Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel water

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Steel water'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel water"

1

Lee, Sang Ll, Jin Kyung Lee, Tae Soo An, Joon Hyun Lee, and Jun Young Park. "Pressurized Water Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steels and Their Nondestructive Characterization." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2407.

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This study dealt with the corrosion resistance for the carbon steels under a pressurized water atmosphere at the elevated temperature. The nondestructive test was also used to evaluate the damage degree of corrosion test specimen. The corrosion test for carbon steels was carried out at the temperature of 200 °C under a water pressure of 10 MPa. The corrosion time for carbon steel was changed up to 20 weeks. The strength of carbon steel by the degree of corrosion was investigated by a tensile test. The carbon steel showed an average tensile strength of about 500 MPa after the corrosion period of 20 weeks, accompanying the weight loss of about 2.5 %. The attenuation coefficient of ultrasonic wave can be utilized as useful parameters to inspect the corrosion damages of carbon steels.
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Brewer, D., D. A. Gasparini, and J. Andreani. "Diffusion of Water in Steel‐to‐Steel Bonds." Journal of Structural Engineering 116, no. 5 (May 1990): 1180–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1990)116:5(1180).

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Koscielniak, Barbara, Grzegorz Smola, Zbigniew Grzesik, and Adam Hernas. "Oxidation Resistance of Austenitic Steels under Thermal Shock Conditions in an Environment Containing Water Vapor." High Temperature Materials and Processes 37, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0209.

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AbstractThe oxidation behavior of Super 304 H, Sanicro 25, HR3C and HR6W steels, which are recommended for use in ultra-supercritical power plants, as well as corrosion resistant X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel was studied in this work. Oxidation tests were carried out under thermal shock conditions in an oxygen-rich environment (containing 50 vol. % water vapor) at a temperature equal to 750 °C. The investigated steels (excluding X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel) are characterized by good oxidation resistance under thermal shock conditions. A highly protective Cr2O3 layer was formed in the internal part of scales growing on the surfaces of investigated steels. The X2CrNiMo17-12-2 steel has worse oxidation resistant properties than the other grades of steels.
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Niu, Li Bin, and Katsuyuki Kobayashi. "Crevice Corrosion of Low-Pressure Steam Turbine Materials in the Boiler Water Contained Impurity Ions." Key Engineering Materials 737 (June 2017): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.737.192.

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Crevice corrosion of 3.5NiCrMoV and 13Cr steels, which are used as low-pressure (LP) steam turbine materials, was investigated by electrochemical corrosion tests in the simulated boiler water contained chloride and sulfate ions. For 3.5NiCrMoV steel, by comparison with the surfaces outside crevice, the surfaces inside crevice of the specimens coupled with both of the same steel and 13Cr steel showed no remarkably corroded pattern even though pitting corrosion was observed. The specimen of 13Cr steel coupled with the same steel plate exhibited pitting corrosion inside the crevice, and a lower open cycle potential (Ocp) than the single plate of 13Cr steel. On the other hand, the specimen of 13Cr steel coupled with 3.5NiCrMoV steel plate showed the lowest Ocp, as the anodic dissolutions of 3.5NiCrMoV steel became the dominate corrosion mechanism.
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Toda, Yoshiaki, Hideaki Kushima, Kazuhiro Kimura, and Fujio Abe. "Improvement in Creep Strength of Heat-Resistant Ferritic Steel Precipitation-Strengthened by Intermetallic Compound." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2994.

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The effects of nickel content and heat treatment conditions on the creep strength of precipitation-strengthened 15Cr ferritic steel were investigated. The creep strength of the 15Cr ferritic steel was drastically improved by solution treatment and water quenching. However, over the long term, the detrimental effect of nickel on the creep strength was pronounced for water-quenched steels. The volume fraction of martensite phase increased with increased nickel content in both the furnace-cooled and water-quenched steels. The volume fraction of martensite phase in the water-quenched steel was smaller than that in the furnace-cooled type, even for the same nickel content. Fine particles, smaller than 500 nm, were precipitated homogeneously within the ferrite phase of the water-quenched steel. On the other hand, coarse block-like particles 1 $m in size were precipitated sparsely within the martensite phase. The creep strength of the steels decreased with increased volume fraction of the martensite phase caused by furnace cooling and nickel addition. The lower creep strength and microstructural stability of the martensite phase is attributable to less precipitation strengthening. To enable this steel to be put to practical use, it will be necessary to suppress the formation of the martensite phase caused by addition of nickel by optimizing the chemical composition and heat treatment conditions.
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Chopra, O. K., and D. J. Gavenda. "Effects of LWR Coolant Environments on Fatigue Lives of Austenitic Stainless Steels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842228.

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Fatigue tests have been conducted on Types 304 and 316NG stainless steels to evaluate the effects of various material and loading variables, e.g., steel type, strain rate, dissolved oxygen (DO) in water, and strain range, on the fatigue lives of these steels. The results confirm significant decreases in fatigue life in water. Unlike the situation with ferritic steels, environmental effects on Types 304 and 316NG stainless steel are more pronounced in low-DO than in high-DO water. Experimental results have been compared with estimates of fatigue life based on a statistical model. The formation and growth of fatigue cracks in air and water environments are discussed.
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Hlaváčová, Irena M., Marek Sadílek, Petra Váňová, Štefan Szumilo, and Martin Tyč. "Influence of Steel Structure on Machinability by Abrasive Water Jet." Materials 13, no. 19 (October 5, 2020): 4424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194424.

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Although the abrasive waterjet (AWJ) has been widely used for steel cutting for decades and there are hundreds of research papers or even books dealing with this technology, relatively little is known about the relation between the steel microstructure and the AWJ cutting efficiency. The steel microstructure can be significantly affected by heat treatment. Three different steel grades, carbon steel C45, micro-alloyed steel 37MnSi5 and low-alloy steel 30CrV9, were subjected to four different types of heat treatment: normalization annealing, soft annealing, quenching and quenching followed by tempering. Then, they were cut by an abrasive water jet, while identical cutting parameters were applied. The relations between the mechanical characteristics of heat-treated steels and the surface roughness parameters Ra, Rz and RSm were studied. A comparison of changes in the surface roughness parameters and Young modulus variation led to the conclusion that the modulus was not significantly responsible for the surface roughness. The changes of RSm did not prove any correlation to either the mechanical characteristics or the visible microstructure dimensions. The homogeneity of the steel microstructure appeared to be the most important factor for the cutting quality; the higher the difference in the hardness of the structural components in the inhomogeneous microstructure was, the higher were the roughness values. A more complex measurement and critical evaluation of the declination angle measurement compared to the surface roughness measurement are planned in future research.
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Alchakov, Vasiliy V., Vadim A. Kramar, and Anna V. Rodkina. "Computational model of hull steel potential values in sea water." Russian Journal of Water Transport, no. 64 (August 29, 2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37890/jwt.vi64.93.

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The article provides an analysis of existing neural network models. The features of constructing a neural network using several parameters that affect the output value are described. The advantages of using neural networks and computing systems based on them are revealed. The task was solved using the Python programming language. The computing model of the potential values of steel with an oxide film and the potential of steel without an oxide film has been developed for various salinity of sea water and different types of hull steels used for hulls of sea vessels and underwater structures of ocean engineering structures designed for the Black Sea basin of the Sevastopol region and operated in this region. The obtained results will improve the accuracy of predicting potentials for various hull steel grades.
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Yoo, Joh Yeong, Han Seung Lee, and Young Jin Kim. "Experimental Study on the Water Penetration into Mortar under Water Pressure Condition." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.681.

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Concrete is a type of porous materials and is physically and chemically damaged due to exposure to various environments from the placing to the service life. These reactions affect the corrosion of steel bars applied in concrete and that decreases the durability life and strength of such steel bars. Thus, it is very important to insert rust inhibitors into steel bars in the case of a deterioration element that exceeds the critical amount of corrosion in the location of steel bars. However, it is very difficult to guarantee corrosion resistance at the location of steel bars using conventional technology that applies corrosion inhibitors only on the surface of concrete. This study attempts to develop a method that penetrates corrosion inhibitors up to the location of steel bars and investigate the penetration depth of corrosion inhibitors by verifying moisture migration in concrete under an applied pressure.
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Podesta, Michael de. "Bouncing steel balls on water." Physics Education 42, no. 5 (August 14, 2007): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/42/5/003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel water"

1

Lewis, G. N. "Flash rusting of steel with water base paints." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376937.

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Gubner, Rolf Juergen. "Biofilms and accelerated low-water corrosion of carbon steel piling in tidal waters." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244479.

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Chittaladakorn, Kathita. "Cr(VI) Generation and Stability in Drinking Water." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54018.

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The current US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) maximum contaminant level (MCL) for total chromium of 100 ppb is under revision to consider a specific level for Cr(VI), which has a proposed MCL of 10 ppb in California. Cr(VI) is a suspected carcinogen, and interconverts with the other most commonly found chromium species, Cr(III). To regulate and further understand the behavior of Cr(VI) in water systems, appropriate sample preservation methods are essential for accurate measurements. The ammonia buffer (recommended by EPA) was proven to be the most effective preservation when a holding time of 14 days is considered. Apart from proper Cr(VI) preservation, sampling at an appropriate site is important for determining the public's exposure to Cr(VI). The proposed MCL for Cr(VI) in the state of California will be monitored at the entry point of distribution systems. To the extent that Cr(VI) is formed in the distribution system or in water contacting plumbing, measurements at the treatment plant might not reflect consumer exposure at the tap. Cr(VI) can be released to drinking water from Cr present in stainless steel alloys. At the maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL), Cr(VI) formation decreased in the order chlorine dioxide > chlorine > chloramine. Less Cr(VI) was released from stainless steel at lower pH in the presence of chlorine, but the opposite trend was observed for chlorine dioxide. Stainless steels with a higher chromium content tended to release more Cr(VI).
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Abdulrahman, Ghaith H. "Erosion-corrosion mapping of carbon steel in oil/water slurries." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2011. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16792.

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Cen, Hui. "Effect of water on the performance of lubricants and related tribochemistry in boundary lubricated steel/steel contacts." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/5434/.

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The objective of the overall project is to assess the effect of water on the performance of lubricants and related tribochemistry in boundary lubricated steel/steel contacts. The effect of water on the bulk properties of the lubricant, the tribological performance of lubricants and the mechanism of tribofilm formulation are the focus of this project. The tribological performance of different lubricants is evaluated by a ball-on-disc test rig as well as a micropitting rig under boundary lubrication and with different levels of humidity. Selected post test samples are analysed to study the reactions occurring during the test and the composition of the tribofilm. The surface analysis techniques used are Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results of this thesis show that water can change the bulk properties (viscosity and TAN) of some lubricants in specific conditions dependent on the water level in the lubricants. The increase of relative humidity always increases wear of the components no matter whether under pure sliding or rolling-sliding conditions, but addition of water in the oil before the tribological test will not always increase wear. It is also observed from XPS results that there is a direct relationship between the oxygen concentration as oxide on the contact surfaces, the layer thickness on the wear scar of post test ball/roller and relative humidity. Also, it is revealed from the results that not only physical parameters but also chemistry must be considered to evaluate the micropitting behaviour, which is found by XPS analysis to be related to the chain length of the phosphate as well as the oxygen concentration as oxide on the wear scar of the surfaces.
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Vakili, Soheyl. "Analysis of water cooling process of steel strips on runout table." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/37671.

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This study engages in the thermal analysis of water jet cooling of a hot moving steel strip on a run-out table. General 3D FE programs are developed for the direct and inverse heat transfer analysis. Studies show that gradient-based inverse algorithms suffer from high sensitivity to measurement noise and instability in small time steps. These two shortcomings limit their application in modeling of the real problems. Artificial neural network (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA), and particle swarm optimization (PSO) methods are applied to the inverse heat conduction problem in order to overcome the challenges faced by the gradient-based methods. Among them, GA and PSO are found to be effective. CRPSO, a variation of PSO, shows the best computational performance. However, compared to the gradient-based methods, these algorithms are very slow. Thus, a set of modifications were performed in this research to accelerate their convergence rate. Sequential formulation using the future time steps, multi-objective optimization, and inexact pre-evaluation using surrogate models are some of these modifications. Inverse analysis of experimental data shows that heat transfer behavior on the plate is mainly a function of the surface temperature, and can be categorized into three zones: High, mid, and low temperature. The effects of jet line configuration, jet line spacing, and plate moving speed were studied. The most uniform distribution happens in the case of fully staggered configuration. In higher jet line distances, the interaction effects become less significant, and a more uniform distribution is observed. The plate speed affects the heat transfer rate under the impingement point for the higher surface temperatures. In the high entry temperatures, the impingement heat transfer rate is lower when the plate is moving at a higher velocity. The plate speed does not significantly change the heat transfer behavior in the parallel flow zone. Finally, the results of the heat transfer analysis were coupled with the microstructure and structure fields, to study the thermal stresses and deflection occurring in the strips during the cooling process. It was found that fully-staggered jet configuration, larger spacing between jet lines, and lower plate speeds result in a less deformed steel strip.
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Bierbrauer, Frank. "Mathematical modelling of water-droplet impact on hot galvanised steel surfaces." School of Mathematics and Applied Statistics - Faculty of Informatics, 2004. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/400.

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Hot-dip galvanising is commonly used in industry to increase the corrosion resistance of cold-rolled steel products for commercial use such as roofing and walling of buildings. Traditionally, the zinc coated steel surface is characterised by a relatively smooth surface with large spangle relief which is detrimental to corrosion resistance. One of the techniques to modify the surface appearance consists of a water-mist spray solution which allows for the creation of a large number of nucleation sites giving rise to micro rather than macro spangles, thereby producing a much smoother surface. In addition, controlling the spray parameters allows the hot, zinc coated, steel surface to be ‘roughened’ facilitating its bonding to concrete or for lamination. The proper control of water droplet impact parameters such as impact velocity, droplet diameter and crater size is essential for a successful implementation of this technique. Certain aspects of the second of these processes, the production of rough, non-skid galvanised steel sheet surfaces, has been addressed by this thesis.Although an experimental investigation of the effect of such water droplet parameters on the formation of zinc surface characteristics such as crater diameter and depth would provide a great deal of valuable data it is fraught with difficulties. The presence of hot metal surfaces exceeding 450oC and the boiling and evaporation of water droplets taking place at very small timescales (microseconds) all combine to make an experimental study difficult to implement not to say unsafe. On the other hand computer simulations with a properly constructed mathematical model are a valuable tool for the investigation of these parameters.A comprehensive modelling of the process would include the process of heat transfer: such as conduction through a vapour layer, internal droplet and vapour convection, radiation from the hot surface, solidification of the zinc liquid layer; as well as the fluid dynamical aspects: such as surface tension at the droplet-air, droplet-zinc and zinc-air interfaces, the droplet impact phenomena such as spreading and splashing and the formation of impact craters and wave propagation in a thin viscous zinc layer. As a first stage in the modelling exercise this thesis will concentrate on an investigation of single water droplet impact on a thin liquid zinc layer with a steel substrate which provides a simplified and computationally tractable model of the spraying process.The objectives of this thesis are twofold: firstly, the development and construction of an accurate, robust mathematical model and, secondly, the solution of the model for the impact of a single water droplet onto a thin liquid layer of zinc on a steel substrate. This model must be able to deal with rapidly deforming moving interfaces and maintain stability in the presence of very large density and viscosity ratios. This moving boundary problem requires the tracking of three fluid interfaces while also maintaining incompressibility. The Godunov-Marker-Particle Projection Scheme developed in this thesis is able to satisfy these requirements. Through a combination of approximate projection methods, Godunov convective differencing, Marker-Particle interface tracking and velocity filters the method is able to treat viscous, multi-fluid free surface flows. The modelling of free surface flows with more than two separate immiscible fluids, to the author’s knowledge not yet published in the literature, is a secondary aim of the thesis. A major part of the thesis deals with the thorough testing of each aspect of the combination of numerical methods used: firstly, the Poisson solver with discontinuous coefficients and homogeneous boundary conditions used in the approximate projection method, analytical solutions for the construction of an initial solenoidal velocity field, testing of the projection and velocity filters and kinematic tests of the Marker-Particle method for tracking of fluid interfaces; secondly, dynamical tests of the viscous incompressible Navier-Stokes equations for: an exact solution, the Lid-Driven Cavity and the Rayleigh-Taylor instability. The combined method is also successfully tested on the limited two-fluid droplet-solid and droplet-liquid impact problems before solving the thesis problem.It is shown that, for the impact of a single water droplet onto a thin liquid zinc layer, impact crater growth, diameter and depth, are linearly dependent on impact velocity. For a given impact velocity, crater diameter is not effected by increasing zinc layer depth although crater depth is linearly dependent. The time at which the droplet commences penetration of the zinc layer is inversely dependent on impact velocity and the maximum crater diameter and depth are nonlinearly dependent on impact velocity. The model shows that, within the convective timescale, droplet impact on thin liquid zinc layers can be approximately described by droplet spreading on a solid zinc surface. The droplet is shown to spread preferentially to the zinc layer splashing after completion of spreading. This shows that adjustment of the droplet impact velocity or zinc layer depth can vary the surface roughness appropriately.
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Smith, H. E. M. "The protection of poorly prepared steel surfaces using water-borne coatings." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.233531.

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Rees, R. P. "Removal of oil from process water at an integrated steel works." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366458.

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Karwa, Nitin. "Experimental Study of Water Jet Impingement Cooling of Hot Steel Plates." Phd thesis, tuprints, 2012. https://tuprints.ulb.tu-darmstadt.de/3041/1/PhD_Thesis_Karwa.pdf.

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Liquid jet impingement cooling is critical in many industrial applications. Principle applications include extracting large heat flux from metal parts, such as hot fuel bundle post-loss-of-coolant-accident in nuclear reactors, heat treatment of steel plates post-hot-processing, etc. The ability of liquid jets to extract high heat flux at controlled rates from metal parts, with temperatures as high as 800-1000 ºC, at moderate flow rates has made them indispensable in these applications. Due to the complexity of the process, the mechanism of flow boiling heat transfer during jet impingement cooling is not well understood. Resultantly, the presently used design approaches are based more on experience and rule of thumb than science. The principle challenge in the study of jet impingement cooling for these high temperature applications has been the lack of reliable instrumentation for measuring the cooling rates. To add to this, the conjugate nature of boiling heat transfer, especially on low conductivity metal like steel, makes this problem very complicated to understand. Thus, much of the state of art on this subject has been limited to experiments where either the conjugate problem has not been addressed or the tests have been performed at temperatures that are much lower than in the above mentioned applications. The basic objective of the present work is to contribute to the understanding of the thermo-hydrodynamic phenomenon occurring during the cooling of a hot steel plate with an impinging water jet. This work also complements a parallel study being conducted at the Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerodynamics (Technische Universität Darmstadt), in which the complex transport processes are being treated theoretically and validated against the experimental results of this work. To achieve the objective, transient cooling experiments have been performed on an instrumented stainless steel AISI-type 314 cylinder. To measure the temperature variation within the stainless steel cylinder during the transient cooling, fast-response thermocouples have been embedded within holes that are precisely drilled though its bottom flat face. The cylinder is induction heated to a homogeneous initial temperature of 900 ºC and is subsequently cooled by means of an axisymmetric subcooled free-surface water jet that impinges on its top flat face (impingement surface). During the cooling, each thermocouple output has been recorded at the rate of 100 samples per second. A two-dimensional axisymmetric inverse heat conduction analysis using these measured temperature data has been performed to estimate the temporospatial variation of temperature and heat flux on the impingement face. Both low and high speed images have been recorded to visualize the two-phase flow. These images and the estimated heat transfer distribution are used to understand the boiling mechanism. The effect of jet parameters, namely subcooling and impingement velocity, on the heat transfer process has been studied. Additionally, the effect of spent liquid accumulation over the impingement surface has been studied in few exploratory plunging jet experiments. This study presents a systematic methodology for the measurement and estimation of the temporospatial variation of heat transfer on the impingement surface of a hot steel plate. Three distinct regions, with difference in the extent of liquid-wall contact, have been identified on the impingement surface from the recorded images. i) A wetted region surrounds the jet stagnation region. Nucleate boiling is the principle heat transfer mode in this region. The outer periphery of this region is called the wetting front. No boiling activity has been observed in the high speed images, most likely because the bubbles were small and were unable to reach the liquid free-surface. The maximum heat flux position is determined to be within this region. As the wetted region grows in size with time, the maximum heat flux position also moves radially outwards. The wetting front and maximum heat flux position velocity reduce with increasing radial distance from the impingement point because the liquid velocity and subcooling reduce at the wetting front. Likewise, the wetting front velocity increases with jet velocity and subcooling. ii) The liquid gets deflected at the wetting front due to the efflux of large vapor bubbles beyond the maximum heat flux position. A term ``wetting front region' has been coined in this thesis to describe this region. The width of this region could not be determined from the high speed images. Transition boiling within a thin superheated liquid film that is continuously replenished by the bulk flow is proposed to be the probable reason for the high heat flux in this region. Further, the radial heat conduction to the wetted region is also significant here. iii) The impingement surface outside the wetting front region is dry. The dry surface slowly cools down due to film boiling and radial heat conduction to the wetting front region. The film boiling rate is very low in the impingement region. After deflecting away from the impingement surface in the wetting front region, the liquid film breaks into droplets over this region. Looking from the side, droplet deflection angle is observed to be small; still these droplets do not come into direct contact with the impingement surface, as has been confirmed by looking down from the top. The velocity of the splashed droplets has been determined by analyzing the high speed images. It has been found that the drop velocity is much lower than the liquid film velocity calculated at the wetting front position using single-phase flow relations suggested by Watson. It has been hypothesized that the liquid film in the wetted region is decelerated by the bubbles growing on the impingement surface. Further, measurements reveal that the drop velocity increases with decreasing subcooling, which means that the film and the droplet are accelerated in the radial outward direction by the vapor released in the wetting front region. It has been shown that the rewetting temperature (analogous to the Leidenfrost temperature for a sessile droplet), which refers here to the temperature below which the direct liquid-wall contact is re-established and the heat flux increases, in both the impingement and radial flow regions is significantly higher than that reported in the literature for pool boiling. Removal of bubbles by the flowing liquid in the early stages of their growth and then their rapid condensation within the subcooled liquid avoids the buildup of vapor near the hot wall, which is the likely reason for the enhancement of the rewetting temperature. This observation confirms that high heat fluxes can be removed at large wall superheats by impinging liquid jets, as practiced in the industry. The boiling curve shifts to higher heat flux and superheat with the increase in the jet velocity and subcooling. The maximum heat flux and surface temperature at maximum heat flux increase with both the jet velocity and subcooling. Area-weighted average boiling curves have been determined, which clearly show the enhancement in the heat transfer with jet velocity over the average surface superheat of 100 to 800 K. The enhancement in jet subcooling is, however, noticeable only in the wall superheat range of 300 to 700 K. The maximum heat flux and surface temperature at maximum heat flux decrease with radial distance from the stagnation point before reaching a constant value. The radial distribution of maximum heat flux condition has been classified into three regions based on the relative size of the hydrodynamic/thermal boundary layer and the liquid film. In the plunging jet impingement studies, it has been found that the wetting front growth slightly slows down due to accumulation of the spent liquid over the impingement surface. Area-weighted average boiling curves show that the heat transfer reduces due to accumulation.
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Books on the topic "Steel water"

1

Association, American Water Works. Steel water-storage tanks. Denver]: American Water Works Association, 2013.

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Argaez, A. Alva. Water minimization in steel manufacturing. Manchester: UMIST, 1995.

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Drummond, McCall & Co. Steel bell and spigot pipes for air, gas, water, sewage conduits. [Montréal?: s.n., 1991.

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Steel water storage tanks: Design, construction, maintenance, and repair. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010.

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Gubner, Rolf Jürgen. Biofilms and accelerated low-water corrosion of carbon steel piling in tidal waters: A thesis. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 1998.

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Kashuba, A. I. Normirovanie vodopolʹzovanii͡a︡ v chernoĭ metallurgii. Moskva: "Metallurgii͡a︡", 1991.

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Jian, Chen. Abkühlungsvorgänge von Stahlplatten mit Spritzwasserbeaufschlagung. Düsseldorf: Stahleisen, 1991.

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International, Seminar on "Assuring Structural Integrity of Steel Reactor Pressure Boundary Components" (5th 1987 Davos Switzerland). Assuring structural integrity of steel reactor pressure boundary components. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1988.

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United States. State University College, Buffalo. St. Marys River sources of toxic contaminants: A review of Algoma Steel Corporation, Ltd. control order. Buffalo, NY: Great Lakes United, 1988.

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Smith, Jonathan. Decentralisation of collective bargaining: The case of British Steel and the Water Companies. [s.l.]: typescript, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel water"

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Kumar, P. Senthil, P. Tsopbou Ngueagni, E. Djoufac Woumfo, and Kilaru Harsha Vardhan. "Water Footprint in Leather Tanning and Steel Production." In Water Footprint, 137–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4377-1_5.

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Soin, R. S. "Galvanised Steel Solar Absorber — Its Choice, Corrosion Rate and Expected Life." In Solar Water Heating Systems, 199–230. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5480-9_16.

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Sloan, Steve. "Steel Qualification Process for Water Heater Tank Fabrication." In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings, 63–67. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470291207.ch9.

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Çağin, Volkan, and Ülkü Yetiş. "Water Reuse Strategies: Iron and Steel Industry Case Study." In Security of Industrial Water Supply and Management, 141–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1805-0_10.

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Zheng, Shengyi, Guangming Yang, and Shifeng Xia. "Safety Inspection and Evaluation of Steel Penstocks in Hydroelectric Stations." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, 1893–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_325.

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Yin, Kaiju, Wu Tang, Hao Wang, Xiaofeng Hong, Shaoyu Qiu, Rui Tang, and Yong Chen. "Corrosion Resistance of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steel in Supercritical Water." In Proceedings of The 20th Pacific Basin Nuclear Conference, 715–23. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2317-0_67.

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Li, Pei Yu, Da Peng Tan, Xiao Hong Pan, and Bo Yu Lin. "Steel Water Continuous Casting Slag Detection System Based on Wavelet." In Key Engineering Materials, 3067–71. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-456-1.3067.

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Yoon, Jae Hong, K. S. Son, H. S. Kim, B. Mitton, R. M. Latanision, Y. R. Yoo, and Y. S. Kim. "Corrosion Behavior of 316L Stainless Steel in Supercritical Water Environment." In Materials Science Forum, 4207–10. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-960-1.4207.

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Arganis-Juarez, Carlos, José Malo, and J. Uruchurtu. "5 Electrochemical noise measurements of stainless steel in high-temperature water*." In Corrosion monitoring in nuclear systems: research and applications, 63–80. Boca Raton London New York: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315140391-6.

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García-Ruiz, Georgina, Gregorio Vargas, J. Méndez-Nonell, and A. Uribe S. "Water Versus Acetone Electrophoretic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite on 316L Stainless Steel." In Electrophoretic Deposition: Fundamentals and Applications II, 237–44. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-998-9.237.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel water"

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Smith, Greg. "Steel Water Pipe Joint Testing." In Pipeline Division Specialty Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40854(211)42.

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Zheng, Min, Siew Chin Lee, Yonghui Wang, and J. Y. Richard Liew. "Heat Transfer Analysis of Water Storage Façade System." In 10th Pacific Structural Steel Conference (PSSC 2013). Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-7137-9_318.

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Brozek, Milan. "Steel cutting using abrasive water jet." In 16th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Agriculture, Faculty of Engineering, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev2017.16.n014.

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VANLAERE, WESLEY, DELPHINE SONCK, RUDY VAN IMPE, ARNE JANSSEUNE, and WOUTER DE CORTE. "PLASTIC COLLAPSE OF STEEL WATER TOWERS." In Proceedings of the 10th Asia-Pacific Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324052_0020.

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Roberts, Brian C. "Durability Guide for Corrugated Steel Pipe." In 29th Annual Water Resources Planning and Management Conference. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40430(1999)101.

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Karamanos, Spyros A., Brent Keil, and Robert J. Card. "Seismic Design of Buried Steel Water Pipelines." In Pipelines 2014. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784413692.091.

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Call, Jack, and Chris Sundberg. "Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings." In Pipelines 2016. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479957.008.

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Henry, Gregory J., and Aaron N. Drucker. "Overdeflection of 48-Inch Steel Water Line." In International Conference on Pipeline Engineering and Construction. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40934(252)51.

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Silva, Debora, Eliel Marcelino, and Roger Riehl. "Thermal Performance Comparison Between Water-Copper and Water-Stainless Steel Heat Pipes." In 13th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2015-3981.

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Herda, Anthony. "Approach to Cylindrical Steel Tank Design to Accommodate Sloshing Effects." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412947.181.

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Reports on the topic "Steel water"

1

Glen R. Longhurst. Tritiated Water Interaction with Stainless Steel. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912459.

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Bowers, J. A., D. W. Kretchmer, and M. J. Chimney. Steel Creek water quality: L-Lake/Steel Creek Biological Monitoring Program, November 1985--December 1991. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10108083.

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Strum, M. J. Localized weld metal corrosion in stainless steel water tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/105663.

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S.E. Ziemniak and M. Hanson. Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature, Hydrogenated Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821681.

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Soo, P., and T. C. Roberts. Corrosion analysis of decommissioned carbon steel waste water tanks at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/137440.

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Rios, Orlando, William G. Carter, and Stefan Ulrich. Additive Manufacturing Consolidation of Low-Cost Water Atomized Steel Powder Using Micro-Induction Sintering. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1439146.

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Wyllie, W. E. II, D. J. Duquette, and D. Steiner. The effects of water radiolysis on the corrosion and stress corrosion behavior of type 316 stainless steel in pure water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/111892.

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Nanstad, R. K., W. R. Corwin, D. J. Alexander, F. M. Haggag, S. K. Iskander, D. E. McCabe, M. A. Sokolov, and R. E. Stoller. Heavy-Section Steel Irradiation Program on irradiation effects in light-water reactor pressure vessel materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/86957.

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S.E. Ziemniak and M. Hanson. Zinc Treatment Effects on Corrosion Behavior of 304 Stainless Steel in High Temperature, Hydrogenated Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821695.

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Pitts, Stephanie A., Xianming Bai, and Yongfeng Zhang. Light Water Reactor Sustainability Program Modeling of Cu Precipitate Contributions to Reactor Pressure Vessel Steel Microstructure Evolution and Embrittlement. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1408753.

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