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Academic literature on the topic 'Steel bars Testing'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel bars Testing"

1

Maropoulos, S., D. Fasnakis, Ch Voulgaraki, S. Papanikolaou, A. Maropoulos, and A. Antonatos. "Fatigue testing of reinforced-concrete steel bars." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 161 (November 2016): 012067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/161/1/012067.

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Amer, Osama. "Quasi‑static Cyclic In‑plane Testing of Slender GFRP-Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls." Civil Engineering Beyond Limits 3, no. 3 (November 6, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36937/cebel.2022.1737.

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Using Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars as a replacement for conventional steel bars is one of the most potential solutions to steel-corrosion-related problems in concrete. Their durability and high strength-to-weight ratio make them a cost-effective and applicable alternative to conventional steel bars. This study investigates the characteristic behavior of concrete shear walls reinforced with steel, GFRP, and a hybrid scheme of steel and GFRP bars under seismic loading. Six full-scale RC shear walls with an aspect ratio of 3.25 were tested under pseudo-static reversed-cyclic lateral load to investigate the potential of a hybrid reinforcement scheme of steel-GFRP to improve the seismic behavior of slender RC shear walls. The overall performance of each tested wall was characterized by investigating the hysteretic response, crack propagation, lateral load capacity, and energy dissipation behavior.

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Kida, Katsuyuki, Koretoko Okamoto, Masayuki Ishida, Koshiro Mizobe, and Takuya Shibukawa. "Observation of Corrosion Resistance of 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo Stainless Steel Quenched by Induction Heating." Applied Mechanics and Materials 597 (July 2014): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.597.140.

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13%-Cr martensitic stainless steels are widely used in the production of many mechanical components that require high hardness and good corrosion resistance. In the present work, 20mm-diameter 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel bars were quenched by induction heating (IH) method and after that tempered in a farness. 240 hours corrosion test of the bars was carried out using a salt spray testing method (JIS Z 2371:2000). The results were compared to two stainless steels, SUS304 and SUS440C. Their inner hardness distributions were measured. It was found that the hardness of IH-quenched and farness-tempered 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo stainless steel is almost the same as that of the SUS440C. The 13Cr-2Ni-2Mo steel has the same corrosion resistance as the SUS304 steel.

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Rafi, Muhammad Masood, Abdul Basit Dahar, Tariq Aziz, and Sarosh Hashmat Lodi. "Elevated Temperature Testing of Thermomechanically Treated Steel Bars." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 32, no. 6 (June 2020): 04020145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003202.

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Német, Miroslav, Mária Mihaliková, Alexandra Kovalčíkova, and Anna Lišková. "Changing the Hardness Automotive Steels at Different Strain Rate." Key Engineering Materials 635 (December 2014): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.635.41.

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Currently, the automotive industry used sheets of different qualities. The most common include IF (inter Interstitial Free) steel and alloyed steel. Use the sheet quality depends on the point of application in the production car. Testing and product testing is a standard part of the process of innovation and production itself. Testing of automotive steels under dynamic conditions is increasingly important. Changing the hardness HV 1 was performed on the fractured bars on the static and dynamic loading conditions. Tests were made on steel IF and S 460.

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Wang, Wei, Jie Chen, Bo Diao, Xuefei Guan, Jingjing He, and Min Huang. "Bayesian Fatigue Life Prediction of Corroded Steel Reinforcing Bars." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 28, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/4632152.

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This paper presents a general method for fatigue life prediction of corroded steel reinforcing bars. A fatigue testing on standard specimens with pitting corrosion is carried out to obtain corrosion fatigue data. The maximum corrosion degree (MCD), characterizing the most severe site of the corrosion pit, is identified to have a log-linear relationship with the fatigue life. A fatigue life model incorporating the MCD and the stress range for corroded steel reinforcing bars is proposed. The model parameters are identified using the testing data, and the model is considered as the baseline model. To utilize the proposed model for life prediction of corroded steel reinforcing bars with different geometries and working conditions, the Bayesian method is employed to update the baseline model. The effectiveness of the overall method is demonstrated using independent datasets of realistic steel reinforcing bars.

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Rhim, Hong Chul, Dae You Kim, Chang Shik Cho, and Do Hyun Kim. "Effect of Steel Plates on Estimation of the Compressive Strength of Concrete via Ultrasonic Testing." Materials 13, no. 4 (February 17, 2020): 887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13040887.

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The presence of embedded steel affects the estimates obtained for the compressive strength of concrete during ultrasonic testing, as it increases the ultrasonic wave velocity. Thus, if the presence of steel in concrete is inevitable, then a correction factor is required for an accurate estimation of the concrete strength. While previous studies focused on the effect of steel reinforcing bars on the speed of ultrasonic waves in concrete, this work expands on the significance of embedded steel from steel bars to include steel plates. The wave velocity was measured for varying dimensions of embedded steel plates from 15 mm to 150 mm using 54-kHz ultrasonic testing equipment. Through experiments, the effect of steel plates on the ultrasonic testing of concrete was quantified to derive proper correction factors. It was found that the thickness, depth, and height of the steel plates significantly affected the test results. These findings can be applied to ultrasonic testing to estimate the compressive strength of concrete consisting of a significant volume of steel, such as in steel-reinforced concrete structures.

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Fan, Liang, Yi Bao, and Genda Chen. "Feasibility of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensor for Corrosion Monitoring of Steel Bars in Reinforced Concrete." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 3722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113722.

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This study investigates the feasibility of distributed fiber optic sensor for corrosion monitoring of steel bars embedded in concrete. Two sensor installation methods are compared: (1) attaching the sensor along the bar and (2) winding the sensor on the bar. For the second method, optical fibers were winded spirally on steel bars with different spacings: 0 mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm. Steel bar pull-out testing was conducted to evaluate the effect of presence of distributed sensor on the bond strength of steel–concrete interface. Electrochemical testing was carried out to assess the influence of the installation methods on the corrosion resistance of the reinforced concrete. Winding the optical fiber on steel bars with a 10-mm spacing does not affect the bond strength and corrosion resistance and allows real-time corrosion monitoring. The distributed sensor data can be used to estimate the corrosion induced steel loss and predict concrete cracking.

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Basaran, Bogachan, Harun Yaka, and Ilker Kalkan. "Engineering plastic gripping mechanism for tension testing of FRP bars." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 28 (June 17, 2020): 4427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998320933658.

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A new grip adaptor, made of an engineering plastic Cast Polyamide 6 (PA6G), was developed for tension testing of FRP reinforcing bars. The new adaptor offers several advantages over conventional anchors, including the ease of application and reuse, being economical, no need for skilled labor, smaller difference between the hardness of the adaptors and sample. Bars with three different diameters (6, 8 and 12 mm), three types of fiber (Carbon, Glass and Basalt) and four types of surface texture (ribbed, wound, fine-sand coated and coarse-sand coated with widely-spaced wrapping) were tested to failure under uniaxial tension. Two identical bars were tested for each combination of parameters (fiber type, surface texture and bar diameter), one with PA6G and the other with grout-filled steel anchors. The tests indicated that the proposed method was able to ensure FRP bars to reach their tensile capacities and fail by rupture without crushing in the gripping regions and pull-out from the jaws of the testing machine. The modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and ultimate strain values of the bars with PA6G anchors were in rather close agreement with the respective values of specimens with conventional steel anchors. This close agreement, i.e. mostly a difference below 5%, implies the success of the proposed method. Among all tested bars, only the ribbed ones failed in the gripping regions in the presence of both anchors as a result of the limited contact surface (rib area), pointing out the need for the use of longer anchors for ribbed bars.

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Zhao, Qingyuan, Jianting Zhou, Qianwen Xia, Senhua Zhang, and Hong Zhang. "Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Corrosion Fluctuation Parameters Based on Spontaneous Magnetic Flux Leakage and Its Relationship with Steel Bar Diameter." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2019): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244116.

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In an actual structure, the arrangement of steel bars is complicated, there are many factors affecting the corrosion of steel bars, and these factors affect each other. However, accurately reflecting the corrosion of steel bars in actual engineering through theoretical calculations is difficult. Besides, it is impossible to detect and evaluate steel bars rust completely and accurately. This article is based on spontaneous magnetic leakage detection technology and adopts the method of stage corrosion and scanning along the reinforcing bar. Based on spontaneous magnetic flux leakage detection technology, the linear change rate of the tangential component curve of the magnetic flux leakage signal generated after the corrosion of a steel bar is studied, and a comparison is made between the steel bar coated concrete samples with different steel bar diameters. In this paper, the “origin of magnetic flux leakage signal” is defined as a reference point, which is convenient for effectively comparing the magnetic signal curves under all operating conditions. Besides, the “rust-magnetic fluctuation parameter” is proposed to accurately reflect the sudden change of leakage magnetic field caused by disconnection due to the corrosion of a steel bar. A new data processing method is provided for the non-destructive testing of steel corrosion using the spontaneous magnetic flux leakage effect, which can effectively reduce the influence of steel bar diameter on magnetic flux leakage signal and improve the precision of non-destructive testing technology of steel bar corrosion using the metal magnetic memory effect.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel bars Testing"

1

Zheng, Hang. "Tempcore reinforcing steel : microstructure and mechanical properties." Phd thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/8671.

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Belghiti, Moulay El Mehdi. "Influence of steel fibres on response of beams." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100222.

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The following thesis presents the results of six full scale beams tests as part of a research program conducted at McGill University on the effect of steel fibres on the shear capacity of a beam with an aid ratio greater than 2.5. The test specimens had the following dimensions: 4400 mm long, 300 mm wide and 500 mm long. The beams had 4-25M bottom reinforcing bars and 2-20M top reinforcing bars. Two series were designed with different reinforcing details: the "BA" series contained transverse reinforcement spaced at 275 mm center to center while the "BB" series had no transverse reinforcement. The specimens were cast in three batches of two specimens from each series, with each batch containing concrete with respectively 0%, 0.5% and 1% fibres content by volume. The beams were simply supported and were tested with two equal point loads located at 500 mm from the centre of the beam.
This research project demonstrated a clear improvement of the shear capacity resulting from the use of steel fibres for the beams without transverse reinforcement. For the beams with transverse reinforcement, displacement ductility was highly increased. This suggests that fibres have the potential to reduce the congestion of the reinforcement if fibres are designed to replace partially closely spaced transverse reinforcement. Also, it was noted that a redistribution of stresses occurred resulting in the formation of more well-controlled cracks. Finally, the strength predictions using the method developed by Aoude (Aoude, 2007) agree very well with the experimental results.

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Yosefani, Anas. "Flexural Strength, Ductility, and Serviceability of Beams that Contain High-Strength Steel Reinforcement and High-Grade Concrete." PDXScholar, 2018. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4402.

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Utilizing the higher capacity steel in design can provide additional advantages to the concrete construction industry including a reduction of congestion, improved concrete placement, reduction in the required reinforcement and cross sections which would lead to savings in materials, shipping, and placement costs. Using high-strength reinforcement is expected to impact the design provisions of ACI 318 code and other related codes. The Applied Technology Council (ATC-115) report "Roadmap for the Use of High-Strength Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Design" has identified key design issues that are affected by the use of high-strength reinforcement. Also, ACI ITG-6, "Design Guide for the Use of ASTM A1035 Grade 100 Steel Bars for Structural Concrete" and NCHRP Report 679, "Design of Concrete Structures Using High-Strength Steel Reinforcement" have made progress towards identifying how code provisions in ACI 318 and AASHTO could be changed to incorporate high-strength reinforcement. The current research aims to provide a closer investigation of the behavior of beams reinforced with high-strength steel bars (including ASTM A615 Grade 100 and ASTM A1035 Grades 100 and 120) and high-strength concrete up to 12000 psi. Focus of the research is on key design issues including: ductility, stiffness, deflection, and cracking. The research includes an extensive review of current literature, an analytical study and conforming experimental tests, and is directed to provide a number of recommendations and design guidelines for design of beams reinforced with high-strength concrete and high-strength steel. Topics investigated include: strain limits (tension-controlled and compression-controlled, and minimum strain in steel); possible change for strength reduction factor equation for transition zone (Φ); evaluation of the minimum reinforcement ratio (þmin); recommendations regarding limiting the maximum stress for the high-strength reinforcement; and prediction of deflection and crack width at service load levels. Moreover, this research includes long-term deflection test of a beam made with high grade concrete and high-strength steel under sustained load for twelve months to evaluate the creep deflection and to insure the appropriateness of the current ACI 318 time-dependent factor, λ, which does not consider the yield strength of reinforcement and the concrete grade.

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Gravina, Rebecca Jane. "Non-linear overload behaviour and ductility of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade steel reinforcement." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg777.pdf.

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Includes corrigenda (inserted at front) and list of publications published as a result of this research. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-199) Investigates the overload behaviour and modes of collapse of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade reinforcing steel and evaluates the adequacy of current ductility requirements for design according to AS 3600 to ensure strength and safety.

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"effects of plastic deformation on Barkhausen emission and magnetoacoustic emission in mild steel and nickel bars =: 鋼和鎳試樣的塑性變形對巴克豪森發射及磁聲發射的影響." 1997. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889337.

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by Ng, Hiu Tung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).
by Ng, Hiu Tung.
Acknowledgement --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
List of Figures --- p.viii
List of Tables --- p.xi
Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Non-destructive testing techniques --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.1 --- Liquid penetration technique --- p.2
Chapter 1.1.2 --- Electrical methods (Eddy current testing) --- p.3
Chapter 1.1.3 --- Ultrasonic testing --- p.4
Chapter 1.1.4 --- Radiography --- p.5
Chapter 1.1.5 --- Magnetic methods --- p.6
Chapter 1.2 --- The development of Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Barkhausen emission --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Magnetoacoustic emission --- p.8
Chapter 1.3 --- The advantages of using Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emission over the other nondestructive techniques --- p.10
Chapter Chapter Two --- Fundamental concept in ferromagnetic materials --- p.12
Chapter 2.1 --- Ferromagnetism --- p.12
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Curie point --- p.13
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Hysteresis loop --- p.14
Chapter 2.2 --- Magnetic domains --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Magneto static energy --- p.17
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structure of domain wall --- p.19
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Domain wall motion --- p.21
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Domain nucleation --- p.22
Chapter 2.3 --- Magnetostriction --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Spontaneous magnetostriction --- p.28
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Saturation magnetostriction --- p.29
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Field-induced magnetostriction --- p.29
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Magnetostriction of polycrystalline --- p.30
Chapter 2.4 --- Effect of stress on magnetic properties --- p.36
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Stress --- p.36
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Effect of stress on the magnetization --- p.37
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Effect of stress on the magnetostriction --- p.38
Chapter 2.5 --- Eddy current shielding --- p.41
Chapter Chapter Three --- Barkhausen emission and magnetoacoustic emission --- p.42
Chapter 3.1 --- Barkhausen emission --- p.42
Chapter 3.1.1 --- The wall potential energy model of Barkhausen emission --- p.43
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Typical BE profiles --- p.45
Chapter 3.2 --- Magnetoacoustic emission --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Magnetoacoustic emission model --- p.48
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Typical MAE profiles --- p.50
Chapter Chapter Four --- Instrumentation --- p.52
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.52
Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental setup for Barkhausen emission --- p.53
Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental setup for magnetoacoustic emission --- p.56
Chapter 4.4 --- Specimen treatment --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Furnace --- p.58
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Instron loading machine --- p.60
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Optical microscopy --- p.60
Chapter 4.4.4 --- Vicker's hardness tester --- p.61
Chapter Chapter Five --- Effect of field frequency and strength on Barkhausen emission in mild steel and nickel --- p.66
Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.66
Chapter 5.2 --- Experiments --- p.67
Chapter 5.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.68
Chapter 5.4 --- Conclusions --- p.76
Chapter Chapter Six --- Effect of residual stress on Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions in steel bar --- p.77
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.77
Chapter 6.2 --- Experiments --- p.81
Chapter 6.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.84
Chapter 6.3.1 --- BE profiles --- p.84
Chapter 6.3.2 --- MAE profiles --- p.85
Chapter 6.3.3 --- Optical microscopy and hardness measurements --- p.85
Chapter 6.4 --- Conclusions --- p.92
Chapter Chapter Seven --- Effect of residual stress on Barkhausen and magnetoacoustic emissions in a nickel bar --- p.93
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.93
Chapter 7.2 --- Experiments --- p.96
Chapter 7.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.97
Chapter 7.3.1 --- Hardness and optical microscopy measurement --- p.97
Chapter 7.3.2 --- BE profiles --- p.98
Chapter 7.3.3 --- MAE profiles --- p.99
Chapter 7.4 --- Comparison of nickel and mild steel --- p.106
Chapter 7.5 --- Conclusions --- p.108
Chapter Chapter Eight --- Effect of dynamic stress on Barkhausen emission in mild steel --- p.109
Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.109
Chapter 8.2 --- Experiments --- p.110
Chapter 8.3 --- Results and discussions --- p.112
Chapter 8.4 --- Conclusions --- p.118
Chapter Chapter Nine --- Conclusions --- p.119
References --- p.121

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Gravina, Rebecca Jane. "Non-linear overload behaviour and ductility of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade steel reinforcement / by Rebecca Jane Gravina." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21791.

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Includes corrigenda (inserted after title page) and list of publications published as a result of this research.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 192-199)
xxvii, 223 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm.
Investigates the overload behaviour and modes of collapse of reinforced concrete flexural members containing 500MPa grade reinforcing steel and evaluates the adequacy of current ductility requirements for design according to AS 3600 to ensure strength and safety.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002

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Books on the topic "Steel bars Testing"

1

Maślak, Mariusz. Trwałość pożarowa stalowych konstrukcji prętowych. Kraków: Wydawn. Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2000.

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Maślak, Mariusz. Trwałość pożarowa stalowych konstrukcji prętowych. Kraków: Wydawn. Politechniki Krakowskiej, 2000.

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Wipf, Terry J. Evaluation of post-tension strengthened steel girder bridge using FRP bars. Ames, IA: Center for Transportation Research and Education, Iowa State University, 2003.

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Presuel-Moreno, Francisco. Identification of commercially available alloys for corrosion-resistant metallic reinforcement and test methods for evaluating corrosion-resistant reinforcement. Charlottesville, Va: Virginia Transportation Research Council, 2008.

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A, Zilveti, Texas. State Dept. of Highways and Public Transportation., United States. Federal Highway Administration., and University of Texas at Austin. Center for Transportation Research., eds. Effect of superplasticizers on the bond behavior of reinforcing steel in concrete members. Austin, Tex: The Center, 1985.

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Surface, internal, and dimensional inspection of long products. Brussels, Belgium: International Iron and Steel Institute, 1990.

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1952-, Berke Neal Steven, ed. Techniques to assess the corrosion activity of steel reinforced concrete structures. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM, 1996.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2005 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Innovations in steel sheet and bar products and processing. Warrendale, Pa: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.

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Innovations in steel sheet and bar products and processing. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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C, Clear Kenneth, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials., and United States. Federal Highway Administration., eds. Performance of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel in highway bridges. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel bars Testing"

1

Georgiou, Androula V., Souzana P. Tastani, and Stavroula J. Pantazopoulou. "Testing Procedure for Determining the Bond-Slip Law of Steel Bars in Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites." In Strain-Hardening Cement-Based Composites, 448–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1194-2_52.

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Rhim, Hong C. "Detection of steel reinforcing bars inside concrete using radar." In Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering 2000, 577–81. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043717-0/50062-3.

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Kruszka, Leopold, and Kamil Sobczyk. "Round-Robin Exercise for Compression Testing of Steel Alloy of Pressure Tank at High Strain Rate." In Critical Energy Infrastructure Protection. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/nicsp220007.

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The aim of the paper is to show a type of the round-Robin test on the example of experiments at a high strain rate using various split Hopkinson pressure bar test stands located at different locations in Warsaw – a scientific-technical center and a university. The results of the conducted experiments in the form of a circumferential stress and radial stress were shown for each analyzed SHPB test stand, using an identical research specimen. A comparison was made, and the obtained results were compared on the graphs of the stress-strain curve for various SHPB test stands and on the strain rate – strain graphs for the selected SHPB test stand.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel bars Testing"

1

Acharya, Mahesh, and Mustafa Mashal. "Experimental Testing of Mechanical Splices for Titanium Alloy Bars." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.0266.

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<p>Recently application of Titanium Alloy Bars (TiABs) has been gaining popularity in retrofitting of bridges in the United States using near-surface mounted techniques. TiABs offer high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, enhanced fatigue performance, lighter weight, lower stiffness, and less residual deformation beyond the yield point. Currently, there is a lack of a splicing system for TiABs. There are various mechanical splicing systems available for conventional and high-strength steels; however, they have not been investigated for splicing of TiABs. The research investigates some of the existing splicing systems for pseudo-threaded TiABs. Mechanical splices from a producer in the United States are considered for this research. Three different types of mechanical couplers are investigated for splicing of #5 (ø16mm) and #6 (ø19mm) pseudo-threaded TiABs. TiABs larger than #6 are more expensive and harder to bend, therefore #5 and #6 TiABs are more popular and have been implemented in several bridges in the United States. Tensile testing is carried out on several #5 and #6 spliced TiABs in accordance with relevant ASTM Standards to investigate suitability of each splicing system. Observations from testing showed that only one type of splicing system was able to achieve failure of TiABs at a location away from the spliced region. The other two splicing systems had premature pullout or failure of the coupler itself. Testing results suggest that the successful coupler/splicing system was in close compliance with the requirements of AASHTO LRFD that require mechanical splices to achieve more than 125% of the yield strength of the bar. Given the lower strain hardening of TiABs (1.1) compared to conventional steel (1.5), the coupler system identified in this research is concluded to be adequate for mechanical splicing of #5 and #6 TiABs subjected to monotonic tensile stresses.</p>

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Frankowski, P. K., T. Chady, and R. Sikora. "Knowledge extraction algorithms dedicated for identification of steel bars in reinforced concrete structures." In 40TH ANNUAL REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION: Incorporating the 10th International Conference on Barkhausen Noise and Micromagnetic Testing. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4864906.

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Thapa, Aashish, Mustafa Mashal, and Mahesh Acharya. "Large-Scale Flexural Testing of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Conventional Steel and Titanium Alloy Bars." In IABSE Symposium, Prague 2022: Challenges for Existing and Oncoming Structures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/prague.2022.0272.

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<p>The research focuses on the use of Titanium Alloy Bars (TiABs) in concrete cap beams. TiABs offer good ductility, high strength, lightweight, superior corrosion resistance, lower overstrength, and better fatigue performance. TiABs have recently been used in several existing bridges in Oregon and Texas in the United States to increase shear and flexural capacities of concrete beams. While TiABs have been implemented in retrofitting of existing bridges in the United States, their application in new structures have not been tested and compared against conventional steel rebars. Idaho State University (ISU) has been investigating application of TiABs in new concrete structures through large-scale testing. Past research at ISU has shown that the use of titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) in new bridges can reduce rebar congestion and residual drift after an earthquake by 50% while providing adequate ductility and strength compared to cast-in-place construction. The research in this paper proposes concept for an innovative cap beam reinforced with longitudinal TiABs. The cap beam integrates both structural performance and durability. Flexural and shear design procedures for the cap beam in accordance with the AASHTO LRFD Design are discussed. To investigate structural performance, a large-scale cap beam reinforced with longitudinal grade 5 titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) is tested under three-point bending test protocol. The results are compared against a benchmark cast-in-place beam with normal rebars under the same testing arrangement and loading protocol.</p>

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Miller, Tri, Christopher J. Hauser, and Tribikram Kundu. "Nondestructive Inspection of Corrosion and Delamination at the Concrete-Steel Reinforcement Interface." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33493.

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This paper explores the feasibility of detecting and quantifying corrosion and delamination at the interface between reinforcing steel bar and concrete using ultrasonic guided waves. The problem of corrosion and delamination of the reinforcing steel in the aging infrastructure has increased significantly in the last three decades and is likely to keep on increasing. Ultrasonic cylindrical guided waves that can propagate a long distance along the reinforcing steel bar are found to be sensitive to the interface conditions between steel bar and concrete. Ultrasonic transducers are used to launch and detect cylindrical guided waves along the steel bar. The traditional ultrasonic testing methods, for instance the pulse-echo method, where reflection, transmission, and scattering of longitudinal waves are used for detecting large voids in concrete, are not very efficient for detecting corrosion and delamination at the interface between concrete and steel bar. For this study four sets of specimens were prepared. They are rebars and plain steel bars with corrosion and physical separation. Transducers used during the experiment are the Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and the Piezoelectric Transducer (PZT). The experiment suggests that the guided wave inspection technique is feasible for the health monitoring of reinforced concrete structures. It also reveals that the ultrasonic guided waves are sensitive to the type of steel used and to the rib patterns on the reformed steel bars.

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D'Antino, Tommaso, and Marco A. Pisani. "Durability of glass FRP reinforcing bars: a state of the art." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0611.

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<p>Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars represent a valid solution for internal reinforcement of concrete elements. With respect to steel reinforcing bars, GFRP bars have a good resistance to corrosion and a high tensile strength. However, durability of GFRP bars is still an open issue and design guidelines and recommendations provide environmental and long-term reduction factors that strongly limit the tensile stress in the bar. In this paper, a large database of GFRP reinforcing bars exposed to different environmental conditions with and without the application of a sustained load and subjected to tensile testing was collected from the literature. The variation of the bar tensile strength with respect to different exposure conditions, namely hot dry and humid air, different alkali environments, and salt solutions with various concentrations, was analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, the effect of sustained stress on the bar tensile strength was studied. A statistical analysis based on the design by testing approach provided by EN 1990 was performed on the results collected to calibrate characteristics and design values of the product between environmental and long-term reduction factors.</p>

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Benitez, D. S. "The Application of Magneto Inductive Sensors for Non-Destructive Testing of Steel Reinforcing Bars Embedded Within Pre-Stressed and Reinforced Concrete." In QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2184672.

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Mehta, Vipul, Greg Hayes, Mary Frecker, James H. Adair, and George A. Lesieutre. "Design, Fabrication, and Testing of Meso-Scale Cellular Contact-Aided Compliant Mechanisms." In ASME 2010 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2010-3743.

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The design and fabrication of meso-scale cellular contact-aided compliant mechanisms with micron sized features are presented in this paper. Cellular structures with internal contact mechanisms exhibit a reduction in stress during deformation and, thus, can be stretched further than they could without a contact mechanism. Fabricating such structures at a meso-scale can result in new high-strength, high-strain materials. Manufacturing at a meso-scale restrains the maximum aspect ratio and the initial contact gap of the mechanism. An analytical model is used to resolve the tradeoffs between these manufacturing constraints and to design suitable contact-aided cellular mechanisms. A lost mold rapid infiltration forming process is employed to fabricate meso-scale cellular mechanisms using either 316L stainless steel or a composite 316L stainless steel with nanoparticulate zirconia. A custom rig was developed to test meso-scale cellular mechanisms. The elastic modulus of 316L stainless steel was found to be about 110 ± 40 GPa both from tensile testing of test bars and from model-matching of cellular mechanisms. The cellular mechanisms were observed to exhibit about 1.1% of overall strain before any local permanent deformation. This study validates the efficacy of the design and fabrication methodology for the meso-scale cellular mechanisms.

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Santos, Auteliano A., Don E. Bray, Sidney F. Caetano, Marcilio Haddad Andrino, and Roseana E. Trevisan. "Evaluation of the Rolling Direction Effect in the Acoustoelastic Properties for API 5L X70 Steel Used in Pipelines." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2819.

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Ultrasonic evaluation of stresses has experienced great development in the last decade, mostly because of the new electronic instruments and high-speed data acquisition systems now available. Past applications have been applied mostly using shear waves and the birefringence technique. Longitudinal critically refracted (skimming) waves have proved to be more sensitive to stress variation, and have been applied recently to oil steel pipelines. Oil pipe failures have caused a lot of environmental damage in Brazil. The environmental and economical costs are very high. This work describes part of a research effort to further apply longitudinal critically refracted waves to inspect the welded region in pipes in Brazil through a study of the acoustoelastic constants. Twenty-eight samples were cut from a flat plate of the oil industry class steel (API 5L X70) which would be typically formed into pipe. The samples were prepared for tensile testing. Half of those were cut from what would be the longitudinal direction of the pipe, and the other half from the perpendicular direction. The samples are bars of 760×70×10.8-mm3. Some bars were stress relieved before the test. The results show that there are significant differences between the acoustoelastic constants for the rolling direction and the perpendicular direction. It is clearly important to have the correct value for the acoustoelastic coefficient when applying the technique to stress measurement. There is a minor, but important influence of the stress relief process.

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Chrzanowski, Maciej, Christoph Odenbreit, Renata Obiala, Teodora Bogdan, Matthias Braun, and Herve Degee. "Development of an innovative type of shear connector dedicated to fully embedded steel-concrete composite columns – experimental and numerical investigations." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.6970.

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A shear connection in steel-concrete composite columns is established in the normal case with headed shear studs. However, this type of connector was developed for composite beams and in terms of composite columns, a wide range for an optimisation still can be identified due to the different geometries of steel profiles, concrete and reinforcement. The presented paper shows investigations on a new type of shear connector with a direct application to composite columns and with a potential for a fully automatic fabrication process. The proposed new type of shear connection is made out of reinforcement bars welded to the external surfaces of the steel profile’s flanges. The experimental campaign consisted of 12 composite push-out tests with a column section geometry. The analysed specimens included centrally embedded HEB120 steel profiles into 340x1000x450mm concrete blocks. All the tests have been categorized into 4 groups. One group per connector was defined (including group without mechanical connector). Each group had 3 identical specimens. Surface treatment conditions, reinforcement arrangement, used materials and test layout were the same in all executed tests. The acquired results showed a good performance of the proposed solutions and allowed to identify the different load-bearing behaviour. After the test execution, the specimens were opened and the failure pattern have been investigated. The testing campaign was supported by numerical simulations performed with the finite element software code Abaqus®. In the developed models, a new approach to simulate the steel-concrete bond was implemented.

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Haneji, T., K. Miyagi, T. Sueyoshi, Z. Nakao, K. Sakugawa, H. Yara, and M. Ushio. "A Study of Joining of Different Melting Point Materials by Charging With Electromagnetic Energy." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/cmda-29076.

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An electrical resistance welding method was applied under atmospheric conditions by using one of metal powder medium or media mixture which was sandwiched in the space between the two solid metal bars of specimen (i.e., solid specimen material), and was compressed longitudinally by oil pressure servo control electrodes (upper and bottom) and simultaneously current was conducted to generate Joule thermal heat. In the joining experiments, a solid aluminum specimen material was used as a basis material, and was joined to another solid aluminum specimen material or one of four other solid specimen materials with different melting points by using resistance-welding apparatus. Some fundamental data on the mechanical properties of the joint were obtained by material testing. In the experiments, the specimen used as solid specimen materials in this study were pure aluminum, copper, stainless steel, carbon steel and titanium bars of solid specimen, and the powder media were aluminum, nickel and silicon powder. Proper mixed ratios of total amount of the powder media were determined for reliable joining, and material testing was prepared for mechanical properties. The obtained data were examined with the intent of optimizing the method using metal powder media between a pair of specimen materials and were compared with that of the solid specimen material, in terms of tensile strength, Vickers hardness, bending U-shape flexure stiffness. On the tensile strength and Vickers hardness, they were found to be reliable, but on bending U-shape flexure stiffness, they were not definite enough.

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