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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel storage racks'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Deng, Tianyang, Yu Niu, Lingfeng Yin, Zhiqiang Lin, and Zhanjie Li. "Load Distribution Optimization of Steel Storage Rack Based on Genetic Algorithm." Buildings 12, no. 11 (October 24, 2022): 1782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111782.

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The distribution of load has high uncertainty, which is the main cause of a rack structure’s instabilities. The objective of this study was to identify the most unfavorable and favorable load distributions on steel storage racks with and without bracings under seismic loading through a stochastic optimization—a genetic algorithm (GA). This paper begins with optimizing the most unfavorable and favorable load distributions on the steel storage racks with and without bracings using GA. Based on the optimization results, the failure position and seismic performance influencing factors, such as the load distributions on the racks and at hazardous positions, are then identified. In addition, it is demonstrated that the maximum stress ratio of the uprights under the most unfavorable load distribution is higher than that under the full-load normal design, and it is not the case that the higher the center of gravity the more dangerous the steel storage rack is, demonstrating that the load distribution pattern has a significant impact on the structural safety of steel storage racks. The statistics of the distributions of the load generated during the optimization of the GA and the contours of the probability distributions of the load are generated. Combining the probability distribution contours and the GA’s optimization findings, the “convex” distribution hazard model and the “concave” distribution safety model for a steel storage rack with bracings are identified. In addition, the features of the distribution hazard model and the load distribution safety model are also identified for steel storage racks without bracings.

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2

Cheng, Bo, and Zhen Yu Wu. "Experimental Study on Lateral Stiffness and Dynamic Properties of Steel Drive-in Storage Racks." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 730–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.730.

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The static and free vibration tests were carried out to investigate the initial lateral stiffness and dynamic properties of steel drive-in storage racks. The bracing configuration and friction between pallets and rail beams were taken into consideration. The static test results indicate that the tested storage racks show sideways and torsional deformation modes under the single-point horizontal force. Both top plan bracings and back spine bracings can change the load transfer through the rack framework, strengthen the initial lateral stiffness of racks, but only back spine bracings can affect the natural frequency and damping ratio of racks. The friction force between pallets and rail beams makes pallets act as links to connect adjacent rack columns, so the pallets are beneficial factors to increase the lateral stiffness of storage racks. Compared with unload racks, the natural frequencies of loaded racks are smaller.

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3

Rafiqul Haque, A. B. M., and M. Shahria Alam. "Direct Displacement-Based Design of Industrial Rack Clad Buildings." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 4 (November 2013): 1311–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/080611eqs195m.

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A rack clad building (RCB) is a type of warehouse building system built using steel storage racks as the seismic force resisting system. Generally, these rack systems are larger and taller compared to the conventional steel storage racks commonly used in warehouses. These buildings have peripheral racks that can support the claddings. These rack systems possess some unique properties, such as the members built using thin-walled perforated steel sections and the beam-to-column connection utilizing a teardrop connector in the down-aisle direction. Due to the pinched-type hysteretic behavior of these connections, the structure shows unique behavior under lateral loading. To date, very little research has been carried out to determine the seismic performance of an RCB. Current building codes have no provisions for designing a RCB against seismic loading. This study presents a direct displacement-based design (DDBD) procedure for designing these structures in the down-aisle direction.

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4

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Giammaria Gabbianelli, Armando Gobetti, and Alessandro Rosti. "Beam design for steel storage racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 116 (January 2016): 156–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2015.09.007.

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5

Filiatrault, Andre, Peter S. Higgins, Assawin Wanitkorkul, James A. Courtwright, and Robert Michael. "Experimental Seismic Response of Base Isolated Pallet-Type Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 24, no. 3 (August 2008): 617–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2942375.

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This paper presents the results of uniaxial and triaxial shake table tests performed on directly anchored and base isolated steel pallet storage racks loaded with simulated and real merchandise. The new base isolation system provides seismic isolation in the cross-aisle direction of a rack only, while providing similar restraints as conventional bolted base plates in the down-aisle direction. The objective of the isolation in the cross-aisle direction is to reduce the horizontal accelerations of the rack in order to reduce content spillage and structural damage during a major seismic event, without interfering with normal material handling operations. Base isolation is not provided in the down-aisle direction since the range of down-aisle natural periods of typical rack structures is already similar to that of typical base isolated structures. The results of the seismic tests clearly demonstrated the improved structural performance of rack structures incorporating the new cross-aisle base isolation system. Cross-aisle absolute accelerations and interstory drifts of the base isolated rack structure were reduced considerably compared to the values measured in the same rack conventionally anchored at its base. The base isolation system also had an effect in reducing the down-aisle accelerations. The base isolated racks met the performance objectives recommended in the FEMA 460 document “Seismic Considerations for Steel Storage Racks Located in Areas Accessible to the Public” both for life safety under the Design Earthquake (DE) and for collapse prevention under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE).

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6

Crosier, Jeff, Mark Hannah, and David Mukai. "Damage to steel storage racks in industrial buildings in the Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 43, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.43.4.425-428.

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On September 8, a team investigated damage to industrial structures in Christchurch due to the Darfield Earthquake. While there was very little damage to structures regardless of age and framing system, damage to steel storage racks varied from no damage to complete collapse. This paper reports on the observations about the damage to steel racks, reviews pertinent design standards, and makes some preliminary conclusions about the performance of steel storage racks in the Darfield earthquake.

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7

Filiatrault, André, Robert E. Bachman, and Michael G. Mahoney. "Performance-Based Seismic Design of Pallet-Type Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2150233.

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This paper develops a performance-based seismic design procedure for pallet-type steel storage racks located in areas accessible to the public. Performance objectives for racks consistent with current building code procedures in the United States are defined. The paper focuses on collapse prevention of racks in their down-aisle direction under the Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground motions at the site. The down-aisle lateral load-resisting systems of racks are typically moment frames utilizing special proprietary beam-to-column moment-resisting connections that may result in large lateral displacements when subjected to MCE ground motions. A simple analytical model that captures the seismic behavior of racks in their down-aisle direction is proposed. The model assumes that the beams and columns remain elastic in the down-aisle direction and that all nonlinear behavior occurs in the beam-to-column connections and the moment-resisting connections between the base columns and support concrete slab. Therefore the behavior is based on the effective rotational stiffnesses developed by the beam-to-column connectors and column-to-slab connections that vary significantly with connection rotation. The model is validated against the results of shake-table tests conducted on full-scale racks under several ground-motion intensities. Finally, the model is incorporated in a displacement-based procedure to verify collapse prevention of racks in their down-aisle direction under the MCE.

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8

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Claudia Pellegrino, and Marco Simoncelli. "Characterization of Existing Steel Racks via Dynamic Identification." Buildings 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2021): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11120603.

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Steel storage racks are widely used in logistics for storing materials and goods. Rack design is carried out by adopting the so-called design-assisted-by-testing procedure. In particular, experimental analyses must be carried out by rack producers on the key structural components in order to adopt the design approach proposed for the more traditional carpentry frames. For existing racks, i.e., those in-service for decades, it is required to evaluate the load carrying capacity in accordance with the design provisions currently in use. The main problem in several cases should be the appraisal of the key component performance, owing to the impossibility to obtain specimens from in-service racks without reduction or interruption of the logistic flows. To overcome this problem, a quite innovative procedure for the identification of the structural unknowns of existing racks has been proposed in the paper. The method is based on in-situ modal identification tests combined with extensive numerical analyses. To develop the procedure, cheap measurement systems are required, and they could be immediately applied to existing racks. A real case study is discussed, showing the efficiency of the procedure in the evaluation of the effective elastic stiffness of beam-to-column joints and base plate connections, that are parameters which remarkably affect the rack performance. The structural unknowns have been determined based on four sets of modal tests (two configurations on the longitudinal direction and two in the transversal direction) plus 9079 iterative structural analyses. The results obtained were then directly compared with experimental component tests, showing differences lower than 9%.

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9

RASMUSSEN, K. J. R., and B. P. GILBERT. "ANALYSIS-BASED 2D DESIGN OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 05 (October 2011): 929–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004403.

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The paper presents a study of the capacities of steel rack frames based on linear analysis (LA), geometric nonlinear analysis (GNA), and geometric and material nonlinear analysis (GMNIA). In the case of linear and geometric nonlinear analyses, the design is carried out to the Australian cold-formed steel structures AS/NZS4600. The study includes braced, unbraced, and semi-braced frames, and compact and noncompact cross sections. The paper shows axial force and bending moment paths for geometric and geometric and material nonlinear analyses, and explains the differences observed in the design capacities obtained using the different types of analysis based on these paths. The paper provides evidence to support the use of advanced GMNIA for the direct design of steel rack frames without the need for checking section or member capacities to a structural design standard.

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10

Cheng, Bo, and Zhenyu Wu. "Investigation of Shear Stiffness of Spine Bracing Systems in Selective Pallet Racks." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 9, no. 1 (May 29, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801509010001.

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This paper presents a general analysis on the shear stiffness of spine bracing systems of selective storage racks in the down-aisle direction. Unlike the architectural steel structure, the bearing capacity of bracing connection in the spine bracing systems of steel rack structure is weaker than that of bracing members. Firstly, destructive tests of spine bracing connection in single entry racks have been conducted. In the tests, a portion of column web around bolt holes is damaged due to the pull force of connecting bolts. Based on the experimental results, the finite element shell model of tested bracing connection is developed, and the emulation method is also used to analyze the deformation behavior of spine bracing connections in double entry racks. The calculating results indicate that, with better mechanical behavior and less local deformation, the tensile stiffness of bracing connection in double entry racks is much larger than that of bracing connection in single entry racks. From the trial calculation, the simplified models using elastic plastic beam elements are proposed. These simplified models can be adopted in the overall deformation analysis of selective pallet racks subjected to horizontal loading. Through the comparative analysis of single entry racks and double entry racks which have four bays and eight floors, the lateral deformation of double entry racks is considerably less than that of single entry racks, showing the large different effect of spine bracing systems on two rack lateral behavior.

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11

Riumin, V., Y. Solodovnik, and K. Riumina. "DETERMINATION OF BASE PLATE STIFFNESS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS." Municipal economy of cities 4, no. 171 (October 17, 2022): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2022-4-171-63-69.

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In recent trends the development of structural steel using cold formed steel section plays a vital role in main frame construction of portal frames. These frames find its use in the construction of economic industrial, agricultural and residential buildings due to its lightweight and robustness. With the major claims in comparison with hot rolled steel profiles, cold formed steel possesses low cost, highly versatile with standard design procedures. Among various structural designs, industrial storage racks are the most prominent structures constructed using cold formed steel. It has been widely incorporated with the rational space utilization in warehouses and factories for goods storage. These rack systems have been classified as static and dynamic types. The adjustable pallet rack was found to be the commonly used static system. It consists of transversal beams and column upright which is grounded with base plate connections. This system provides the stability in down aisle direction. The beams (stringers) have boxed cross-sections while columns (uprights) are open thin walled perforated to accept the tabs of beam end- connectors, which join beams and columns together without bolts or welds. This paper addresses the problem of determining the stiffness and strength of steel storage rack base plate assemblies. Base plate assemblies are usually bolted to an upright and to a concrete floor, and they are used to provide resistance against the flexural buckling of the upright and/or the overall down-aisle buckling of the frame. The semi-rigid stiffness is usually determined by means of a test of two pre-loaded uprights connected to a concrete block in a dual-actuator set-up. Guidance for conducting the test is provided in the European Standard EN 15512. However, several aspects of the test need clarification, notably the test set-up and the transducer arrangement for measuring the rotations of the base plate. Keywords: storage rack, base plate assembly, initial rotational stiffness.

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12

Rasmussen, K. J. R., and B. P. Gilbert. "Analysis-Based Design Provisions for Steel Storage Racks." Journal of Structural Engineering 139, no. 5 (May 2013): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000665.

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13

Sarawit, Andrew T., and Teoman Peköz. "Notional load method for industrial steel storage racks." Thin-Walled Structures 44, no. 12 (December 2006): 1280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2007.01.003.

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14

Baldassino, Nadia, and Claudio Bernuzzi. "Analysis and behaviour of steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 37, no. 4 (August 2000): 277–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-8231(00)00021-5.

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15

Avgerinou, Stella, Xenophon Lignos, Dimitris Tsarpalis, and Ioannis Vayas. "Full‐scale tests on used steel storage racks." Steel Construction 12, no. 3 (June 19, 2019): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stco.201900009.

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16

DEGEE, HERVE, BARBARA ROSSI, and DENIS JEHIN. "GEOMETRICALLY NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF STEEL STORAGE RACKS SUBMITTED TO EARTHQUAKE LOADING." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 11, no. 05 (October 2011): 949–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455411004415.

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Steel storage racks are light and flexible structures. When submitted to earthquake loading, they can exhibit very large transverse displacements and are thus prone to significant consequences of second-order geometrical effects. In the context of the drafting of European recommendations for the design of steel pallet racks for their seismic resistance, this paper presents a parameter study comparing the various methods commonly used in practice for analyzing the seismic structural behavior of racks (i.e. "modal response spectrum analysis" and "lateral force method analysis") as well as the different ways to account for geometrically nonlinear effects in these conventional methods of analysis in the case of structures designed for low ductility.

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17

Álvarez, Oscar, Nelson Maureira, Eduardo Nuñez, Frank Sanhueza, and Ángel Roco-Videla. "Numerical Study on Seismic Response of Steel Storage Racks with Roller Type Isolator." Metals 11, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11010158.

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This research evaluates the effectiveness of using a roller-type base isolation device with tensile strength in reducing the dynamic response of industrial steel storage racks. These were subjected to a seismic input acting separately in both directions of the structure. The seismic record obtained from the earthquake that occurred in Llolleo, Chile, on 3 March 1985, was used as input. This earthquake was scaled in the frequency domain, adjusting its response spectrum to coincide with the design spectrum required by NCh2745. In the calculations of this spectrum, the most hazardous seismic zone (zone 3) and soft soil (soil III) that amplifies the effect of the low frequencies of the earthquake were considered. These frequencies are the ones that have the most affect on flexible structures such as high racks and systems with base isolation. Numerical time-history analyses were performed in fixed base racks and base isolation racks. In both cases, the models include semi-rigid connections with capacity for plastic deformation and energy dissipation. Parametric analyses were carried out considering the most relevant variables, using an algorithm programmed in MATLAB software. The maximum relative displacement, maximum basal shear load, and maximum absolute floor acceleration were considered as responses of interest. The results showed the effectiveness of using the base isolation device by reducing the absolute accelerations between approximately 75% and 90%, compared to the same fixed rack at its base. This makes it possible to reduce the vulnerability of the stored load to overturn under the action of a severe earthquake.

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18

Talebian, Nima, Benoit P. Gilbert, Nadia Baldassino, and Hong Guan. "Finite Element Modeling of Bolted Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack Upright Frames." Applied Mechanics and Materials 846 (July 2016): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.846.251.

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Steel storage racks, commonly assembled from cold-formed steel profiles, are braced in the cross-aisle direction, where bracing members are typically bolted between two uprights forming an “upright frame”. Especially for high-bay racks and racks supporting the building enclosure, accurately determining the transverse shear stiffness of upright frames is essential in calculating the elastic buckling load, performing earthquake design and serviceability checks. International racking specifications recommend different approaches to evaluate the said transverse shear stiffness. The Rack Manufacturers Institute (RMI) Specification conservatively uses an analytical solution based on Timoshenko and Gere's theory while the European (EN15512) and Australian (AS4084) Specifications recommend testing to be conducted. Previous studies have shown that Finite Element Analyses (FEA), solely using beam elements, fail to reproduce experimental test results and may overestimate the transverse shear stiffness by a factor up to 25. This discrepancy is likely attributed to the local deformations occurring at the bolted joints. In this paper, a commercially used upright frame configuration has been modeled using shell elements in FEA and the response is verified against published experimental test results. A good correlation is found between the FEA and test results, concluding that shell elements are able to fully capture the behaviour of the upright frame. Future studies on the use of the FE model are also presented.

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19

Blatnický, Miroslav, Ján Dižo, and Dalibor Barta. "Design and Structural Analysis of a Rack System for Using in Agriculture." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 3 (2018): 641–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866030641.

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The paper deals with a construction design and structural analysis of the rack system which will be used for storage of steel tubes of pressure pipeline for fodder mixtures transportation in agricultural company. Structure of the designed equipment is made by the welding of steel parts and consists of the main framework and four pull-out racks on both sides. Racks move by means of human power through a rotating crank. Every individual pull-out racks is able to carries pipes of various dimensions, both length and diameter with total weight up to 3 tons with respect to customer requests. Since it is a prototype’s structure, we have designed main dimensions of it, material and technology for production and performed also structural analyses as the integral part of every engineering design. Structural analyses were conducted by means of numeric procedure known as finite element method. With respect to the used steel profiles shell elements were used for FE model. Analyses were performed for maximal loading cases in order to identify the level of safety in the most exposed locations of the structure.

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20

Baek, Eun-Rim, Hyoung-Suk Choi, Young-Deuk Seo, and Chung-Gil Kim. "Experimental Assessment on Seismic Behavior of Steel Storage Racks." Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering 30, no. 6 (December 31, 2020): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5050/ksnve.2020.30.6.615.

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21

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Arturo di Gioia, Giammaria Gabbianelli, and Marco Simoncelli. "Pushover Analyses of Hand-Loaded Steel Storage Shelving Racks." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 21, no. 8 (September 13, 2016): 1256–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2016.1210063.

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22

Freitas, Arlene M. S., Flavio T. Souza, and Marcilio S. R. Freitas. "Analysis and behavior of steel storage drive-in racks." Thin-Walled Structures 48, no. 2 (February 2010): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2009.09.003.

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23

Connor, Ian. "Performance of steel storage racks in the Darfield earthquake." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 45, no. 2 (June 30, 2012): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.45.2.61-70.

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The author inspected 18 racking installations at various food storage facilities in Christchurch for damage from the 4th September 2010 Darfield Earthquake. The type of racking installations and damage suffered are listed with some photographs of specific damage. The damage ranged from minor to complete collapse with large product loss. Although inspection access was limited, the collapse mechanism for racking installations is assessed and suggested. The damage inspected indicated some variation in the application of design approaches and potential areas where the behaviour of rack structures may not have been fully understood during design. General conclusions are drawn from the damage inspections, and suggestions offered for the refinement and improvement of racking design approaches.

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24

Shaheen, Mahmoud S. A., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "07.17: Design methods for drive-in steel storage racks." ce/papers 1, no. 2-3 (September 2017): 1637–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.207.

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25

Sideris, Petros, Andre Filiatrault, Martin Leclerc, and Robert Tremblay. "Experimental Investigation on the Seismic Behavior of Palletized Merchandise in Steel Storage Racks." Earthquake Spectra 26, no. 1 (February 2010): 209–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.3283389.

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The seismic hazard associated with failure of storage racks in retail facilities open to public depends on the behavior of the rack frames and the response of stored merchandise. In this study, the seismic behavior of palletized merchandise stored on shelves of pallet-type steel storage racks is investigated and the concept of incorporating slightly inclined shelving is proposed as a measure for mitigating merchandise shedding. Pull tests and shake table tests are conducted. The main objective of the pull tests is to investigate the frictional behavior at the interface between loaded pallets and rack shelves. The major objective of the shake table tests is to characterize the dynamic response of the palletized merchandise under earthquake excitation imposed at the base of rack structures, and determine experimentally the pallet shedding fragility under an ensemble of ground excitations representative of the seismicity of the Western United States. The combination of wooden pallets and shelves with wire decking of waterfall type, typical of many rack installations, is considered. The results of the pull tests indicate that the frictional coefficient at the pallet-to-shelf interface varies between 0.37 and 0.45 for a range of loads between 0.55 kN and 13.00 kN. From the results of the shake table tests, the concept of inclined shelving appears to be very effective. An inclination of only 3.5° reduced the observed seismic merchandise shedding fragility to zero for the ground excitations considered.

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26

Shaker, Fattouh M. F., Zekriat Mamdooh, Ahmed Deifalla, and Mohamed M. Yehia. "Experimental Investigations of the Behavior of Stiffened Perforated Cold-Formed Steel Sections Subjected to Axial Compression." Buildings 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2022): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060812.

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Cold-formed steel sections are becoming popular for different steel structures, because they have a high resistance against different straining actions, with a minimal weight compared with hard steel sections. Recently, perforated cold-formed steel (PCFS) sections have been used in many applications, such as perforated upright storage racks. Experimental research into the behavior of steel storage rack uprights subjected to axial compression is presented in this paper. First, tensile tests determined the material qualities of the cold-formed steel uprights. Then, seventeen perforated specimens were examined under axial compression, with five different cross-sections, three different web heights and thicknesses, and varying lengths. The study’s goals were to find out how perforations affect the performance and failure mode of steel storage rack uprights, to discuss the interaction of distortional and global buckling, and to verify the accuracy of using the direct strength method (DSM) for predicting the ultimate strength before failure in buckling interactions for perforated uprights. It was found that the failure modes of perforated specimens with stiffeners generally cannot be well predicted using the direct strength method. However, when the modifications proposed by Xianzhong Zhao et al. are used, the accuracy is acceptable.

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27

Firouzianhaji, Ahmad, Nima Usefi, Bijan Samali, and Peyman Mehrabi. "Shake Table Testing of Standard Cold-Formed Steel Storage Rack." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041821.

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Full-scale shake table investigations are strongly required to understand the actual performance of storage racks and to improve the rack design guidelines. This paper presents the results of full-scale shake table tests on New Zealand standard storage rack frames with two-bay and two-level to determine the dynamic characteristics of a standard rack structure and to measure the damping of the system. The experimental program was conducted in three phases. First, the identification parameters including the natural frequency and damping of the system were determined through a series of preliminary tests. Then, shake table tests were performed to capture the inelastic response of rack frames under low to medium intensities of El-Centro ground motion. Finally, the shake-table tests were repeated with scaling down the time domain and broader ranges of ground motion intensities to consider the performance of taller rack systems. In addition, a comprehensive discussion on the damping of the system is also provided based on the test results. The performance of the rack frame is described through an extensive set of measurements, including rack displacement, pallet sliding, the acceleration of a concrete block and rack frame and the damping of the system in the down-aisle direction. The results indicate that the standard rack frames are able to endure large inelastic deformations without loss of stability.

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28

Shaheen, Mahmoud S. A., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Development of friction-damped seismic fuses for steel storage racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 192 (May 2022): 107216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107216.

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29

Wu, Zhenyu, and Bo Cheng. "Behaviors of column base connections in assembled steel storage racks." Journal of Shenzhen University Science and Engineering 31, no. 5 (2014): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1249.2014.05513.

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30

Yu, Shao Feng, and Yao Ge. "Stability Study on Perforated Columns in Steel Storage Racks under Axial Compression." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 889–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.889.

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Steel storage rack structures have always been the mainly used type of those cold-formed thin-walled steel elements. Recently, it becomes more important to study its stability and bearing capacity. This paper selects a typical type of rack column-channel column and performs lots of analyzing work about overall buckling, local buckling and distortional buckling of perforated columns with different openings by using the finite element method.

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31

Jeon, Jong-Su, Hyoungsuk Choi, Youngdeuk Seo, Chunggil Kim, and Gwanghee Heo. "Seismic Performance of Steel Industrial Storage Racks Subjected to Korea Earthquakes." Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea 22, no. 3 (April 30, 2018): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5000/eesk.2018.22.3.149.

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32

Jovanović, Đorđe, Drago Žarković, Vladimir Vukobratović, and Zoran Brujić. "Hysteresis model for beam-to-column connections of steel storage racks." Thin-Walled Structures 142 (September 2019): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2019.04.056.

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33

Baldassino, Nadia, Claudio Bernuzzi, Arturo di Gioia, and Marco Simoncelli. "An experimental investigation on solid and perforated steel storage racks uprights." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 155 (April 2019): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.01.008.

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34

Nuñez, Eduardo, Catalina Aguayo, and Ramón Mata. "Incremental dynamic analysis of steel storage racks subjected to Chilean earthquakes." Thin-Walled Structures 182 (January 2023): 110288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110288.

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35

Nuñez, Eduardo, Ramón Mata, Jorge Castro, Nelson Maureira, Néstor Guerrero, and Ángel Roco. "Influence of Global Slenderness and Sliding Pallets on Seismic Design of Steel Storage Racks: A Sensitivity Analysis." Buildings 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2022): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111826.

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In this research, the influence of global slenderness and sliding pallets factor on the seismic design of steel storage racks are assessed. Variations in span length, the height of storage levels, live load, and percentage of live load considered in the seismic mass are studied for different levels of seismic zone and soil type. The models were designed according to the Chilean Code NCh2369. Subsequently, a global sensitivity analysis was developed to analyze the influence of each studied parameter in the seismic design response in terms of fundamental period, drift, and base shear from a response spectral analysis approach. A total of 12000 simulations were performed. Two-hundred additional models were performed to evaluate the variation of seismic mass in the structural response. Results indicate a significant influence of live loads and seismic mass on steel racks designed for soft soils and unbrace conditions. The stiffness also modifies the performance of the racks, mainly in models using braces in the down-aisle direction and cross-aisle direction. In these cases, the seismic mass factor does not have a strong influence on structural response in comparison to the global slenderness.

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Neiva, Luiz, Juliane Aparecida Braz Starlino, Guilherme Elias, Arlene Maria Cunha Sarmanho, and Vinícius Nicchio Alves. "Industrial storage system continuous perforated uprights: a combined design proposal." Revista de la construcción 21, no. 2 (2022): 204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.21.2.204.

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Brazilian standards for design of cold-formed steel (ABNT NBR 14762:2010, 2010) and design of pallet racks (ABNT NBR 15524-2:2007, 2007) have different procedures to determine the strength of columns under axial compression, using different buckling curves. This paper aims to evaluate the efficiency of using cold-formed Brazilian standard buckling design curve instead of the formulations of the pallet-rack design standard to study the use viability of the equations in the calculation procedure for computing the uprights compressive strength. This strength was calculated in four ways: one using the original equations of pallet-rack Brazilian standard, and the other three using adaptations of the buckling curve from the cold-formed steel design standard. A theoretical and numerical procedure based on finite element analysis concerning local, global, and distortional buckling and imperfections was performed. Furthermore, experimental results were also consulted to determine the effective area of studied cross-sections considering the effects of local buckling and the presence of continuous perforations. The results show that the proposed modifications are consistently correlated to the results obtained using the original equations of ABNT NBR 15524, indicating the viability of using the buckling curve of ABNT NBR 14762.

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Thasan, Selvakumar, and Senthil Rajendran. "Cold formed steel storage racks subjected to axial, shear and bending interactions." Revista de la construcción 19, no. 2 (August 2020): 306–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/rdlc.19.2.306-323.

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38

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Alice Pieri, and Veronica Squadrito. "Warping influence on the static design of unbraced steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 79 (June 2014): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2014.01.024.

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39

Kanyilmaz, Alper, Carlo Andrea Castiglioni, Giovanni Brambilla, and Gian Paolo Chiarelli. "Experimental assessment of the seismic behavior of unbraced steel storage pallet racks." Thin-Walled Structures 108 (November 2016): 391–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2016.09.001.

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40

Bernuzzi, Claudio, and Marco Simoncelli. "Steel storage pallet racks in seismic zones: Advanced vs. standard design strategies." Thin-Walled Structures 116 (July 2017): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2017.03.002.

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41

Shaheen, Mahmoud S. A., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Seismic tests of drive-in steel storage racks in cross-aisle direction." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 162 (November 2019): 105701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2019.105701.

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42

Gilbert, Benoit P., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Bolted moment connections in drive-in and drive-through steel storage racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 66, no. 6 (June 2010): 755–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.01.013.

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43

Gilbert, Benoit P., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Determination of the base plate stiffness and strength of steel storage racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 67, no. 6 (June 2011): 1031–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.01.006.

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44

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Armando Gobetti, Giammaria Gabbianelli, and Marco Simoncelli. "Warping influence on the resistance of uprights in steel storage pallet racks." Journal of Constructional Steel Research 101 (October 2014): 224–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.014.

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45

Bernuzzi, Claudio, Damiano Persico, and Marco Simoncelli. "Influence of floor deflections on the performance of steel storage pallet racks." Engineering Structures 123 (September 2016): 434–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.066.

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46

Gilbert, Benoit P., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Impact tests and parametric impact studies on drive-in steel storage racks." Engineering Structures 33, no. 5 (May 2011): 1410–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.01.017.

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Gabbianelli, Giammaria. "Applied Element Modelling of Warping Effects in Thin-Walled C-Shaped Steel Sections." Buildings 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11080328.

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The Applied Element Method (AEM) is a relatively recent numerical technique, originally conceived for simulating the large displacement nonlinear response of reinforced concrete, masonry and steel structures, and successful applications have been presented by various researchers. Recently, AEM was used to model the mechanical behaviour of steel storage pallet racks, i.e., particular cold-formed steel structures typically employed for storing goods and materials. Such systems are often subjected to peculiar displacements and stresses due to warping effects, which are inherent and often govern their behaviour, increasing the peak strength and ultimate displacement demand. This phenomenon has not been studied through AEM yet; hence, this work investigates the capabilities of AEM in simulating the warping effects in typical steel rack members, i.e., thin-walled C-shaped sections. Preliminary results and comparison against established modelling approaches indicate that AEM can accurately simulate this phenomenon, both in terms of displacements and stresses.

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Franco, Annalisa, Simone Massimiani, and Gianni Royer-Carfagni. "Passive Control of Steel Storage Racks for Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese under Seismic Accelerations." Journal of Earthquake Engineering 19, no. 8 (August 12, 2015): 1222–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2015.1049386.

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Zhang, Hao, Benoit P. Gilbert, and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Drive-In Steel Storage Racks. II: Reliability-Based Design for Forklift Truck Impact." Journal of Structural Engineering 138, no. 2 (February 2012): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000448.

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Gilbert, Benoit P., and Kim J. R. Rasmussen. "Drive-In Steel Storage Racks I: Stiffness Tests and 3D Load-Transfer Mechanisms." Journal of Structural Engineering 138, no. 2 (February 2012): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)st.1943-541x.0000449.

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