Journal articles on the topic 'Steel, structural'
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1
Hohol, Myron, and Dmytro Sydorak. "STRUCTURAL EFFICIENCY OF STEEL COMBINED TRUSSES." Theory and Building Practice 2022, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2022.02.058.
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In this article on increasing the efficiency of steel combined structures, the tasks of rational design, regulation and control of structural parameters of elements, the use of steels with increased mechanical properties are considered. It is shown that for a six-span stiffening girder of a combined truss with elastic supports, which operates under a distributed load, the moment is 72 times smaller than the moment of a single-span beam. It is suggested to use high-strength steel for truss braces. Rationality criteria are proposed. On the basis of rationality criteria, new steel combined trusses were developed and their models were designed for stress tests. The results of experimental studies of models of combined trusses are presented. The results of experimental studies conducted on models of steel combined trusses qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the theoretical results obtained on the basis of the proposed theory.
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Aftandiliants, Ye G. "Modelling of structure forming in structural steels." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.04.013.
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The study showed that the influence of alloying elements on the secondary structure formation of the steels containing from 0.19 to 0.37 wt. % carbon; 0.82-1.82 silicon; 0.63-3.03 manganese; 1.01-3.09 chromium; 0.005-0.031 nitrogen; up to 0.25 wt.% vanadium and austenite grain size is determined by their change in the content of vanadium nitride phase in austenite, its alloying and overheating above tac3, and the dispersion of ferrite-pearlite, martensitic and bainitic structures is determined by austenite grain size and thermal kinetic parameters of phase transformations. Analytical dependencies are defined that describe the experimental data with a probability of 95% and an error of 10% to 18%. An analysis results of studying the structure formation of structural steel during tempering after quenching show that the dispersion and uniformity of the distribution of carbide and nitride phases in ferrite is controlled at complete austenite homogenization by diffusion mobility and the solubility limit of carbon and nitrogen in ferrite, and secondary phase quantity in case of the secondary phase presence in austenite more than 0.04 wt. %. Equations was obtained which, with a probability of 95% and an error of 0.7 to 2.6%, describe the real process.
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FUJIMOTO, Morihisa. "Structural Steel and Steel Construction." Tetsu-to-Hagane 71, no. 9 (1985): 1059–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.71.9_1059.
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Nichipuruk A. P., Stashkov A. N., Schapova E. A., Kazantseva N. V., and Makarova M. V. "XXI All-Russian School-Seminar on Problems of Condensed Matter Physics (SPCMP-21), Ekaterinburg, March 18-25, 2021. Structure and magnetic properties of low-carbon 2% Mn-doped steel manufactured by selective laser melting." Physics of the Solid State 63, no. 13 (2022): 1587. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.13.52295.25s.
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The structure, magnetic and electrical properties of low-carbon 2% Mn-doped steel manufactured by selective laser melting (3D-steel) and casting have been investigated. It was found that after normalization at 980oC for 30 minutes, 3D-steel becomes structurally similar to cast steel, while the hardness decreases by 70% compared to annealed 3D-steel. Surface stresses are maximum in as-build 3D-steel after three-hour annealing. The normalization process significantly reduced the level of residual stresses, which was confirmed via the X-ray structural analysis and magnetometric measurements. The coercive force and r remanence of normalized 3D-steel are comparable with similar properties of normalized cast steel, which indicates similar structural and stress-strain states of cast and 3D-steels. Keywords: selective laser melting, low-carbon steel doped with 2% manganese, structure, residual stresses, magnetic properties.
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Ene, Anna, Ioan Both, Ovidiu Abrudan, Aurel Stratan, Horia Florin Daşcău, and Nicușor Alin Sîrbu. "Experimental Investigation of Monotonic and Cyclic Behaviour of High-Performance Steels." Key Engineering Materials 953 (August 25, 2023): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-k0xked.
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As a new trend in modern structural design, the high-performance steels are increasingly used in steel structures, due to their superior mechanical properties, which could have decisive impact on the resistance and deformation capacity of structural components. High-performance steels include stainless and high-strength steels. The higher proof stress of the high-strength steels allows using thinner sections and material economy for those structural elements that do not experience stability problems. Austenitic stainless steel shows a series of advantages, including low maintenance costs and an excellent toughness at low temperatures. But the main characteristic which matters especially in seismic design, is the higher ductility, larger strain hardening and elongation at fracture in comparison with carbon steels. In this paper, the analysis of the behaviour of 1.4404 austenitic stainless steel and of S690 high-strength steel, in comparison with a reference S235 mild carbon steel is presented. This paper presents the assessment of the monotonic and cyclic performance of these steel grades, as well as the failure pattern, in order to assess the potential use in structural applications.
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Verő, Balázs, Dénes Zsámbók, Ákos Horváth, János Dobránszky, László Kopasz, and József Hirka. "Advanced Structural Steels in the Hungarian Steel Industry." Materials Science Forum 473-474 (January 2005): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.473-474.23.
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At the beginning of the third millennium, the world’s annual steel production reached 900 million tons. Flat products account for the majority of the production. It is also known that around three times the amount used today would be needed if the mechanical properties of the steels produced would have stagnated on the level characteristic of the 1930s and 40s. The history of the development and production of HSLA steel in Hungary dates back to the beginning of the 1960s. For the construction of the new Erzsébet Bridge, research workers at Danube Steelworks and at Steel Industry Research Institute developed the Ti micro-alloyed steel MTA50. In the study, we will summarise the history of the development of steels of the 700MPa strength category, thereafter we will introduce the main features of the project running within the scope of the National Research and Development Programme aimed at the development of DP- and TRIP-steels, and we will finally report on the results of the first year of the three-year project.
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Korchynsky, Michael. "Advanced Metallic Structural Materials and a New Role for Microalloyed Steels." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 471–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.471.
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The recent worldwide surge of steel consumption, mainly of low-strength carbon grades, has created raw-materials shortages and price increases. These supply-demand strains could be relaxed by satisfying engineering needs with less steel. However, materials used for such a substitution must combine high weight reducing potential with low cost. Microalloyed (MA) steels are cost- effective substitutes, since their high strength is the result of grain refinement and precipitation hardening. The optimum alloy design of MA steels combines superior properties with lowest processing cost. The growing use of EAF and thin slab casting technology improve the economics of MA steels, especially when alloyed with vanadium. The monetary value of weight reduction is sufficient to increase the profitability of steel makers and to lower the material cost to steel users. This “win-win” situation is financed by the elimination of efforts spent in producing inefficient steel, yielding an increase in wealth formation. To gain acceptance of substitution by the consumer, a long-term strategic plan is needed to be implemented by the beneficiaries – steel producers and steel users. The successful substitution is of importance to the national economy, resources and energy conservation, and the environment. Since microalloyed steels, used as a replacement for carbon steels, offer low-cost weight savings, they deserve to be classified as advanced structural materials.
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Kurebayashi, Yutaka, and Sadayuki Nakamura. "Structural Steels. A Case Hardening Steel, "ALFA Steel", for Cold Forging." DENKI-SEIKO[ELECTRIC FURNACE STEEL] 69, no. 1 (1998): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4262/denkiseiko.69.57.
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Stiemer, S. F. "Structural steel design." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 3 (June 1, 1990): 500–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-055.
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Du, Peng, Hongbo Liu, and Xuchen Xu. "Cyclic Performance of Structural Steels after Exposure to Various Heating–Cooling Treatments." Metals 12, no. 7 (July 5, 2022): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12071146.
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The cyclic performance of structural steels after exposure to various elevated temperatures and cooling-down methods was experimentally investigated in this paper. Four types of frequently used structural steels were tested including Chinese mild steel Grade Q235, Chinese high-strength steel Grade Q345, and Chinese stainless steel Grade S304 and S316. A total of eighty specimens were prepared using three different heating–cooling processes before being subjected to cyclic loads. The post-fire basic features and hysteretic performances of the four types of structural steels exposed to various target temperatures (100–1000 °C), heat soak times (30 min or 180 min) and cooling-down methods (natural air or water) were recorded and discussed. The results show that all the tested structural steels prepared using different heating–cooling treatments exhibited proper ductility and energy dissipation capacity, while the heat soak times and cooling-down methods had a definite effect on their energy dissipation capacity; no Masing phenomenon was found in the tested structural steels. Finally, a set of skeleton curves were proposed for the four types of structural steels under cyclic loading based on the Ramberg–Osgood model, which could serve as the foundation for the seismic capacity evaluation of steel structures after a fire.
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Kowalska, Joanna, Janusz Ryś, and Grzegorz Cempura. "Complex Structural Effects in Deformed High-Manganese Steel." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 6935. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14226935.
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The research presented in this paper is part of a larger project concerning deformation behavior, microstructure and mechanical properties of high-manganese steels with different chemical compositions and processed under various conditions. The current investigation deals with the development of microstructure and crystallographic texture of Fe-21.2Mn-2.73Al-2.99Si steel deformed in tension until fracture at ambient temperature. The deformation process of the examined steel turned out to be complex and included not only dislocation slip and twinning but also strain induced phase transformations (γ → ε) and (γ → α′). The formation of ε-martensite with hexagonal structure was observed within the microstructure of the steel starting from the range of lower strains. With increasing deformation degree, the α′-martensite showing a cubic structure gradually began to form. Attempts have been made to explain the circumstances or conditions for the occurrence of the deformation mechanisms mentioned above and their impact on the mechanical properties. The obtained results indicate that the strength and plastic properties of the steel substantially exceed those of plain carbon steels. Since both, mechanical twinning and the strain-induced phase transformations took place during deformation, it seems that both types of deformation mechanisms contributed to an increase in the mechanical properties of the examined manganese steel.
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Grigorenko, G. M., V. D. Poznyakov, T. A. Zuber, and V. A. Kostin. "Peculiarities of formation of structure in welded joints of microalloyed structural steel S460M." Paton Welding Journal 2017, no. 10 (October 28, 2017): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2017.10.01.
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Dong, Zhong Bo, Han Xiong Dong, and Xia Hong. "Simulation Research on Process Adaptability of Alloy Structural Steel 50Mn2V." Advanced Materials Research 573-574 (October 2012): 1178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.573-574.1178.
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This paper analyzes the adaptability of process of alloy structural steel 50Mn2V by simulating research. Through the high temperature tensile test、the multi-pass deformation test we study the deforming resistance characteristics of 50Mn2V steel, and carry on the contrast with high strength steels P20（3Cr2Mo）of a factory; Through thermo-plasticity test the high temperature thermoplastic of 50Mn2V steel is studied. The test result indicates a factory has ability to produce the high strength 50Mn2V steel completely with present equipment.
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Yang, Yang, Kang Min Lee, Keun Yeong Oh, and Sung Bin Hong. "Structural Performance Evaluation of Built-Up Stub Steel Column with Various Steel Grades under Concentric Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.127.
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The current local stability criteria (KBC2009, AISC2010) are enacted through theoretical and experimental studies of ordinary steels, but the mechanical properties of high strength steels are different from ordinary steels. The high strength steel in the applicability of design criteria should be needed to review because of increasing market demanding for high strength steel in the high-rise and long span buildings. In this study, stub columns of H-shaped and box section with various steel grades subjected to concentric loading were investigated, and these steels were checked to the applicability of current local stability criteria. The difference between the ordinary steel and high strength steel was compared. As a result of comparison with various steel grades, most specimens were satisfied with the design criteria, but some specimens with lower tensile strength were not reached the required strength. It is considered that the uncertainty of material was the higher when the tensile strength of material was the lower.
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Kwon, In Kyu. "Differences of Fire Resistance According to Boundary Conditions of Submarine Structural Steels." Advanced Materials Research 905 (April 2014): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.905.137.
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Structural steels have been developed in terms of users needs. Particularly, easy welding is one of the most important factors of steel works that results in submarine structural steel (SM). The SM has become a popular structural steel in building construction in columns and beams proving as good as ordinary structural steels (SS). However, evaluation of fire resistance at H-section made of SM steels was not suggested in terms of boundary conditions. In this paper, to compare the fire resistance of H-section made of SM steels, such as SM 400, SM 490, and SM 520 was tested and analyzed in terms of load carrying capacity at high temperature. The facts showed that as the strength is increased, the reduction ratio of an allowable load is rapid and fixed to fixed boundary condition was more robust than others in high temperatures.
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Chen, Yan Tang, Kai Guang Zhang, and Ji Hao Cheng. "Microstructure Evolution of a HSLA Offshore Steel with Cooling Rates." Advanced Materials Research 583 (October 2012): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.583.306.
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The high strength low alloy (HSLA) steels have been extensively used in offshore engineering. The appropriate microstructure of the HSLA structural steels was designedly controlled in steel making for offshore construction. The different microstructures of the steel were formed when shifted the cooling rate after final rolling. Experiment results shown that ferrite and pearlite were observed in the HSLA steel with a cooling rate less than 0.2°C/s. Bainite was formed when the cooling rate ranged from 1.0°C/s to 5.0°C/s and martensite was seen in the steel plate with a cooling rate more than 30°C/s. Generally the martensite is a prohibited product in the offshore structural steels.
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Černý, Michal, Josef Filípek, Pavel Mazal, and David Varner. "Notch aspects of RSP steel microstructure." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 60, no. 5 (2012): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260050049.
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For a rather long time, basic research projects have been focused on examinations of mechanical properties for Rapid Solidification Powder (RSP) steels. These state-of-art steels are commonly known as “powdered steels“. In fact, they combine distinctive attributes of conventional steel alloys with unusual resistance of construction material manufactured by so called “pseudo-powdered” metallurgy.Choice of suitable materials for experimental verification was carried out based on characteristic application of so called “modern steel”. First, groups of stainless and tool steel types (steel grades ČSN 17 and 19) were selected. These provided representative specimens for the actual comparison experiment. For stainless steel type, two steel types were chosen: hardenable X47Cr14 (ČSN 17 029) stainless steel and non-hardenable X2CrNiMo18-14-3 (ČSN 17 350) steel. They are suitable e.g. for surgical tools and replacements (respectively). For tooling materials, C80U (ČSN 19 152) carbon steel and American D2 highly-alloyed steel (ČSN “equivalent” being 19 572 steel) were chosen for the project. Finally, the M390 Böhler steel was chosen as representative of powdered (atomized) steels. The goal of this paper is to discuss structural aspects of modern stainless and tool steel types and to compare them against the steel made by the RSP method. Based on the paper's results, impact of powdered steel structural characteristics on the resistance to crack initiation shall be evaluated.
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Shilyaev, P. V., S. V. Denisov, P. A. Stekanov, V. L. Kornilov, F. V. Kaptsan, V. N. Urtsev, A. V. Shmakov, et al. "Development of scientific ideas on phase and structural transformations in steels for different application." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 552–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-5-552-563.
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Purposeful control of structural state of steel at every stage of technological chain of steel goods production is necessary for elaboration of effective metallurgical technologies. The purpose of the complex of research and theoretical studies was development of ideas on peculiarities of structure formation of various steel grades. Current conceptions about phase and structural transformations in steels with different contents of carbon and alloying elements considered. For carbon and alloyed steels, the results of the study of the structure of perlite formed at different temperatures summarized; morphology, crystallography and defects of crystalline structure of cementite, processes of its fragmentation, coagulation and spheroidization; crystallography of austenite degradation products; evolution of the structure during cold and hot plastic deformation; carbon redistribution processes prior to and during diffusion-controlled austenite decay presented. For low-carbon low-and sparingly alloyed cold-resistant weldable steels generalized results of investigation of structure-formation processes, alloying relationships, temperature-deformation rolling conditions, parameters of quenching and high-temperature tempering with structure, mechanical properties and performance characteristics of steel plates presented. The elaborated complex of scientific and technical solutions based on the studies enabled to master and digitize production technologies at PJSC “Magnitogorsk steel-works” of new generation steel rolled products intended for ship-building, oil and gas industries, automobile, hardware and construction industries. The new systems of alloying steels of various application, methods of the new generation steels production and automated control of technological processes protected by 27 patents of RF, are widely used in the production activity of PJSC “Magnitogorsk steel-works”.
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Parlashkevich, Valentina, and Oleg Tsyba. "Study of the Prospects of the Use of High-Strength Steel Shapes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 1253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.1253.
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The prospects of the use of rolled shapes made of high-strength steels in steel structural elements are considered. A comparative analysis of strength values and economic indices of steel structural elements is done for their work in compression, tension and bending.
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Xu, Jie, Guangyong Wang, and Renjie Liu. "On the Similarity Relationship between the Structural-Steel Prototype and the 304-Stainless-Steel Dynamic Scale Model." Buildings 13, no. 12 (November 28, 2023): 2966. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122966.
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Due to the size limitations of shaking tables, dynamic scale models of large-span space structures for engineering have small cross-sections and thin wall thicknesses. It is difficult to use the structural steels commonly used in prototypes to make dynamic scale models. In this paper, 304 stainless steel is proposed for making the scale model, and the similarity relationship between the structural-steel prototype and the 304-stainless-steel dynamic scale model was studied. Firstly, a uniaxial test was conducted to study the elastic modulus similarity and the yielding stress similarity. The test results demonstrated that the elastic modulus similarity ratio was 1:1, and the stress similarity ratios of the 304 stainless steel and the three typical structural steels were 1:1 (Q235 steel), 1:1.5 (Q355 steel) and 1:1.8 (Q420 steel). Then, the similarities of other variables were derived using the dimensional analysis method. In the end, a numerical analysis was conducted to verify the similarity relationship between the structural-steel prototype and the 304-stainless-steel dynamic scale model. In the numerical analysis, a single-layer spherical reticulated shell structure and a dynamic scale model with a length similarity ratio of 1:20 were established by using the ABAQUS 2021 software, and the node displacement, the element internal force and natural vibration characteristics were analyzed. The results show that standard deviations of the displacements, the internal forces and the natural vibration frequencies between the prototype and the scale model were within 5%. It turns out that the proposed similarity between the structural-steel prototype and the 304-stainless-steel dynamic scale model was applicable in the elastic stage. The findings provide a reference for designing a dynamic scale model of large-span space structures for engineering by using 304 stainless steel.
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Tsvetkova, E. V., K. O. Bazaleeva, I. S. Chekin, O. G. Klimova-Korsmik, and A. S. Zhidkov. "Nitriding of steels of various structural classes manufactured by laser additive technologies." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-1-63-70.
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The authors have conducted a comparative analysis of diffusion layers of steels of various structural classes manufactured by complex technology including laser remelting of powder material and plasma nitriding. Parameters of diffusion layers of bainitic steel (Fe – 0.09 % C – 1 % Cr – 2 % Ni – 1 % Mo – 1 % Cu) and martensitic steel (Fe – 0.25 % C – 13 % Cr – 2 % Ni) manufactured by direct laser deposition (DLD) and austenitic steel (Fe – 0.03 % C – 17 % Cr – – 14 % Ni – 3 % Mo) manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) were investigated. During plasma nitriding at 540 °C for 24 h of martensitic and austenitic steels, diffusion layer of 140 – 160 μm was formed, additionally maximum microhardness of surface layer was 800 HV0.1 and 1050 HV0.1 and it is almost constant on thickness of 100 μm. Diffusing layer of bainitic steel is 900 μm and its microhardness monotonously decreases from the surface. Reinforcing phases of nitrided layer were determined by X-ray analysis: γ′ (Fe4N) is fixed in the bainitic steel, γ′ and CrN are fixed in martensitic and austenitic steels. Moreover on the surface of austenitic steel solid nitrided layer is formed. The influence of heat treatment after laser remelting of powder material was also studied. It was determined, that despite decreasing of crystal structure defects after heat treatment, the thickness of nitrided layer changes slightly. Also the authors have investigated the influence of porosity of austenitic steel on the thickness of nitrided layer. It was shown, that porosity of 0.5 – 2.0 % doesn’t result in changing of diffusion layer’s thickness.
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Caballero, Rementeria, Morales-Rivas, Benito-Alfonso, Yang, de Castro, Poplawsky, Sourmail, and Garcia-Mateo. "Understanding Mechanical Properties of Nano-Grained Bainitic Steels from Multiscale Structural Analysis." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040426.
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Steel components working in extreme conditions require materials presenting the highest performances. Nowadays, nanoengineering is being applied to the development of ultra-high strength steels as a key-enabling technology in the steel sector. The present article describes the multiscale structure of nano-grained steels designed using atomic transformation theory and processed by a simple heat treatment. Outstanding mechanical properties for these novel steels are reported, and strain-hardening mechanisms are discussed.
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Kolpahchyan, P. G., M. S. Podbereznaya, M. S. Alexandrova, and V. V. Baibichyan. "Estimation of the domestic materials application possibility in the active part of a high-speed electric generator for micro-GTP." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042075.
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Abstract The article discusses the possibility of using domestic materials in a high-speed electric generator. The features of Japanese electrical steel 20NTN1500 and domestic-made electrical steel grades 2420 and 2421 for the stator magnetic circuit are shown. The features of American steel AISI 455 and structural steel grades Steel 40, Steel 40H, Steel 45 are considered in the case of a rotor. A feature of the use of structural steels in the design of the high-speed electric generator rotor for micro-gas turbine plants is the need for precise observance of the rotor heat treatment mode after its manufacture, control of the dimensions and quality of surface treatment.
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Dobraš, Dragoslav, Milisav Marković, and Slaviša Savić. "Welding technology of steel cast G18CrMo4+QT with structural steel S355J2+N." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 67, no. 2 (2022): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2202077d.
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Welding technology of cast steel G18CrMo4+QT with structural steel S355J2+N is a welding of dissimilar steels. The problem of welding cast iron G18CrMo4+QT is the phenomenon of hardening of the structure due to the presence of unreleased martensite, which results in lower toughness and the formation of cold cracks. On the other hand, structural steel S355J2+N, depending on the thickness of the material, is also prone to the appearance of cold cracks. In order to prevent the formation of cracks and eliminate residuals stresses, it is necessary to perform preheating and heat treatment after welding. The paper presents welding technologies and subsequent heat treatment of G18CrMo4+QT cast iron joint with S355J2 + N structural steel with presentation of test results performed on a 12 mm thick welded sample, with V preparation of the joint, welded by MAG process in PA welding position.
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Rojacz, Harald, Hannes Pahr, Susanne Baumgartner, Karl Adam, and Markus Varga. "Welding Parameters and their Influence on the Abrasion Resistance of Structural Steels at Elevated Temperatures." Key Engineering Materials 721 (December 2016): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.721.461.
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In several industrial applications wear resistance of structural steels is required. Also enhanced temperature can occur when handling hot materials, e.g. in steel industry. Within this study a low alloyed structural steel (carbon steel S355) and a high temperature (HT) 9 % Cr steel ASTM A332 P92 were chosen for investigation. Repair welds with flux cored wires which are often required in applications were investigated, aiming on the role of interpass temperatures, the resulting effect of cooling conditions on the microstructure and their HT abrasion resistance. The influence of different microstructural parameters such as phase content, processing and the resulting temperature-hardness coherence on the wear resistance are evaluated within a high temperature abrasion test and a hot hardness test rig. Results indicate a strong influence of interpass temperature and heat input on the hot hardness and wear behaviour of welded structural steels.
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Pustovoit, V. N., Yu V. Dolgachev, and I. V. Ivankov. "Structural Organization of Steel to Ensure Special Equipment Safety." Safety of Technogenic and Natural System, no. 1 (March 10, 2023): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2023-1-70-75.
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Introduction. At present, great success has been achieved in the field of creating effective protective materials. Various non-metallic, metal-ceramic, and also composite materials act as armor elements. However, most of the armor elements of vehicles and personal protective equipment (PPE) are steels that, along with high ballistic resistance, have a high mass. In this regard, the relevance of the article is related to the possibility of lightening typical protective elements when using a material that has a structural organization like a natural ferrite-martensite composite (NFMC). The work objective is to evaluate the prospects of using steel with an oriented structure as an effective protective material when exposed to high-speed concentrated impact of high power in comparison with the steel materials used. Materials and Methods. The features and disadvantages of effective armor steels are revealed, a comparative analysis is carried out with steel oriented as NFMC. The assessment of 14G2 steel microstructure state with different hardening temperatures (730 °C and 760 °C) was carried out by the method of microstructural analysis. In relation to the topic of the study, the prospects for the use of low-carbon ferritic-martensitic steel were shown based on the laws of fracture mechanics and their comparison with the experimental data obtained on a sample of 14G2 steel with dimensions of 150 × 44 × 7 mm after testing for bullet resistance by cartridges with a steel core and armor-piercing cartridges with a tungsten core made of SVD rifles and AK-74 assault rifles of 7.62 mm and 5.45 mm caliber, respectively. Results. The possibilities of resistance to fracture of steel with an oriented ferritic-martensitic structure are evaluated in comparison with typical homogeneous and heterogeneous steel materials. The resistance of such steel is related to the nature of the development of fracture, expressed in the deceleration of the crack during delamination at the ferrite-martensite boundaries. When a delamination is formed, a crack expends energy on delamination and changes its direction, which subsequently leads to a complete stop of the fracture process. Discussion and Conclusion. The disadvantages of armor elements made of homogeneous and heterogeneous steel materials, associated with a high effective thickness of the protective element and the laborious process of obtaining a steel sandwich, respectively, can be solved by using oriented ferritic-martensitic steel. The data presented indicate a higher fracture resistance due to a special crack propagation mechanism, which is relevant in the development of armored vehicles. This makes it possible to reduce the total mass of combat vehicles associated with a decrease in the effective thickness of protective elements while maintaining the required class of resistance to high-speed impact loading, which will increase their mobility and reduce fuel consumption.
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Krzywoń, Rafał. "Steel-Reinforced Polymers and Steel-Reinforced Composite Mortars for Structural Applications—An Overview." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (September 20, 2020): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030142.
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Bonding of external reinforcement is currently the simplest, fastest, and most popular method of strengthening concrete and masonry structures. Glass and carbon organic fibers are the dominant materials used, but alternatives also include high-strength steel wires. The mechanical properties of such steel are comparable to those of carbon fiber. Due to their good compatibility with mortars, steel wires are particularly well suited to the revitalization of historic buildings. The manuscript provides an overview of research and experience in the use of steel-reinforced polymers (SRPs) and steel-reinforced composite mortars (SRCMs, also called steel-reinforced grout (SRG)) for structural strengthening. The examples described are for concrete beams, slabs and columns, walls, and masonry arches. The results of laboratory tests are discussed. The summary presents the advantages and disadvantages of composites based on ultra-high-strength steels compared with more popular carbon fiber composites.
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Islam, M. A. "Essential Mechanical Properties of Structural Steels for Steel Reinforced Buildings in the Earthquake Sensitive Areas." Journal of Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (December 23, 2011): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7069.
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During earthquake, the ground along with its various natural and manmade structures experiences shaking of various intensities and frequencies depending on the nature of the earthquake. The loading activities caused by earthquakes on various structures are very much cyclic type, which is popularly known as fatigue loading. On the other hand, for modern high-rise buildings a large volume of steel bar is used to reinforce the concrete because of the pioneer role of steel bars embedded inside the concrete for safety of the buildings. In this study various mechanical properties of reinforcing steel bars that are essential to counter balance the earthquake effects have been identified first. At the same time these essential mechanical properties have been defined and studied for most commonly used reinforcing steel bars. For doing this, both the conventional and advanced structural steels were selected. The mechanical properties and fatigue behaviours of these steels have been presented and discussed in this paper. Keywords: Earthquake; High-rise buildings; Reinforcing steel bars; Conventional structural steel; Advanced structural steel.© 2012 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v4i1.7069 J. Sci. Res. 4 (1), 51-63 (2012)
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Skakov, Mazhyn, Erlan Batyrbekov, Laila Zhurerova, and Michael Scheffler. "Microstructure and Microhardness Changes of 30CrMnSiA Steel Modified Surface Layers by Electrolyte-Plasma Processing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.824.
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This work is devoted to research of 30CrMnSiA steel structurally modified surface layers and study of electrolyte-plasma treatment parameters influence on changing peculiarities of structural-phase state and also the increase of constructional 30CrMnSi steel operating ability. The chosen technology leads to the formation of stable ferrite-pearlite structures in 30CrMnSi steel surface layers, provides high mechanical properties. As for the basic experimental methods of research in the work we used metallographic analysis applying optical microscope «NEOPHOT-21» and «AXIOPHOT-2», Х-ray analysis on the diffractometer ХPertPRO in monochromatic CuKα-radiation, mechanical tests for microhardness on PMT-3М installation. It is established that microstructure of 30CrMnSi steel modified layers samples while different processing modes, consists of α - phase, iron carbides. Using technology of structural steels electrolytic-plasma cementation under arc discharge terms in the electrolyte, we get diffusive surface layer with increased microhardness parameters and wear resistance providing good operating ability for details often subjected to wear.
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Plyuta, V. L., G. V. Levchenko, and A. M. Nesterenko. "Структуроутворення та властивості листових конструкційних сталей при режимах ординарної та комбінованої термічної обробки з витримкою в міжкритичному інтервалі температур." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 29, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2023.01.046.
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The features of the structure, the nature of the distribution of alloying elements and impurities between the structural components of sheet low-alloy steels that have undergone heat treatment with exposure in the intercritical temperature interval (ICTI), the structure formation and mechanical properties of these steels after the combined regimes of heat treatment with exposure in the ICIT were investigated. The analysis of the distribution of elements among the structural components of the studied low-alloy steels allowed us to establish that during heat treatment with direct exposure in the ICTI, such elements as manganese, chromium, aluminum, vanadium, sulfur, and phosphorus are concentrated mainly in the strengthening martensitic-bainite phase, while nickel, silicon and titanium are evenly distributed between the strengthening phase and ferrite. The conducted research on the example of sheet low-alloy steel 14G2 shows that the effects of grinding of ferritic grain, peаrlitic and martensitіс (bainite) components during combined processing with exposure in ICTI can be caused by implementation at low (450-550ºС) temperatures of isothermal decomposition the mechanism of multiple nucleation of ferrite microcrystals. It was established that the combined regimes with exposure in ICTI allow, without the application of hardening and tempering operations, to achieve in sheet low-alloy steel 14G2 mechanical properties at the level of strength class 390 according to DSTU 8541:2015 with yield strength values of 422-425 МPа and with high plasticity and impact viscosity Therefore, the use of these modes in a modified form can be recommended for the creation of end-to-end energy-saving technologies of heat treatment with exposure in the ICTI of low-alloyed steel sheet in the flow of thick-sheet mills equipped with normalization units. Keywords: structure formation, intercritical temperature interval, isothermal decomposition, martensitic-bainite phase, combined regime.
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BOBYR, S. V., E. V. PARUSOV, T. M. GOLUBENKO, and D. V. LOSHKAREV. "DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NEW METHOD FOR MODELING PHASE-STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS DURING COOLING OF ALLOY STEELS." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals 1, no. 1 (96) (June 4, 2022): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.240422.17.838.
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Formulation of the problem. Modern research on the phase transformations modeling in low-alloy steels allow solving the problem of phase transformations quantitative determination for a given chemical composition of steel and different cooling rates. However, the possibilities of available universal software products for the complex alloy steels analysis are limited. The impossibility for users to integrate their own subroutines according to the phase transformation diagrams is their main disadvantage. Purpose of research. Modeling phase-structural transformations during cooling of complex-alloy steels taking into account the formation of all structural components, in particular residual austenite. To research, steels 25Cr2Mo1V and 38CrNi3MoV and existing analytical models were used, which were adapted to carry out the relevant calculations. Results. A new method for modeling phase-structural transformations during cooling of alloy steels is developed. Structural diagrams depending on the rate of continuous cooling are constructed for the investigated steels. For the first time, the amount of residual austenite is taken into account according to the developed method. Under developed method thermokinetic diagrams of investigated steels austenite transformation are constructed. According to the diagrams, the decay of austenite steel 38CrNi3MoV begins at lower temperatures compared to steel 25Cr2Mo1V. Steel 25Cr2Mo1V, with continuous cooling at a rate of 1.0 °C/s (conditions close to natural air cooling), consists of 18 % ferrite, 1 % pearlite, 80 % bainite and 1 % residual austenite. Steel 38CrNi3MoV cooled at a rate of 1,0 °C/s consists of 2 % ferrite, 47,5 % bainite, 50 % martensite and 0,5 % residual austenite. It is shown that the calculated data correlate well with practical results at the conditions of natural air cooling.
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Ban, Hui Yong, Gang Shi, Yong Jiu Shi, and Yuan Qing Wang. "Research Progress on the Mechanical Property of High Strength Structural Steels." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 640–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.640.
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High strength and high performance steels used in structural engineering have been developed, but the application is constrained and the design work changes as a result of the different material property. In order to study high strength steel material property features, the production process, steel grade and code limit requirement were reviewed and discussed. Some important mechanical property indexes including the stress-strain relationship, yield-tensile strength ratio (i.e. Y/T ratio), ductility and toughness, were analyzed based on a large amount of tension coupon test data reported in the available literature. The stress-strain relationship model used for finite element analysis was proposed. It is concluded that high strength structural steels have excellent toughness but lager Y/T ratio and lower elongation compared with those of traditional steels, some of which even exceed the code limit values. It is necessary to do deep research on the relationship between the steel mechanical property indexes and structure safety and to make further development of high strength steels. This research work is helpful to comprehend the material property of high strength structural steels and relevant code limit requirements.
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Логвин, Владимир, Vladimir Logvin, Ирина Терешко, Irina Tereshko, Сергей Шептунов, and Sergey Sheptunov. "Structural steel strengthening by glow discharge impact." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2019, no. 11 (November 28, 2019): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5d9dc9b88e23f5.96382622.
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The investigation results in micro-hardness changes of 18HGT, ShH15, 38HMU structural steels after processing in a glow discharge are presented. It is defined that in all steel samples under analysis one observes micro-hardness changes during the whole research period with different oscillations. The degree of a glow discharge impact can be controlled and, ensured, accordingly, as such that no substantial oscillations could take place regarding changes in the inner structure of the system providing a more controlled purposeful change of physical and stress-strain properties.
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Aftandiliants, Ye G. "Influence of chemical composition on heat resistance of structural steel." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 3 (November 18, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.03.081.
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It is based of process analysis of structural steel operation at elevated temperatures and stresses, it is established that their workability depends with the chemical composition of steels and operation stress, time, temperature. The heat-resistant structural steels alloying is aimed for reducing the intensity of softening processes, that is, the redistribution of the alloying elements between the solid solution and the separation phases, their coagulation and changes of the crystal structure defects. The results of the study of chemical composition effect, temperature, stress and operation time on the creep and durability of structural steels are presented in the article. Analytical dependences of the relative elongation in the creep process and time at which the destruction of the chemical composition of heat-resistant structural steels and such operational factors as temperature, stress and holding are calculated. It is established that the creep and durability of heat-resistant structural steels, in the experiment conditions, are determined by their chemical composition in quantity 61–64 %, temperature 7–18 %, holding time 11 %, stress state 18–21 %. Nitrogen and vanadium alloying have been shown to more effectively reduce the softening degree heat-resistant steel during creep process than the molybdenum alloy, since the coagulation process of carbides and nitrides in steels with nitrogen and vanadium receives less development than carbides in steels alloyed by molybdenum.
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Hezentsvei, Y. I., and D. O. Bannikov. "Use of Fine-Grained Heat-Strengthened Steels to Increase the Operation Qualities of Bunker Capacities from Thin-Walled Galvanized Profiles." Science and Transport Progress. Bulletin of Dnipropetrovsk National University of Railway Transport, no. 1(91) (February 15, 2021): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2021/227198.
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Purpose. The work is aimed to study the use efficiency of fine-grained heat-strengthened steels (mainly 10G2FB) for steel bunker capacities. At the same time, the structural scheme of such a structure using corrugated steel sheets is considered as the main variant. Methodology. To achieve this purpose, a series of numerical calculations was carried out for a steel bunker capacity of a pyramidal-prismatic type with overall dimensions in plan view of 6×5.2 m and a total height of 4.5 m. The capacity was designed for complicated working conditions, in particular, increased loads, including long-term dynamic ones. The potential possibility of operating the container under conditions of high or low temperatures was also taken into account. At the same time, both the traditional structural scheme of a bunker capacity with horizontal stiffening ribs and the developed structural scheme based on corrugated steel sheets were analyzed. The calculations were carried out by the finite element method based on the SCAD for Windows project complex. Findings. Based on the results of the analysis and comparison of the data obtained in numerical calculations, it was found that the use of fine-grained heat-strengthened high-strength steels (for example, steel 10G2FB) for bunker capacities, both the traditional structural scheme with stiffening ribs and the developed structural scheme based on corrugated sheets, allows reducing material consumption by about 30% in both cases. At the same time, due to the good performance of fine-grained heat-strengthened steel 10G2FB, both at high and at low temperatures, it can be effectively used for steel bunker capacities that work in difficult conditions. Originality. The possibility and efficiency of the use of fine-grained, heat-strengthened high-strength steels for the construction of a steel bunker capacity is estimated. At the same time, such an estimation was given not only for structures of the traditional structural scheme with horizontal stiffening ribs, but also for bunkers with a developed structural scheme based on corrugated sheets. Practical value. From a practical point of view, quantitative parameters of the stress-strain state were obtained during investigations of various design variants for a steel bunker capacity. The data are presented in a compact form that is easy to evaluate and compare. They allow us to state about the improvement of the operation characteristics of capacities and the potential reduction of the risks of their failures and accidents during operation.
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Mishnev, Peter A., Vladimir A. Uglov, Sergey V. Zhilenko, and Ivan B. Chudakov. "Analysis of Specific Properties and Features of Application of New Industrial High-Damping Steel." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.608.
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Mechanical, damping and specific properties of new structural high-damping steel have been studied in the present research. Studied high-damping steel was specially produced by the JSC Severstal in order to obtain metallic material with specified level of damping and mechanical properties. Experiments show that the damping properties of industrial high-damping steel are comparable with damping properties of high-purity damping alloys, produced using laboratory equipment. Mechanical properties of the industrial high-damping steel were found to be comparable with the level of properties of well-known structural steels, widely used in the modern industry. Analysis of the combination of mechanical and specific properties of the new steel indicates that this material can be used for the construction of rigid structures requiring high damping. Specific features of practical application of high-damping steels are also discussed.
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FILONENKO, N. Yu, O. I. BABACHENKO, G. A. KONONENKO, and V. M. VOLCHUK. "THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, HEATING TEMPERATURE AND COOLING RATE ON THE FORMATION OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF STEELS." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 1 (100) (May 28, 2023): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.280323.52.945.
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Problem statement. The formation of structural components starts with the hardening of steels. Therefore, it is important to investigate the influence of chemical composition, temperature of additional heating and cooling rate of the melt on the formation of structural components of steels. The purpose of the research – to compare the influence of the chemical composition, heating temperature and cooling rate on the formation of structural components in steels. Methods. To determine the features of the structural state of steels, we use microstructural analysis, X-ray microanalysis, X-ray diffraction method and surface etching of specimens with nital and hot solution of sodium picrate. Results. In the work, a study of steel specimens with different carbon, manganese and silicon content was carried out. We compared the structural state of steel in the cross-section of continuous cast steel billet and steel of a similar chemical composition after additional heating above the liquidus line at 50 °C, 150 °C and cooling at rates of 10–104 °C/s. Scientific novelty. It was found that in the process of manufacturing of continuous cast steel billets, when cooling in a crystallizer at the rate of ~104 ºС/s in the surface zone of the billet of steels with a carbon content of ≥ 0.5 wt.%, manganese ≥ 0.75 wt.% and silicon ≥ 0.45 wt.% the δ-ferrite formation and γ-iron dendrites formation from the melt are completely suppressed. For the first time, the effect of heating temperature above the liquidus line up to 150 °С and cooling rate of 10–103 °С/s on the structure formation of experimental carbon steels was investigated. It was established that additional heating above the liquidus line and cooling at rates of 102–103°C/s almost completely inhibits the formation of ferrite along the grain boundaries, enhances formation of a more uniform structure, an increase in the dispersion of structural components, simultaneous solid-solution and dispersion hardening of steel, and improvement of mechanical properties of steels. In addition, a decrease in the volume fraction of the areas containing liquation elements (manganese and silicon) was observed. The areas were distributed more evenly, which suggests that there could be a decrease in the difference in the content of chemical elements, compared to the condition without additional heating of the melt. Practical value. The use of the obtained results could allow to develop technologies for obtaining steels with a more uniform structure.
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Tyusenkov, A. S., A. V. Rubtsov, and R. R. Tlyasheva. "Heat Resistance of Certain Structural Steels." Solid State Phenomena 265 (September 2017): 868–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.265.868.
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Heat-resistance (scale resistance) is the steel corrosion fastness in dry gas at high temperatures. At the temperatures over 570 °С, the ferrous alloys oxidize, as ferric oxide (wustite) with simple cubic lattice appears on the metal surface. Such oxide lacks oxygen atoms (omission solid solution) and does not interfere with the diffusion between metal and oxygen. As a result of this process the brittle oxide-scale develops and the loss of metal increases. In order to increase the heat-resistance of steel, different alloying elements are included into its composition, forming oxides with the tight structure of crystal lattice. In this paper we’ve investigated the heat-resistance of some structural steels and analyzed their corrosion resistance in the high temperature aggressive environments of chemical productions.
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Zhou, Li, Yong Huang, Bo Chen, Song Hu, and Chenyun Zhang. "Seismic Behavior of Large-Span Open-Web Floors Consisting of I-Shaped Steel Chords and Steel Tube Webs." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 20, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8872447.
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A composite large-span open-web floor (COF) system is introduced in this paper, which is composed of I-shaped steel chords, steel tube webs, and concrete slabs. One COF specimen was fabricated and tested under cyclic loadings. The failure process and hysteretic curve of the specimen were discussed in detail. Moreover, a finite element (FE) model was developed and verified by experimental results. A parametric study was performed to examine the effects of the concrete strength, steel strength, section steel thickness, and structural height. The parametric study demonstrates that the effects of the steel strength, section steel thickness, and structural height on the load-displacement hysteretic curve are proved to be significant. As for the bearing capacity and stiffness degradation of the COF system, the influence of the steel strength and section steel thickness is stronger than that of the concrete strength and structural height. Additionally, it is also found that the influence of the steel strength and section steel thickness on the energy dissipation is remarkable; the energy dissipation ability of the structure decreased with increasing the steel strength and increased with increasing the thickness of section steels.
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Sandomirski, S. G. "Increasing the structural sensitivity of the residual magnetization and coercive force of steels." Дефектоскопия, no. 8 (August 15, 2023): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0130308223080079.
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The statistical analysis of measurement results of residual magnetization Mr and magnetization Ms of technical saturation of structural steels shows that ratio KS = Мr/Мs is much less sensitive to changes in phase composition of steels than Mr. Taking into account and more precise measurement of KS than Mr, it is offered to use the parameter KS for magnetic structuroscopy of medium-carbon steels in practically important range of variation of tempering temperature instead of Mr and coercive force Нс. It is shown, that the magnetic parameter ξ = Нс /Мs , at heat treatments, changing phase composition and structure of steels, in some cases has less sensitivity, than parameter Нс, to the phase composition of steel. To improve the reliability of interpolation by analytical function of the experimental dependence between the magnetic parameter and steel hardness, it is proposed to use a logical function "if" - different functional dependence between the magnetic parameter and steel hardness, depending on the measured value of the magnetic parameter.
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Karmazínová, Marcela, and Jindrich Melcher. "Classification of Structural Steel of Existing Civil Engineering Structure Based on Testing and Evaluation of Yield and Ultimate Strengths." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.585.
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The paper is generally focused on yield and ultimate strengths of structural steels. The attention is mainly paid to the testing and subsequent determination of steel strengths, especially from the viewpoint of the statistical evaluation aimed to obtain the strength values leading to the reliable structural design, in the meaning of general rules given by the European Standard for the structural design of civil engineering constructions. The presented paper deals with the actual yield and ultimate strengths obtained from material tests and their characteristic and design values based on the test results evaluation, versus nominal and design values considered according to European Standard rules and used for the structural design in the usual cases if the steel grade is known. But in the case of existing constructions, sometimes there are no information about the material that the actual steel properties shall be determined using the material tests and their statistical evaluation to obtain such steel properties values which can lead to the reliable structural design. However, approaches of the determination of characteristic and design steel strengths using actual test results are different from the determination of the nominal and design steel strengths given by standard rules. As an illustration the paper summaries the results and evaluations of tests of structural steel performed on the specimens taken from the load-carrying roof structure of the sport stadium aged about 40 years, within the steel construction diagnostics.
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Aftandiliants, Y. G. "The influence of chemical composition on the heat resistance of casted structural steel." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 97, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.01.038.
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The paper presents the results of the study of the influence of chemical composition, temperature, stress and operating time on the creep and durability of structural steels. It is shown that the efficiency of structural steels in conditions of elevated temperatures and loads depends on the chemical composition, stress level, operating time and temperature. The influence of alloying elements is associated with the inhibition of the process of weakening of heat-resistant steels due to the reduction of their diffusion mobility and intensity of redistribution between the ferrite and secondary phases, their coagulation and reduction of structural defects. Mathematical models of relative elongation and fracture time in the process of creep from operating conditions and degree of alloying of steel are constructed. It is established that the efficiency of heat-resistant structural steels depends on 61 - 64% of the degree of alloying, 18 - 21% - the value of external stress, 7 - 18% - temperature and 11% of operating time. It is shown that the coagulation of carbides and nitrides in steels doped with nitrogen and vanadium is slower than carbides in steels doped with molybdenum, which more effectively shifts the softening process of heat-resistant steel in the region of higher temperatures and time. Keywords: steel, heat resistance, chemical composition, temperature, stress, creep, durability.
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Bobyr, S. V., A. Yu Borisenko, O. V. Kuksa, and D. V. Loshkarev. "Analysis of phase-structural transformations during cooling of steels, taking into account the deformations and stresses." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy, no. 32 (2018): 349–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2018-32-349-360.
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The aim of the work is to study the phase-structural transformations during cooling of carbon and low-alloy steels, taking into account the resulting structural deformations and stresses. Low-alloyed steels with different content of alloying elements - chromium, molybdenum, nickel and steel, micro-alloyed with vanadium were chosen as the object of research. The dilatograms of steel samples were used to find the relative expansion of the steel sample before the start of austenite phase transformation (DA) and the relative expansion of the steel sample during austenite phase transformation (DFТ), which are associated with the relative elongation of the sample through a constant factor K. The parameter DA allows you to find structural stresses that arise in supercooled austenite steel in the presence of a temperature gradient. The parameter DFТ characterizes the stresses created by the phase transformation of austenite. As a result of the performed regression analysis, dependences were obtained that link the chemical composition of the steel, its cooling rate, and the parameters DА and DFТ. The analysis of phase-structural transformations during the cooling of the steel with the occurring deformations and stresses. An empirical relationship has been established between the temperatures of the beginning and end of the phase transformation of austenite in steel, the physicochemical parameters d and Zy, the cooling rate, and the deformation parameters when the austenite is cooled DA and the phase transformation DFТ. Confirmed the adequacy of the constructed equations. The obtained regression equations make it possible to calculate the deformation parameters DA and DFТ and critical points of the steel Ac1 and Ac3.
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Lee, Kang Min, Myung Jae Lee, Young Suk Oh, T. S. Kim, and Do Hwan Kim. "Compressive Testing of H-Shaped Steel Stub Columns Fabricated with Grade 800MPa High Performance Steel." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 646–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.646.
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With the increased demand for high-rise and long-span structures, high strength with high performance steels have been utilized for these kind of structures. For the grade 800MPa high performance steel, although it was included in Korean Standard as high strength steel(HSA 800), however the HSA 800 steel was excluded in Korean Building Code-Structures due to the rack of research results for the structural behaviors of members fabricated with HSA 800 steel. Therefore, this paper describes basic study for the design specification of structural members using HSA 800 high performance steel. For this purpose, welded H-shaped stub column specimens with various width-to-thickness ratios were designed and tested in order to investigate the buckling behaviors and ultimate compressive strength.
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Gordienko, Valeriy, Sergey Repin, Alexander Vorobiev, and Angelica Abrosimova. "STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN STRUCTURAL STEELS DURING THERMAL CYCLING." Architecture and Engineering 6, no. 2 (2021): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/2500-0055-2021-6-2-70-76.
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Introduction: During experimental studies of structural steels responsible for the reliability of metal structures used, for example, in hoisting and transporting machinery, we established a correlation between the magnetic parameter Hp and characteristic changes in the metal microstructure during thermal cycling. It is shown that the Нр parameter depends on the initial structural state of steel, the amount and mass fraction of alloying elements, and the number of heating/cooling cycles. Methods: We found that an increase in the number of heating/cooling cycles and the amount of alloying elements, as well as preliminary cold plastic deformation with stage-by-stage control of structural changes using passive magnetic flux leakage testing results in a finer-grained structure, which was confirmed by metallographic analysis. Results: The paper considers specifics of structural changes in steels with different initial structures during thermal cycling. It is shown that the final grain size depends on the number of treatment cycles, the amount of alloying elements, and the initial microstructure. It is the fine-grain structure that improves the most important performance characteristics of steels: strength, cyclic strength, and cold brittleness.
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Razmyshlyaev, O. D., S. Yu Maksymov, O. M. Berdnikova, O. O. Prylypko, O. S. Kushnyaryova, and T. O. Alekseyenko. "Effect of external electromagnetic field configuration on metal structure of welded joints of structural steel." Paton Welding Journal 2022, no. 10 (October 28, 2022): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37434/tpwj2022.10.02.
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Dudkiewicz, Jacek, Bronisław Gosowski, and Piotr Organek. "Assessing The Stregth And Weldability Of Historic Structural Steel." Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 18, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2015-0034.
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Abstract In practice, in the design stage of revitalization, renovation or reinforcement, there is often a need to determine the strength of steel as well as its weldability. The strength of steel can be determined in two ways: directly through destructive testing or indirectly - by the Brinell hardness test. In the case of weldability, this turns out to be much more difficult, because there are three groups of factors which determine this property, i.e.: local weldability, operative weldability, and overall weldability. This paper presents the results of the verification of the relationship between the hardness and strength of three grades of steel from the early twentieth century. The evaluation of the overall weldability of structural steels is discussed in an analytical approach preceding costly weldability tests. An assessment based on selected indicators of weldability can only lead to confusion.
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Filonenko, N. Yu, О. І. Babachenko, and G. A. Kononenko. "Effect of microalloying of carbon steel with titanium, aluminum and nitrogen on structural peculiarities and mechanical properties." Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 37 (2023): 522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2023-37-522-533.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of microalloying with titanium, nitrogen, and aluminum on the set of mechanical properties of carbon steels with increased manganese and silicon content. This is due to the fact that steels with improved mechanical and operational properties are of great significance in the current situation of technology development. The studies are based on a comparison of the mechanical properties of known steel grades 2 and T, experimental industrial steel grade K and steels microalloyed with complexes – aluminum, titanium and nitrogen; aluminum and nitrogen of steel grade K. Metallographic analysis, determination of mechanical properties, chemical analysis and X-ray microanalysis are used. It is shown that complex microalloying with aluminum, titanium and nitrogen; aluminum and nitrogen of K grade steel contributes to the formation of a more fine-grained structure of pearlite and inclusions, compared to steel grades 2, T and K. In the structure of K steel, which is microalloyed with aluminum, titanium, and nitrogen, after casting, the formation of oxides, nitrides, carbonitrides, and multilayer inclusions located at the grain boundaries and in the grain volume is observed. After a full cycle of deformation and heat treatment, carbides, nitrides, and titanium carbonitrides remain in the steel structure. Whereas in steel, which is additionally microalloyed with aluminum and nitrogen on the basis of K steel, after solidification, a fine-grained structure with an increased volume fraction of pearlite is formed, the formation of inclusions of oxides, monosilicides of manganese and iron; sulfides and complex carbides in comparison with known steel grades K, 2 and T occurs. According to the research results, K2 steel is proposed, which provides a high complex of mechanical properties after accelerated cooling with an average cooling rate of 11.0°C/s from a temperature of 850±10°C and further tempering at a temperature of 550±10 °C for 2 hours due to an increase in dispersivity of the ferrite-pearlite structure, strengthened by dispersed inclusions, in comparison with K1 steel. In steel K2, factors of strength, hardness and impact toughness are 10–15% higher than the same factors for steel K1.
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BENDIKIENE, Regita, Aliaksandr BAHDANOVICH, Ramunas CESNAVICIUS, Antanas CIUPLYS, Vytautas GRIGAS, Audrius JUTAS, Dzianis MARMYSH, et al. "Tribo-fatigue Behavior of Austempered Ductile Iron MoNiCa as New Structural Material for Rail-wheel System." Materials Science 26, no. 4 (August 17, 2020): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.4.25384.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents the results of tribo-fatigue behavior of austempered ductile cast iron MoNiCa and gives a comparison with standard grades of steel and cast iron. Due to the possibility to combine the castability of cast iron and toughness of steel in one material, new structural material MoNiCa attracted attention of industry and science because of economic benefits and high performance at the different application areas. After successful former experiments the main directions of further development of research for solving relevant practical wear and fatigue problems in rail-wheel system were framed. The complex experimental studies have demonstrated that MoNiCa is consistent with heat treated steels including the rail steels: required tensile strength of rail steel ranges from 1180 MPa to 1280 MPa when rolling surface hardness have to be from 38 HRC to 44 HRC whereas new structural material showed higher tensile strength up to 1400 MPa and slightly higher hardness up to 50 HRC. Herewith the workability of frictional couple cast iron MoNiCa/steel 20MnCr5G exceeds work performance of steel/steel system by 14 %.
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Santos, João de Jesus dos, André Tenchini da Silva, Luciano Rodrigues Ornelas de Lima, Pedro Colmar Gonçalves da Silva Vellasco, Sebastião Arhur Lopes de Andrade, and José Guilherme Santos da Silva. "Numerical and experimental assessment of stainless and carbon bolted tensioned members with staggered bolts." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 2 (June 2013): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000200005.
Full textAbstract:
Current stainless steel design codes, like the Eurocode 3, part 1.4, (2006), are still largely based on analogies with carbon steel structural behavior. The net section rupture represents one of the ultimate limit states usually verified for structural elements submitted to normal tension stress. An investigation aiming to evaluate the tension capacity of carbon and stainless steel bolted structural elements was performed and in this article, the results are discussed and compared in terms of stress distribution, and force-displacement curves, among others. The result assessment was done by comparisons to the Eurocode 3 (2003) provisions for carbon and stainless steels. The investigation indicated that when stainless steel is used in certain structural engineering applications like joints under tension forces, the current design criteria based on deformation limits need to be re-evaluated, especially due to the differences in the yields for ultimate deformation and stress ratios.