Journal articles on the topic 'Steel – corrosion'
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1
Kubzová, Monika, Vit Křivý, Viktor Urban, and Katerina Kreislova. "Corrosive Environment Factors and their Influence on the Development of Weathering Steel Corrosion Products." Key Engineering Materials 832 (February 2020): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.832.137.
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This article deals with the topic of atmospheric corrosion. Atmospheric corrosion causes damage to nearly 80% of all existing steel structures. The main parameters of atmospheric corrosion are the time of wetness (TOW), air temperature and aggressive corrosive agents such as chlorides, sulfur dioxide and others. Currently, low alloy steels with improved atmospheric corrosion resistance called weathering steels are used for the steel structures located in outdoor environment. A protective layer of corrosion products is created on the steel surface and this layer can reduce continuation of corrosion of steel. The time of wetness together with the effect of aggressive corrosive agents are various for surfaces oriented vertically or horizontally. Experimental tests of atmospheric weathering steel were carried out to monitor the impact of location and position of surface on the different constructions. These tests allow monitoring the development of corrosion products in real exposures. The article presents a part of the research, which includes monitoring the development of the thickness of corrosion products with regard to the position on the structure. Research is developed to refine of prediction models with the aim of improving determination of corrosion losses during the service life of the structure. Second part of these experiments is dedicated to measuring the deposition rate of chlorides. Chlorides have a corrosive impact on the steel surface. Under normal conditions the chlorides does not create suitable environment for the development of a protective layer of corrosion products.
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Li, Li, Jun Ling Tian, Yi Liang Peng, and Guo Xin Li. "Investigation on the Anti-Corrosion Layer of the Power Transmission Steel Structures." Applied Mechanics and Materials 427-429 (September 2013): 400–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.427-429.400.
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The power transmission steel structures are used in the outdoor and the durability will be decreased due to the various corrosions, so the structures usually coated the anti-corrosion layers such as hot-dip coating, zinc-rich coating or thermal spray zinc coating. The anti-corrosion layers on three power transmission steel structures in Henan province, China were investigated by the corrosion morphology and the residual coating thickness. The results indicated that the corrosion degree of the bolts is higher than that of the steels, and there are local corrosions occurred on the surface of the steels due to the plating leakage or clash.
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Muradyan, Sarkis, M. V. Kostina, V. S. Kostina, Ludmila Rigina, and Viktor M. Timokhin. "Cast High-Strength Wear- and Corrosion-Resistant Austenitic Nitrogen Steel for Fittings Used in Shipbuilding." Key Engineering Materials 909 (February 4, 2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-iqrjh9.
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The paper presents the results of studies of a new cast high-strength austenitic corrosion-resistant steel, which can be successfully used in shipbuilding for the manufacture of fittings. The authors included data on the structural-phase state of steel, the results of evaluating the mechanical properties, wear and corrosion resistance of the metal of castings in the cast and heat-treated state. The mechanical properties of steel are considered in detail in a wide temperature range. The impact strength was considered at low temperatures and static strength at 20 to 350 ° C. It is shown that steel has higher mechanical and corrosive properties in a wide temperature range than those of traditional stainless steels. The corrosion resistance of steel is considered. This is intergranular and pitting corrosion; the main types of corrosion are peculiar for shipbuilding. It has been shown that cast steel is superior to traditional corrosion-resistant steels in pitting corrosion resistance estimated by the pitting coefficient PREN and the critical temperature of pitting. The new cast steel has the same wear resistance as Hadfield steel.
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Mahecha-Gómez, Andrey Felipe, Claudia Patricia Mejía-Villagrán, and Jhon Jairo Olaya-Flórez. "Aplicación de una metodología mixta para la selección de materiales resistentes a la corrosión en medios ácidos y salinos." Respuestas 20, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22463/0122820x.265.
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Objetivo: En este artículo se presenta una metodología mixta de selección de materiales para determinar qué material presenta la mejor relación entre resistencia a la corrosión, propiedades mecánicas y costos. Metodología: El trabajo se llevó a cabo utilizando pruebas potenciodinámicas de extrapolación (Tafel) e impedancia electroquímica (EIS), sometiendo las muestras a medios corrosivos de NaCl (3%) y H2SO4 (5%). Las muestras utilizadas fueron el cerámico Zirconia no sinterizada y los aceros AISI 304L, AISI 316 y AISI 316L. Finalmente se aplicó una metodología de selección de materiales para escoger el material que presenta mejor comportamiento en este tipo de medios. Resultados: Como resultado, para las pruebas de extrapolación Tafel con 5% de ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4), se obtuvo que el acero AISI 316 presenta la corriente de corrosión más baja y una pasivación a mayor potencia. En el medio electrolítico con 3%de NaCl, se observa que los valores de potencial de corrosión más altos se presentan en los aceros inoxidables, evidenciándose una menor velocidad de corrosión en los aceros de la serie 316. Conclusiones: Como resultado se obtuvo que el acero AISI 316 utilizado presenta el mejor comportamiento de resistencia a la corrosión en los medios Medios ácidos y salinos.Abstract Objective: This article presents a mixed materials selection methodology is presented to determine which material has the best balance between corrosion resistance, mechanical properties and costs. Methods: The work was realized using potentiodynamic tests of extrapolation (Tafel) and electrochemical impedance (EIS), subjecting the samples to corrosive media of NaCl (3%) and H2SO4 (5%). The samples used were zirconia, steel AISI 304L, AISI 316 and AISI 316L. Finally a mixed methodology was applied in the materials selection to choose the material that has better comportment in this type of electrolyte. Results: For Tafel extrapolation test with 5% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was obtained that AISI 316 steel which has the lowest current corrosion and passivation at higher power. In the electrolytic medium with 3 % NaCl, shows that higher values for corrosion potential present in stainless steels, showing a lower corrosion rate in the steels of the 316 series. Conclusions: The results showed that steel AISI 316 used presents the best performance to corrosion resistance in saline and acid.Palabras claves: Corrosión, Medios ácidos y salinos, Metodología mixta, Selección de materiales.
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Wan, Li Ping, Ying Feng Meng, Gao Li, and Hua Zhou. "Corrosion Behavior of Drilling Pipe Steels for High Sour Gas Field." Advanced Materials Research 415-417 (December 2011): 2292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.415-417.2292.
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A polymer drilling fluid containing high content of hydrogen sulfide was used as the corrosive medium to investigate the effects of temperature, flow velocity, pH value and partial pressure ratio of CO2/ H2S on the corrosion behavior of high strength drill pipe steel S135 and G105. The morphology and composition of the corrosion products were analyzed as well. It was found that the average corrosion rate of the two types of steel increased with increasing temperature of the corrosive medium, with the corrosion rate to decrease slightly within 60°C-80°C and keep almost unchanged above 120°C. At the same time, the corrosion rate of the drill pipe steels had little to do with the flow rate but increased with decreasing pH value of the corrosive medium. Moreover, the partial pressure ratio of CO2/ H2S had a slight effect on the corrosion behavior of the drill pipe steel. However, the two types of drill pipe steel showed a larger corrosion rate in gas phase than in liquid phase corrosive medium, which was contrary to what were observed in gas and liquid phases corrosion tests of conventional acidic drilling fluids. In addition, it was confirmed by sulfide stress corrosion test that the drill pipe steel of a higher strength had smaller critical stress, and the resistance of the drill pipe to stress attack was ranked as G105(C)＞G105(D)＞S135(B)＞S135(A). It was anticipated that the present research results could be used to guide the selection of materials for drilling pipe steels used in natural gas field of high acidity.
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Zhang, Yifeng, Wei Chen, Hanbing Yan, Xuefeng Wang, Hanping Zhang, and Shijing Wu. "The Effect of Atmospheric Chloride Ions on the Corrosion Fatigue of Metal Wire Clips in Power Grids." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (January 25, 2023): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020237.
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Corrosion fatigue is an important factor that limits the life of grid materials including wire clips. In order to study the effect of corrosion fatigue and to select suitable grid steels, this paper focuses on the corrosion fatigue properties of Q235 carbon steel, Q235 galvanized steel, and 316L stainless steel in the corrosive environments of air, 2wt% NaCl, 5wt% NaCl, and 8wt% NaCl. Through the fatigue test in the corrosive environment, and the surface morphology scanning and microstructure observation of the fracture, the following conclusions are drawn: the three materials are more susceptible to corrosion fatigue in the Cl− environment, and the higher the Cl− concentration, the greater the likelihood of fracture caused by corrosion fatigue for these three materials. By analyzing the surface roughness, dimples, and cracks in the microstructure, it is found that 316L stainless steel is highly sensitive to Cl− corrosion under cyclic stress, and Q235 galvanized steel is more resistant to Cl−. By plotting the stress fatigue life curve of Q235 galvanized steel, it is found that the corrosion fatigue life decreases as the Cl− concentration increases. For wire clips in areas with severe Cl− pollution, Q235 galvanized steel should be selected to achieve the best anti-corrosion fatigue effect; at the same time, the original parts should be repaired or replaced in a timely manner based on the predicted corrosion fatigue life.
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Chen, C., Cheng Jia Shang, J. Y. Weng, and Dong Yang Li. "Corrosion Behavior of a New Developed Ferritic Stainless Steels Used in Automobile Exhaust System." Advanced Materials Research 89-91 (January 2010): 102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.89-91.102.
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The inside corrosion of failed automotive mufflers collected in China was investigated and the composition of the automotive exhaust gas condensate collected from HONGQI automobile was analyzed. According to the analyzed result of collected condensate’s composition, the corrosion resistance of a new designed high Cr stainless steel (B439M) bearing Nb and Ti and a low Cr T409L stainless steel were studied with a condensate corrosion test method which simulates the inside corrosion of automotive mufflers. The life of the two materials was estimated by extreme value analysis of the maximum corrosion depth obtained by the dip dry test (DDT). The life of type B439M steel was 1.6 times as long as that of type T409L steel. To clarify the corrosive process of the simulated condensate test, the electron work function (EWF) on the two stainless steels’ surface was evaluated. It was demonstrated that the surface of new designed stainless steel exhibited markedly improved resistances to corrosion during a simulated condensate test cycle and the corrosive process of simulated condensate test was evaluated and discussed.
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Abdo, Hany S., Asiful H. Seikh, Biplab Baran Mandal, Jabair A. Mohammed, Sameh A. Ragab, and Mohamed S. Abdo. "Microstructural Characterization and Corrosion-Resistance Behavior of Dual-Phase Steels Compared to Conventional Rebar." Crystals 10, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 1068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10111068.
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Dual-phase (DP) steels consist of a ferritic matrix dispersed with some percentage of martensite, which gives the material a good combination of strength and ductility, along with the capacity to absorb energy and enhanced corrosion protection properties. The purpose of this work was to study the microstructural and corrosion behavior (mainly pitting and galvanic corrosion) of DP steel compared with that of conventional rebar. To obtain DP steel, low-carbon steels were heat-treated at 950 °C for 1 h and then intercritically annealed at 771 °C for 75 min, followed by quenching in ice-brine water. The corrosion rates of DP steel and standard rebar were then measured in different pore solutions. Macro- and microhardness tests were performed for both steels. It was found that DP steels exhibited a superior corrosion resistance and strength compared to standard rebar. The reported results show that DP steels are a good candidate for concrete reinforcement, especially in aggressive and corrosive environments.
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Kolawole, S. K., F. O. Kolawole, O. P. Enegela, O. O. Adewoye, A. B. O. Soboyejo, and W. O. Soboyejo. "Pitting Corrosion of a Low Carbon Steel in Corrosive Environments: Experiments and Models." Advanced Materials Research 1132 (December 2015): 349–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1132.349.
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This paper presents the results of the combined study of experiments and modeling of the pitting corrosion behavior of low carbon steel. The effects of pH are elucidated via experiments on low carbon steel exposed to various corrosive media. The corrosion rates for the steel samples immersed in various corrosive media were determined by polarization experiments via a gamry potentiostat. The microscopic observations of the surfaces reveal clear evidence of corrosion pits that increase in size with increasing exposure duration. The observed pit size distribution and the evolution of pit size are modeled using statistical models. The implications of the results are used for the application of low carbon steels in corrosive environment.
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Chowwanonthapunya, Thee. "The pitting corrosion monitoring of stainless steel in a simulated corrosive condition in marine applications." Maritime Technology and Research 1, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): Proof. http://dx.doi.org/10.33175/mtr.2019.146185.
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This paper describes the pitting corrosion monitoring of ferritic and austenitic stainless steel under a simulated acidic condition of marine appications. The monitoring deals with the corrosion weight loss and metallurgical investigation. The results indicated that the stainless steel with passive film shows the good corroison resistance to the simulated corrosive environment for the all test periods. In contrast, the stainless steel without passive film cannot provide the inhibiting effect for the whole test periods. After the 24 hr. of testing , both of the stainless steel are locally attacked. Pitting corrosion was observed on the surface of both stainless steels. In small pits, the self-accelerating corrosion can occur. Therefore, the longer immersion time attributes to the higher corrosion rate of both stainless steel in a simulated acidic conditions.
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Moon, Kyung Man, Myeong Hoon Lee, and Tae Sil Baek. "Effect of Osmotic Pressure by Salt Concentration on Corrosion Resistance of Anti-Corrosive Paint." Materials Science Forum 926 (July 2018): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.926.31.
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Recently, many types of constructional steels have been often exposed to severely corrosive environments due to acid rain with increasing environmental contamination. To control corrosion problems, a painting protection method has been widely applied to numerous constructional steels on land as well as offshore. Therefore, development of anti-corrosive paint with good quality of corrosion resistance is very important from an economical perspective. In this study, four types of anti-corrosive paint were coated to test specimens, and then, were immersed in various salt solutions (0.1, 3 and 9% NaCl solution) for 11 days. Corrosion resistance of these samples by effect of osmotic pressure with various salt concentration was investigated with electrochemical methods such as measurement of corrosion potential, impedance and corrosion current density. Corrosion current density of these samples submerged in 0.1% NaCl solution exhibited highest value than those immersed in 3% and 9% NaCl solutions because water, dissolved oxygen and chloride ion etc. is easily to invade towards inner side of coating film due to increasing osmotic pressure compared to 3% and 9% NaCl solutions. However, corrosion current densities of all samples in the case of submerged in 9% NaCl solution exhibited higher values compared to 3% NaCl solution.Thus, a large amount of chloride ion dissolved in 9% NaCl solution plays a more critical role in corrosion behavior of coated steel rather than osmotic pressure. Consequently, the corrosion mechanism between coated steel and bare steel plates is different from each other because of presence of osmotic pressure between salt solution and coating film of coated steel plate. As a result, corrosion resistance of tcoated steel plate may be depend on the osmotic pressure as well as salt concentration
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Asmara, Yuli Panca, Tedi Kurniawan, Agus Geter Edy Sutjipto, and Jamiluddin Jafar. "Application of Plants Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete - A review." Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2018): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v3i2.12760.
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High requirements in protection of steel reinforcing bar (steel rebar) from corrosion are necessary since there are multi interaction of corrosive chemicals which cause early damage of concrete buildings. Corrosion of steel in concrete can destroy the concretes and reduce concrete strength. To protect rebar from corrosion, application of corrosion inhibitor is believed to have higher performance compared to other protection systems. To date, organic inhibitors have promising methods in steel rebar protection as they are environment-friendly, compatible with concrete, cost effective and applicable in any various concrete conditions. Thus, demands in using these inhibitors tend to increase significantly. This paper reviews the applications of green corrosion inhibitor specifically highlighted in protecting mechanisms, typical plants extracted, performance in corrosion protection, and classification of green corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion resistances of carbon steels in concrete protected by green inhibitors are in focus. As summary, it can be confidently notified that green corrosion inhibitors for steel in concrete will have a prospect to be used as corrosion prevention in the future with further improvements.
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Chen, Ken, Jiewei Lin, Wenfang Li, Wen Zhu, Kang Li, Aihua Yi, Shaodong Hu, Minghui Chen, and Fuhui Wang. "Improved Oxidation and Hot Corrosion Resistance of 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV Stainless Steel at 650 °C by a Novel Glass-Ceramic Coating." Crystals 11, no. 10 (October 8, 2021): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11101213.
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A novel glass-ceramic coating was applied onto the 1Cr11Ni2W2MoV stainless steel. The oxidation and corrosion behaviors of coated and uncoated steels were comparatively investigated in air and in the presence of NaCl + Na2SO4 eutectic deposits at 650 °C, respectively. Protective scales formed on the surface of stainless steel prevented the severe oxidation of the alloy. Catastrophic hot corrosion occurred on the steel when a salt film was attached, producing loose iron oxide layers and internal corrosion zone. The glass-ceramic coating acted as a barrier that effectively hindered the invasion of corrosive species during the oxidation and hot corrosion tests.
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THIRUMALAI KUMARAN, S., K. BARANIDHARAN, M. UTHAYAKUMAR, and P. PARAMESWARAN. "Corrosion Studies on Stainless Steel 316 and their Prevention – A Review." INCAS BULLETIN 13, no. 3 (September 4, 2021): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13111/2066-8201.2021.13.3.21.
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Corrosion is a process that causes a change of metal to chemically stabled form, by reacting with a solution or with the atmospheric air. There are various types of corrosions such as crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion, stress corrosion, pitting corrosion, galvanic corrosion and uniform corrosion. These types of corrosion and the prevention methods are investigated in this review paper. Stainless steel 316 has excellence in corrosion resistance, due to the presence of molybdenum content. From the literature survey, stainless steel 316 has been tested in various experiments to improve the properties of the material. In the present review, several coating processes and additives which are added on SS 316 to improve the material properties are studied. The advantages of these improvements are reduced cost of change of material, reduced loss of material due to corrosion and increase in materials durability. Hence, stainless steel 316 is used for all corrosion applications which causes less damage and high durability compared with other austenitic steels.
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Xu, Yong, Yanliang Huang, Fanfan Cai, Zhengquan Wang, Dongzhu Lu, Xiutong Wang, and Lihui Yang. "Evaluation of Hydrogen Permeation into High-Strength Steel during Corrosion in Different Marine Corrosion Zones." Applied Sciences 12, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 2785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12062785.
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Hydrogen permeation into high-strength steel during the corrosion process can deteriorate their mechanical properties, thus seriously threatening the safety of steel structures. However, the hydrogen permeation behavior of steels in corrosive marine environments is not well understood. In this study, the hydrogen permeation behavior and mechanism of AISI 4135 steel in different marine corrosion zones was investigated for the first time using an in situ hydrogen permeation monitoring system via outdoor and indoor tests. The three-month outdoor hydrogen permeation test showed that the diffusible hydrogen content of the steels exposed to the marine atmospheric, splash, tidal and immersion zone was 3.15 × 10−3, 7.00 × 10−2, 2.06 × 10−2 and 3.33 × 10−2 wt ppm, respectively. Meanwhile, results showed that the hydrogen permeation current density was positively correlated with the corrosion rate of the steel in the marine environments. This research is of great significance for guiding the safe application of high-strength steel in the marine environments.
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PAN, TONGYAN, QIFENG YU, and TAO MIAO. "SYNTHESIZING AND CHARACTERIZING A WATERBORNE POLYANILINE FOR CORROSION PROTECTION OF STEELS." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 02 (April 2015): 1550021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500213.
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This study explores the idea of synthesizing and characterizing a new intrinsically conducting polyaniline that at the molecular level carries a hydrophilic component, making the polymer highly waterborne and thereby applicable to massive production for corrosion protection of steels. The waterborne polyaniline was mixed in a water-based epoxy and then coated on SAE 1008/1010 steel samples for evaluating its anti-corrosion capacity using a powerful surface-analysis tool, Scanning Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (SKPFM). The high resolution surface topography and corrosion potential of steel samples coated with the Polyaniline-based primer, as studied by SKPFM, show significantly lower corrosion activities than two control groups: uncoated steel samples and epoxy-only coated samples that were also subjected to SKPFM analyses under the same corrosive condition. The surface analysis results indicate that this new waterborne polyaniline is capable of protecting steels from corrosion when mixed in conventional water-based epoxies, opening the door to the development of an economical and long-life coating for corrosion protection of steel structures.
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Blikharskyy, Zinoviy, Jacek Selejdak, Yaroslav Blikharskyy, and Roman Khmil. "Corrosion of Reinforce Bars in RC Constructions." System Safety: Human - Technical Facility - Environment 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/czoto-2019-0036.
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AbstractIn this article presented results of researching corrosion of steel bars in aggressive environment in time under loading. For researching were used special equipment. The experience and research works shown that steel bars in the crack cross-section area can be corrode. With increasing width of crack in re-bars and power of aggressive of environment increased the level of corrosion and decreased time of progress. The level of danger of corrosion in the crack in depend of specialty of steel bars. It is geometry parameters of steel bars and characteristic of corrosive behaviour. The general tendency of the influence of various defects on the strength of steels is widely studied experimentally and theoretically only for geometrically correct stress concentrators. For damages that are irregular in shape, such as corrosion ulcers, significantly less researching in each case must experiment to find their effect on the mechanical properties of steels. In this work the influence of simultaneous action of the aggressive environment and loading on strength of steel re-bars has been described.
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A, Contreras. "Effect of the Physicochemical Properties of Soils on Generalized and Localized Corrosion Rate of API X52 and X60 Pipeline Steels." Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000246.
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This work analyzed physicochemical properties of different types of soils on the generalized and localized corrosion rate in two steels (X52 and X60) most used in pipeline transportation of hydrocarbons. The physicochemical properties such moisture content, pH, resistivity and redox potential, which influence the corrosion rate of the pipelines were analyzed. Soils from three different sites in the south of México were obtained. Soils were sampled approximately 1.5 m deep, close to pipeline. From the analysis of generalized corrosion results taking into account the type of soil, it was observed that the most corrosive soil for the two steels was soil-3, generating corrosion rates of 0.119 and 0.097 mm/year, for the X52 and X60 steels respectively, after a period of 6 months. It is important to note that the maximum generalized corrosion rate was obtained after 1 month of exposure of the steels, generating corrosion rates of 0.177 and 0.162 mm/year, for the X52 and X60 steels respectively. In similar way, the localized corrosion rates for the both steels were higher when steels are exposed to Soil-3, generating corrosion rates of 1.1 and 0.45 mm/year, for X52 and X60 steel respectively, after a period of 6 months. In general it was observed that X60 steel presents greater resistance to pitting corrosion rate (in Soil-3), which can be attributed to its more homogeneous microstructure, fine grain size, and its chemical composition that presents elements such as Cr and Ni in greater quantity than X52 steel, which improve the corrosion resistance. However, depending on the type of soil the corrosion resistance behavior of each steel is different. From the analysis of various equations fits, it was determined that the potential equation is the one that gives the best fit for all cases.
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Starosta, Robert. "Influence of Seawater Salinity on Corrosion of Austenitic Steel." Journal of KONES 26, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kones-2019-0076.
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Abstract Due to the paramagnetic properties and the ability to passivation, for the production of hulls of some vessels (mainly warships), corrosion-resistant (stainless) steels with austenitic structure are used. This article describes the influence of seawater salinity on selected corrosion properties of high-alloy steel X5CrNi 18-10 (304). The average salinity of the seas is taken as 3.5% content of sodium chloride. Corrosion rate of the tested material was evaluated in an aqueous solution of sodium chloride was evaluated. The NaCl concentration in corrosive solutions was 0.7%, 1.4%, 2.1%, 2.8%, 3.5%, 4.2%. Corrosion tests were performed using the potentiodynamic method. The range of electrochemical potential changes was Ecorr ±150 mV. Corrosion rate was assessed on the basis of corrosion current density measurements. Corrosion potential values against the saturated calomel electrode were also determined. Based on the obtained measurement results and non-parametric significance tests carried out, a significant influence of seawater salinity on the value of corrosion current density and corrosion potential was found. The highest value of corrosion current density (jcorr), and thus the highest corrosion rate, was recorded for 3.5% NaCl solution. In the concentration range from 0.7 to 3.5% NaCl in solution, the corrosion rate of austenitic steel increases. A further increase in salinity of electrolyte results in the inhibition of corrosion rate of steel. There is almost a full negative, linear correlation between the proportion of sodium chloride in the corrosive solution and the value of corrosion potential. Along with the rise in the salinity of seawater, increase the electrochemical activity, and thus the corrosion susceptibility, thus the corrosion susceptibility, of the austenitic steel X5CrNi 18-10 was observed.
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Demiroren, H. "An overwiew on corrosion behavior of steels in factory." Eurasian Journal of Physics and Functional Materials 5, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/ejpfm.2021050203.
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In this study, corrosion behaviors of diffuser unit solution by which raw sugar is produced from minced sugar beets in sugar factories on St-37 low alloy steel and AISI 304, 304L, 316 austenitic stainless steel types were examined. Moreover, influence of heat treatment on corrosion resistance was investigated. Corrosion tests were performed using mass loss method. SEM-EDX, X-rays Diffraction, microhardness and surface hardness analyses of samples were carried out. As a result, it was determined that AISI 304L and 316 steels have better corrosive resistance and heat treatment improves corrosion resistance.
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Kumaravel, D., V. K. Bupesh Raja, Kabasker Balthaser, A. Jayaganthan, S. Sahas, S. Muralidharan, and Tariku Achamyeleh. "Investigation on Wear and Corrosion Behavior of Cu, Zn, and Ni Coated Corten Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (October 8, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7341201.
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Corten steel is a low-carbon alloy steel. It is widely used in architecture, the transport sector, and industrial applications, where the steel is exposed to harsh environments. It is very much sought after due to its auto protection from corrosive environments through the formation of patina (rust). The specialty of patina formed on the corten steel is that it can self-heal itself and stop the spreading of corrosion. Generally, steels are given protective coatings to enhance resistance to corrosion, wear, abrasion, etc. One of the popular protective coating techniques is electroplating. In this study, the effect of electroplating of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) on the wear and corrosion behavior of Corten ASTM A242 grade steel is investigated. It was observed that the Cu coating yielded poor corrosion and wear protection performance. The Zn coating exhibited a moderate improvement. The Ni electroplating produced excellent results and, the wear and corrosion resistance was improved in the corten steel. Thus, when compared with Cu, Zn, and Ni coatings, the Ni-coated corten steel is an ideal candidate in applications where there is a need for good resistance to wear, abrasion, and corrosion.
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Lipiński, Tomasz, and Dariusz Karpisz. "Corrosion Effect of 65% Nitrate Acid on X4CrNi1812 at 333 K." Quality Production Improvement - QPI 1, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cqpi-2019-0058.
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Abstract Austenitic stainless steels are often used for a materials in the construction of machines and equipment for agricultural and for industrial construction. One of the most important factors constructional material is corrosion resistance. Equipment with austenitic stainless steel can be easy join by quickly welding at a not to high construction price, but one with the serious problem in aggressive environment is their corrosion resistance. A few corrosion processes in crevices and awkward corners can be avoided at the design stage (low roughness parameters, round-section and other). But still the construction material is exposed to corrosion. These steels often come into contact with an aggressive environment based on nitric acid. The main aim of this research is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336 hours). For this used weight loss of test samples and its profile roughness. The research was conducted on austenitic stainless steel in grade in Nitrate acid at 333 K. Corrosion tests confirmed that the research this steel in 65% nitrate acid as a corrosive environments is characterized through proportionate to time corrosion process whose measure may be surface roughness. In industrial practice roughness parameters for all the research times can be used for determine the stage and size of steel corrosion.
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V. A. Fardilah, Y. M. Pusparizkita, M. Tauviqirrahman, J. Jamari, and A. P. Bayuseno. "MILD-CARBON STEELS AS A STORAGE TANK MATERIAL FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCT: A CORROSION ASSESSMENT." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 17, no. 03 (2024): 767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2024.1738804.
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In the practice of biodiesel storage tanks, there are questions about their long-term viability for handling and storage. This study examined the effects of biodiesel blends containing B0, B30, B40, and B100 products on the corrosion resistance of carbon steels graded AISI 1020 and AISI 1045. Static corrosion tests for 168 hours at 25°C were performed by immersing test coupons of each carbon steel in the biodiesel blending solution. An electrochemical analysis revealed that the AISI 1020 and AISI 1045 coupons had current density (Icorr) values higher than 0.1 µA/cm2 . In various biodiesel blends, the corrosion rates for AISI 1020 and AISI 1045 increased from 0.02275 to 0.051184 mmpy and from 0.04777 to 0.05890 mmpy, respectively. The results show that mild steels used to store biodiesel have a limited ability to resist corrosion. The oxygen content of biodiesel may affect the corrosion products of mineral rusts (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) on steel surfaces. Because of its significantly higher oxygen content, steel-AISI 1045 has a faster corrosion rate than steel-AISI 1020. The study findings could provide a technical explanation for the corrosive nature of biodiesel storage tanks.
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Tao, Huimin, Yafang Cai, Zeqi Tong, Yong Huang, and Mingming Ding. "Improved Ability to Resist Corrosion of Selective-Laser-Melted Stainless Steel Based on Microstructure and Passivation Film Characteristics." Coatings 14, no. 5 (May 9, 2024): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14050589.
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The local corrosion resistance of forging and selective laser melting (SLM) 304 steels was explored by intergranular corrosion analysis, double-loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation, dynamic polarization experimentation, structural analysis, and passivation film characteristics analysis. The ability to resist sensitization of SLM 304 steel is greater than that of forging 304 steel at a temperature of 650 °C for 9 h. Moreover, the pit corrosion resistance of forging and SLM 304 steels is weakened by sensitization, while the pit corrosion resistance of SLM 304 steel is much greater than that of forging steel. Therefore, SLM technology can improve the ability to resist sensitization and pit corrosion of 304 steel. Analysis showed that the ability to resist corrosion of the passivation film of SLM 304 steel is greater than that of forging steel. In addition, corrosion pits are easier to generate at the interface of forging steel and SLM 304 steel. The grain boundary corrosion of SLM 304 steel intensified while the corrosion of the melt pool boundaries weakened after the sensitization treatment, resulting in a decrease in pit corrosion resistance. The coupling effect of these different structures and passivation films decides the pit and sensitization resistance of forging and SLM 304 steels. Clarifying the corrosion mechanism of forging and SLM steels is of great significance for scientific research and the widespread use of SLM technology.
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Kantyukov, R. R., D. N. Zapevalov, and R. K. Vagapov. "Effect of hydrogen on steels in hydrogen sulfide-containing and other environments at gas facilities." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 67, no. 1 (February 25, 2024): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2024-1-53-64.
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The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is known and is associated not only with internal corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of carbon and low-alloy steels used. Penetration of hydrogen into steel can lead to the loss of its strength properties and subsequent destruction of gas pipelines operated under high pressure conditions. The manifestations of cracking characteristic of hydrogen sulfide environments, which are a consequence of the penetration of hydrogen into steel, are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production and transportation of corrosive gas. The effect of H2S on the decrease in ductility of the main types of structural steels was studied based on the results of simulation tests. The formation of blisters (bloatings) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on steel was recorded. The study of the phase composition and properties of corrosion products was carried out in order to assess their possible influence on the processes of steel hydrogenation. The formation of evenly distributed on the surface and the densest corrosion deposits will hinder both the corrosion processes and the penetration of hydrogen into steel. A decrease in the plastic properties of steel is also observed when exposed to hydrogen, which can be transported both separately and together with methane through the main gas pipelines. The main possible means of protecting steels that are unstable to hydrogenation is the use of corrosion inhibitors. It was established that the most effective corrosion inhibitors with rational technologies of application and dosage can protect steels from penetration of hydrogen into them and their destructive effect.
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Kudashov, D. V., А. V. Ioffe, V. V. Naumenko, A. V. Muntin, K. A. Udod, and S. V. Kovtunov. "Corrosion resistance of welded tubing of L80 strength group of different chemical composition." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 3 (April 9, 2022): 200–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-3-200-208.
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In previous publications, it was shown that the use of low-carbon steels with bainite hardenability alloyed with chromium, molybdenum and other carbonitride-forming elements is promising for the production of cold-resistant and SCC (sulfide stress corrosion cracking)-resistant electricwelded tubing (tubing). Tubing is often operated in CO2-containing corrosive environments, therefore, determining the steel resistance to this type of corrosion is an urgent task. It is known that the addition of chromium to steel increases not only its hardenability, but also its resistance to CO2 corrosion. Influence of other alloying elements is not obvious. For the laboratory experiment, nine variants of the chemical composition of steels for the production of welded tubing were developed. The rolled test steels were investigated. Results of the studies of corrosion resistance of these steels are shown and compared. The authors made an assessment of influence of the main alloying elements on resistance to CO2 corrosion. The steels with different contents of Cr, Mo, V, Mn, Zr were studied for resistance CO2 corrosion at different temperatures. It has been established that the steel chemical composition and the test conditions determine the composition of CO2 corrosion products, affect the process of formation and growth of corrosion products, thereby affecting corrosion resistance. Decrease in the corrosion rate of chromium-alloyed steels can be associated with the protective properties of the corrosion products formed during testing. Laboratory corrosion tests for resistance to CO2 corrosion at an elevated temperature of 65 °C and subsequent studies of the formed corrosion products revealed a positive effect of chromium and molybdenum on the rate of general corrosion by mechanism of formation of dense corrosion products that perform a protective function.
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Vagapov, R. K. "Study of hydrogenation and corrosion of steel equipment and pipelines at the production facilities of H2S -containing hydrocarbon raw materials." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 2(106) (August 1, 2021): 170–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-106-2-170-181.
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The impact of hydrogen sulfide raw materials on steel equipment and pipelines is associated not only with corrosion processes, but also with the hydrogenation of used carbon and low-alloy steels. This can lead to the loss of their strength properties and the subsequent destruction of equipment operated under conditions of increased operating pressures. Such corrosive-mechanical effects associated with the penetration of hydrogen into steel are the most dangerous from the point of view of the safety and reliability of the operation of facilities for the production of hydrocarbon fluids. The effect of H2S on the main types of structural steels was investigated according to the results of autoclave tests. The formation of blistering (blistering) and cracks on the surface of steels due to the effect of hydrogen on the steel was recorded. A study of the phase composition of corrosion products and their possible effect on the processes of corrosion and hydrogenation of steel has been carried out.
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Agboola, Oluranti, Toluwani Adedoyin, Ojo Sunday Isaac Fayomi, Ayoola Ayodeji, Samuel E. Sanni, Augustine Omoniyin Ayeni, Patricia Popoola, et al. "DNA Inhibition of Hydrogen Ion-Induced Corrosion of Mild Steel Used for Pipelines in Oil and Gas Industries." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 4 (March 20, 2021): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.22686.
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Corrosion of mild steel via chemical reaction in a corrosive environment is a problematic occurrence that is very common in oil and gas industries. Corrosion constitutes a huge part of the total costs in the production of oil and gas. Corrosion inhibitors have found interest in the scientific domain because they are mainly understood by their chemical complexes and formulations. Their utilization in small amount on metal surface used in oil and gas industries can help shield the metal from corrosion devoid of any significant alteration in the concentration of the corrosive media in the environment. An effort was made to study the possibility of using calf thymus gland DNA (CTGDNA) inhibitor in chlorine induced mild steel for possible usage in piping in oil and gas industry. The SEM micrograph shows that the adsorption of the CTGDNA biomacromolecules coat on the mild steel surfaces functions as a protection against HCl corrosive solution. Electrochemical study and weight loss analysis showed that the inhibitor efficiency (70.48 and 72%, respectively) of the tested DNA (CTGDNA) in HCl acidic corrosion environment for the mild steel was high at 1.5 M of HCl. The inhibitor efficiency decreased with increasing HCl concentrations. The open circuit potential (OPC) revealed that the mild steels got corroded until the end of the immersion. The intensities of XRD peak substantiate the existence of corrosion products of FeCl2.
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Numpaque, Gloria Carolina, Manuel Bethencourt, and Gloria Ivonne Cubillos. "Thin Layers of Cerium Oxynitride Deposited via RF Sputtering." Materials 17, no. 13 (June 27, 2024): 3142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17133142.
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Thin films of transition metal oxides and oxynitrides have proven highly effective in protecting stainless steels against corrosion in both chemically aggressive environments and biological fluids. In the present work, cerium zirconium oxynitride thin films were deposited to enhance the corrosion resistance of surgical-grade stainless steel to be used in osteosynthesis processes. Two techniques were employed: co-sputtering and radiofrequency (RF) sputtering, and the morphology and corrosion efficiency of the coatings deposited by each technique were evaluated. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and field emission transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphological and chemical structure, respectively. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the oxynitride-coated surgical grade stainless steel system (ZrCeOxNy-AISI 316L) was assessed using Hank’s solution as the corrosive electrolyte, to determine its resistance to corrosion in biological media. The results show that ZrCeOxNy coatings increase the corrosion resistance of surgical grade stainless steel by two orders of magnitude and that the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) equilibrium decreases the corrosion rate, thereby increasing the durability of the steel in a biological environment. The results show that Ce coatings increase the corrosion resistance of surgical grade stainless steel by two orders of magnitude and that the Ce(III)/Ce(IV) equilibrium decreases the corrosion rate, thereby increasing the durability of the steel in a biological environment.
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Marjanowski, Jan. "Leakages and Scaling in Stainless Steel Heat Exchangers." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 4, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.8.1424.
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The purpose of the article is to explain causes of non-corrosive and corrosive leaks in heat exchangers (HE) during standard exploitation as well as to present prevention measures to eliminate dangerous clogging by scaling and corrosion. The heat exchangers are made of Cr-Ni austenitic steels, belonging to the group of steels resistant to corrosion, called commonly stainless steels. The author of the article has over 40 years of practical experience in the areas of water treatment, corrosion and leaks prevention, as well as heat exchangers chemical cleaning. This part of the article focuses on various cases of heat exchanger leakages, while part two is a compendium on correct selection of technologies and chemicals for removal of scales from polluted heat exchangers. One will not find in the paper neither HE producer name nor industrial chemical cleaning formulas. The present paper describes reasons of leakages, examples of stainless steel HE corrosion and general characteristic of scales within HE.
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Marjanowski, Jan. "Leakages and Scaling in Stainless Steel Heat Exchangers." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 4, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2019.4.8.1424.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is to explain causes of non-corrosive and corrosive leaks in heat exchangers (HE) during standard exploitation as well as to present prevention measures to eliminate dangerous clogging by scaling and corrosion. The heat exchangers are made of Cr-Ni austenitic steels, belonging to the group of steels resistant to corrosion, called commonly stainless steels. The author of the article has over 40 years of practical experience in the areas of water treatment, corrosion and leaks prevention, as well as heat exchangers chemical cleaning. This part of the article focuses on various cases of heat exchanger leakages, while part two is a compendium on correct selection of technologies and chemicals for removal of scales from polluted heat exchangers. One will not find in the paper neither HE producer name nor industrial chemical cleaning formulas. The present paper describes reasons of leakages, examples of stainless steel HE corrosion and general characteristic of scales within HE.
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Sidorova, Elena, Andrey Karasev, Denis Kuznetsov, and Pär G. Jönsson. "Investigation of the Initial Corrosion Destruction of a Metal Matrix around Different Non-Metallic Inclusions on Surfaces of Pipeline Steels." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 2530. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072530.
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Typical non-metallic inclusions in two industrial low-carbon steels for oil pipelines were investigated as three-dimensional objects on film filters after electrolytic extraction and filtration of metal samples. A method of soft chemical extraction using a 10%AA electrolyte was used to study the initial corrosion process in the steel matrix surrounding various non-metallic inclusions. To determine and compare “corrosive” inclusions and their influence on the initial stages of corrosion of the adjacent layer of the steel matrix, quantitative parameters (such as the diameter of the corrosion crater (Dcr) and pit (Dpit), and the relative dissolution coefficient of the metal matrix (KD) around various inclusions) were determined after chemical extraction. It was found that CaO-Al2O3-MgO oxides and TiN inclusions did not cause an initial corrosion of the steel matrix surrounding these inclusions. However, tensile stresses in the steel matrix occurred around CaS inclusions (or complex inclusions containing a CaS phase), which contributed to the initiation of corrosion around these inclusions.
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Lipiński, Tomasz. "Investigation of corrosion rate of X55CrMo14 stainless steel at 65% nitrate acid at 348 K." Production Engineering Archives 27, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.30657/pea.2021.27.13.
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Abstract A number of factors determine the mechanical, but also physical and chemical properties. One of the most important are the steel microstructure and its working conditions. A few corrosion processes in crevices and awkward corners can be avoided at the design stage (low roughness parameters, round-section and other). But still the construction material is exposed to corrosion. These steels often come into contact with an aggressive environment based on nitric acid. Stainless steel is more and more often used in many sectors of industry. The purpose of this article is to investigate corrosion resistance in different time (48, 96, 144, 192, 240, 288, 336, 384 and 432 hours) using weight loss and profile roughness parameters of martensitic steel in grade X55CrMo14 in nitric acid 65% pure-basic at temperature 348 K. Corrosion tests show that the tested steel in nitric acid as a corrosive environments is characterized through continuous corrosion process whose measure may be surface roughness.
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Petrescu, Marius Gabriel, Razvan George Ripeanu, Eugen Laudacescu, Maria Tanase, Adrian Niță, and Andrei Burlacu. "Characterization of Materials Used in the Concrete Industry, from the Point of View of Corrosion Behavior." Coatings 14, no. 7 (June 27, 2024): 800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070800.
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Industrial applications in the concrete industry face significant challenges in selecting appropriate metallic materials, as these choices can enhance equipment lifespan and reduce costs. This study examines the corrosion behavior of various metallic materials, offering valuable insights for their selection in corrosive environments. The findings indicate that material testing can provide cost-effective solutions for concrete industry equipment. Notably, replacing cast iron used in concrete mixing blades with specific steels is advantageous for corrective or accidental maintenance, lowering spare parts costs, and short-term use, steels P265GH and AISI 4140 exhibiting corrosion resistance similar to cast iron. Additionally, for mineral aggregate dryers, selecting adequate steel can significantly reduce operating and maintenance costs while increasing equipment durability. The results show that substituting steel S235 with steel P265GH can decrease the corrosion rate by nearly 65%.
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Handoko, Wilson, Farshid Pahlevani, and Veena Sahajwalla. "Enhancing Corrosion Resistance and Hardness Properties of Carbon Steel through Modification of Microstructure." Materials 11, no. 12 (November 28, 2018): 2404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11122404.
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Steel has played a primary role as structural and fabricating materials in various industrial applications—including the construction sector. One of the most important properties of steel that required a constant improvement is corrosion resistance specifically in corrosive environment. For this purpose, various approaches have been conducted through different heat treatment parameters to compare its microstructural engineering on chemical and mechanical properties. In this paper, correlation of different microstructure on corrosion resistance and hardness properties have been investigated. Three different heat treatment cycle have been applied on carbon steel with same composition to prepare dual-structure (DS) steel that consisted of ferrite/pearlite and triple-structure (TS) with ferrite/pearlite/bainite and ferrite/bainite/martensite. Phase transformation during heat treatment process was analyzed through in-situ ultra-high temperature confocal microscopy. Effect of corrosion behavior on these steels was investigated by Tafel plot, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy (3DLSCM), and calculation of phase volume fraction by ImageJ. Mechanical test was conducted by Vickers hardness test. It has been found that TS steels that have improvement in corrosion resistance accounted around 5.31% and hardness value for up to 27.34% more than DS steel, because of tertiary phase—bainite/martensite. This corrosion rate was reduced due to decreased numbers of pit growth and lower level of boundary corrosion as bainite/martensite phases emerged.
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Reza Bateni, M., Jerzy A. Szpunar, X. Wang, and Dong Yang Li. "Texture Changes of Carbon Steel and Stainless Steel as a Result of Wear." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.441.
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In this research, surface texture changes of carbon steel AISI 1045 and stainless steel AISI 304 under simultaneous wear and corrosion were investigated. A solution of 3.5 % wt. NaCl was used as the corrosion agent and a pin-on-disk tribometer was employed to perform wear and corrosion wear tests.Texture investigations of the worn samples have shown texture changes after wear and corrosion-wear tests. In worn carbon steel samples after dry wear test, {011}<100> and {111} fiber texture components were developed in initially random oriented samples, whereas under corrosive-wear conditions, {111}<011> texture and {001}<110> texture were developed. In the stainless steel samples, {112}<110> texture component was observed under both dry and corrosive wear conditions, in the samples that had random grain orientations before corrosion and corrosion-wear tests.
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Wang, Hailong, Yuanjian Wu, Xiaoyan Sun, Jiayan Ling, and Daoqin Zou. "Corrosion Resistance to Chloride of a Novel Stainless Steel: The Threshold Chloride Value and Effect of Surface State." Materials 12, no. 14 (July 11, 2019): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12142235.
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To evaluate the corrosion resistance of a novel stainless steel intended for use within reinforced concrete (RC) structures exposed to aggressive environments, the threshold chloride concentration of three stainless steels (316, 2205, novel 2205) and two carbon steels (HRB400, HRB500) exposed to pore solutions of fresh concrete was experimentally studied by means of electrochemical methods. The effect of steel surface state on the corrosion resistance was also experimentally investigated. The results showed that the novel stainless steel has a much higher corrosion resistance than those of the carbon steels and stainless steels when subjected to chloride environments. The presence of surface damage leads to significant decrease of corrosion resistance for carbon steel, however the corrosion can be certainly inhibited with the accumulation of rust on the steel surface. Although the oxide layer was worn, the novel 2205 stainless steel still has a great corrosion resistance.
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Wei, Liang, Yucheng Zhang, Xiaolu Pang, and Kewei Gao. "Corrosion behaviors of steels under supercritical CO2 conditions." Corrosion Reviews 33, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2015): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2014-0067.
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AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion at low partial pressure has been widely recognized, but research on supercritical CO2 (SC CO2) corrosion is very limited. By far, investigations on steel corrosion under SC CO2 conditions have mainly focused on the corrosion rate, structure, morphology, and composition of the corrosion scales as well as the electrochemical behaviors. It was found in aqueous SC CO2 environment, that the corrosion rate of carbon steel was very high, and even stainless steels (13Cr and high-alloy CrNi steels) were subjected to some corrosion. Inhibitor could reduce the corrosion rate of carbon steels and stainless steels, but none of the tested inhibitors could reduce the corrosion rate of carbon steel to an acceptable value. Impurities such as O2, SO2, and NO2 and their mixtures in SC CO2 increased the corrosion rate of carbon steel. However, the existing studies so far were very limited on the corrosion mechanism of steels in SC CO2 conditions. Thus, this paper first reviews the finding on the corrosion behaviors of steels under SC CO2 conditions, points out the shortcomings in the present investigations and finally looks forward to the research prospects on SC CO2 corrosion.
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Basheer, Ikhlas A., and Ghaydaa I. H. Al-Sarag. "Influence of Heat Treatments on the Corrosion Resistance of Medium -Carbon Steel using Sulfuric Spring Water." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 19, no. 3 (September 30, 2012): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.19.3.10.
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The corrosion is one of the important problems that may be occur to the parts of machinery and equipment after manufactured and when used as a result of exposure to corrosive media. Plain-carbon steel is considered as one of the most common minerals used in industrial applications. Some of heat treatments can have direct effect on the corrosion rate of steel by building up galvanic corrosion cells between its microscopic phases. Therefore, to adopt one of kinds of the plain-carbon steel and the most commonly used in industry to be study subject, that is medium carbon steel and took samples of this steel has been treated thermally in three methods which the normalising, annealing, and hardening .The corrosive media used in the research is Sulfuric Spring, it contains many chemical compounds to show its influence on the corrosion of steel. The weight loss method is used to determine corrosion rate and to compare between the results obtained, show that the greatest corrosion resistance of the annealed steel and the corrosion resistance of the hardened steel is the lowest while the corrosion resistance of the normalised steel is in-between them. Calcium carbonate was formed on the metal surface which acts as an isolating layer which decrease corrosion rate with time.
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Ismail, A., and Mohd Fuzaimie Ahmad Fuad. "Effect of Immersion and Green Inhibitor to Corrosion Rate of Carbon Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1087 (February 2015): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1087.276.
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Corrosion is the reaction between the material and the environment that cause degradation of the material. Corrosion reduces the essential properties of materials such as strength, appearance, toughness and life expectancy. Carbon steels are composed of a mixture of metallic iron and carbon and being used extensively in every sector due to good mechanical properties and good cost. However, carbon steel are every susceptible to corrosion attack especially in corrosive environment. The use of inhibitors is one of the best options to protect against corrosion on metals and alloys especially in a closed system. Inhibitor is a chemical substance which can reduce corrosion attack when added into electrolyte. The organic inhibitor used in this study was from banana peel (scientific name Musa sapieutum) to extract tannin-a compound which can provide protective layer on metal [1-3]. The results elucidate that banana peel can be used as green inhibitor on canbon steel, however, the effect only can be seen when added with 10% and more. The immersion test was done to evaluate the effect of corrosion product to corrosion rate. The results explained that corrosion rate fluctuated during immersion period due to developed and dissolved of soluble product into electrolyte. The research provide a set of data elucidate that corrosion product developed on carbon steel cannot provide corrosion protection on carbon steel, however, using green inhibitor in high concentrations which is purely not harmful to environment could prevent corrosion attack on carbon steel.
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Cong, Shen, Ke Tong, Dong Feng Li, Zhi Xin Chen, and Ke Cai. "Leakage Failure Analysis of the ERW Steel Pipeline." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 1224–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.1224.
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This paper provides a thorough investigation on the leakage reason of the ERW steel pipeline in an oil field. Through appearance inspection, physicochemical inspection, metallographic inspection and scanning electron microscope (SEM), it was found that the main reason of corrosions was caused by residual liquid at the bottom of the pipeline and O2 and CO2 in the air pressure test. The corrosion medium was large volume of O2 and CO2 forming continuously saturated corrosive aqueous solution in small volume of residual liquid, and the corrosion type was the under-deposit corrosion. It is recommended to conduct hot air purging on the pipelined before pressure test for building pipelines in the future, and if the pipeline is not put into use in time, it is recommended to use nitrogen to maintain pressure.
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Wang, Kui, Zhanqiang Li, and Mingjie Zhao. "Mechanism of Localized Corrosion of Steel Pipe Pile Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines and Corrosive Action." Open Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (October 31, 2016): 685–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501610010685.
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The wind turbine foundation serves as a permanent construction in the harsh marine corrosive environment, its anti-corrosion design is essential to the safe use of the wind turbine structure. At present, there is a significant controversy over the local corrosion mechanism (such as pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion) and its diffusion mechanism in the academic circle. In the paper, the Faraday electrochemistry formula was used to compute the local corrosion degree of the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine and obtain the general corrosion equivalent. The local corrosion effect of the offshore steel pipe pile for the wind turbine was converted into homogeneous corrosion thickness loss of certain length, and then the ultimate strength of the offshore steel pipe pile foundation for the wind turbine was analyzed under the conditions of local corrosion. The result indicates that the maximum ultimate strength reductionof the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine induced by the local corrosion in the splash zone is 80.8% of the non-corrosive ultimate strength. The maximum ultimate strength reduction of the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine induced by the local corrosion in the continuous immersion zone is 63% of the non-corrosive ultimate strength. Once the local corrosion rate in the splash zone exceeds 10%, the ultimate strength of the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine will exhibit a negative exponential decrease. The local corrosion in the continuous immersion zone has a huge effect on its ultimate strength. There are no significant signs of the structural strength loss. The areas prone to local corrosion should be prioritized in anti-corrosion design of the steel pipe pile for the wind turbine.
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Chi, Nguyen Van, Le Hong Quan, Cao Nhat Linh, Nong Quoc Quang, Nguyen Duc Anh, Dong Van Kien, and Nguyen Van Hoa. "Electrodeposition of Cu-Reinforced Polyaniline Coating for Protection of AH36 Steel in Natural Seawater." Coatings 12, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 1680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111680.
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The marine environment is highly corrosive for mild and low alloy steels. This study aimed to enhance the corrosion resistance of the AH36 steel in a saline medium by coating it with a copper particles reinforced polyaniline (PANI) layer. PANI and Cu particles were grown on the steel surface by electrodepositing methods. Firstly, PANI was electropolymerized in the presence of oxalic acid, followed by the electrodeposition of Cu particles at different deposition times. The coating showed a well-distribution of Cu particles in the polymer matrix and excellent adhesion. Furthermore, the Cu particles and PANI-coated steels exhibited corrosion resistance significantly in the saline medium compared to the bare substrate and pristine PANI-coated samples. The improved corrosion protection of a Cu@PANI coating on the AH36 steel could contribute to forming a physical barrier by filling Cu particles on the PANI pores.
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ISTRATE, Gina Genoveva, and Alina Crina MUREȘAN. "Corrosion Behavior of Materials Al5083 Alloy, 316L Stainless Steel and A681 Carbon Steel in Seawater." Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle IX, Metallurgy and Materials Science 44, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/mms.2021.2.07.
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In this paper the corrosion behavior of different materials has been evaluated based on exposure in seawater. The laboratory immersion test technique has been applied to evaluate the effect of seawater on the corrosion behavior of different materials. In three sets of experiments, carbon steels (A681 Type O7), austenitic stainless steels (316L) and aluminium alloys (Al5083) were utilized. The specimens were fixed fully submerged in seawater. The corrosion process was evaluated using weight loss method, open-circuit potential measurements (OCP) and polarization techniques. To determine gravimetric index and the rate of penetration, samples were immersed in corrosive environment for 89 days and weighed periodically. The electrochemical experiments were conducted with a Potentiostat/Galvanostat (PGP 201) analyzer. It was connected to a PC. The Voltamaster software was used for electrochemical data analysis. A three-electrode cell composed of a specimen as a working electrode, Pt as counter electrode, and saturated calomel electrode (SCE) (Hg (l)/ Hg2Cl2 (s)) as a reference electrode were used for the tests. The weight loss tests revealed the lowest corrosion rate values for stainless steel and aluminium alloys, indicating a beneficial use for these materials in marine environments. The potentiodynamic method shows that the lowest corrosion rate in seawater (2.8 μm /year) was obtained for the Al5083 alloy, and the highest value of the corrosion rate (41.67 μm/year) for A681 carbon steel.
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Alsarraj, Ghaidaa Ibraheem, and Ekhlas Ahmed Basheer. "Effect of Heat Treatments on the Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Steel Using Salt Water." International Journal on Engineering, Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonest.75.
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The aim of this research is to study the corrosion behavior of carbon steel, because corrosion is common defects that occur to the devices and machinery after manufactured. Plain –carbon steel is considered as one of the most important minerals used in industrial applications. The direct effect on the corrosion behavior of steel is heat treatments because of galvanic corrosion which building up between its microscopic phases. In three methods carbon steel has been treated thermally which the hardening, normalizing, and annealing. Used salt water as corrosive media for a period of (30, 45, 60) days. The steel contains chemical compounds to show its effect on the corrosion. To compare between the results and to determine corrosion rate used weight loss. The results obtained show that the lowest corrosion resistance is for the hardened steel and the corrosion resistance of the annealing steel is the greatest, while the corrosion resistance of the normalized steel is in-between them.
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Sun, Shengxuan, Lianmin Zhang, Aili Ma, Enobong Felix Daniel, Chunzhi Zhang, and Yugui Zheng. "Comparison of the Three-Phase Corrosion Behavior of SiN and 304L Stainless Steels in 6 M Nitric Acid Solution at Different Temperatures." Metals 12, no. 6 (May 27, 2022): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060922.
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In this work, the three-phase corrosion behavior of SiN and 304L stainless steels was comparatively investigated in a 6 M nitric acid solution at different temperatures. It was found that the corrosion rates of both steels in the liquid phase, vapor phase and condensate phase of nitric acid showed an increasing trend with rising temperature. Meanwhile, there also existed some differences in the corrosion kinetics and the corrosion resistance in the different phases of nitric acid. The corrosion rate of SiN and 304L stainless steels in the liquid phase of nitric acid had a cubic function relationship with temperature, and SiN stainless steel presented better corrosion resistance without intergranular corrosion (IGC) compared with 304L stainless steel with IGC at 100 °C and 120 °C. By contrast, the SiN stainless steel displayed a lower corrosion resistance than 304L stainless steel in the vapor phase of nitric acid at the same temperature, and the corrosion rates of SiN and 304L stainless steels showed a quadratic function relationship with temperature, indicating a milder corrosion in the vapor phase in comparison with that in the liquid phase of nitric acid. In the condensate phase of nitric acid, there was a similar corrosion behavior of the two steels to that in the nitric acid vapor phase, and 304L stainless steel also demonstrated a better corrosion resistance than SiN stainless steel at the same temperature. The differences in corrosion behavior between the two steels could be attributed to the changed media environment and the different alloy composition, and the two aspects were discussed in detail based on relevant experimental results. This work can provide an important insight into the material selection for reprocessing equipment and the development of new corrosion-resistant materials used in spent fuel reprocessing.
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Chen, Shan, Xue Qun Chen, Lin Zheng, Guo Ming Li, Wan Shun Chang, and Guo Liang Cao. "The Effect of Calcium Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance of Manganese Steels." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.850.
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The metallurgy quality of the steel was improved greatly by calcium treatment which was a technique developed for a long time. The Mn steels treated with calcium, carbon-manganese steels and nickel-chromium steels were collected and their corrosion behaviors were investigated. The results showed that the corrosion resistance of the Mn steel is lower than that of the Ni-Cr steel. The shape of the inclusions can be modified and quality of the steels can be enhanced by the calcium treatment, and the corrosion resistance of the steel treated with calcium is higher than that of the common carbon-Mn steel, and near to that of the NiCr steel.
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Rosidah, Afira Ainur, Vuri Ayu Setyowati, Suheni Suheni, and Rafly Rijayanto. "The effect of time variation on the steels corrosion rate in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution." Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Science, and Innovation 1, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31284/j.jmesi.2021.v1i2.2183.
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Previous researches have carried out studying the corrosion behavior of steels, the most frequently used steels are medium carbon steel, alloy steel, and stainless steel. This is due to their wide range of applications. So, corrosion behavior is necessary to be analyzed for every steel type because of its wide function. This study was aimed to analyze the corrosion rate, macrostructure, and the XRD results of the AISI 1045, AISI 4140, and SS 304 which represent every steel type. Then, the steels were exposed to the 0.5M H2SO4 solution with various corrosion times. The variation of the corrosion time was 48, 96, and 144 hours. The results of this study revealed that AISI 1045 showed the highest corrosion rate with the value of 183.7 mpy at 144 hours of the time variation. All specimens obtained an increase in the corrosion rate with the increase in the corrosion time. Furthermore, for the macrostructure results, AISI 1045 and AISI 4140 gave obvious rust on the surface of the specimens for all time variation. The corrosion spots appear in the time variation of 96 and 144 hours for SS 304 specimens. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of metal oxides as corrosion products.
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Brezinová, J., J. Koncz, D. Draganovská, and A. Guzanová. "The evaluation of corrosion properties of coated materials by utilization of EIS." Koroze a ochrana materialu 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kom-2016-0006.
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Abstract The paper presents results of research aimed at determining the corrosive properties of steel with cathode metal coating in selected corrosive environments. The corrosion properties of the tin coated steel were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic tests. For realised measurements, distilled water, 0.5 mol dm−3 NaCl solution, 0.1 mol dm−3 NaCl solution and SARS, which simulates acid rain were used as corrosive solutions. Both corrosion methods are suitable for diagnosing corrosion properties of steel with metal coatings.
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Nazirov, Nozimjon, Nilufar Akhmedova, and Hikoyat Ergasheva. "CAUSES OF CORROSION OF METALS AND SEVERAL WAYS TO PREVENT CORROSION OF METALS." Alchemist 1, no. 2 (January 30, 2020): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-0818-2020-1-1.
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Causes of corrosion of liquid steel-bearing steel products under the influence of external and internal environment in industrial and public areas today. Methods of prevention of corrosion of corrosive metals by today's technologies. Various methods have been used to address the main problems of the industrial use of gold, steel and silver metals, the causes of corrosion of metals