth and calcium, steels (АО40Х, АО30ХМ) alloyed by tin, and steels (А38ХГМАРand А30ХМАР) containing BN were the objects of the study. The steels samples were in the form of forged billet of 10, 20 and 80 mm diameter and ingots of 18 and 500 kg (round 345 mm). Steel quality characteristics determined such as mechanicalproperties in longitudinal and cross directions of ingots, uniformity of distribution of fusible elements, carbon and Sulphur along the axis zone and in billet transverse sections. Pictures of ingots macrostructure by height and section obtained. Estimation of hardenability and steel contamination by non-metallic inclusions, austenitic grain size, steel machinability by cutting, surfacequality of re-worked billet and steel macrostructure accomplished. Comparable ecological studies of atmosphere contamination during the steel alloying also accomplished.
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Kapral, Yu R., B. P. Pobereyko, S. M. Dufanets, Yu V. Divchur, and R. O. Kuhar. "ВПЛИВ КІЛЬКОСТІ ВУГЛЕЦЮ В СТАЛЯХ НА ФІЗИКО-МЕХАНІЧНІ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПОВЕРХНЕВИХ ШАРІВ ПІД ЧАС ЗМІЦНЮВАННЯ ВИСОКОШВИДКІСНИМ ТЕРТЯМ." Forestry, Forest, Paper and Woodworking Industry 45 (December 30, 2019): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.36930/42194516.
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Steels C10, C20, C45, 66Mn4 and C80W1 in the normalized state were used to research the influence of the amount of carbon on the process of hardening by high-speed friction. This method refers to thermo-mechanical methods of hardening so the amount of carbon in the steel plays an important role in the formation of hardened layers. Several studies indicate that steels are hardened with a carbon content of more than 0.3%. We have shown that hardened layers can be obtained even on steels with a carbon content of 0.1% by the method of hardening with a hinged tool-disk regarding the workpiece. In this way, on steel C10 the strengthened layers in the thickness of 0,5 mm and microhardness of 7 GPa are received. Similar results were obtained on steel C20. On steel C45 a reinforced layer with a thickness of 0.9 mm with a microhardness of more than 10 GPa was obtained, and on steel 66Mn4, the thickness of the reinforced layer with a microhardness of 11 GPa is 1.1 mm. On C80W1 tool steel the microhardness of the hardened layer of 14 GPa is observed at a depth of up to 0.9 mm, and at a depth of 1.1 mm it decreases to 10 GPa. Also steel 66Mn4 and C80W1 an increase of microhardness up to 5...6 GPa is observed at a depth of 1.4 mm. Reinforcement of steel C10 and steel C20 by high-speed friction can be used to improve the physicomechanical and tribological performance of elements of technological equipment. Physicomechanical properties of hardened layers obtained on structural steels with a carbon content of more than 0.4% are close to the characteristics of tool steels that allow the use of steel C45 and 66Mn4 for the manufacture of wood cutting tools, and hardening steel C80W1 allows to replace the volume hardening at the time operation tool making.
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Boumerzoug, Zakaria, Lamia Baghdadi, François Brisset, Denis Solas, and Thierry Baudin. "SOLID STATE DIFFUSION BONDING OF X70 STEEL TO DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 28, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 106–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.28.2.1504.
Full textAbstract:
This paper deals with the solid state diffusion bonding of X70 steel to duplex stainless steel. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the welded dissimilar steels were investigated. Optical microscopy, Electron Backscatter Diffraction, energy dispersive spectrometry, Vickers hardness measurements, and X-Ray Diffraction were the main techniques of characterization. Microtructural variation was observed in the X70 steel side compared to duplex stainless steel. The diffusion coefficient of iron, chromium, and nickel across the interface X70 steel/duplex stainless steel was also measured. The diffusion coefficient of iron and chromium is higher than that of nickel. The Vickers microhardness profile across the bond joint showed an abrupt decrease in hardness from duplex stainless steel to X70 steel. In addition, a dynamic recrystallisation reaction was observed close to the interface in the X70 steel side.