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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel wire rod'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

David, Felipe Farage, Sayd Farage David, Renan Carreiro Rocha, and Ricardo Arthur Sanguinetti Ferreira. "Effect of Controlled Cooling after Hot Rolling on the Mechanical Properties of a Low Carbon Niobium Microalloyed Steel Wire Rod." Materials Science Forum 930 (September 2018): 333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.930.333.

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The wire rod has high relevance due to its wide application as a raw material for steel wire and wire processed in cold rolling mills and drawing. The control of process variables, such as cooling rate, coiling temperature, rolling speed is essential for obtaining the microstructures and therefore mechanical properties of the material. The purpose of this work is to study the behavior of the microstructure and mechanical properties with the variation of thermomechanical treatment in the hot rolling of wire rod. The steels used in this study were the microalloyed niobium steel equivalent to ASTM A913 grade 50 and carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A510 grade 1013. Despite the carbon steel has higher equivalent carbon to microalloyed steel, was found higher yield strength (σe) in the microalloyed niobium steel. Thus, by applying appropriate thermomechanical treatment in microalloyed steel is possible to improve mechanical properties mainly due to grain refining.

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2

Chen, Changyong, Meng Sun, Bao Wang, Jianan Zhou, and Zhouhua Jiang. "Recent Advances on Drawing Technology of Ultra-Fine Steel Tire Cord and Steel Saw Wire." Metals 11, no. 10 (October 6, 2021): 1590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101590.

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Steel tire cord and steel saw wire represent typical precision pearlitic steel wire rods of wire products; it is a very important solar energy material with a diameter about 50 μm. This paper mainly discusses the research progress of the wire rod drawing process, and its main contents are as follows: First section—the control of the wire rod surface quality is summarized, including the thickness of the surface decarburization layer, the phase composition and thickness of the surface iron oxide scale, and the removal of surface iron oxide scale. Then, the research progress of the wire rod water bath treatment process during sorbitization is summarized. In addition, the development of brass plating technology for steel wire is summarized, including copper plating technology, coating phase composition, etc. Furthermore, the development of steel wire drawing methods is summarized. Finally, the development of the dies used in steel wire drawings is summarized.

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3

Fetisov, V. P. "Controlling the drawability of carbon steel wire rod." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 3 (September 10, 2021): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2021-3-61-64.

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The author proposed an indicator of the deformation capacity of carbon steel wire rod, which took into account the tendency of the metal to hardening and the general level of plastic properties, and determined technological approaches to the designation of the optimal total reduction before intermediate heat treatment by drawing low carbon wire rod and wire rod for metal cord.

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4

Kwiecień, M., P. Graca, K. Muszka, and J. Majta. "Selected Problems of the Microstructure Evolution During Microalloyed Steel Wire Rod Production Process." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0132.

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Abstract In the present study, we have discussed the selected problems of microstructure development during the whole manufacturing process, i.e. continuous casting, thermomechanical processing, and cold metal forming of the microalloyed steels wires. In the investigated steels, the microstructure development was controlled by the history of deformation and by the effects of microalloying elements, mostly Nb, Ti, and B. It has been concluded that obtained in the ultrafine grained microalloyed steel wires mechanical properties were first of all resulting from specific structural composition and grain refinement. Additionally, it has been proven that austenite grain refinement, that increases nucleation rate during the austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation, as a result of the thermomechanical processing, are very beneficial from point of view of the final mechanical properties. This problem starts to be very important when the microalloyed steel products are subjected to severe plastic deformation, as it has been shown discussed in the present work for combined processes of wire drawing and wire flattening.

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5

Xu, Xiang Jun, and Jun Qi Kong. "Study on Cooling Process of Hot Rolled Wire Rod with Dual Phase Microstructure." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.779.

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In the present paper effect of post deformation cooling rates on microstructure of ER70S-6 steel was investigated by using Gleeble1500 simulator. From the results, a controlling cooling process for obtaining dual phase (DP) microstructure was designed to produce hot rolled wire rod with a diameter of 6.5mm in a continuous no-twist and high-speed wire rolling mill, and the microstructures and the tensile properties of the wire rod were analyzed. The results showed that ER70S-6 steel deformed at 845°C and cooled at a rate of faster than 10°C/s had a DP microstructure with grain size of less than 8.3μm and martensitic volume fraction of 9-11%. The hot rolled wire rod cooled by blowing air had a DP microstructure with a grain size of 8.2μm and martensitic volume fraction of 11.5%. The present wire rod was superior to that of the same steel with ferrite plus pearlite microstructure in tensile properties, with yield strength level of 335-345MPa, ultimate tensile strength level of 600-620MPa, plastic elongation of 26.5-31.5% and strain hardening exponent of 0.221, respectively. ER70S-6 steel wire rod with DP microstructure showed promise of meeting the requirements for grade 8.8 fastener.,In the present paper steel wire rod with DP microstructure showed promise of meeting the requirements for grade 8.8 fastener.

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6

Ackermann, Marc, Bernard Resiak, Pascal Buessler, Bertrand Michaut, Jean-Christophe Hell, Silvia Richter, James Gibson, and Wolfgang Bleck. "Methods to Classify Bainite in Wire Rod Steel." steel research international 92, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 2000454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.202000454.

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7

Cao, Shu Wei, Yong Lin Kang, Xin Jiang Wang, and Qi Hang Han. "Development of Low-Cost LX70A Rod for Steel Cord." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 2474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.2474.

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Steel cord has the higher technical requirement in the production of wire rod. And the higher requirement of the structure uniformity brings about the more difficulty for producing wire rod. Therefore, the procedure of rod for steel cord has been studied at Anyang Iron & Steel Group Co., Ltd. It has been investigated the low-cost production process, inclusion control, composition segregation, chemical composition control, structure performance control and application of LX70A rod for steel cord. The present research has significant value for the application of similar products.

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8

Zeng, Jian Hua, Yi Chang Li, Zheng Zhou, and Jun Chen. "Effect of Hot-Rolling Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 72LXA Steel Wire Rod." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 842–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.842.

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Effect of the laying head temperature and controlled cooling process on microstructure and mechanical properties of 72LXA wire rod were investigated．The results show that under the same cooling process，with the raising laying temperature and increasing sorbitizing rate and decreasing proeutectoid ferrite，the steel rod strength is improving，proeutectoid ferrite and sorbitizing rate are the critical impact factors on steel rod properties；indentifying cooling after perlite forming can restrain the dissolve of lamellar cementite；the mechanical properties of whole rod coil are improved by the proper rolling rate and air cooling．The high strength of 1050 MPa of steel rod was obtained，that shows the defined hot rolling process can conform to the steel rod properties requirement．

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9

Wallace, Andrew, Allan Brownrigg, Peter D. Hodgson, Leo Frawley, and Warwick Heath. "Optimisation of V/N Ratios and Stelmor Cooling for Electric Arc Furnace Steels Used in Galvanised High Tensile Strength Wire Applications." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 745–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.745.

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The high level of residual nitrogen in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) steels is one of the major factors influencing the performance of the finished product. For high tensile strength galvanised wire applications, nitrogen in interstitial solid solution can severely limit drawability and formability. This problem can be controlled simply and effectively by adding nitride-forming elements to the molten steel so that the nitrogen is removed from solution. Vanadium additions are especially beneficial in high strength steels because the removal of nitrogen as vanadium-nitride can cause extensive precipitation strengthening. This investigation concerns commercial grade steels microalloyed with vanadium and rolled to 5.5mm rod, under controlled Stelmor cooling conditions. This rod is used to produce 2.5mm high tensile strength galvanised wire. The aim of the research was to determine the optimum vanadium/nitrogen (V/N) ratio and Stelmor cooling profile for the vanadium steel rod. This was achieved by extensive production and laboratory trials followed by mechanical and microstructural analyses of the product.

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10

Suliga, M., R. Wartacz, and J. Michalczyk. "The Influence of the Angle of the Working Part of the Die on the High Speed Drawing Process of Low Carbon Steel Wires." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0073.

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Abstract The paper contains the theoretical and experimental analysis of the impact of the drawing angle on the drawing process and the properties of low carbon steel wires. A multi-stage drawing wire rod with a diameter of 5.5 mm on a wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm has been carried out in two stages. The first one consisted of preliminary drawing wire rod for the wire with a diameter of 2.2 mm which was next subjected to the drawing process at a speed of 25 m/sec at the final wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm. The wires were drawn in conventional dies with drawing angle α = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 degrees. For the wires drawn in respective variants, the investigation of the mechanical properties was performed and the amount of lubricant on the surface of steel wires was determined. Numerical analysis of the process of drawing in the Drawing 2D complemented the experimental studies. It has been shown that when drawing at high speeds, properly chosen the value of the angle of the working part of the die can improve the lubrication conditions and mechanical properties of steel wires.

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11

Yan, Wei, Hong-cheng Xu, and Wei-qing Chen. "Study on Inclusions in Wire Rod of Tire Cord Steel by Means of Electrolysis of Wire Rod." steel research international 85, no. 1 (April 22, 2013): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.201300045.

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12

Sychkov, A. B., M. A. Zhigarev, A. V. Perchatkin, V. A. Berkovskii, and A. I. Krulik. "High-carbon wire rod made of high-chromium steel." Metallurgist 50, no. 3-4 (March 2006): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-006-0061-2.

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13

Parusov, V. V., A. B. Sychkov, I. V. Derevyanchenko, S. Yu Zhukova, O. L. Kucherenko, and M. A. Zhigarev. "High-deformability wire rod made of steel Sv-08G2S." Metallurgist 51, no. 1-2 (January 2007): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-007-0023-3.

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14

Szala, J., and D. Kuc. "Determination of pearlite morphology in high-carbon hot rolled steel." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0045.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of tests of influence of the thermo-mechanical treatment parameters on the mechanical properties and microstructure of steel C70D for wire rod. The methodology of quantitative description of pearlite morphology in steels with the use of the method on which a new computer program “PILS” - Pearlite Inter-Lamellar Spacing is based was presented. In order to verify the method, some quantitative tests of microstructure in samples after physical simulation of heat-plastic treatment were conducted on a deformation dilatometer device with diverse cooling rate for steel C70D. The process of rolling was conducted in simulation in continuous finishing train arrangement. Elaborated program and conducted tests will be used during preparations of modified technologies of wire rod rolling to prepare products made of steel, the microstructure of which is characterised with smaller interlamellar spacing.

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15

Barankova, Inna I., Uliana V. Mikhailova, and Olga B. Kalugina. "Induction Heating Technology for Steel Wire Processing." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 610–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.610.

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This article discusses the induction heating application features in metallurgical industry for previously unused objects, such as wire coils and wire rod bundles. The analysis of international trends and a forecast of the induction heating application shows a steady expansion of the induction technologies in the metallurgical industry. The article considers the advantages of induction heating in comparison to other competitive technologies. Heat treatment in electrotechnological induction plants is determined by the interconnected electric and thermophysical processes taking place in them, the complex nature of the internal heat sources distribution, the dependence of the distribution pattern of the induction plant on the temperature of the products being processed. It is shown that the investigation results of the induction heating method influence the temperature and time factors in the formation of the structure, the increase in the uniformity of heating, and the quality of the heat treatment of steel wire and wire rod buntle, taking into account the stated technological task. The efficiency estimation of application of medium and high-frequency induction heating of steel wire of various diameters is given. Evaluation of the efficiency improving of the induction heating device, when the heat treatment simultaneous multiple strands of steel wire of equal diameter, united in a bundle, is given.

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16

Nesterenko, Anatoliy, Alexander Sychkov, Valeriy Plyuta, and Mikhail Blokhin. "Strain Aging in Boron Alloyed Multi-Phase С- Mn – Si – Steel Wire Rod." Journal of Materials Science Research 7, no. 3 (June 30, 2018): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jmsr.v7n3p78.

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The specimens of C – Mn – Si - steel wire rod 5.5 mm in diameter with 0.005% B and without B additions from Moldova Steel Works had been studied. It was been established by crystallographic-geometrical analysis, that the boron atoms could be allocate in B – alloyed a – Fe only in the positions of a sub-interstitial solid solution. By study a static strain aging (SSA) and a dynamic strain aging (DSA) specimens of wire rod by C – Mn – Si - steel with B and without B (both with multi-phase (ferrite- martensite (bainite)-pearlite) microstructures) more expressed decreasing of strengthening properties and higher characteristics of ductility had been determined for C – Mn – Si - steel specimens with B. These results could be explained by “de - nitrogenous” and “de - carbonaceous” mechanisms, when boron atoms from a – Fe sub-interstitial solid solution by producing wire rod and by its strain aging thermal treatment with temperatures 150 - 450 °С generate boron- nitrogenous and boron - carbonaceous – nitrogenous precipitations. By realizing these mechanisms nitrogen and carbon atoms are partly excluded from the dislocation pinning’s process. This, in fact, explains to inhibit the development of strain aging (SSA and DSA) in boron- micro-alloyed C – Mn – Si - steel.

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17

Parusov, E. V., V. A. Lutsenko, I. М. Chuiko, O. V. Parusov, T. М. Golubenko, and G. I. Sivak. "ON THE POSSIBILITY OF FORECASTING MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COLD-DEFORMED METAL PRODUCTS FROM PEARLITE GRADE STEEL." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 35 (2021): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2021-35-236-245.

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In accordance with the latest global trends and modern needs of hardware factories, the demand for wire rod made of pearlitic steels has significantly increased, which can undergo cold plastic deformation with large degrees of reduction and is intended for the manufacture of various commercial products (cold-worked reinforcement, reinforcing ropes, spring wire, steel cord, wire for high pressure hoses, construction fiber, etc.). The most promising direction for increasing the strength class of hot-rolled steels is strain hardening during cold plastic deformation. The structure of cold-worked steels has a more uniform distribution over the cross-section, in contrast to thermally hardened ones, which in the latter case are characterized by annular structural zones formed due to different mechanisms of austenite decomposition. In a number of cases, structural heterogeneity causes instability of the mechanical properties of rolled steel, therefore, there is currently no alternative way to strain hardening. The manufacture of high-strength cold-worked metal products is a complex process and depends on the quality of the wire rod. If the cold-worked hardware does not meet the requirements of the normative documentation for the strength class, then it is no longer possible to ensure the correction of this defect using heat treatment. In this regard, scientific and practical interest has arisen to determine the possibility of creating a method for predictive determination of the mechanical properties of cold-deformed metal products made of pearlitic steels. The features of the influence of cold plastic deformation by on the formation of the strength class of pearlite grade steels with a carbon content of 0.7…0.9 % are considered It is established that the temporary resistance to fracture, at the known parameters of structure and carbon content, lends itself well to mathematical calculations and allows to create predictive models. According to the results of the research, a computer program was created that allows to automatically calculate the energy parameters of drawing and determine the tensile strength of the wire after depending on the total relative compression, parameters of the structure of wire rod and the carbon content in the steel.

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18

Shubin, I. G., and M. V. Shubina. "Improvement of the Method for the High-Carbon Wire Rod Pearlite Grain Grade Identification." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.1195.

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The main characteristics of metal long products quality include mechanical properties, depending on the microstructure state. The key indicator for evaluation the micro-structure of high carbon steel can be considered the 1st grain grade lamellar pearlite Bfp. For the currently used pearlite dispersion method, according to GOST 8233-56, it is characterized by the subjectivity of the view fields choice for the microstructure evaluation, that reduces the quality of the obtained results. The study purpose was to improve the method of high-carbon steel wire rod microstructure estimation, to reduce the error magnitude in determining the 1st grain grade lamellar pearlite. The experiments were carried out on samples of high-carbon steel wire rod with a carbon content of 0,58 – 0,77 %. The pearlite dispersion was evaluated in 27 view fields, located on mutually perpendicular diagonals of the sample cross section. The study results showed the possibility of reducing the error in determining the estimated value of the high-carbon steel wire rod microstructure pearlite dispersion. Microstructure evaluation in the five view fields should be carried out, taking into account the weight coefficients, determined by the ratio of the zones length, occupied by pearlite with a certain percentage of the 1st grade grain pearlite to the wire rod radius. The proposed method of the microstructure evaluation increases assessment accuracy, without complication of its implementation process.

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19

Chung, Ho Hua, and Tsong Hsin Chen. "The Investigation on Wire Rod Materials of Low Carbon Steels and Extra Low Carbon Steels." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.262.

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In this study, three kinds of rolled wire rod materials constantly used on screws and bolts are concerned. The relation among mechanical properties, phase ratios, micro-structures and grain sizes is investigated on the wire materials of low carbon steels and extra low carbon steels. Also the Electron Microscope and Energy Spectrum analysis are applied to distinguish the type of Precipitation phase. The results are shown that the precipitation phase of titanium nitrides and titanium carbides exist in the extra low carbon steel so that the hardness ratio of the wire materials with extra low carbons after cold forming is higher than that of the wire materials with low carbons for around 10%. In addition, The wire rod materials with course ferrite grains mainly added by titanium elements in extra low carbon steels could be made as the wire materials for cold processing and it still kept good ductility not necessary to be softened under heat treatment. So in the research of function comparisons, to save cost expenses through cold forming without annealing process is expected.

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20

Deshpande, M. V., J. P. Saxena, P. Kumar, S. Basu, and W. Sebardt. "Development of guide roller material for steel wire-rod mill." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 15, no. 1-3 (January 1997): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-4368(96)00036-4.

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21

Choudhary, Shiv Kumar, and Sanjay Chandra. "Castability of Mn–Si Killed Low Carbon Wire Rod Steel." ISIJ International 47, no. 1 (2007): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.190.

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22

Baarman, M. H. "Notch Toughness in Hot-Rolled Low Carbon Steel Wire Rod." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 8, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1361/105994999770346440.

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23

Labib, H. F., Y. M. Youssef, R. J. Dashwood, and P. D. Lee. "Instrumentation and simulation of industrial steel wire rod cooling line." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 7 (July 2001): 856–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101510645.

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24

Chanda, T. "Reverse ageing in hot-rolled high-carbon steel wire rod." Journal of Materials Science 45, no. 22 (June 16, 2010): 6068–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-010-4692-0.

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25

Parusov, V. V., A. B. Sychkov, I. V. Derevyanchenko, A. V. Perchatkin, �. V. Parusov, and M. A. Zhigarev. "High-carbon wire rod made of steel microalloyed with vanadium." Metallurgist 48, no. 11-12 (November 2004): 618–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-005-0037-7.

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26

Liang, Zhi Guo, Xiao Chen Wang, and Fei He. "The Study of Online Detecting Technique of Steel Production Based on Laser Structured Light." Advanced Materials Research 145 (October 2010): 526–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.145.526.

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As the detecting method of structured light, linear laser has been widely recognized in theory, but there still exist some problems when it comes to its application in industrial production. Based on the needs and features of steel bar and wire rod production, the present paper proposes the online detection of steel bar and wire rod’s cross-sectional shape and size by using linear laser as the structured light. Meanwhile, the present paper applies such a detecting method to the online detection of continuous casting billet’s size and the online automatic counting of steel bar and wire rod. Moreover, the validity and accuracy of the proposed detection are verified by experimental device and project cases.

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27

Sychkov, Alexandr, O. N. Tulupov, and Alexandr Moller. "Reasons for Breakage of Welding Rod and Wire." Materials Science Forum 946 (February 2019): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.946.247.

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Reasons for breakage of welding rod and wire at drawing are analyzed. It is shown that the basic reason for breakage is microphysical tree-like segregation which is caused by irrational addition of boron-containing material at after-furnace treatment, low effectiveness of steel continuous casting process, unproven technology of metal electromagnetic agitation in a mold at continuous casting. Peculiarities of alloyed elements liquation, both in welding rod and wire are studied. It is shown that non-uniformity of boron, manganese and silicon distributions in the longitudinal and transversal welding rod cross sections will become the main reason for increasing wire breakage during further drawing.

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28

Davies, R. A. W., M. D. James, N. G. Roberts, and C. E. Wylde. "The Development of Cardiff Rod Mill since 1981." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 201, no. 2 (May 1987): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1987_201_054_02.

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This paper reviews the progress that has been made at Cardiff Rod Mill since the formation of Allied Steel and Wire Limited in 1981. It shows the improvements that have been achieved in the manufacture of steel rod, in particular productivity, availability, yield loss, energy consumption and cost reduction.

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29

Puspitasari, P., A. Yudhistantra, A. S. Haryono, J. W. Dika, M. Achyarsyah, and S. M. S. N. Shikh Zahari. "Hardness and microstructure investigation of steel rod ST 42 coated by chrome steel using wire arc spray coating." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 2, no. 90 (October 1, 2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8385.

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Purpose: This research aimed to examine the hardness, surface roughness and microstucture in the Steel Rod ST 42 coated by chrome steel using wire arc spray coating with variations in spraying current of 140, 155, 170 and 180 Ampere. Design/methodology/approach: There was 12 specimens consisting of 3 specimens for each variation of the electric current coating. The specimens were cut to 30 mm in length and 27 mm in diameter; as many as 4 x 3 pieces, each specimen was cut to a size of 30 mm and put on a lathe to be drilled 1 mm deep. The hardness testing employed the Brinell hardness test method. The hardness testing process was followed by microstructure observation and SEM-EDAX testing. Findings: The highest hardness was 110.77 HRB by coated at 155 A and it contained many reinforcing inclusions and larger Cr. The lowest current of 140 A had many porosity holes and partially-melted particles, causing Cr grains did not attach perfectly. The current with 170 A had few inclusions and hence a decrease in hardness and at 180 A consisted of a low carbon content and evenly distributed inclusions and Cr and relatively large grain size, and thus the hardness rose. Research limitations/implications: The material of steel rod ST 42 coated by chrome steel. Practical implications: The variation of current should be prepared wisely in term because it will effect the hardness, surface roughness and microstucture. This research can be improved by varying the voltage, gas pressure, particle velocity, particle temperature, and molten wire width. Originality/value: Simple route of making steel rod ST 42 coated by chrome steel using wire arc spray coating and also the investigation of hardness, surface roughness and microstucture in steel rod ST 42 coated by chrome as the result.

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30

Camurri, Carlos, C. Carrasco, I. Bello, and M. Trucco. "Development of Low Carbon Boron Steel for Wire Drawing." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4238–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4238.

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From the mechanical point of view, the successful cold drawing of wire-rods of low carbon steel requires a high ductility and a ratio between the yield stress and tensile strength as lowest as possible, both for diminish the fractures during the process. Small boron additions in the cast of this kind of steel produce an increase in the size of austenitic grain, and consequently the ferritic one, and a diminution of the deformation hardening due to the reduction in the nitrogen content in the solid solution. In this way, the goal of this work is to study the effect of small boron additions (67 to 117 ppm) in the mechanical properties of 5.5 mm diameter wire-rods of low carbon steel. The wire-rods were characterized by means of traction tests, metallographic analysis with optic and electronic microscopy, and the results were compared with the corresponding one for wire-rod of standard steel, i.e., without boron contents. The metallographic analysis confirms the increase in size of ferritic grain. The measured ductility present only slight increases in boron steel, no significant from the quality point of view, however, the ratio between yield stress and tensile strength in boron steels shown a clear improvement respect to the standard. Traction tests in samples obtained at the exit of each one of the matrixes used during the cold drawing process shows an improve in the behavior of low carbon steel with boron contents.

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31

Аudzeyey, S. V. "The development of production technology of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molibdenum steel grades with subsequent annealing spheroidization." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (April 10, 2019): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2019-1-78-82.

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The peculiarity of the rod of chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, used in the production of fasteners and automotive components by cold forming, are the high requirements for the quality of the surface, microstructure and physical and mechanical properties.In the process of development of production technology were developed and implemented measures to minimize the identified design features of heat treatment furnaces, and developed methods for obtaining the most optimal primary hot-rolled metal microstructure for further spheroidizing annealingIn industrial conditions OJSC «BSW – Management Company of Holding «BMC» was mastered the most optimal regimes of heat treatment of wire rod from chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel grades, which required the consumer a full range of physical and mechanical properties of wire rod from steel grades 38ХНГМ, 40XH2MA and 41Х1 used further in the manufacture of fasteners and automotive components by cold forging.

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32

Nebbar, Mohamed Chaouki, Mosbah Zidani, Toufik Djimaoui, T. Abid, Hichem Farh, Toufik Ziar, A. L. Helbert, Francois Brisset, and Thierry Baudin. "Microstructural Evolutions and Mechanical Properties of Drawn Medium Carbon Steel Wire." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 41 (February 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.41.1.

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This study focuses on the evolution in the microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of medium carbon steel wires obtained by wire drawing at Tréfissoud Company for the manufacturing of the spring mattress. Wire drawing induces elongation of grains in the direction of drawing with the development of the <110> fibre texture parallel to the wire axis. Kinking and bending of cementite lamellae were observed during the drawing process. The work was carried out respectively on three states, wire rod and drawn states for two different amounts (ε %=43,6 and 60 %), using the optical and SEM microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction analysis for examination of the microstructure and texture evolution, the hardness Vickers and tensile test to follow the curing of the studied wires.

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33

Zhao, Ding Guo, Shu Huan Wang, and He Jun Zhang. "Research on the Control of Oxide and Nitride Inclusions in Steelmaking." Applied Mechanics and Materials 189 (July 2012): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.189.40.

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The contents of oxygen and nitrogen were important effect on the high speed wire in smelting high carbon steel. Sampled from the process of producing wire rod in Xuanhua iron and steel company and analyzed the contents of oxygen and nitrogen. The quality and size of oxide and nitride were numerical statement in differernt terms. The results were shown that the size of micro inclusion was less than 15 μm, and the inclusion size was not big, but the quantity was large. The quantity of micro inclusions in wire rod was about 10 /mm2 (equivalent diameter of 5 μm). Through the practice analysis and research, we put forward the measures of inclusion control for 65 steel including raw material requirement, improving of the converter, LF refining and continuous casting operations.

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34

Natpukkana, P., S. Pakinsee, S. Boonmapat, P. Mitsomwang, R. Borrisutthekul, R. Panuwannakorn, and L. Khoa-phong. "Investigation of Notch Shear Cutting for JIS SCM420 Steel Wire Rod." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 436 (October 23, 2018): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/436/1/012013.

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35

Choi, Seho. "Vision-based inspection for periodic defects in steel wire rod production." Optical Engineering 49, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 017202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.3284779.

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36

Wang, Bo, Song Xiang, and Yu Liang. "Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Wire Rod." Advanced Materials Research 842 (November 2013): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.842.31.

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In this study, the effect of pearlite microstructure on mechanical properties has been analyzed.The high carbon steel wire rods were treated by traditional salt-bath isothermal heat treatment and a new process, respectively. The microstructures and mechanical properties of the wire rods were tested with SEM and Instron 8501. The results shown that with the decrease of the isothermal holding temperature, the pearlite interlamellar spacing and pearlite colony size decreased and the mechanical properties of the wire rod increased. Especially the interlamellar spacing and pearlite colony size were decreased by new heat treatment observably. With the new treatment, the reductions of area increase.

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37

Yvell, Karin, and Göran Engberg. "Microstructure Evolution in an Austenitic Stainless Steel during Wire Rolling." Materials Science Forum 753 (March 2013): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.753.407.

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A wire rod block at Fagersta Stainless AB, Sweden, consists of eight pairs of rolls with consecutive round-oval-round grooves. Test bars of an austenitic stainless steel of type AISI 304L that had been preheated to 930±70°C were manually fed into the wire block. By entering a guide after one of the roll pair, the bar was led out from the block into a water-filled tube for rapid quenching. The guide was moved successively from the first to the last pair of rolls and test bars were collected after each roll pair. In order to characterize the original structure one bar was preheated and directly water quenched without rolling. The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure evolution during the wire rod rolling using electron backscatter diffraction. The size evolution for all grains, the recrystallized grains and for the subgrains in the deformed grains has been estimated and the fraction of recrystallized grains has been determined. During the first 3 passes almost no recrystallization is observed and strain accumulates. Partial recrystallization then occurs and for the last 3 passes the recrystallization is almost complete and the texture is nearly random.

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38

Smirnov, Ye N., V. A. Sklyar, V. A. Belevitin, A. N. Smirnov, and S. P. Yeronko. "Technological aspects of quality formation of welding wire in technological system «steel—wire rod rolling—drawing»." Rolled Products Manufacturing, no. 10 (2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31044/1684-257x-2018-10-24-31.

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39

Zuev, I. A., A. V. Strel’chenko, and Yu L. Bobarikin. "Methods of reducing-sizing block finishing passes form optimization aimed at accuracy improving of finished profile geometric dimensions." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 2 (March 10, 2019): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-2-222-226.

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Accuracy of hot-rolled products dimensions is one of main indices of quality and along with strength and structure metal characteristics, determines quality and competiveness of the hot-rolled products. Increase of rolling accuracy enables to make the rolled products in “minus” area of tolerance and to save metal at the expense of a profile running metre mass decreasing. It is possible only at rolling in accurately calculated finishing passes, manufactured according to adjusted rolling accuracy and with outlets of optimal form. Analysis of calibration efficiency application accomplished, the calibration being of “oval–circle” version with application of three-radius construction of reducing-sizing block round passes of wire rod rolling mill at production of 5.5 mm diameter wire rod. A numeral model elaborated for production of 5.5 mm diameter wire rod at a wire-rod mill using a base sizing “oval–circle”. To study geometric dimensions of 5.5 mm diameter wire rod, manufactured at 150 mill with application of “oval– circle” base sizing, samples of 80K steel were collected. The selection was done out of the head and of the tail of a coil. Based on energy-power data and speed parameters of a real rolling process, a mathematic model of 5.5 mm diameter wire rod rolling with application “oval–circle” base sizing was constructed. Wire rod mill 150 finishing gages form optimization was accomplished aimed at an increase of geometric dimensions of final profile accuracy. Analysis of efficiency of multi-radius cutting of finishing stands rolling passes was done for production of 5.5 mm diameter wire rod.

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40

Lundberg, Sven Erik. "A Vision of Wire Rod Rolling Technology for the Twenty First Century." Advanced Materials Research 23 (October 2007): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.23.39.

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During the last 60 years, tremendous developments have been in wire rod rolling. Finish rolling speeds in the order of 100 – 140 m/s are common and on line wire rod cooling practices, has made it possible to treat the wire rod directly in line in the mill instead of separate off line operations. New procedures for roll setting have been developed to cut the downtime in the mill, by presetting the stands in separate workshops an supply the entire rolling line with fast changing equipment. Much of the efforts have been directed to improve the productivity and the wire rod quality, but also to improve the working environment. In the 21:st century, the main challenge will be the global energy saving and environment protection, which in turn will require new trends in wire rod rolling and wire rod rolling research. The in line treatment will be applied for more steel grades, but the important savings must be solved at the interface between the steelmaking/continuous casting and the wire rod rolling. Hot charging as well as warm rolling will be employed in order to save energy. Their knowledge of the rolling processes will be improved by means of new methods for plastic analysis. New processes must be introduced, where the requirements from the rolling mills will direct the development. These are including casting of smaller billet sections, in order to minimize the mechanical work, and thus the consumption of electrical energy for conversion of the billets to wire rod. By the development of these technologies not only energy will be saved. Better wire rod surfaces can be obtained and the investment cost for new rolling mills will decrease. However the development of new knowledge and new processes requires funding on a level that is hard to expect, especially from the funding system which exists at present.

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KAWASAKI, Shozo, and Isamu WAKASUGI. "Development of Continuous Casting Technology for Special Steel Wire Rod and Bar." Tetsu-to-Hagane 74, no. 7 (1988): 1256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.74.7_1256.

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42

Liao, Shulun, Liwen Zhang, Siyu Yuan, Yu Zhen, and Shuqi Guo. "Modeling and finite element analysis of rod and wire steel rolling process." Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Mineral, Metallurgy, Material 15, no. 4 (August 2008): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8850(08)60078-x.

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43

Fu, H. G., Q. Xiao, and J. Xing. "Manufacture of centrifugal cast high speed steel rolls for wire rod mills." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 5 (October 2004): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225019252.

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44

He, Xiaofei, Xinhua Wang, Ying Wang, and Yaoqing Meng. "Formation and effects of banded structures in 55SiCrA spring steel wire rod." Metallurgical Research & Technology 112, no. 6 (2015): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2015041.

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45

Lutsenko, V. A. "Structure and properties of nickel-molybdenum steel wire rod after thermomechanical treatment." Steel in Translation 42, no. 10 (October 2012): 730–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0967091212100075.

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46

Parusov, V. V., A. B. Sychkov, M. A. Zhigarev, and A. V. Perchatkin. "Wire rod of boron-bearing low-carbon steel for direct deep drawing." Metallurgist 48, no. 11-12 (November 2004): 626–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11015-005-0038-6.

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47

López-Cornejo, Monserrat Sofía, Héctor Javier Vergara-Hernández, Sixtos Antonio Arreola-Villa, Octavio Vázquez-Gómez, and Martín Herrejón-Escutia. "Numerical Simulation of Wire Rod Cooling in Eutectoid Steel under Forced-Convection." Metals 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020224.

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A coupled thermal-microstructural simulation model was developed to estimate the thermal history in a eutectoid steel wire rod under continuous cooling and forced-convection. The model coupled the phenomena of heat transfer, phase transformation and estimation of the cooling boundary condition. The thermal histories were analyzed at different cooling rates to emulate the forced-convection conditions by air-jet as in the controlled cooling conveyor. The thermal histories were acquired and used to calculate the forced-convection heat transfer coefficients through the solution of the Inverse Heat Conduction Problem, while the phase transformation was approximated with the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov (JMAK) kinetic model. From the heat transfer coefficients and the kinetic parameters, a user-defined function (UDF) was coded and employed in the ANSYS Fluent® software. The model results were compared and validated with the experimental histories, obtaining a good agreement between both responses, while the microstructural evolution of the pearlite was validated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Vickers microhardness. It was found that specimen diameter and air velocity are the main variables to modify the undercooling and therefore the pearlite interlamellar spacing.

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48

Eltsova, E. S., O. Yu Khodosovskaya, and Yu I. Kozyreva. "The effect of zirconium on the strength cold-deformed reinforcement properties." Litiyo i Metallurgiya (FOUNDRY PRODUCTION AND METALLURGY), no. 1 (March 12, 2022): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/1683-6065-2022-1-61-63.

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The possibility of using zirconium in the steel composition of the Arx-Zr brand in the cold-deformed reinforcement of a threesided periodic profile of strength class 500 MPa manufacture in order to increase the finished reinforcement strength characteristics is determined. There is test results information of a wire rod /blank with an 8.8 mm diameter, which is intended for the manufacture of cold-deformed fittings with an 8.0 mm diameter, are presented. A comparative analysis of the physical and mechanical finished cold-deformed fittings properties with an 8.0 mm diameter made of steel grade Arch-Zr and fittings of a three-sided periodic profile made of wire rod of ordinary quality was done. Analyzed the obtained properties and the cold-deformed fittings evaluation for meeting the standards’ requirements. Identified that the addition of zirconium to steel in an amount of 0.019 % does not affect the final strength characteristics of the produced cold-deformed reinforcement of a three-sided periodic profile of strength class 500 MPa. The values of the physical and mechanical parameters of the produced cold-deformed reinforcement are similar to the cold-formed reinforcement parameters made of wire rod of ordinary quality without the use of alloying.

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49

Suliga, M. "The Analysis of the High Speed Wire Drawing Process of High Carbon Steel Wires Under Hydrodynamic Lubrication Conditions." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 403–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0066.

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Abstract In this work the analysis of the wire drawing process in hydrodynamic dies has been done. The drawing process of φ5.5 mm wire rod to the final wire of φ1.7 mm was conducted in 12 passes, in drawing speed range of 5-25 m/s. For final wires of φ1.7 mm the investigation of topography of wire surface, the amount of lubricant on the wire surface and the pressure of lubricant in hydrodynamic dies were determined. Additionally, in the work selected mechanical properties of the wires have been estimated. It has been shown that in the drawing process under hydrodynamic lubrication by drawing speed of 25 m/s the phenomena of uncontrolled formation of the surface and the diameter of the wire appears, and in the process the compressive stresses eliminating cracks on the wire surface occur, causing further smoothing. The wires drawn hydrodynamically in speed of 25 m/s, besides clearly worse properties compared to the wires drawn hydrodynamically at speeds in the range of 5 to 20 m/s, also exhibit large dimensional variations.

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50

Prasad, Akula Durga Vara, and Subrata Mukherjee. "Delamination of Pearlitic Steel Wires: Role of Strain Partition on Mechanical Properties of Pearlitic Wires." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.413.

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Cold drawn wires were produced by drawing the pearlitic wire rod (5.5 mm diameter). Cold drawing involved multiple stages to a final drawing strain of ≈ 2.5. The cold drawing alters the pearlite morphology. During the wire drawing, the change in morphology is location dependent. This will create the gradient in stain and strain mode between the surface and the center. This led to have a strain partition among ferrite and cementite phases. The strain partitioning plays a major role in the final tensile and torsional performance of the cod drawn wire. The present work dealt with the experimental and their numerical simulations of stress gradients and the role of pearlite morphology on tensile and torsional properties of the pearlitic steel wire.

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