Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel – Inclusions

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Steel – Inclusions'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

1

Wang, Yan, Qing Xiao Li, Shuo Ming Wang, and Peng Long Han. "Study of Inclusion’s Source and Character in Different T[O] Content." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.187.

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Inclusion’s source and character in different T[ content are studied in the paper, molten slag and refractory material that leave in steel are also calculated. Inclusion in steel are principally come from deoxidation, accompany with the decrease of T[ content, influence of molten slag and refractory materials to inclusions are getting more and more serials. Inclusions which come from molten slag and refractory material are 88.9%, 24.6% and 18.1% defenetly. Great influence on non steady large inclusions in T[ steel, when the mold level fluctuation is large, almost 100% of inclusions in steel have slag inclusion of covering slag. When tundish liquid level fluctuation is large, about 30%~60% inclusions in steel have tundish slag.
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2

Wang, Yuhang, Xian Zhang, Wenzhui Wei, Xiangliang Wan, Jing Liu, and Kaiming Wu. "Effects of Ti and Cu Addition on Inclusion Modification and Corrosion Behavior in Simulated Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone of Low-Alloy Steels." Materials 14, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040791.

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In this paper, the effects of Ti and Cu addition on inclusion modification and corrosion behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) of low-alloy steels were investigated by using in-situ scanning vibration electrode technique (SVET), scanning electron microscope/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and electrochemical workstation. The results demonstrated that the complex inclusions formed in Cu-bearing steel were (Ti, Al, Mn)-Ox-MnS, which was similar to that in base steel. Hence, localized corrosion was initiated by the dissolution of MnS. However, the main inclusions in Ti-bearing steels were modified into TiN-Al2O3/TiN, and the localized corrosion was initiated by the dissolution of high deformation region at inclusion/matrix interface. With increased interface density of inclusions in steels, the corrosion rate increased in the following order: Base steel ≈ Cu-bearing steel < Ti-bearing steel. Owing to the existence of Cu-enriched rust layer, the Cu-bearing steel shows a similar corrosion resistance with base steel.
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3

Wang, Linzhu, Zuobing Xi, and Changrong Li. "Modification of Type B Inclusions by Calcium Treatment in High-Carbon Hard-Wire Steel." Metals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050676.

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To investigate the modification of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Ca treatment, Si-Ca alloy was added to high-carbon hard-steel, and the composition, morphology, size, quantity, and distribution of inclusions were observed. The samples were investigated by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The experimental thermal results showed that the modification effect of inclusion was better in high-carbon hard-wire steel with Al of 0.0053% and Ca of 0.0029% than that in steel with Al of 0.011% and Ca of 0.0052%, in which the inclusions were mainly spherical semi-liquid and liquid CA2, CA, and C12A7. The inclusion size decreased from 3.2 μm to 2.1 μm. The degree of inclusions segregation was reduced in high-carbon hard-wire steels after calcium treatment. The results indicate that the modification of inclusions is conducive to obtaining dispersed inclusions with fine size. The ratio of length to width decreased and tended to be 1 with the increase in CaO content in the inclusion. When the content of CaO was higher than 30%, the aspect ratio was in the range of 1 to 1.2. The relationship between the activity of aluminum and calcium and the inclusions type at equilibrium in high-carbon hard-wire steel was estimated using classical thermodynamics. The calculated results were consistent with the experimental results. The thermodynamic software Factsage was used to analyze the effect of aluminum and calcium additions on the type and quality of inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels. The modification law and mechanism of type B inclusions in high-carbon hard-wire steels are discussed.
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Wang, Wanlin, Liwen Xue, Tongsheng Zhang, Lejun Zhou, Daoyuan Huang, Weiguang Tian, and Jialin Xu. "Thermodynamics and transient behavior of the inclusion in Si deoxidized stainless steel for high-grade plate." Metallurgical Research & Technology 116, no. 6 (2019): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2019042.

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The experiments were carried out to determine the transient behavior of the inclusion in Si-deoxidized stainless steel for high-grade plate. The samples were taken from three heats of the steel during the whole production process from the AOD to the mold, which were subsequently examined by an automatic scanning electron microscope with field energy dispersive spectrometer (FE-SEM&EDS). It can be summarized that appropriate calcium treatment intensity could modify inclusions into liquid ones. Excessive calcium treatment above ([Ca] = 25 ppm) will increase the melting point of the inclusions, which cannot keep in the liquid region at the solidification temperature. Therefore, the calcium addition in Si-deoxidized stainless steels should be controlled to a relatively lower value ([Ca] = 10 ppm). In addition, the content of aluminum in steel also has an important influence on the control of inclusion. When the content of aluminum ([Al] = 0.012%) is too high, the inclusions in steel are difficult to be controlled within the liquid phase. The chemical evolution of the inclusions in steel at high temperature and during solidification process were comprehensively calculated, considering all types of inclusions such as calcium oxide, aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, calcium aluminate, calcium silicate, mullite, and liquid inclusion. The thermodynamic calculations are in good agreement with experimental results, which can predict the formation of the inclusions in Si-deoxidized stainless steels.
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Shen, Ping, and Jianxun Fu. "Morphology Study on Inclusion Modifications Using Mg–Ca Treatment in Resulfurized Special Steel." Materials 12, no. 2 (January 9, 2019): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12020197.

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In resulfurized special steel, MnS and Al2O3 are two main inclusions that deteriorate fatigue life and machinability. It is important that these two inclusions should be well controlled to increase steel quality and usage performance. In the present study, a Mg–Ca treatment was employed to modify the MnS and Al2O3 inclusions in resulfurized steels to reduce detrimental effects on fatigue life and machinability. In the laboratory study, Ni–Mg alloy was added to 16MnCrS5 and 49MnVS3 steels. Both Al2O3 and CaO–Al2O3 were gradually modified to MgO·Al2O3 and MgO, being surrounded by MnS, that is, a complex inclusion with an oxide core and sulfide outer layer was formed. The amount of the complex inclusion increased with Mg content. In the hot forging experiment, non-Mg treated inclusions were in the morphology of long strip, while those with Mg treatment were seen to be less deformed with spherical morphology of low aspect ratio in which case inclusions had less effect on steel mechanical properties. The Mg–Ca treatment was also applied to the manufacture of resulfurized special steel in steel plants. The scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometer and statistical results agreed well with those in the laboratory studies.
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Yu, Huixiang, Muming Li, Jiaming Zhang, and Dexin Yang. "Effect of Mn Content on the Reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mass pct) Steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO Slag." Metals 11, no. 8 (July 28, 2021): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081200.

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Medium- and high-Mn steels have excellent properties but are very difficult to be commercially produced because of the high content of some alloy elements. To enhance the understanding of the reaction between medium/high-Mn steel and refining slag which is significantly different from the conventional steels, steel and slag composition and the inclusions were investigated by equilibrium reaction between Fe-xMn (x = 5, 10, 15, and 20 mass pct) and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO top slag at 1873 K in the laboratory. Furthermore, the effect of Mn content on inclusion transformation and steel cleanliness was also explored. After slag–steel reaction, both contents of MnO in slag and Si in steel increased. Most MnO inclusions in master steel transformed to MnO-SiO2 and MnO-Al2O3-MgO. With the increase in Mn content, the amount share of MnO type inclusions decreased and that of MnO-Al2O3-MgO type increased. In addition, both the number density of observed inclusions and the calculated oxygen content in inclusions increased. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the composition change of steel and slag and the transformation of inclusions are mainly the consequence of the reaction between Mn in molten steel and SiO2 and MgO in top slag. The dissolved Mn in medium/high-Mn steel presents a strong reactivity.
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Zhu, Tengwei, Feng Huang, Jing Liu, Qian Hu, and Wei Li. "Effects of inclusion on corrosion resistance of weathering steel in simulated industrial atmosphere." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 63, no. 6 (November 7, 2016): 490–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-05-2015-1538.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the atmospheric corrosion mechanism of structural materials to develop more advanced corrosion-control technologies and cost-reduction strategies. As a second phase in steels, the non-metallic oxide inclusions are considered to not only affect the mechanical properties of steel but also the corrosion resistance of steel. So, an important research goal in this paper is to investigate the indoor accelerated corrosion kinetics of Q450NQR1 weathering steel, analyzing the galvanic polarity of different inclusions in electrochemical corrosion microcell between the inclusion and steel matrix and then elucidating the influence mechanism of inclusions on corrosion resistance of weathering steel. Design/methodology/approach Two methods of inclusion modification are usually used to improve the properties of weathering steel: one is calcium treatment on aluminum killed steel and the other one is rare earth (RE) modification. Wet/dry cyclic immersion corrosion test field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) metallographic optical microscope. Findings The indoor accelerated corrosion kinetics of Q450NQR1 weathering steel could be divided into two stages with different log (thickness loss, D)-log (time, t) fitting functions, and the effect of inclusions on the corrosion resistance of Q450NQR1 weathering steel was only reflected in the initial stages of corrosion. The inclusions of CaS in Ca-modified test steel and RE oxides and sulfides in RE-modified test steel were preferentially dissolved in acid media, slowing down the corrosion rate of steel matrix, but the non-metallic inclusion Al2O3 may accelerate the corrosion rate of the steel matrix as a form of differential aeration corrosion. Originality/value The effects of inclusions on corrosion resistance of Q450NQR1 weathering steel was investigated by dry–wet cycle immersion test and FE-SEM. The effect of inclusions on the corrosion resistance of Q450NQR1weathering steel was only reflected in the initial stages of corrosion. The inclusions of CaS in Ca-modified test steel and rare earth (RE) oxides and sulfides in RE-modified test steel were preferentially dissolved in acid media, slowing down the corrosion rate of steel matrix, but the non-metallic inclusion Al2O3 may accelerate corrosion rate of the steel matrix as a form of differential aeration corrosion.
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Gu, Chao, Min Wang, Yanping Bao, Fuming Wang, and Junhe Lian. "Quantitative Analysis of Inclusion Engineering on the Fatigue Property Improvement of Bearing Steel." Metals 9, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9040476.

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The fatigue property is significantly affected by the inner inclusions in steel. Due to the inhomogeneity of inclusion distribution in the micro-scale, it is not straightforward to quantify the effect of inclusions on fatigue behavior. Various investigations have been performed to correlate the inclusion characteristics, such as inclusion fraction, size, and composition, with fatigue life. However, these studies are generally based on vast types of steels and even for a similar steel grade, the alloy concept and microstructure information can still be of non-negligible difference. For a quantitative analysis of the fatigue life improvement with respect to the inclusion engineering, a systematic and carefully designed study is still needed to explore the engineering dimensions of inclusions. Therefore, in this study, three types of bearing steels with inclusions of the same types, but different sizes and amounts, were produced with 50 kg hot state experiments. The following forging and heat treatment procedures were kept consistent to ensure that the only controlled variable is inclusion. The fatigue properties were compared and the inclusions that triggered the fatigue cracks were analyzed to deduce the critical sizes of inclusions in terms of fatigue failure. The results show that the critical sizes of different inclusion types vary in bearing steels. The critical size of the spinel is 8.5 μm and the critical size of the calcium aluminate is 13.5 μm under the fatigue stress of 1200 MPa. In addition, with the increase of the cleanliness of bearing steels, the improvement of fatigue properties will reach saturation. Under this condition, further increasing of the cleanliness of the bearing steel will not contribute to the improvement of fatigue property for the investigated alloy and process design.
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Xing, Zhiguo, Zhiyuan Wang, Haidou Wang, and Debin Shan. "Bending Fatigue Behaviors Analysis and Fatigue Life Prediction of 20Cr2Ni4 Gear Steel with Different Stress Concentrations near Non-metallic Inclusions." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 3443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203443.

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To investigate the relationship between inclusions and bending fatigue behaviors in 20Cr2Ni4 steel under different stress concentrations. This paper designs a new experimental method to prefabricate different size stress concentrations near the inclusions, and then conducts a new type of bending fatigue test to study the inclusions and their surrounding stress distributions in 20Cr2Ni4 steel. A microhardness tester was combined with laser etching equipment to realize the prefabrication of different stress concentrations at arbitrary positions around any inclusion on the gear steel surface. This method provides an experimental basis for the quantitative analysis of the relationship between stress distribution and fatigue life around the inclusions of heavy-duty gear steels. We also predict the bending fatigue lives of heavy-duty gear steels with different types of inclusions, stress states, and spatial distributions. Then, based on the prefabricated notch parameters and the state of inclusions in the steel, a mathematical model of quantitative analysis is proposed, which can accurately predict the fatigue limit of heavy-duty gear steel. The research results can be applied to the actual use of heavy-duty gears and to the accurate life estimation based on the state of gear stress, thereby providing a quantitative reference model for subsequent gear steel production and gear part processing.
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Zhou, Xiao Lei, Zhe Shi, and Gui Fang Zhang. "The Evolution of Non-Metallic Inclusions in IF Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 696 (November 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.696.62.

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At present, China's IF steel production has get a certain scale. But IF steel production is still in the primary stage of development. Therefore, the process control of inclusions in IF steel have become a pressing matter of the moment. This has important theoretical value and practical significance for further development of IF steel production in China. According to the size, the inclusions can be divided into super micro inclusions, micro inclusions and micro inclusions in the steel. According to the deformation capacity, inclusions can be divided into plastic inclusions, semi plastic inclusion and brittle inclusion.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

1

Douglas, Brent A. "Nonmetallic inclusions in HSLA steel weldments." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27164.

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Gregg, John Martin. "Ferrite nucleation on non-metallic inclusions in steel." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/221878.

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Kuyucak, Selçuk. "Direct detection of non-metallic inclusions in molten iron." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63356.

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Ruoru, Ke. "Pitting corrosion on sulphide inclusions in stainless steel 316." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1988. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/847585/.

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Pits have been observed to initiate at certain inclusions in stainless steel, which affect the composition and properties of the passive film in that region. In this thesis, the VG MA500 high resolution scanning Auger microscope associated with Link EDX is used to investigate the surface chemistry of inclusion groups in stainless steel 316 relative to the bulk composition, before and after exposure to sodium chloride solution. The work demonstrates that careful control of experimental conditions allows the progress of initiation of pits to be observed systematically. The role of inclusions as initiators of pitting corrosion has been studied from the very inception of attack. Detailed observation have been taken from separate manganese sulphide as well as mixture of manganese sulphide and multi-element oxide at various pH values of solutions to trace the behaviour of these inclusions during exposures. It is suggested from this investigation that corrosive attack starts on MnS inclusion proper. The dissolution of MnS takes place in sodium chloride solution followed by the acidification in the microarea and dissolution of metal in the region adjacent to the inclusion. The mechanism for the crevice corrosion is of importance after the microcrevice forms. The observations showed that sulphur precipitated on the area surrounding the inclusion group in acidic sodium chloride solution. This is in contrast to the finding in prior studies by electron probe or EDX analyses in which sulphur precipitation was only observed on the inclusion. Because pitting normally occurs on surfacesthat are initially exposed to air before being immersed in the corrosive solution, an understanding of the change of surface film associated with the change of medium is very important. XPS was used in this work to study the air formed and aqueous films, the transformation when the specimens were immersed in solutions. The study of the energy-loss structure of photoelectron peaks has lead to a better understanding of these various films. It has been used to study in greater detail the composition and properties of the films formed on Fe-Cr alloys during oxidation, vacuum annealing, and to find the relationship between the depth distribution of the components in the films and energy loss background of photoelectron peaks. Three features are of particular importance: the background loss tail height, the baseline slope and the post-peak loss structure. These features have been related quantitatively to the relative amounts of the element and the surrounding matrix in the layers which contribute the greatest signal at any given take-off angle. The present work illustrates that the additional depth information available from closer inspection of the inelastic loss background feature may aid an understanding of the change from the air-formed film to the aqueous film as well its effect on the initiation of pits in stainless steel 316. The combination of AES and EDX with high spatial resolution gave an opportunity to re-investigate the initiation of pits at the site of inclusion on stainless steel by offering both bulk and surface information. The use of AES and XPS associated with the energy loss structure of photoelectron peaks facilitates a comprehensive understanding for the whole surface of various films and the local areas which are involved in the formation of pits.
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Nakajima, Hidemasa. "On the detection and behaviour of second phase particles in steel melts." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75341.

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The behaviour of second phase particles in molten steel processing vessels was investigated, using the E.S.Z. (Electric Sensing Zone) method, in conjunction with aqueous modelling and molten steel systems.
1. Slag droplet entrainment/dispersion is an axisymmetric gas injection stirred system was investigated: A tank containing a water-olive oil simulation of stirred ladles of molten steel was used. Extensive numerical predictions of the oil (slag) droplet population distributions within the vessel were also carried out, and reasonable agreement with the experimental data achieved. Droplet dispersions were shown to be time and spatially dependent.
2. Inclusion separation characteristics in tundishes of continuous steel casting operations were investigated. The mixed reactor model proved to be adequate for predicting particle separation behaviour, proved that the effective upper surface area of the dispersed plug flow region is known, a priori.
3. An on-line method for the detection and measurement of inclusions in molten steel systems was developed. Inclusion removal rates within an induction furnace, as well as inclusion separation behaviour in a commercial scale tundish for continuous billet casting, were measured.
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Hussain, I. "A comparison of the cleanliness of steels treated with calcium-silicon and magnesium." Thesis, University of Wolverhampton, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234259.

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Deng, Zhiyin. "Study on the Interaction between Refractory and Liquid Steel Regarding Steel Cleanliness." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Mikro-modellering, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190071.

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The present thesis focuses on the interaction between refractory and liquid steel. The aim of this work is to understand the interaction behavior between refractory and liquid steel regarding steel cleanliness. The effect of different refractories on different inclusions in Al-killed steel was studied in a furnace. The sintering mechanism of filler sand were also investigated in laboratory. In the industrial trials, the attachments of different oxides on the walls of submerged entry nozzle (SEN) were discussed in the cases of high strength low alloy steel (HSLA) and ultra-low carbon steel (ULC). It is found that the effect of alumina and spinel refractory on all the three types of inclusions is very little, while MgO refractory influences the inclusions depending on the activity of dissolved oxygen in liquid steel. At low oxygen level, alumina inclusions could transform into spinel inclusions with the help of MgO refractory, while the effect on spinel and calcium aluminate inclusions is not evident. On the other hand, when the activity of dissolved oxygen is high enough, the evolution of spinel inclusions from alumina inclusions could not be seen. The reaction between chromite and silica grains leading to liquid formation is the main mechanism for the sintering of filler sand. The factors viz. steel composition, silica size and content, operation temperature and process holding time have a strong influence on the sintering of the filler sand. Smaller size and higher content of silica in sand, steel grades containing higher Mn and Al contents, higher temperature and longer holding time would result in serious sintering. The choice of the sand needs to take those factors into account. The results show that solid alumina particles are always agglomerated on the inner wall of SEN in the case of ULC steel. The top slag with high FeO and MnO contents is considered as the main reason of this kind of attachments. The removal of slag might be a good method to avoid the attachments. In the case of HSLA steel, liquid calcium aluminate inclusions could attach on the inner wall of SEN as well. The smoothness of the inner wall of the SEN holds the key of liquid attachments. In addition, the attachment situation on the outer wall of SEN depends on the operations. The oxygen entrainment through the mold powder would result in the formation of plate-like alumina attachments. The control of reoxidation due to oxygen entrainment would help to avoid this situation.

QC 20160816

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Söder, Mats. "Growth and removal of inclusions during ladle refining." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Materials Science and Engineering, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-45.

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The overall purpose of this thesis work has been to further our understanding of the growth and removal of inclusions in gas- and induction-stirred ladles. The primary focus has been on alumina inclusions.

Growth mechanisms were studied using data from fundamental mathematical models of gas- and induction-stirred ladles. The results showed the turbulence mechanism to be the most dominant in alumina inclusion growth. The dynamic growth and removal of inclusions in a gas-stirred ladle was studied using mathematical modelling. The model results showed concentration gradients of inclusions. The effect was most obvious in the steel flow past the removal sites: top slag, ladle refractory, and gas plume (bubble flotation). A new removal model was developed for large spherical caps bubbles.

In order to verify the predicted concentration gradients for the size population of inclusions, three experiments were carried out in production. The sampling equipment enabled sampling at five different positions and different locations at the same time. The results showed that concentration gradients of inclusions do exist both in induction-stirred and gas-stirred ladles. A theoretical analysis showed that the drag force on the inclusions to be the dominating force and that therefore inclusions follow the fluid flow.

The cluster behaviour of alumina inclusions were examined on steel samples taken in an industrial-scale deoxidation experiment in a ladle. The samples were examined by microscope and the results used to study cluster growth. It was found that there was rapid cluster growth due to collision during stirring and that at the end of the deoxidation experiment a majority of the small inclusions were bound in clusters. The cluster growth data determined using the microscopic results were compared with predicted cluster-growth data. A method was developed for converting the experimental data observed per unit area into data given per unit volume and vice versa. An expression for the collision diameter of the cluster was also developed. The results showed that the predicted cluster growth agreed well with the microscopic observations for the assumptions made in the growth model.

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9

Tian, Chenguo. "On the removal of non-metallic inclusions from molten steel through filtration." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59991.

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Non-metallic inclusions in steel such as alumina, silicates, etc. are detrimental to many steel properties. Elimination of these inclusions has long been a major target in steelmaking.
In this investigation, attempts have been made to remove these non-metallic inclusions by passing the liquid steel through a ceramic filter. It was found that this approach is very effective for removing solid non-wetting inclusions such as alumina. It appeared that liquid silicates could also be removed to some degree.
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Dey, Arghya. "The effect of steel composition on the behaviour of inclusions during steelmaking." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500451.

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Books on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

1

Kiessling, Roland. Non-metallic inclusions in steel. London: Institute of Metals, 1989.

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Pytel, Stanisław. Ocena odkształcalności wtrąceń niemetalicznych w stali. Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki, 1989.

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Douglas, Brent A. Nonmetallic inclusions in HSLA steel weldments. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1989.

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International, Symposium on the Control and Effects of Inclusions and Residuals in Steels (2nd 1986 Toronto Ont ). Proceedings, International Symposium on the Control and Effects of Inclusions and Residuals in Steels: A symposium. Montreal, Quebec: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1986.

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Kemeny, Frank. Review of deoxidation practice. Des Plaines, Ill: Carbon and Low Alloy Research Committee, Steel Founders' Society of America, 1990.

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Wanstall, Christopher R. Clean cast steel technology. [Des Plaines, IL]: Technical Steering Committee, Steel Founders' Society of America, 1994.

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A, Griffin John. Ladle treating, pouring, and gating for the production of clean steel castings. [Des Plaines, Ill.]: Technical Steering Committee, Steel Founders' Society of America, 1991.

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Ramaswamy, Viswanathan, and ASM International Energy Division, eds. Clean steels technology: Proceedings of the Robert I. Jaffee Memorial Symposium on Clean Materials Technology, ASM/TMS materials week, 2-5 November 1992, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [Palo Alto, Calif.]: Electric Power Research Institute, 1992.

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Gubenko, Svetlana Ivanovna. Transformat͡s︡ii͡a︡ nemetallicheskikh vkli͡u︡cheniĭ v stali. Moskva: "Metallurgii͡a︡", 1991.

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Y, Sahai. Tundish technology for clean steel production. Hackensack, NJ: World Scientific, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

1

Ototani, Tohei. "Influence of Calcium on Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steels." In Calcium Clean Steel, 62–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82752-5_5.

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Li, Ming, Biao Tao, Huajie Wu, and Yanhui Sun. "Effect of ZrO2 Filters on Inclusions in Steel." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 155–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65253-1_13.

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Islam, Showmic, Satyajeet P. Deshpande, Luz D. Sotelo, Musa Norouzian, Michael T. Lumpkin, Liesl F. Ammerlaan, Allen J. Fuller, and Joseph A. Turner. "Quantitative Ultrasonic Characterization of Subsurface Inclusions in Tapered Roller Bearings." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 66–81. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190081.

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Glaws, Peter C., and Michael E. Burnett. "The Effect of Nonmetallic Inclusions on Bending Fatigue Performance in High-Strength Steels." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 11th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, 502–18. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp160020170011.

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Suarez, Aldara Naveira. "Characterization of Non-Metallic Inclusions in Bearing Steels by Means of Focused Ion Beam." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 10th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, 1–21. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158020140082.

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Shimamoto, Masaki, Tomoko Sugimura, Sei Kimura, Akihiro Owaki, Masaki Kaizuka, and Yosuke Shindo. "Improvement of the Rolling Contact Fatigue Resistance in Bearing Steels by Adjusting the Composition of Oxide Inclusions." In Bearing Steel Technologies: 10th Volume, Advances in Steel Technologies for Rolling Bearings, 1–13. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp158020140043.

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Liu, Hui, Yikui Xie, Qiankun Yang, Qi Zhou, and Jie Ma. "Modification of Inclusions by Adding Mg to 16MnCrS5 Gear Steel." In 11th International Symposium on High-Temperature Metallurgical Processing, 595–604. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36540-0_53.

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Zhou, Qinghai, Jiongming Zhang, and Yanbin Yin. "Analysis of Large Inclusions in Crankshaft Steel by Ingot Casting." In Materials Processing Fundamentals 2019, 107–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05728-2_10.

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Zhu, Mingmei, Fei Xiong, Guanghua Wen, Shengjian Cao, and Jian Li. "Inclusions Removal by Gas Bubbles in Steel Continuous Casting Tundish." In Characterization of Minerals, Metals, and Materials 2013, 37–43. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118659045.ch5.

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Rajendran, Mohan Kumar, Michael Budnitzki, and Meinhard Kuna. "Multi-scale Modeling of Partially Stabilized Zirconia with Applications to TRIP-Matrix Composites." In Austenitic TRIP/TWIP Steels and Steel-Zirconia Composites, 679–721. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42603-3_21.

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Abstract The understanding of how the microstructure influences the mechanical response is an essential pre-requisite for materials tailored to match specific requirements. The aim of this chapter is to further this understanding in the context of Mg-PSZ-TRIP-steel composites on three different scales using a set of methods ranging from phase-field simulations over micromechanics to continuum constitutive modeling. On the microscale, using a Ginzburg-Landau type phase-field model the effects of cooling- and stress-induced martensitic phase transformation in MgO-PSZ is clearly distinguished. Additionally with this method the role of energy barrier in variant selection and the effect of residual stress contributing to the stability of the tetragonal phase are also investigated. On the mesomechanical scale, an analytical 2D model for the martensitic phase transformation and self-accommodation of inclusions within linear elastic materials has been successfully developed. The influences of particle size and geometry, chemical driving force, temperature and surface energy on the $$t \rightarrow m$$ t → m transformation are investigated in a thermostatic approach. On the continuum scale, a continuum material model for transformation plasticity in partially stabilized zirconia ceramics has been developed. Nonlinear hardening behavior, hysteresis and monoclinic phase fraction during a temperature cycle are analyzed. Finally, The mechanical properties of a TRIP steel matrix reinforced by ZrO$$_2$$ 2 particles are analyzed on representative volume elements. Here the mechanical properties of the composite as function of volume fraction of both constituents and the strength of the interface are studied.
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Conference papers on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

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Wang, Y., L. Zhang, W. Yang, Q. Ren, D. Pan, X. Wang, and L. Sun. "Modification of Oxide Inclusions in Q345D Steel." In MS&T17. MS&T17, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2017/mst_2017_676_681.

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Wang, Y., L. Zhang, W. Yang, Q. Ren, D. Pan, X. Wang, and L. Sun. "Modification of Oxide Inclusions in Q345D Steel." In MS&T17. MS&T17, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2017mst/2017/mst_2017_676_681.

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Wang, Chia-Sui, Wesley Huang, Mark Yeh, and Jou-Wei Lin. "A Digital Evaluation System for Inclusions in Steel." In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Manufacturing (ICAM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/amcon.2018.8615078.

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Dedmon, Steven, and James M. Pilch. "The Development of Residual Micro-Stresses Surrounding Various Inclusion Types in Wheel Steel." In ASME 2009 Rail Transportation Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtdf2009-18009.

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Non-metallic inclusions are known to have deleterious affects on fatigue resistance of steels and other metals and alloys. Non-metallic inclusions reduce fatigue life by changing the micro-stresses in the vicinity of a propagating crack. But, some non-metallic types have a greater affect on fatigue life than other, more benign non-metallic types. Residual micro-stresses surrounding a non-metallic inclusion is proposed as one solution as to why these differences exist. Specifically investigated were the non-metallic types of Alumina, Silica and Manganese Sulfide — all of which are found to some extent in AAR M-107/M-208 Class C wheel steel.
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Zhang, X., X. Luo, L. Zhang, F. Chai, and C. Yang. "Detection of Inclusions in Steel by Electrochemical Corrosion Methods." In MS&T18. MS&T18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2018mst/2018/mst_2018_1271_1290.

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Li, W., Y. Ren, J. Wang, and L. Zhang. "Evolution of Inclusions in Solid Steel during Reheating Process." In MS&T19. TMS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2019mst/2019/mst_2019_1440_1445.

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Li, W., Y. Ren, J. Wang, and L. Zhang. "Evolution of Inclusions in Solid Steel during Reheating Process." In MS&T19. TMS, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2019/mst_2019_1440_1445.

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Zhang, X., X. Luo, L. Zhang, F. Chai, and C. Yang. "Detection of Inclusions in Steel by Electrochemical Corrosion Methods." In MS&T18. MS&T18, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7449/2018/mst_2018_1271_1290.

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Hu, Ping, Joseph A. Turner, Constantine Tarawneh, Brent Wilson, and Allen J. Fuller. "Multiple Frequency Ultrasonic Detection of Subsurface Near-Race Inclusions for Improved Fatigue Life Performance." In 2015 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2015-5785.

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The importance of steel cleanliness for the performance of tapered roller bearings has been clearly established and has led to on-going improvements in steel production methods. The presence of non-metallic impurities within the steel can result in hard/brittle inclusions that may serve as initiation sites for damage due to sub-surface rolling contact fatigue (RCF) if the inclusions lie within the near-race of the bearing components due to the high mechanical stress present. Current inspection standards define steel cleanliness with respect to bulk inclusion morphology, which limits inspection to a small area that may or may not be representative of the entire steel heat. In this presentation, ultrasonic surface wave methods are described for detecting subsurface inclusions directly on finished bearing inner and outer rings. We expand on our previous work to exploit the different inspection depths that can be achieved with different measurement frequencies. The impact of the different inspection depths is quantified through simulated service life testing with heavy axle loading conditions. For this study, bearing components were first subjected to ultrasonic surface wave testing at three different frequencies to identify near-race inclusions. The simulated service life testing was then used to assess the onset and propagation of RCF failure. RCF spall initiations correlated highly with the positions identified by the ultrasonic inspections suggesting that this approach has a predictive potential. However, additional research is needed to establish the specific criteria needed for such predictions with respect to the inclusion location along the race, the depth from the race surface, the inclusion morphology and the inclusion mechanical properties. This work is anticipated to improve the understanding of RCF damage initiation which will lead a higher level of safety for railroad operations.
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Li, Yan-hua, Hai-tao Wang, Ling-kang Ji, Qiang Chi, and Hong-yuan Chen. "Evaluation Method of Large Inclusions in High-Grade Pipeline Steel." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-11588.

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Good internal quality of steel pipes is a basic guarantee for the safe and efficient operation of pipeline system. While presence of large inclusions has adverse effect on the mechanical properties, weldability and corrosion resistance of the steel pipes, and then it would bring huge risk to the safe operation of oil and gas transmission pipeline. In order to reduce the risk to a minimum extent, it is quite necessary to analysis and study the characteristics of large inclusions in high grade pipeline steel, and then it would provide evidence for the formulation of level-determination standard of large inclusions during steel pipe acceptance. Optimized production technology such as electromagnetic stirring is put forward accordingly to prevent the occurrence of large inclusions in pipeline steel.
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Reports on the topic "Steel – Inclusions"

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Dr Alan Cramb, Sridar. Inclusion Optimization for Next Generation Steel Products. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/878645.

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Babu, S. S., S. A. David, and T. DebRoy. Inclusion formation in low-alloy steel welds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290931.

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R. C. Bradt and M.A.R. Sharif. Enhanced Inclusion Removal from Steel in the Tundish. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/993814.

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Hicho, George E. Crack arrest fracture toughness measurements of normalized and inclusion shape controlled AAR TC128 grade B steel, and micro-alloyed, control-rolled, and inclusion shape controlled A 8XX grade B steel. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4501.

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Stokes, Rebecca S., Daniel D. Loy, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Effects of Increased Inclusion of Algae Meal on Finishing Steer Performance and Carcass Characteristics. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-422.

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Messner, Mark C., Sam Sham, and Yanli Wang. FY17 Status Report on Testing Supporting the Inclusion of Grade 91 Steel as an Acceptable Material for Application of the EPP Methodology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1394364.

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Hariharan, Vasudevan, and Carl, D. Lundin. Final Report, Volume 5, Data Package for ASTM A923 Supporting Inclusion of A890-5A Super Duplex Stainless Steel ( Cast Equivalent of 2507). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861371.

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Hariharan, Vasudevan, and Carl, W. Lundin. Final Report, Volume 5, Data Package for ASTM A923 Supporting Inclusion of A890-5 Super Duplex Stainless Steel (Cast Equivalent of 2507). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/861934.

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Asaoka, Junya, Takahiro Shinoda, Katsumi Mori, Takashi Kano, and Kenichiro Kimura. Development of New Alloy Steel and Its Application for Both High Fatigue Strength and High Machinability by Utilizing New Inclusion Morphology Control Technology. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0094.

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Lundy, Erika L., Beth E. Doran, Evan Vermeer, Daniel D. Loy, and Stephanie L. Hansen. Influence of Corn Particle Size on Steer Performance and Carcass Characteristics When Fed Diets with Moderate Inclusions of Wet Distillers Grains plus Solubles. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1281.

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