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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel-timber structures'
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1
Bradford, Mark A., Amirhossein Hassanieh, Hamid R. Valipour, and Stephen J. Foster. "Sustainable Steel-timber Joints for Framed Structures." Procedia Engineering 172 (2017): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.02.011.
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Dowrick, D. J. "Hysteresis loops for timber structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 30, 1986): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.19.2.143-152.
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This paper reviews experimentally determined hysteresis loops for timber structures, including moment-resisting joints with (i) steel and (ii) plywood side plates, (iii) shear walls clad with various materials, and (iv) push-pull tests on various connection details. The paper compares bending and push-pull hysteresis loops for nailed steel side-plate joints. An attempt is made to classify the above hysteretic behaviour for analytical purposes, and the available computer models are reviewed for applicability to these hysteresis shapes.
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Corradi, Marco, Adelaja Israel Osofero, and Antonio Borri. "Repair and Reinforcement of Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel—A Review." Metals 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9010106.
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Recent trends in the use of stainless steel profiles for repair and reinforcement of historic timber structures, after degradation due to biotic and non-biotic attacks, are discussed in this paper. These structural challenges can vary from inadequate load carrying capacity to complexities involved with choice of repair materials and techniques. Given the recurring requirements of conservation authorities in terms of reversibility of interventions and compatibility between historic and new materials, an increase in the use of non-invasive reinforcement materials and reversible techniques was observed. Subsequently, engineers and researchers have increasingly employed stainless steel alloys in retrofitting historic timber structures. This paper therefore presents the state of the art in the use of stainless steel profiles in retrofitting timber structural elements within historic structures. It includes a review of the development of the retrofitting methods and existing experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of timber structures reinforced with stainless steel. Finally, it presents a number of case studies and draws conclusions on current trends and practices based on reported studies.
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Boytemirov, Farid A., Dmitry D. Koroteev, and Makhmud Kharun. "Design of Timber Single-Span Beam with Steel Reinforcement." Materials Science Forum 972 (October 2019): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.972.111.
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Vital problem, occurring in the operation process of structures such as timber beams, is the increase of their bearing capacity and span length with keeping their height. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is steel reinforcement of such structures. The aim of the research work is to show possibility of increasing bearing capacity of single-span reinforced timber beams and develop the main points of calculation and design of such structures. The beam is reinforced symmetrically by 2 rods d28 with both sides with Ar=24.63 cm2 (4d28 A300). The reinforcement is placed in compressed and stretched areas. Reinforced timber structures are designed on two groups of limit conditions. Design on the first limit condition (normal and tangential stress) is made using geometric characteristics of rectangular section of reinforced timber beam. Design on the second limit condition is made taking onto account the timber elastic nodule and inertia moment for reinforced timber beam. The main features of joint work of timber and reinforcement, which can increase operation reliability of bearing structures, are shown in the research work.
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Gomon, Petro, and Mykola Polishchuk. "DEFLECTIONS OF REINFORCED AND NON-REINFORCED BEAMS OF RECTANGULAR SECTION OF GLUED WOOD." Modern structures of metal and wood, no. 26 (July 2022): 88–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-3068-2022-26-88-96.
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The dynamic development and distribution of glued timber structures in construction predetermine their comprehensive study. The issue of increasing the load capacity of such structures using reinforcement is also relevant. The reinforcing of timber elements using steel reinforcement is more researched, but recent studies have shown good use of synthetic fiber-based composites as reinforcement for timber structures
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Ali Chew, Amirah, Nurul Atikah Seri, Wan Nur Syazni Wan Shaari, Mohd Hanafie Yasin, and Rohana Hassan. "Tensile Resistance of GFRP Wrapped Steel-Dowelled Half-Lap Timber Connection." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.11 (July 21, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.11.15938.
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Generally, the use of timber mainly focuses on simple structures or structures that can take small loads. This paper report on tensile resistance of steel dowelled timber connection wrapped with glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). It involved experimental work in laboratory designed to determine the tensile strength behaviour for half-lap timber connections with steel dowel as the mechanical fasteners. Bintangor species representing strength group 5 and Yellow Meranti species representing strength group 6 were tested in the conditions of with and without the GFRP wrapping. The performances of the connections were observed using the European Yield Model (EYM) as the guideline. The EYM theory is generally used to determine the load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber, panel-to-timber and steel-to-timber connections, reflecting all possible modes of failures. All half-lap connection members were tested at the rate 0.0006 mm/min using the universal testing machine. As a result, it was found that the steel-dowelled half-lap timber connection with GFRP wrapping performed better than the timber connection without the wrapping. The ultimate load of GFRP wrapped connections made of Bintangor and Yellow Meranti species were found increased at 17% and 44% higher compared to the connection without the GFRP wrapping accordingly.
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Chocholaty, Bettina. "Linear vs nonlinear structural vibration behavior of steel-timber composite building elements." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 267, no. 1 (November 5, 2023): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/no_2023_0043.
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Composite structures including wood are increasingly coming into focus due to rising demand for sustainability and, at the same time, high-rise buildings, and long-span components. In this context, steel-timber hybrid building elements are gaining more attention since they offer sufficient load-carrying properties. However, such lightweight structures increase vibration levels and sound transmission. Accurate understanding of the structures is therefore indispensable. Consequently, herein, a novel steel-timber composite building element is studied concerning its vibrational behavior numerically and experimentally. Especially the influence of the joints between steel and timber components is investigated by considering nonlinear behavior due to frictional effects. Therefore, amplitude-dependency regarding eigenfrequencies and damping properties as well as multi-harmonic responses are studied. Hence, nonlinearities are revealed by slight amplitude-dependency and the occurrence of higher harmonics.
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Fan, Xin Hai, Sheng Dong Zhang, and Wen Jun Qu. "Load-Carrying Behaviour of Dowel-Type Timber Connections with Multiple Slotted-in Steel Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 94-96 (September 2011): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.94-96.43.
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The multiple-shear dowel connection with slotted-in steel plates is one of the most efficient joints for large cross section timber structures. Experiments were performed on dowel-type timber connections with one, two and three slotted in steel plates under lateral loads parallel to the grain. Test variables include the number of steel plates, the spacing of the steel plates, and the dowel diameter. Results show that the load-carrying capacity of the dowel-type connection increased as the number and spacing of steel plates in the same thickness of timber specimens. Finally, a model of the load-carrying capacity of multiple shear steel-to-timber connections is presented, which showed good agreement with the results obtained in the experiment.
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Fujita, Masanori, and Mamoru Iwata. "Bending Test of the Composite Steel-Timber Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.415.
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In the field of building construction, mass consumption of wood materials contributes to reforestation and becomes the environmental burden reduction. However, an application to conventional timber structures only such as house has a quantitative limit. A newly developed timber structure that is able to make a large-scale building is expected. A composite steel-timber structure will be one of the effective methods to expand the structural variations. In this paper, the bending test of composite steel-timber beam classified typical joint methods is conducted to grasp basic structural performance.
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Domański, Tomasz, and Kamil Kmiecik. "Load-bearing capacity of the steel-to-timber connections in fire temperature." MATEC Web of Conferences 262 (2019): 09005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926209005.
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Connections are usually the weakest parts in most structures, especially in fire conditions. The load-bearing capacity of timber structures is often limited by the resistance of steel connection between timber structural members. The temperature distribution in the cross-section as well as the influence of steel fasteners on the charring of the timber members is necessary to predict the fire resistance of the connection. This paper presents a summary of results from numerical studies on the fire behaviour of the steel connections between timber structural members. To make the three-dimensional thermal models of the joints, the FE (finite element) programme SAFIR was used. Then, the finite element models of the connections were used to analyse the temperature distribution inside cross-sections under standard ISO-fire exposure. The failure modes from the literature were used to predict the load-bearing capacity of the steel connections at elevated temperatures. The reduction of the cross-section caused by charring, the reduction of embedment strength and the reduction of steel strength at fire conditions were taken into account in the calculations.
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Daňková, Jana. "Timber - Concrete Structural Element with Glued Steel Mesh." Advanced Materials Research 1000 (August 2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.91.
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Future of the building technologies are now confronted with the concept of sustainable development. Environmental criteria are becoming a standard part of the process of design and analysis of building structures. Research and development of environmentally acceptable structures is one of the priorities. Timber-concrete structures are perspective in terms of environmental criteria. This paper discusses the results gained from experimental verification of stiffness parameters for new type of composite structural member. The connections of wood and concrete composite part cross-section are provided with perforated steel bar. The slip coefficient was determined for this type of connection.
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KUWAMURA, Hitoshi. "SPLITTING STRESSES IN NOTCHED TIMBER BEAMS : Study on steel-framed timber structures Part." Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 619 (2007): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aijs.72.111_4.
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Moritani, Fabiana Y., Carlos E. J. Martins, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "A literature review on cold-formed steel-timber composite structures." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 8489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.moritani.
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State-of-the-art steel-timber composite structures (STC), using cold-formed steel (CFS) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), are considered in this review. Literature on this type of construction solution is reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics and advantages of STC. Previous experimental and numerical studies with STC structures, mainly composite solutions with CFS beams and CLT panels, are discussed to assess the behavior of this structural typology. A comprehensive description of the connection systems performance in different STC structures is also provided. Furthermore, the design and analytical methods currently available are presented. Likewise, details on aspects related to dynamic properties and fire resistance are discussed.
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Moritani, Fabiana Y., Carlos E. J. Martins, and Alfredo M. P. G. Dias. "A literature review on cold-formed steel-timber composite structures." BioResources 16, no. 4 (September 10, 2021): 8489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8489-8508.
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State-of-the-art steel-timber composite structures (STC), using cold-formed steel (CFS) and cross-laminated timber (CLT), are considered in this review. Literature on this type of construction solution is reviewed to provide an overview of the characteristics and advantages of STC. Previous experimental and numerical studies with STC structures, mainly composite solutions with CFS beams and CLT panels, are discussed to assess the behavior of this structural typology. A comprehensive description of the connection systems performance in different STC structures is also provided. Furthermore, the design and analytical methods currently available are presented. Likewise, details on aspects related to dynamic properties and fire resistance are discussed.
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Koval, P. S., A. G. Chernykh, E. V. Danilov, V. I. Klevan, and V. V. Belov. "Regarding the performance of composite metal and timber I-beams with a wall of corrugated steel sheet and belts of laminated veneer lumber." Вестник гражданских инженеров 19, no. 6 (2022): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2022-19-6-5-9.
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The article presents theoretical analysis of the performance of composite metal and timber I-beams with a wall of corrugated steel sheet and belts of laminated veneer lumber (LVL). Based on the classical theory of composite timber beams with compliance joints developed by P. F. Pleshkov and A. R. Rzhanitsyn, there has been derived the linear inhomogeneous differential equation of bending of composite beam made of corrugated steel, timber and timber-based materials. There are indicated the modules requiring of experimental determination of their values for this type of structures (namely, the joint stiffness coefficient, the reduced modulus of solid beam elasticity).
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Stojic, Dragoslav, and Radovan Cvetkovic. "Design of connections in composite timber-concrete structures." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 4, no. 2 (2006): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0602127s.
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This work deals with composite timber concrete structures. By combining timber and concrete in new type of composite material and using the best properties both materials, the high tensile strength of a timber and the high compressive strength of a concrete, depending of different building conditions we can find a lot o reasons for decision to apply this type of the structure in comparison to concrete or steel structure. Here, design methods and procedures for determination of load bearing capacity bar shaped connectors (fasteners) very often used as element connecting timber and concrete in composite structures will be given. The procedure will be exposed and explained according to the new fashioned methods collected as set of Euro-norms in Eurocode 5. The design equations in Eurocode 5 derived from Johansen's work are based on a rigid plastic behavior of the fastener under bending moments and the timber under embedding stresses and take into account the plastic moment capacity of the fastener.
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Utkin, V. A., and I. I. Gotovtsev. "CRESTED SHEAR CONNECTORS APPLICATION TO COMBINE REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB AND PLANK-NAILED STRUCTURE OF BRIDGE SPAN." Russian Automobile and Highway Industry Journal 17, no. 3 (July 22, 2020): 414–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26518/2071-7296-2020-17-3-414-427.
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Introduction. The construction of bridges using timber materials is experiencing a real boom throughout the world .The USA is considered to be a leader, where 80% of the bridges are made of timber or materials based on it. In Russia timber bridge construction has been stagnating for the last 50 years, although there is a need for these bridges. Timber structures could solve many problems with Russian roads, especially in remote areas. Timber structures are widely considered to be outdated, so they cannot meet current requirements of load capacity and durability, also they are vulnerable to atmospheric influences, etc. But foreign experience proves the contrary. The article is devoted to the implementation of new plank-nailed spans that meet current requirements of load capacity, reliability and durability.Materials and methods. The authors suggest and describe a new span structure. The span consists of planktimber- nailed-dowel blocks and a reinforced concrete slab generating a composite action. Some special crested shear connectors are suggested as combining elements. The top part works as flexible shear connectors in a reinforced concrete slab. The bottom part works as dowels with steel joints and timbers structures. The investigation of the stress-strain state of the structure has been completed within “compound beam” theory.Results. The application of the cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab allows to protect supporting timber structures against atmospheric influences, dirt, cracking from the sun rays, radiation and provides at least 50-year durability. The timber preservation provides a specified service life. The application of suggested connection with composite action between a reinforced concrete slab and supporting timber structures increases effectiveness of the composite timber concrete structure compared to steel and reinforced concrete structures. Trans-Baikal territory, Irkutsk and Arkhangelsk Regions, Khabarovsk Territory, the Republics of Sakha (Yakutia), Buriatia, Karelia are in the greatest need of the timber concrete composite spans, because they have a lot of forest resources and old timber bridges that are still in service.
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Cvetkovic, Radovan, and Dragoslav Stojic. "Design methods of a timber-concrete T-cross-section." Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 2, no. 5 (2003): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace0305329c.
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This paper deals with the composite timber-concrete structures. By combining timber and concrete in a new type of composite material and using the best properties of both materials (the high tensile strength of timber and the high compressive strength of concrete) a new type of composite structure is obtained, which can have many applications, depending on the different building conditions, due to the certain advantages it has over concrete or steel structures. Here, the design procedures according to the theory of elasticity based on the exact method and approximate method are given in order, and particularly according to the regulations and recommendations of the modern concept for design of timber structures and concrete structures given in Eurocode 5 and based on the limit states of bearing capacity and usability of structures.
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GEČYS, Tomas, and Alfonsas DANIŪNAS. "ROTATIONAL STIFFNESS DETERMINATION OF THE SEMI-RIGID TIMBER-STEEL CONNECTION." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 23, no. 8 (November 20, 2017): 1021–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2017.1374305.
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In this research, the component method implementation for determination of the rotational stiffness of timber-steel connection is shown. Component method is one of the most commonly used methods for determination of the bending moment-rotation relation which later may be used in the practical analysis of the connection. The component method is not widely used for the analysis of the semi-rigid timber connections. There are only several investigations previously done on the component method implementation for the timber connections and most of them are based on only one basic component, i.e. timber compression or glued-in steel rod in tension. This article presents a new investigation of rotational stiffness determination algorithm of the semi-rigid timber-steel connection, which is based on the component method. The component method’s mechanical model of the connection combines all components which have influence on the rotational stiffness of the connection. The analysed timber-steel connection is subjected to pure bending. Stiffness coefficients of the steel part components are determined according to the Eurocode 3: design of steel structures Part 1-8: Design of joints. The timber part components are derived from the full-scale laboratory experiments and finite element modelling results, presented in the previous publications of the authors. The presented rotational stiffness determination results are well in line with the experimental and finite element modelling results, published in the previous publications.
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Pan, Fu Ting, Tao Wu, and Li Zhang. "The Applied Research of Steel-Timber Combined Member to Steel Structure Residence." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 717–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.717.
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The steel industry has developed rapidly in recent years. At the same time,steel structure residence also rises gradually.Buckling is the main disadvantage of steel structures,so the strength of steel can't be fully utilized. Steel-timber combined member has both excellent mechanical properties and nice decoration effect, and can be well applied in steel residential building.
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Mitchell, Denis, René Tinawi, and Richard G. Redwood. "Damage to buildings due to the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake — a Canadian code perspective." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 5 (October 1, 1990): 813–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-093.
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Damage to building structures during the October 17, 1989, Loma Prieta earthquake prompted site visits by the authors. This paper presents examples of damage to buildings constructed with reinforced concrete, steel, masonry, and timber. The observed damage is used to illustrate some of the seismic design clauses in the 1990 National Building Code of Canada, the 1984 Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Standard for the Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings, and the 1989 CSA Standard for the Limit States Design of Steel Structures. The important roles played by the presence of soft soil, poor structural layouts, inadequate detailing, the lack of reinforcement in masonry, as well as inadequate connections to foundations are highlighted. Examples of the performance of upgraded structures are also given, and the concern over the presence of existing hazardous buildings in significant seismic zones in Canada is emphasized. Key words: seismic design, earthquake, Loma Prieta, structures, codes, concrete, steel, masonry, timber, upgrading.
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Fu, Meizhen, and Guoxi Tang. "Mechanical Performance Analysis of Steel-Timber Structure System with Reinforced Layer Based on Particle Algorithm." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (July 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7031910.
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With the continuous development of science and technology, the state attaches great importance to industry, and the research on materials by researchers is getting more and more in-depth. The steel-wood structure is one of the material structures that has been focused on. The steel-timber composite (STC) structure has the characteristics of good mechanical performance, sustainable attributes, and lightweight. For the steel-timber structure with reinforced layer, its mechanical performance is better, stronger, and more durable. Particle algorithm (PSO for short) is an intelligent search algorithm derived from simulating the foraging behavior of birds. The PSO algorithm uses the information exchange ability of the population to search for the problem to obtain the optimal solution. The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanical properties of steel-timber structural systems with reinforced layers. In this paper, an improved PSO algorithm is proposed, and the algorithm model is used to conduct static tests on steel-timber structures with reinforced layers. The experimental results in this paper show for A and B two different steel-timber specimens with reinforced layers. When the number of reinforced layers of the A specimen is twice that of the B specimen, the stagnation amplitude of the B specimen is twice that of the A specimen. The cumulative energy consumption of A will be relatively more, in every 1 mm of displacement. A specimen is 4.6 kN·mm on average than B specimen, and the damping coefficient of A specimen is 0.028 larger than that of B specimen. This shows that for specimens with more reinforced layers, the higher the ultimate fatigue strength, the stronger the bearing capacity and the better the stability.
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Buka-Vaivade, K., D. Serdjuks, D. Zvirina, and L. Pakrastins. "Experimental analysis of timber-concrete composite behaviour with synthetic fibres." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2423, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2423/1/012014.
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Abstract With the growing importance of the principles of sustainable construction, the use of load-bearing timber-concrete composite structures is becoming increasingly popular. Timber-concrete composite offers wider possibilities for the use of timber in construction, especially for large-span structures. The most significant benefit from combining these materials can be obtained by providing a rigid connection between the timber and concrete layers, which can be obtained by the adhesive timber-to-concrete connection produced by the proposed stone chips method. A sustainable solution involves the abandonment of steel longitudinal reinforcement. The use of such a solution in practice is often associated with fears of a fragile collapse. Therefore, the issue of how to increase the safety factor of the proposed material is topical now. The experimental investigation is made to determine the effect of synthetic fibre use on timber-concrete composite behaviour by testing a series of timber-concrete composite specimens with and without fibres in the concrete layer. The obtained results show that adding 0.5 % of synthetic macro fibres allows to abandon the use of longitudinal steel reinforcement and prevents the formation of large cracks in concrete and the disintegration of the concrete layer in case of collapse.
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Vavrusova, Kristyna, Antonin Lokaj, David Mikolasek, and Oldrich Sucharda. "Analysis of Longitudinal Timber Beam Joints Loaded with Simple Bending." Sustainability 12, no. 21 (November 9, 2020): 9288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12219288.
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The joints in timber structures are often the decisive factor in determining the load-bearing capacity, rigidity, sustainability, and durability of timber structures. Compared with the fasteners used for steel and concrete structures, fasteners for timber structures generally have a lower load-bearing capacity and rigidity, with the exception of glued joints. Glued joints in timber structures constitute a diverse group of rigid joints which are distinguished by sudden failure when the joint’s load-bearing capacity is reached. In this contribution, the load-bearing capacity of a longitudinal joint for a beam under simple flexural stress is analyzed using glued, double-sided splices. Joints with double-sided splices and connecting screws were also tested to compare the load-bearing capacity and rigidity. A third series of tests was carried out on joints made using glued double-sided splices augmented with screws. The aim of this combined joint was to ensure greater ductility after the load-bearing capacity of the glued splice joint had been reached.
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Bihina, Gisèle, Sébastien Durif, Abdelhamid Bouchaïr, Véronique Saulnier, and Bin Zhao. "Timber encasement of steel structures as an alternative fire insulation." ce/papers 4, no. 2-4 (September 2021): 1289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.1423.
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Porteous, Alexander, and Abdy Kermani. "Fully Overlapping Nailed Joints with Steel Gussets in Timber Structures." Journal of Structural Engineering 131, no. 5 (May 2005): 806–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2005)131:5(806).
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Rebouças, Arthur S., Zabih Mehdipour, Jorge M. Branco, and Paulo B. Lourenço. "Ductile Moment-Resisting Timber Connections: A Review." Buildings 12, no. 2 (February 19, 2022): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020240.
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In the last two decades, high-rise timber buildings have been built using the glulam truss system, even with limited openings. Moment-resisting timber frames (MRTF) with semi-rigid beam-to-column connections can be an architecture-friendly way to provide a load-carrying system to vertical and horizontal loads for timber buildings. In these structures, connections of adequate ductility are crucial to ensure robustness and energy dissipation. This paper presents a review of the main types of timber beam–column moment connections with improved ductility and proposes to carry out a ductility assessment of these connections based on the most relevant ductility factors. Joints have a significant influence on the global performance of MRTF, and the application of ductile connections have improved the mechanical parameters of the timber frame. The reinforced bolted slotted-in steel plate and glued-in rods connections have similar mechanical performance, with high rotation capacity and good ultimate moment, but exhibited different failure modes under cyclic loading. The connections were classified within ductility classes. In general, the glued-in steel rods presented better results because of the high influence of steel profiles in the connection yielding. Despite the excellent mechanical behavior, the reinforced bolted slotted-in steel plate connections presented medium ductility values.
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Dobes, Pavel, Antonin Lokaj, and David Mikolasek. "Load-Carrying Capacity of Double-Shear Bolted Connections with Slotted-In Steel Plates in Squared and Round Timber Based on the Experimental Testing, European Yield Model, and Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics." Materials 15, no. 8 (April 7, 2022): 2720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15082720.
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Nowadays, the use of timber as a building material is gaining more prominence. When designing timber structures, it is necessary to pay increased attention to the design of their connections. The commonly used connections are dowel-type connections, which are often used in combination with steel plates slotted into cut-outs in timber members. The presented paper deals with the behavior of double-shear bolted connections of squared timber and round timber with slotted-in steel plates. Several variants of connections with different distances between the fastener and the loaded end were selected for the experimental testing. A total of six types of test specimens were made from spruce timber, for which their selected physical properties were determined and evaluated before the experimental testing. Test specimens of bolted connections were first tested in tension parallel to the grain until failure under quasi-static loading. The connections were broken by splitting. Ductile failure preceded brittle failure. The actual load-carrying capacities were lowest for the lowest end distance. The load-carrying capacities for the middle and the longest end distances were comparable. The results of the experiments were then used for comparison with calculation procedures according to the standard for the design of timber structures and with calculations according to the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics. The experiments and the analytical models were supported by a simple numerical analysis based on the finite element method.
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Le and Tsai. "Experimental Assessment of the Fire Resistance Mechanisms of Timber–Steel Composites." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12234003.
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Hybrid structures known as timber–steel composites (TSCs) have been extensively studied due to their potential use as alternative construction materials that can satisfy demands related to sustainability. In addition to load capacity, fire resistance is a major consideration regarding the extensive use of TSCs. In this study, 12 specimens were tested using a glulam timber material covering cold-formed steel at the center. Specifically, the TSCs were fabricated from two timber blocks and an I-shaped steel core assembled using dowels or glue as a major structure. In order to use additional timber as a fire protection layer to protect a major structure by its charcoal produced after being burned, an additional timber with 5 cm in thickness was used to cover the major structure. The 1-h fire testing of TSC following the ISO 834-1 standard was applied, in order to achieve the potential application for a 4-story timber building. The results showed that temperatures at the steel flange increased by more than 300 °C for the final 5 min in 10 out of the 12 TSC specimens, indicating that the fire protection provided by the timber structure was not sufficient. The charcoal layer surpassing the extra timber was originally set and entered the steel structure of the TSC, which was expected to retain its physical qualities after a fire. Methods for evaluating the charring properties, based on the conventional method for wood and the standard specification set by Eurocode 5, were used to assess the structural degradation of TSCs. The conventional assessments showed a divergence from the actual performance of TSCs. Such variations demonstrated the limitations of models for conventional wood in assessing the structure of a TSC. A realistic assessment was conducted to expand knowledge related to this composite under destructive processes and provide fire reference values for the practical implementation of TSCs.
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Vogiatzis, Tzanetis, Themistoklis Tsalkatidis, and Aris Avdelas. "Steel framed structures with cross laminated timber infill shear walls and semi-rigid connections." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 4 (October 19, 2019): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i4.29742.
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In recent years, hybrid steel-timber structures are seeing an increasing use in modern building construction at a competitive price. Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is a prefabricated multi-layer engineered panel wood product, manufactured by gluing layers of solid-sawn lumber at perpendicular angles. Their orientation results in excellent structural rigidity in both orthogonal directions. CLT construction materials are used not only for flooring systems and roof assemblies, but CLT infill shear walls are also gaining a lot of interest as a promising alternative for sustainable primary lateral load resistance systems. This paper extends the current research background on hybrid steel-timber structures. To achieve that, this work is conducted in such way as to explore the potentiality of incorporating CLT infill shear walls within steel framed structures with semi-rigid connections (STSW). In particular, a three-dimensional finite element model using the general-purpose finite ele-ment program ANSYS is generated herein to study the mechanical behaviour of a single-bay, two storey STSW system with semi-rigid connections. Analytical results show that the presence of CLT infill shear walls can significantly improve the performance of moment-resisting frame systems, for multi-storey buildings. Moreover, it is observed from the extended parametrical study that the STSW systems show better performance when an appropriate plastic moment ratio index is defined.
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Vodiannikov, Mikhail, and Galina Kashevarova. "Composite Solutions for Glulam Joints." Key Engineering Materials 801 (May 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.801.47.
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The current level of the development of composite materials allows producing laminate structures with the desired properties. The application of supercomputer calculation and software systems, numerical modeling methods using finite elements enables the design and analysis of such structures. This article deals with design and calculation methods; the results of the full-scale tests of the joints of glued laminated timber with carbon fiber dowel pins and plates are presented. An overview of the behavior of such structures in corrosive environment and the comparative analysis with traditional steel components are also presented herein. Advantages and disadvantages of glulam joints where composite materials are used are noted. Examples of the joint use of composi\te materials and timber in Russia and internationally are given. Conclusions about the possibilities and ways of using composite materials in the design of wide-spanned glued timber structures are drawn.
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Villar-García, José Ramón, Pablo Vidal-López, Desirée Rodríguez-Robles, and Manuel Moya Ignacio. "Friction Coefficients of Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Sawn Timber for Numerical Simulation of Timber Joints." Forests 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13071078.
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This study focuses on the friction characteristics of chestnut sawn timber (Castanea sativa Mill.) of Spanish origin. The values of both the static and dynamic friction coefficients were determined, as this knowledge is of interest for the numerical simulation of the stress transmission in joints of timber structures. Therefore, two sets of tests were carried out combining different orthotropic orientations. Firstly, timber-to-timber tests were assessed to obtain the coefficients applicable to carpentry joints; secondly, timber-to-steel friction was also evaluated to determine the coefficients needed for mechanical joints with metal plates and dowels. The results presented a conventional behavior of friction, i.e., a maximum static value before sliding and a subsequent decrease. For timber-to-timber tests, global mean values of μs = 0.47 and μk = 0.36 were found, and the results were slightly higher than those obtained between pieces with the same orthotropic orientation and sliding direction. Regarding timber-to-steel tests, the resulting friction coefficients, as well as the difference existing between the static and dynamic values were lower (μs = 0.19 and μk = 0.17) compared to the timber-to-timber sets. The use of these results in numerical studies would allow for closer simulations in which chestnut wood is involved in friction. In addition, the values provided herein could be included as new data in standards that already consider other wood species.
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Slivanský, M. "Experimental verification of the resistance of glass beams." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-012-0003-x.
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Experimental verification of the resistance of glass beamsExperimental research at the Department of Steel and Timber Structures at SUT in Bratislava focused on the verification of the behavior of modern glass structures. Four types of glass beams were tested - laminated beams made of annealed (ANG) and fully tempered glass (FTG) in interactions with or without steel elements (as reinforcement). The results of the experimental research were also compared with theoretical models using FEM calculations.
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Chen, Fei, Zheng Li, Minjuan He, Yanbo Wang, Zhan Shu, and Guirong He. "Seismic performance of self-centering steel-timber hybrid shear wall structures." Journal of Building Engineering 43 (November 2021): 102530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102530.
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Li, Zheng, Minjuan He, Frank Lam, Minghao Li, Renle Ma, and Zhong Ma. "Finite element modeling and parametric analysis of timber-steel hybrid structures." Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings 23, no. 14 (July 30, 2013): 1045–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tal.1107.
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Far, Harry, and Claire Far. "Timber Portal Frames vs Timber Truss-Based Systems for Residential Buildings." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (July 28, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9047679.
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A large number of structures have been built during or after the construction of a house or residential-zoned building, which are not built at the same time and/or integrally with the structural integrity of the residential dwelling. These include carports, pergolas, sheds, and barns. The typical method of constructing these structures is a general timber truss and column system. The aim of this study is to look at the feasibility and economic incentive that may be gained from using a timber portal frame system, similar to the steel or timber portal frames used for larger industrial constructions, over the traditional timber truss and column arrangement. In this study, designs for three cases of timber truss and timber portals were carried out using industry appropriate methods and standards. Using the design information and data gathered through talks with industry professionals, both methods of construction were compared on cost and overall time duration. From the comparison of the truss and portal designs, the use of timber portal frames over timber truss systems proved to have advantage in relation to overall cost and man power involved. This could certainly affect the current attitude towards the construction of small residential buildings in the future.
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Buchanan, A. H., and R. H. Fairweather. "Seismic design of glulam structures." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 26, no. 4 (December 31, 1993): 415–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.26.4.415-436.
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This paper gives an overview of the seismic performance of glue laminated (glulam) timber frame buildings. It describes the wide range of connections that can be used in glulam frames, for both single storey and multi-storey buildings, with particular reference to seismic loading.
Several new connections incorporating epoxied steel bars are described in detail. Testing of these connections under simulated seismic loading is reported, with recommendations for seismic design.
A design procedure is given for low rise multi-storey glulam frame buildings.
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Anwaar, Omer, Micael Bello‐Garcia, and J. H. Matias de Paula Filho. "Efficient design of an office building as Steel/Timber hybrid – A case study." ce/papers 6, no. 3-4 (September 2023): 1037–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2620.
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AbstractWith Climate change and environmental degradation, the climate emergency is just round the corner, to tackle this issue the European Union aims towards no net emissions of greenhouse gases by 2050. This would require designers to rethink the way buildings/structures are designed and most importantly with which material they must be designed.The way forward is to have a sustainable design, with as little environmental impact as possible, but unfortunately the best materials in terms of environmental impact are not the cheapest. Hence, in this paper we would discuss how the two materials Steel and Timber maybe combined to form a hybrid structure – an Office building, taking advantage of steel's greater spanning strength and ductility and at the same time have a balanced carbon implication.The study will also show, some of lessons learnt while comparing the two solutions, a complete timber design and a steel‐timber hybrid solution. Finally, a brief LCA analysis of solutions along with a steel‐concrete composite alternative will also be presented.
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Hassan, Osama A. B., and Christopher Johansson. "Glued laminated timber and steel beams." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 398–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-12-2017-0130.
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Purpose This paper aims to compare glued laminated timber and steel beams with respect to structural design, manufacturing and assembly costs and the amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents structural design requirements in conformance with EN 1993: Eurocode 5 and Eurocode 3. With the help of these standards, expressions are derived to evaluate the design criteria of the beams. Based on the results of life-cycle analysis, the economic properties and environmental impact of the two types of beam are investigated. In this paper, the effect of beam span on the design values, costs and carbon dioxide emissions is analysed when investigating aspects of the structural design, economy and environmental impact. Different cross-sections are chosen for this purpose. Findings The study shows that the glued laminated (abbreviated as “glulam”) beams have a smaller tendency to lateral torsional buckling than the steel beams, and that they can be cheaper. From an environmental point of view, glulam beams are the more environmentally friendly option of the two beam materials. Furthermore, glulam beams may have a direct positive effect on the environment, considering the carbon storage capacity of the wood. The disadvantage of glued wood is that larger dimensions are sometimes required. Research limitations/implications Wind load and the effect of second-order effects have not been considered when analysing the static design. Only straight beams have been studied. Furthermore, the dynamic design of the beams has not been investigated, and the bearing pressure capacity of the supports has not been analyzed. We have investigated timber beams with a rectangular cross-section, and steel beams of rolled I-sections, known as “HEA profiles”. The cost analysis is based mainly on the manufacturing and assembly costs prevalent on the Swedish market. The only environmental impact investigated has been the emission of greenhouse gases. The design calculations are based on the European standards Eurocode 5 and Eurocode 3. Practical implications To achieve sustainability in construction engineering, it is important to study the environmental and economic consequences of the building elements. By combining these two effects with the technical design of buildings made of steel and/or timber, the concept of sustainable development can be achieved in the long run. Social implications The study concerns sustainability of building structures, which is an important of the sustainable development of the society. Originality/value The paper contains new information and will be useful to researchers and civil engineers.
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Yang, Deshan, Ming Xu, and Zhongfan Chen. "Experimental study on the reinforcement methods and lateral resistance of mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 20, 2021): 4039–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.4039-4051.
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In order to study the lateral resistance of reinforced traditional Chinese timber frames with mortise-tenon connections, three cyclic tests were conducted on one-bay mortise-tenon jointed traditional timber frames. Three reinforcement methods, i.e., steel angle strengthening, wood brace, and Timu, were studied. Seismic performances were evaluated according to the experimental phenomena and the test results. The failure mode, hysteresis curves, skeleton curves, curves of stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity of the three specimens were analyzed based on the tests. The test results showed that the wood frames had good deformability. The stiffness degradation of the timber frame was severe at the initial loading stage; however, the degradation rate tended to decrease after the initial stage. In addition, the energy dissipation increased as the lateral displacement increased. The wooden frames with mortise tenon joints strengthened by steel angle, wood brace, and Timu can achieve good aseismic results. The study can provide a theoretical basis for seismic design and reinforcing methods of traditional timber structures.
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Abed, Joseph, Scott Rayburg, John Rodwell, and Melissa Neave. "A Review of the Performance and Benefits of Mass Timber as an Alternative to Concrete and Steel for Improving the Sustainability of Structures." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (May 5, 2022): 5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095570.
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The construction industry represents one of the greatest contributors to atmospheric emissions of CO2 and anthropogenic climate change, largely resulting from the production of commonly used building materials such as steel and concrete. It is well understood that the extraction and manufacture of these products generates significant volumes of greenhouse gases and, therefore, this industry represents an important target for reducing emissions. One possibility is to replace emissions-intensive, non-renewable materials with more environmentally friendly alternatives that minimise resource depletion and lower emissions. Although timber has not been widely used in mid- to high-rise buildings since the industrial revolution, recent advances in manufacturing have reintroduced wood as a viable product for larger and more complex structures. One of the main advantages of the resurgence of wood is its environmental performance; however, there is still uncertainty about how mass timber works and its suitability relative to key performance criteria for construction material selection. Consequently, the aim of this study is to help guide decision making in the construction sector by providing a comprehensive review of the research on mass timber. Key performance criteria for mass timber are reviewed, using existing literature, and compared with those for typical concrete construction. The review concludes that mass timber is superior to concrete and steel when taking into consideration all performance factors, and posits that the construction industry should, where appropriate, transition to mass timber as the low-carbon, high performance building material of the future.
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Qu, Qin, Xiao Yan Zheng, and Xiang Tao Chen. "Nonlinear Static Analysis of Staggered Truss Steel-Timber Combined Structure." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 2082–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.2082.
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This paper, combined the characteristics of steel structure and timber structure, conceives a new system of residential structures—staggered truss steel-timber combined structure, carries out structural arrangement and optimization design on a six-layer residence, and makes a study on its seismic performance under rare earthquake. The author uses commercial structural analysis softwareto establish a basic model, conducts pushover analysis, draws the load-displacement curve, then getsthe capacity spectrum of the model, next compares with the demand spectrum under 8 degrees (0.3g)rare earthquake, finally gets the performance point of the structure. The results show that the inter-story displacement angles can meet the limit of seismic code. Meanwhile auther analyzes the distribution and the appearance sequence of plastic hinges, plastic hinges mainly occur in the truss webs, the chords and the frame beams in succession, and the number of plastic hinges is more. Bottom columns finally appear plastic hinges. These phenomena meet the design requirement—strong column-weak beam.Finally this paper gets a conclusion that staggered truss steel-timber combined structure shows good seismic capacity.
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Yang, Haixu, Yue Guo, Haibiao Wang, and Zihang Jiang. "Research on the Shear Performance of Cold-Formed Thin-Walled Steel-Glued Laminated Wood Composite Beams." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 21, 2023): 2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122903.
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This paper proposes a new type of composite box beam combined with cold-formed thin-walled steel and glued laminated timber to develop green building structures while improving the load-carrying capacity of a single steel girder and glued timber girder. Two composite beams composed of laminated timber and Q235 cold-formed thin-walled steel were designed and fabricated. Then, the shear performance test with quadratic loading was carried out to analyze the load carrying capacity, damage modes, and deformation characteristics of the test beams, as well as their influencing factors. Subsequently, a finite element model of the composite beam was established, and the loading mode was the same as that of the test to further study the parameters affecting the shear performance of the composite beam. The results of the study indicate that steel and glued timber in composite beams connected by adhesive bonding can work and deform together under load and each give full play to its material properties, especially the composite beams, which exhibit higher shear strength than a steel or timber beam. The effects of parameters such as steel cross-sectional area, shear span ratio, steel skeleton form, and steel cross-sectional strength on the shear capacity of the composite beams were observed, among which the shear span ratio had the greatest effect on the shear capacity of the composite beams. The shear capacity decreased by 14.3% and 19.5% when the shear span ratio was increased from 1.5 to 2.0 and 2.5, respectively. The shear capacity of the combined composite beams increased by 10.6%, 6.3%, and 5.8% when the thickness was increased from 1.5 mm to 2.0 mm, 2.5 mm, and 3.0 mm, respectively. When the combination of the steel cross-section was a box beam, the overall shear-bearing capacity could be increased by 12% compared with the “I” type composite beam, although its shear stiffness was close to that of the “I” section composite beam.
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SKLIAROV, Ihor, and Tetiana SKLIAROVA. "THE PROPERTIES SYNERGY OF STEEL AND WOOD IN THE CONSTRUCTIONS OF METAL-AND-TIMBER I-BEAMS WITH A CORRUGATED WALL." Building constructions. Theory and Practice, no. 11 (December 26, 2022): 94–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.11.2022.94-103.
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In modern bearing structures of frame widely used thin-wall steel profiles and constructions from glued timber. Each of these materials has its own advantages and disadvantages in the issues of bearing capacity, rigidity, heat engineering and other physical characteristics. For further improvement of the efficiency of bearing frame buildings it is expedient to consider possibility of combination of positive properties of timber and metal due to their optimal constructive combination.
The purpose of the research is to determine the effectiveness and expediency of using metal-and-timber I-beam profiles in the construction of building frames. The uniqueness of this construction lies in to synthesize the properties of corrugated metal wall, which is well perceived transverse forces in beams, and belts from mass or glued timber, which are able to perceive significant normal stress along fibers and at the expense of the intensity contribute to the guarantee of bending-steep stability of beams.
For a reliable combination of steel profiled sheet and timber belts it is possible to use mechanical suppression of rigid corrugated steel wall in timber belts, or connection with two-component epoxy adhesive, which has good adhesion both with metal and timber surfaces. As a result of the use of metal profiled walls in timber double-walled beams there is an increase in bearing capacity, rigidity of profile, the necessary height of cut and own weight of beams is reduced. All this significantly increases the range of use of double-branch beams with belts from timber and increases their efficiency.
To ensure high corrosion resistance, a galvanized metal sheet is used. Due to the use of timber and thin corrugated wall, the own weight of combined beams is 2-3 times less than the same metal and solid timber beams of rectangular cut, which reduces the cost of building construction. Application of combined metal-and-timber beams is a promising direction of further increase of efficiency of constructions of bearing frame of buildings, combining positive properties of two materials.
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Xu, De Liang, Wei Qing Liu, Ding Zhou, Jian Dong Ding, Ying Lei, and Wei Dong Lu. "The Study on Mechanical Properties of Single-Bolted Steel-Glulam-Steel Joints." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.204.
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Seven groups, total of 31 single-bolted steel-glulam-steel joints, were tested for their mechanical performance. The mechanical properties of single-bolted steel-glulam-steel connection subjected to a load parallel to the grain have been studied. The failure mode and failure mechanism of bolted connections were discussed in detail. It is shown that the failure mode, bearing capacity, stiffness and ductility of the joint are mainly relative to the thickness of the glulam and the diameter of the bolt. Due to the wide application of bolted steel-glulam-steel connections in engineering, the present work can be taken as a reference in manufacture, and design of modern timber structures.
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Poletti, Elisa, and Graca Vasconcelos. "Seismic Behaviour and Retrofitting of Timber Frame Walls." Advanced Materials Research 778 (September 2013): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.778.706.
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Half-timbered buildings are well known as one of the most efficient seismic resistant structure in the world, but their popularity is not only due to their seismic performance, but also to their low cost and the strength they offer. These structures generally consist of exterior masonry walls with timber elements embedded which tie the walls together and internal walls which have a timber frame with masonry infill and act as shear walls. Generally, different types of infill could be applied to half-timbered walls depending on the country, namely brick masonry, rubble masonry, hay, mud, etc. The focus of this paper is to study the seismic behaviour of the walls when no infill is present, i.e. considering only the timber frame, and then compare the results with those of the infill walls. Static cyclic tests have been performed on unreinforced timber frame walls and appropriate strengthening solutions have been applied in order to test the walls in a retrofitted condition, namely (1) steel plates with different configurations and (2) steel flat bars inserted with the NSM technique.
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Zhou, Xian Yan, Qian Wang, Zhi Feng Wang, Zhong Feng Zhang, and Lei Cao. "Research on Mechanical Properties and Engineering Application of Modern Timber Structure." Advanced Materials Research 639-640 (January 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.639-640.105.
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Modern timber structure holds many virtues in the fields of construction, such as energy-saving, green, aesthetics, ect, superior to concrete and steel bridge. Meanwhile，it is the mechanical properties of timber structure that have been attracted much attention compared with other structures. It is not only glue laminated timber(glulam) but also tri-axial grids sandwich panels（TGSP）satisfy high load-bearing capacity and long-span requirements of modern timber bridge. As two essential parts of elements used as columns，decks in modern timber structure, glulam column had more full hysteretic curve with high energy-consuming ability and good seismic performance under reciprocating load was showed in this paper , and excellent compression property and bending property of TGSP were also studied . Finally, an engineering application was introduced. Filling the domestic gaps in bridge construction successfully, the first modern timber bridge in China has remarkable significant and greatly boosts the development of timber work.
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Shabani, Amirhosein, Ali Alinejad, Mohammad Teymouri, André Nascimento Costa, Mahgol Shabani, and Mahdi Kioumarsi. "Seismic Vulnerability Assessment and Strengthening of Heritage Timber Buildings: A Review." Buildings 11, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120661.
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Recent studies highlight the potential impact of earthquakes on cultural heritage sites and monuments, which in turn yield significant adverse impacts on economies, politics, and societies. Several aspects such as building materials, structural responses, and restoration strategies must be considered in the conservation of heritage structures. Timber is an old organic construction material. Most of the historic timber structures were not designed to withstand seismic forces; therefore, the seismic vulnerability assessment of heritage timber structures in areas with high seismic hazard is essential for their conservation. For this purpose, different strategies for the numerical modeling of heritage timber buildings have been developed and validated against tests results. After performing seismic analysis using detailed analytical methods and predicting the susceptible structural components, strengthening techniques should be utilized to mitigate the risk level. To this aim, various methods using wooden components, composite material, steel components, SMA etc., have been utilized and tested and are reviewed in this study. There are still some gaps, such as full-scale numerical modeling of strengthened buildings and investigating the soil–structure interaction effects on the seismic behavior of buildings that should be investigated.
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Blokhina, Nina, and Sergei Nazarenko. "Computer modeling of glued laminated timber beam reinforced with steel bars fixed with epoxy resin." MATEC Web of Conferences 196 (2018): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819601015.
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Structures of glued laminated timber have many technical and economic benefits compared to metal or reinforced concrete: lower weight, sufficient strength and durability. Competent design of such structures requires numerical analysis that best meets specified conditions. This article describes a 3D analysis of a beam composed of glued laminated timber, reinforcement bars and epoxy resin. When determining the stress-strain state of the structure, anisotropic properties of wood were also taken into account. Computer analysis of material behavior of timber, reinforcement bars and epoxy resin was performed with the help of ANSYS software package.
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Kusendová, Margaréta, and Tomáš Klas. "The Characteristics of Beam String Systems." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2014-0018.
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Abstract Large-span constructions are used more and more today in practice. While concrete and steel previously played a leading role, now constructions which use wood as a building material occur more often. This article deals with problems related to composite structure made from steel and wood by focusing on the connections of these structures in more detail. The main part of this work concentrates on the experimental verification of the resistance of four types of joints. It compares the results with Eurocode 5: design of timber structures.