Journal articles: 'Steel alloys – Metallurgy'

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Volkov, A. I., P. E. Stulov, L. I. Leont’ev, and V. A. Uglov. "Analysis of the use of rare earth metals in ferrous metallurgy of Russia and world." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-6-405-418.

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The analysis of the current state of production of rare earth metals (REM) in Russia and in the world was made. Information about REM production in different countries of the world and about new foreign projects for REM production and processing is provided. The article presents the balance of production, export and import of raw materials and products with REM, including scandium and yttrium, in Russia. The maximum volume of REM consumption in Russia was calculated taking into account imported products with REM. This data was compared with other countries, including the former USSR. Much attention is paid to the use of REM in metallurgy. Data on the influence of REM on the properties of cast iron and steel are presented. Information is given about the forms of REM used for their use in the Russian ferrous metallurgy. We have studied the structure of REM consumption in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. On the example of two enterprises (one of them specializes in mass production, and the second – on production of special steels), the structure of REM consumption for steel alloying was studied by type and scope of its application. The development peculiarities of REM consumption in Russian ferrous metallurgy were investigated. The volume of consumption was calculated; data on imports of raw materials with REM for metallurgy and the producers of ferroalloys with REM in Russia is given. We have analyzed the spectrum of steel products with REM. A comparison of the consumption of REM in the metallurgy of Russia and foreign countries is presented. The reasons for insufficient consumption of REM in the Russian metallurgy are considered, an assessment is given on the change in production volumes of certain types of steel and cast iron, and recommendations are made on the growth of REM consumption in metallurgy.

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Kalandyk, B., and W. Wojtal. "Effects of Steel – Applied for Large-Dimension Castings for the Power Engineering – Refining in The Ladle-Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0071.

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Abstract The changes of a sulphur content during refining in melting low-alloy and high-alloy steels (G17CrMoV5-10; GX12CrMoNiVNbN9-1) applied for large-dimension castings for the power engineering are presented in the hereby paper. The investigated steel was melted in the oxygen-recovery melting technology with an application of maximum 70% of the process scrap. In addition, after steel melting in the electric arc furnace (EAF), the secondary metallurgy was performed in the ladle furnace (LF). It was shown that the application of the secondary metallurgy by a synthetic slag in the ladle furnace and argon bubbling of a metal bath leads to obtaining in the final analysis: 0.0043-0.0046% of sulphur (a decrease of S content during refining in LF reached 40%). Current measurements of FeO in the slag and maintaining its content below 0.8%, support obtaining such low sulphur content in steel. So low level of the slag oxidizing is one of the necessary conditions for a deep desulphurisation of the metal bath. Without the secondary metallurgy the sulphur content in low-alloy cast steel was 0.007%, while 0.01% in high-alloy cast steel. Controlling of the gas (oxygen, nitrogen) content during steel melting and correcting the amount of additions (e.g. deoxidants), allowed to obtain the low oxygen content (below 45 ppm for two investigated steel grades) and nitrogen content (88 ppm for low-alloy steel and 330 ppm for high-alloy steel), which warrants a good combination of strength and plastic properties.

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Xu, Zhong, Jun Huang, Hongyan Wu, Zaifeng Xu, Xiaoping Liu, Naiming Lin, Dongbo Wei, and Pingze Zhang. "A modern-day alchemy: Double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080808.

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In the long history of science and technology development, one goal is to diffuse solid alloy elements into the surface of steel materials to form surface alloys with excellent physical and chemical properties. On the basis of plasma nitriding technology, double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology has answered this challenge. This technology, which seems to be a modern-day alchemy, can use any element in the Periodic Table of chemical elements, including solid metal elements and their combinations, to form many types of surface alloyed layers with high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high temperature oxidation resistance on various metal materials. For example, nickel base alloys, stainless steels, and high speed steels are formed on the surfaces of ordinary carbon steels; high hardness, wear resistance, and high temperature oxidation resistance alloys are formed on the surface of the titanium alloy. This article briefly introduces the formation and principle of double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology and summarizes the experimental results and industrial applications. The significance and development prospect of this technology are discussed.

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Tkadlečková, Markéta. "Numerical Modelling in Steel Metallurgy." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060885.

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Steel production represents a complex process which is accompanied by a series of physical–chemical processes from melting, through the multiphase flow of steel and chemical reactions (processes taking place between the slag, metal, and an inert gas) after solidification [...]

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Yurioka, Nobutaka. "Advances in Physical Metallurgy and Processing of Steels. Physical Metallurgy of Steel Weldability." ISIJ International 41, no. 6 (2001): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.566.

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Kazior, Jan, Aneta Szewczyk-Nykiel, Tadeusz Pieczonka, Marek Hebda, and Marek Nykiel. "Properties of Precipitation Hardening 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.87.

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Alloys from austenitic and ferritic stainless steel found to be satisfactory for a great many applications. However, for applications that require higher levels of strength and hardness from the martensitic grades are frequently specified. Martensitic stainless steels offer significantly higher strengths but have to low ductility. For this reason for application where high levels of strength and a moderate ductility is required, the precipitation strengthened stainless steels are often considered. One of the most popular alloy of this kind of stainless steel is 17-4 PH. The aim of the present paper was to examined the influence the process parameters in conventional powder metallurgy processing on the mechanical properties of the 17-4 PH alloy in both as-sintered and heat treated conditions. In was found that temperature of aged is a very sensitive parameter for obtained high strength and acceptable ductility.

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Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Preparation of Powder Metallurgy Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.269.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressing route. The atomized powders were canned in mild steel and CP-Ti containers, degassed and sealed. The selection of mild steel and CP-Ti on the microstructure of HIPed γ-TiAl alloy was studied. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230oC), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. Fully dense compact with CP-Ti container can be obtained by HIPing with suitable parameters of temperature.

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Zhuchkov, V. I., O. V. Zayakin, and А. A. Akberdin. "Prospects for using boron in metallurgy. Report 2." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 9 (October 9, 2021): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-9-660-668.

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The second part of the article presents perspective directions of using boron and its compounds in the preparation processes, metallurgical processing of ore materials and steel smelting in order to improve the quality of the final product. An efficient technology of silicothermal production of ferrosilicoboron containing 0.6 – 2.0 % B and 60 – 80 % Si has been developed. The advantage of this scheme is the possibility of obtaining a boron-containing alloy during ferrosilicon smelting. It has been experimentally shown that ferrosilicoboron has higher performance characteristics than ferroboron both in production and when used for steel processing. The results of industrial tests of the technology for microalloying pipe grades of steel with a new ferroalloy with boron confirmed a high degree of boron assimilation – up to 96 %. The possibility of widespread use of boron for steel microalloying is due to its cheapness, availability and environmental friendliness. According to the calculations, boron from complex ferrosilicoboron is the cheapest trace element used to increase the strength characteristics of steel. Additives of B2O3 can be successfully used to form high-magnesium liquid steel-making slags. It is shown that 0.37 – 0.55 % В2О3 effectively stabilizes the highly basic slags of the steel and ferroalloy industries. This operation allows obtaining a marketable lump material. The above review, results of the laboratory and industrial studies have shown the effectiveness of boron usage at different stages of metallurgical production. An increase in technical and economic indicators of production and quality of steel and ferroalloys, and effective disposal of waste slags is shown. The technical solutions advanced and tested at metallurgical enterprises do not require capital expenditures. They are implemented by adding microdosing of boron and its compounds to metallurgical production facilities.

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Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Zheng Guan Lu, Rui Peng Guo, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAl Alloys." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.604.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) route. The atomized powders were canned in containers, degassed, sealed, and HIPed. Effect of two different canning materials (mild steel and commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti)) on the microstructure and properties of as-HIPed γ-TiAl alloy were discussed. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230 °C), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. CP-Ti canned γ-TiAl showed bigger yield and fracture strength than mild steel canned TiAl. PM γ-TiAl alloy parts having complex shape could be manufactured by the near net-shape process.

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10

Erden, Mehmet, Mehmet Tasliyan, and Yasin Akgul. "Effect of TiC, TiN, and TiCN on microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of PM steels." Science of Sintering 53, no. 4 (2021): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2104497e.

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Developments in sintering of powder mixtures contributed growth of steel production via powder metallurgy. This study aims to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon steels produced via powder metallurgy. For this purpose, P/M carbon steel was alloyed with 3 % Manganese. Then, this alloyed steel was reinforced with particles such as titanium carbide (TiC), titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) in different proportions (0.5 and 1 %) and combinations. The effect of these additives on the mechanical properties of PM steels was determined by conducting tensile and hardness tests. Wear tests were performed to understand the tribological properties of samples. Also, microstructural properties, fracture surfaces, and worn surfaces of samples were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Results show that the hardness and tensile strength of carbon steel increased by nearly 158 % and 62 % respectively, while the wear resistance improved by 4 times with the addition of 3 % Mn and 0.5 % TiCN.

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Reshetov, V. V., and A. I. Trushin. "Horizontal CCMs in small-capacity metallurgy." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 77, no. 7 (August 1, 2021): 776–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2021-7-776-781.

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Production of light-section rolled products and wire rods of alloyed steel grades differs by small volume of yearly output and wide range of smelted grades. To organize production of light-section rolled products of alloyed steel grades in small volumes, OJSC “Spetsmash” elaborated concept of small-capacity production, which was implemented at several plants. It was shown that horizontal CCM can be effectively applied in the small-capacity production within complexes of light-section rolled stock of alloyed steels production. At the plant “Ferrotrade” (Beloretsk) when creating a complex for production wire rods of 6.5 mm diameter of austenite class steels and nickel-based alloys, a horizontal CCM was constructed. Production of 60 mm diameter billets by the machine was mastered, which enabled to apply a rolling mini-mill, characterizing by small dimensions and power. The horizontal CCM, constructed in 2016 at the steelmaking shop of CJSC “Izhevsk pilot-mechanical plant”, was equipped by electromagnetic stirrer (EMS). It was noted that EMS was applied for the first time in domestic metallurgy at the industrial CCM of horizontal type. In the process of this CCM mastering, more than 60 heats were casted into billets of 80, 200 and 120 mm diameter. EMS application resulted in improving average point on the central porosity to 1.2—1.8 depending on the stirring modes. In 2018 the OJSC “Spetsmash” for the Research Center “Thermodeform” (Magnitogorsk) constructed an experimental horizontal CCM, designed for casting of billets of 40—60 mm diameter by direct casting of melt from the crucible of 60 kg induction furnace into the metal reservoir 776 of the machine. Development of a project of horizontal CCM for PJSC “PlasmaTek” (Ukraine, Vinnitsy) finished, designed for production of billets of 50 and 60 mm diameter within a complex of equipment for manufacturing welding electrodes not only of alloyed but also of carbon steel grades. The designed productivity of the complex is 12,000 t/year. Basic technical characteristics of the CCM presented. Small-capacity production with horizontal CCMs can be organized as independent objects and within existing steel-works for expanding product range.

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Rudskoi, Andrei I., and Sergey G. Parshin. "Advanced Trends in Metallurgy and Weldability of High-Strength Cold-Resistant and Cryogenic Steels." Metals 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121891.

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Thermomechanical Controlled Processing (TMCP), the initial microstructure and mechanical properties of rolled products made of high-strength steels, have a significant influence on the properties and reliability of welded structures for low temperature and cryogenic service. This paper systematizes advanced research trends in the field of metallurgy and weldability of high-strength cold-resistant and cryogenic steels. The classification and properties of high-strength steels are given and TMCP diagrams and phase transformations are considered. Modern methods of improving the viscoplasticity of rolled steel and welded joints are analyzed. The problems of the weldability of high-strength steels are reduction of impact toughness at low temperatures, hydrogen embrittlement, anisotropy, and softening of welded joints in the heat-affected zone. The authors propose a systemic concept and methods for improving the metallurgy and weldability of high-strength steels for low temperature and cryogenic service.

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Morri, Alessandro, Lorella Ceschini, and Simone Messieri. "Effect of Different Heat Treatments on Tensile Properties and Unnotched and Notched Fatigue Strength of Cold Work Tool Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy." Metals 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060900.

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The present study investigates the effect of two heat treatments on the microstructure, the tensile and the fatigue properties of a powder metallurgy tool steel that has undergone two heat treatments: quenching and multiple tempering (conventional for powder metallurgy tool steel), and quenching and multiple tempering with an intermediate cryogenic step at −80 °C (new solution). The findings of the research indicated that the new heat treatment promotes the development of a homogeneous distribution of carbides in the martensitic matrix, with an increase of about 10% in tensile strength and about 7% in elongation to failure. This combination of exceptional strength with a high degree of toughness leads to an improvement in the fatigue behaviour of the steel, which exhibits a higher unnotched and notched fatigue strength (about 15% and 25% respectively) and a lower fatigue notch factor (about 15%) compared to conventionally heat-treated steel. These results highlight that the powder metallurgy tool steel, with the new heat treatment, could be a viable option for the production not only of tools and dies, but also for high-performance automotive components, including even those with complex geometries, such as camshafts or crankshafts.

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AMS, Editorial. "Rewievers, except the members of Editorial Boards, in year 2016." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i1.847.

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Dana BARICOVÁ, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaJaroslav BRIANČIN, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, SlovakAnh-Hoa BUI, School of Materials Sciecen and Engineering, Hanoi University of Technology, Viet NamBranislav BUĽKO, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaMartin ČERNÍK, US Steel, Kosice, SlovakiaRakesh K. DHAKA, US Steel, Research and Technology Center, Pittsburg, USALadislav FALAT, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, SlovakiaMartin FUJDA, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaAnna GUZANOVÁ, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaMária HAGAROVÁ, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaMária HEŽELOVÁ, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaPavol HVIZDOŠ, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, SlovakiaĽuboš KAŠČÁK, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaJán KIZEK, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaRóbert KOČIŠKO, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaAndrea KOVAČOVÁ, Faculty of Metallurgy, Technical University of Kosice, SlovakiaVladimir KOVAL, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, SlovakiaFrantišek LOFAJ, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Kosice, SlovakiaPavol MAREK, Consultant, Kosice, SlovakiaJan SAS, Institute for Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, GermanyAndrzej TRYTEK, Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszow, Poland

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Manninen, Veikko, Tomi Lano, and Lauri E. K. Holappa. "Low reoxidation tundish metallurgy at Fundia Koverhar steel plant." Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy 29, no. 4 (August 2000): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0692.2000.d01-19.x.

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Matsuda, Hiroshi, Fusato Kitano, Kohei Hasegawa, Toshiaki Urabe, and Yoshihiro Hosoya. "Metallurgy of continuously annealed high strength TRIP steel sheet." Steel Research 73, no. 6-7 (June 2002): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.200200199.

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Brar, Gurinder Singh, and Gaurav Mittal. "Impact of Powder Metallurgy Electrode in Electric Discharge Machining of H-13 Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 705 (December 2014): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.705.34.

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Electric discharge machining (EDM) widely used mostly in the tool and die industry and the material normally used as electrode are copper, tungsten, graphite, copper tungsten and copper chromium alloys. In the present work, Electric discharge machining was carried on H-13 workpiece using powder metallurgy electrodes of copper chromium (CuCr) and conventional copper electrode. The input parameters selected in the study were current, voltage, duty cycle and retract distance. The output parameters were material removal rate, tool wear rate, surface roughness and overcut. Experimental results show that CuCr powder metallurgy electrode gives best results for MRR. Also CuCr powder metallurgy electrodes gives better results for overcut as compare to conventional copper electrode. It has been seen that electrode type is significant factor for all output parameters.

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Senk, Dieter, Heinrich Wilhelm Gudenau, Stephan Geimer, and Elena Gorbunova. "Dust Injection in Iron and Steel Metallurgy." ISIJ International 46, no. 12 (2006): 1745–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.46.1745.

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Xu, Te, Guang Song, Yang Yang, Pei-xin Ge, and Li-xin Tang. "Visualization and simulation of steel metallurgy processes." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 28, no. 8 (August 2021): 1387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-021-2283-5.

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20

Bailon-Poujol, Ian, Jean-Paul Bailon, and Gilles L'Espérance. "Ball-mill grinding kinetics of master alloys for steel powder metallurgy applications." Powder Technology 210, no. 3 (July 2011): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2011.03.028.

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Antsiferov, V. N., L. M. Grevnov, and N. N. Maslennikov. "Aging of powder metallurgy N14K7M5T2 maraging steel." Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 24, no. 11 (November 1985): 860–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00802559.

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Moskvina, T. P., and O. D. Sidorova. "Heat treatment of powder metallurgy constructional steel (review)." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 4 (April 1987): 270–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00769426.

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Karagöz, S., and H. F. Fischmeister. "Niobium-Alloyed high speed steel by powder metallurgy." Metallurgical Transactions A 19, no. 6 (June 1988): 1395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02674013.

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Romanov, A. G., V. S. Pikalova, L. Z. Bykhovsky, and L. P. Tigunov. "Nonmetallic minerals of Russia in metallurgical production: status of mineral raw materials base and perspectives of its reclamation and development." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-8-7-16.

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Status, utilization and perspectives of development of Russian mineral raw materials base of flux minerals (fluorite and flux limestone) considered, as well as refractory materials (bauxite, dolomite, magnesite, brucite, bischofite and zirconium) and moulding sands. An estimation of the level of provision with nonmetallic raw materials of Russian steel industry done. It was shown, that bowels of Russia have practically all kinds of nonmetallic minerals, used in the metallurgy of hot metal, steel and alloys. High alumina minerals are not used in metallurgy, despite discovered resources of them are big enough to meet demands of metallurgical plants of the country. There is some deficit of fluorite and zirconium, with no objective reasons for that.State of the markets of minerals considered briefly described.

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Kong, Hui, Xiang Cheng, Shoulin Huang, and Yue Qiu. "Inclusion Characteristics in Steel with CeO2 Nanoparticle Addition." Metals 12, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12111994.

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The application of Ce oxides in oxide metallurgy has received extensive attention, but until now, the direct adding of CeO2 into molten steel to generate Ce oxides has not occurred. In this paper, a mixture of CeO2 and Si nanoparticles were added into molten steel. The resultant formation of micrometer scale Ce-bearing oxides confirmed its adding validity. This behavior may be interpreted as the reactivity between CeO2 and [Al], and the improved wettability between CeO2 and molten steel with the assistance of Si powder. Thus, when the quantity of CeO2 is kept constant, its added yield should increase when increasing the added quantity of Si. This was verified by the larger percentage of Ce-bearing oxides of the total oxides and the greater average content of Ce in Ce-bearing oxides after normalization. Moreover, compared with the blank sample, statistical results indicated that the oxides in CeO2-modified samples were refined, and their dispersion homogeneity was enhanced. This comparison indicates the effectiveness of the external adding method in oxide metallurgy.

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Naylor, David. "Sustainability of ferrous metallurgy and the steel industry." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 32, no. 2 (April 2005): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328105x38044.

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Gobber, Federico Simone, Jana Bidulská, Alessandro Fais, Róbert Bidulský, and Marco Actis Grande. "Innovative Densification Process of a Fe-Cr-C Powder Metallurgy Steel." Metals 11, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040665.

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In this study, the efficacy of an innovative ultra-fast sintering technique called electro-sinter-forging (ESF) was evaluated in the densification of Fe-Cr-C steel. Although ESF proved to be effective in densifying several different metallic materials and composites, it has not yet been applied to powder metallurgy Fe-Cr-C steels. Pre-alloyed Astaloy CrM powders have been ad-mixed with either graphite or graphene and then processed by ESF. By properly tuning the process parameters, final densities higher than 99% were obtained. Mechanical properties such as hardness and transverse rupture strength (TRS) were tested on samples produced by employing different process parameters and then submitted to different post-treatments (machining, heat treatment). A final transverse rupture strength up to 1340 ± 147 MPa was achieved after heat treatment, corresponding to a hardness of 852 ± 41 HV. The experimental characterization highlighted that porosity is the main factor affecting the samples’ mechanical resistance, correlating linearly with the transverse rupture strength. Conversely, it is not possible to establish a similar interdependency between hardness and mechanical resistance, since porosity has a higher effect on the final properties.

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Mebarki, Lahcene, Mosbah Zidani, Abdelyamine Boukhobza, Said Mechachti, and Kamel Fedaoui. "Effect of the Proportion of Tungsten Element on the Mechanical and Structural Properties of (Fe₃C-W-Ni) Sintered Alloy." Diffusion Foundations 18 (September 2018): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.18.35.

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The objective of this work is the development of a Fe-W-Ni sintered steel obtained by the powder metallurgy technique. The latter is widely used today for the design of new alloys based on powders (iron) to meet industrial requirements in strength and wear characteristics. The proposed alloy is based on iron mixed with 5% nickel and various percentages (5, 10, 15 and 20%) of tungsten. The effect of the tungsten W content on mechanical and structural properties is presented.

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Tan, Zhaoqiang, Yong Liu, Xiaolin Huang, and Songlin Li. "Fatigue Behavior of Alloy Steels Sintered from Pre-Alloyed and Diffusion-Bonding Alloyed Powders." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040659.

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Porosity and phases are considered to be two key factors for the fatigue performance of powder metallurgy steels. In this paper, the fatigue strengths of the alloy steels sintered from two typical types of powders, pre-alloyed Fe-Cr-Mo (Astaloy CrM), and diffusion-bonding alloyed Fe-Cu-Mo-Ni (Distaloy AE), were comparatively analyzed in view of the geometry of porosity, the phases constitution, and fractography of fracture. Different modes of fatigue fracture were distinguished between the two materials. Namely, a trans-particle fracture is predominant in the Disitaloy AE steel due to the heterogeneous phases which consist of soft phases in powder interior and hard phases along powder borders. In contrast, the fatigue fracture of the Astaloy CrM steel with a homogeneous mono-phase of martensite is characterized by an inter-particle fracture at the sintering necks. Moreover, the fatigue endurance limit of the Distaloy AE steel was not pronouncedly improved by increasing sintering temperature in comparison with the Astaloy CrM steel. This was attributed to the softening of the network constructed by martensite at sintering necks. A modified Murakami model which considers micro-scale defect and micro-hardness is effective to predict the fatigue performance of the alloy steels sintered from pre-alloyed and diffusion-bonding alloyed powders, respectively.

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Saito, Takashi. "High Modulus Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy Process." Journal of the Japan Society of Powder and Powder Metallurgy 45, no. 5 (1998): 399–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2497/jjspm.45.399.

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Dekkers, R., B. Blanpain, and P. Wollants. "Crystal growth in liquid steel during secondary metallurgy." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 34, no. 2 (April 2003): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-003-0003-3.

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Zhang, Zongyin, and Rolf Sandström. "Fe–Mn–Si master alloy steel by powder metallurgy processing." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 363, no. 1-2 (January 2004): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8388(03)00462-6.

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Costa, Isolda, Sizue Ota Rogero, Olandir Vercino Correa, Clarice Terui Kunioshi, and Mitiko Saiki. "Corrosion and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of AISI 316L Stainless Steel Produced by Powder Injection Molding (PIM) Technology." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.86.

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This study investigates the in vitro corrosion and cytotoxicity response of AISI 316L stainless steel produced by powder injection molding (PIM) technology in a solution that simulates physiological fluids (MEM) by electrochemical techniques and neutral red uptake cytotoxicity assay. The results were compared with those of AISI 316L produced by conventional metallurgy. Both steels showed high corrosion resistance and no toxic effect in the cytotoxicity test. The corrosion products were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). The surfaces of the alloys were evaluated before and after corrosion test by scanning electron microscopy and a passive behaviour was indicated supporting the results from other techniques.

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Tan, Zhaoqiang, Zijun Qin, Qing Zhang, Yong Liu, and Feng Liu. "Prediction and Process Analysis of Tensile Properties of Sinter-Hardened Alloy Steel by Artificial Neural Network." Metals 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12030381.

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Sinter-hardening is an emerging powder metallurgy process by which the consolidation of powder and the hardening of dense bulk samples are integrated into one step. In this study, to understand the complex effects of sinter-hardening parameters on the properties of the Fe-Cr-Ni (Cu)-C alloy, an artificial neural network (ANN) with the topology of a nonlinear multi-layered perceptron was designed to predict the ultimate tensile strength and elongation, considering parameters including chemical composition, sintering temperature, and cooling rate. The predictability of the ANN was verified by experiments, indicating that this method is adequate to quantitatively ascribe steel properties to powder metallurgy parameters in the view of improving process robustness.

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Markotic, A., N. Dolic, and V. Trujic. "State of the direct reduction and reduction smelting processes." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 38, no. 3-4 (2002): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0204123m.

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For quite a long time efforts have been made to develop processes for producing iron i.e. steel without employing conventional procedures - from ore, coke, blast furnace, iron, electric arc furnace, converter to steel. The insufficient availability and the high price of the coking coals have forced many countries to research and adopt the non-coke-consuming reduction and metal manufacturing processes (non-coke metallurgy, direct reduction, direct processes). This paper represents a survey of the most relevant processes from this domain by the end of 2000, which display a constant increase in the modern process metallurgy.

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Alvaredo, P., J. Escribano, B. Ferrari, A. J. Sánchez-Herencia, and E. Gordo. "Steel binder cermets processed by combination of colloidal processing and powder metallurgy." International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials 74 (August 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2018.02.018.

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37

Shinkin, Vladimir N. "Young Modulus at High Temperatures." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.535.

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The dependence of the young modulus of metals and alloys on the high temperature must be taken into account in metallurgy in the hot rolling of steel sheet on sheet-rolling mills, hot flattening of steel sheet in the sheet straightening machines, press forming forgings from hot steel sheet, hot volume stamping of metal products, and so on. For example, on the mill 5000 by SMS Siemag, the sheet-rolling of steel strips from the hot slabs at the stand Quarto (the maximum force of 120 MN) occurs at a temperature from 750 °С to 1050 °С, but the pre-flattening of hot steel strip on the five-roller sheet-straightening machine by SMS Siemag occurs usually in the temperature range from 600 °С to 760 °С. In this paper, based on the analysis of experimental data about the dependence of the young modulus for various steel alloys, the analytical dependence of the young modulus on temperature is obtained.

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Agali Guliyev, Agali Guliyev, Ayyam Abbasov Ayyam Abbasov, and Aynur Sharifova Aynur Sharifova. "THE STUDY OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CREATING POROUS POWDER MATERIALS OF ANTIFRICTION PURPOSES BY INTRODUCING INTO THEM HETEROGENEITY PROVIDING STEEL CHIP WASTE." ETM - Equipment, Technologies, Materials 10, no. 02 (April 2, 2022): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/etm10022022-120.

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The study has been carried out on the basis of scientific foundations of materials science and powder metallurgy. It has been found out that the main factors determining the wear resistance of antifriction powder materials are dispersibility of powders, structure and porosity of the material. Considering the state of studying the problem of increasing the wear resistance of powder materials, it has been noted that in the present time there are no scientifically based receptions for obtaining sintered products from the charge containing industrial waste. Analyzing the relationship of the influence of various factors on the formation of product properties by the need to develop a new class of antifriction powder materials containing iron powders, chips of stamping steel and copper graphite is substantiated. Keywords: powder metallurgy, production of friction assemblies, chips, grinding, mixing, pressing, sintering, iron steel-copper graphite, sintered alloys, physical and mechanical properties, structure, tribotechnical characteristics.

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Parabina, G. I., A. S. Yatsenko, V. N. Makogon, L. N. Marchenko, and P. I. Mikhailov. "Quality of commercial high-speed steel from powder metallurgy." Metallurgist 30, no. 3 (March 1986): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00748341.

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Henriques, Vinicius André Rodrigues, T. G. Lemos, Carlos Alberto Alves Cairo, Julia Faria, and Eduardo T. Galvani. "Titanium Nitride Deposition in Titanium Implant Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.11.

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Titanium nitride (TiN) is an extremely hard material, often used as a coating on titanium alloy, steel, carbide, and aluminum components to improve wear resistance. Electron Beam Physical Vapor Deposition (EB-PVD) is a form of deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given off by a charged tungsten filament under high vacuum, producing a thin film in a substrate. In this work are presented results of TiN deposition in targets and substrates of Ti (C.P.) and Ti-13Nb-13Zr obtained by powder metallurgy. Samples were produced by mixing of hydrided metallic powders followed by uniaxial and cold isostatic pressing with subsequent densification by sintering between 900°C up to 1400 °C, in vacuum. The deposition was carried out under nitrogen atmosphere. Sintered samples were characterized for phase composition, microstructure and microhardness by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Vickers indentation, respectively. It was shown that the samples were sintered to high densities and presented homogeneous microstructure, with ideal characteristics for an adequate deposition and adherence. The film layer presented a continuous structure with 15m.

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Renev, D. S., O. V. Zayakin, and V. I. Zhuchkov. "Melting time of complex nickel-containing alloys in liquid steel." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 8 (September 1, 2022): 548–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-8-548-554.

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For development of new ferroalloys and their application, it is necessary to know their physical and chemical characteristics. The most important characteristics of the alloy, on which assimilation and distribution of the main elements of ferroalloys in the iron-carbon melt depend, are their time of melting and dissolution. Using a mathematical model for calculating the melting time, developed by the employees of the Ural Federal University and the Institute of Metallurgy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, the authors studied the duration of melting of complex nickel-containing ferroalloys in liquid steel. The program allows one to calculate the temperature of a piece of ferroalloy, thickness of the frozen steel crust, size of the alloy piece and duration of the melting periods depending on physicochemical and thermophysical characteristics of the ferroalloys. The melting mechanism of ferroalloys determines the time of their melting in liquid steel. This work contains mathematical modeling of melting of complex nickel ferroalloys containing %: ~10 Ni; 0.5 – 55.0 Cr; ~0.2 C; ~0.2 Si, in iron-carbon melt. It was found that all the alloys under consideration belong to the group of low-melting ferroalloys and process of their melting proceeds in three periods. With an increase in the initial diameter of ferroalloy piece from 3 to 100 mm, the melting time increases by 250 – 300 times. It is shown that an increase in Cr content up to 37 % in complex alloy leads to a decrease in the melting time, and with a further increase in the Cr content to 55 %, an increase in the melting time occurs. A decrease in temperature of liquid steel bath from 1700 to 1520 °С is accompanied by an increase in the duration of melting of complex ferroalloys by 7 – 8 times. In general, the considered complex nickel ferroalloys are characterized by a much faster melting process in liquid steel compared to standard ferrochrome and ferronickel.

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Erden, Mehmet, Ahmet Erer, Çağrı Odabaşi, and Süleyman Gündüz. "The investigation of the effect of cu addition on the Nb-V microalloyed steel produced by powder metallurgy." Science of Sintering 54, no. 2 (2022): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2202153e.

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In this work, the effect of Cu content on the microstructures, mechanical properties and electrical conductivity of Nb-V added microalloyed powder metallurgy (PM) steels were investigated. Microalloyed steel samples were pressed at 750 MPa and sintered at 1400oC in argon atmosphere for 1 h. The grain size and phase distribution of the microalloy steels were determined by optical microscope. The precipitates and fracture surface of samples were analyzed with the help of SEM and EDS analyses. Tensile test, hardness test and electrical conductivity measurement were carried out for the Nb-V added microalloyed steel with different Cu content. Results indicated that 10 wt.% Cu added PM microalloyed steel showed the highest values in yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). However, when the amount of Cu content increased from 10 to 15 wt.%, YS and UTS decreased. Elongation also tends to decrease with increasing Cu content. Although the electrical conductivity in general increased with the addition of Cu, a decrease in some conductivity was observed in the addition of 15 wt.% Cu.

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43

Dashevskii, V. Ya, A. A. Aleksandrov, V. I. Zhuchkov, and L. I. Leont’ev. "Problem of manganese in Russian metallurgy." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 8 (October 8, 2020): 579–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-8-579-590.

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Ferrous metallurgical industry is the main consumer of m nese. The production volume of manganese ferroalloys in the world is approximately 1 % of steel production. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian Federation found itself without any manganese ore base. At present, only high-carbon ferromanganese and ferrosilicomanganese are smelted from imported ore in Russia in a limited quantity. The mineral and raw base of manganese ores in Russia is quite large: the balance reserves of manganese ores are about 230 million tons (approximately 2 % of the world), forecast resources – more than 1 billion tons. Quality of the manganese ores is lower than the manganese ores of most major producing countries. Average manganese content in Russian ores is 9 – 23 %. Basis of mineral and raw base of these manganese ores are carbonate ores, share of which is more than 77 %. Manganese ore mining in Russia is sporadic and does not exceed 66 thousand tons per year. Demand of Russian ferroalloy plants, producing manganese ferroalloys, in manganese ores and concentrates is covered by imports. The problem of accelerating the creation of domestic manganese ore base from the position of economic security seems to be very important. It is necessary to solve a number of issues related to the enrichment of poor manganese ores, development of effective technologies for manganese ferroalloys smelting from concentrates obtained after the enrichment of these ores, as well as creation of more advanced methods of manganese concentrates dephosphorization. In the production of manganese ferroalloys from ore to finished alloys, about 50 % of manganese mined from the subsoil is lost; a large number of by-products are formed (sludges of enrichment, slags, screenings of small fractions of ore raw materials and finished products, sludges of smelting process and dust). The use and processing of them allow not only to reduce the consumption of initial mineral raw materials, but also to increase the efficiency of main production and to reduce environmental pollution. Additional extraction of manganese from industrial wastes and improvement of the technological processes for manganese ferroalloys smelting are the ways to increase the through extraction of manganese.

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44

Kulu, P. A. "Methods of increasing the erosion resistance of powder metallurgy steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 29, no. 3 (March 1987): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00772864.

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Meshalkin, V. P., O. B. Butusov, V. G. Dovi, A. Yu Belozerskii, and V. V. Chelnokov. "Assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of ferrous metallurgy enterprises on forests using satellite photographs." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 11 (December 10, 2021): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-11-839-845.

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The considered operating ferrous metallurgy enterprise uses three different technological modes of steel smelting, each of which is characterized by an individual composition of the ingredients of chemical pollutant emissions into the atmosphere affecting the state of the forest areas around this enterprise. Based on the decoding of satellite pixel photographs of forest areas, the technological mode with the least impact on forest areas was determined. It corresponds to the condition of the minimum area of ecological zones around the ferrous metallurgy enterprise. The authors propose an assessment of the impact of chemical pollution of ferrous metallurgy enterprises on forests in the form of areas of ecological zones of the state of forest vegetation and the volume of biomass in its various parts. The mosaic of ecological zones of forest areas is determined from their satellite pixel photographs using an original algorithm of “controlled cluster analysis”. The main recommendation for ferrous metallurgy enterprises to choose one of several alternative technological modes is as follows: the choice of technological mode should be based on a comparison of sizes of the areas of ecological zones. In this case, the technological mode with the smallest dimensions of the area is selected. Assessment of the damage caused by the chemical pollution of the plant to forest areas was determined by the area of ecological zones and the volume of biomass loss in forest areas in comparison with the background areas. The boundaries of ecological zones can be determined according to the “dose-effect” dependencies typical for the considered region.

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Bounziova, Jana, Iveta Nagyová, Vincent Zajac, Lucia Hrabčáková, Pavol Vadász, and Rastislav Kamenský. "TESTING MAGNESIA-CARBON BRICKS FOR OXIDATION RESISTANCE." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 22, no. 3 (September 27, 2016): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v22i3.677.

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MgO-C based refractory materials are used in steel metallurgy to a large extent. Magnesia-carbon bricks are tested for basic physical-mechanical parameters in as supplied state, for carbon content, and chemical analysis of magnesium component. According to the type of their usage, they are subjected to tests at higher temperatures, carbonization firing, and after firing, the physical-mechanical parameters are determined at specified temperatures. One of the most tested properties of these materials is their resistance to oxidation. The methodology for such testing is not yet defined in ISO, EN and ASTM test procedures, therefore the methodology used in other countries is being applied. In conditions of U. S. Steel, Košice, s.r.o., the MgO-C bricks intended for the working lining of slag zones of steel ladles are tested by oxidation resistance test (oxidizing area procedure). The described test method was developed at U. S. Steel Research and Technology Center in Munhall and has been used for more than 15 years to evaluate various carbon containing bricks. Test specimens in the shape of a cube are heated in an oxidizing atmosphere to a temperature of 1482°C with holding time of 5 hours. After cutting of the test specimens, the percentage of oxidized area is calculated. This test is used for selecting the appropriate type of lining material for the working lining of slag zone of the steel ladle in the steelmaking secondary metallurgy process and for the building of database of different types of MgO-C bricks.

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Tkadlečková, M., P. Machovčák, K. Gryc, K. Michalek, L. Socha, and P. Klus. "Numerical Modelling of Macrosegregation in Heavy Steel Ingot / Modelowanie Numeryczne Procesu Makrosegregacji W Ciezkim Wlewku Stalowym." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10172-012-0169-2.

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The paper presents new knowledge and experience from numerical modelling of macrosegregation in heavy steel ingot using ProCAST software. The main aim of numerical modelling realized under the conditions of the Department of Metallurgy and Foundry and Regional Materials Science and Technology Centre at VSB-TU Ostrava is the optimization of the production of heavy steel ingots produced in V´ITKOVICE HEAVY MACHINERY a.s. Input parameters of computation were determined by the real conditions of parallel experimental casting of a 90-ton steel ingot. The input data were also verified by thermal analysis and thermography measurement. The numerical results of macrosegregation were compared with the chemical analysis evaluated in a real ingot section. According to the comparison, attention will be focused next on determination of the effect of boundary conditions of filling and solidification of the ingot on the size of macrosegregation.

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Leont’ev, L. I., V. V. Tsukanov, and D. L. Smirnova. "Chernov’s role in creating and developing the doctrine of modern metallurgy and metal science. Part 1. D.K. Chernov’s main theoretical and industrial discoveries." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 10 (December 10, 2020): 796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-10-796-801.

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The paper contains informational material about the essence of the discoveries made by D.K. Chernov in the field of metal science, theory and practice of heat treatment, new types of tests and investigations. D.K. Chernov was a real pioneer of extremely important phenomena in the field of phase and structural transformations, casting structure, and study of strength of steel products. Significance of his discoveries, undoubtedly, puts D.K. Chernov’s name on the first place in a row of world scientists – metallurgists and metal scientists. Later his discoveries allowed one to develop the science of metals and its subdisciplines – metallurgy, steel deformability, theory of phase and structural transformations, tests and research of metals, theory and technology of heat treatment.

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Üregen, B., C. Gierl-Mayer, and H. Danninger. "Phosphorus in Sintered Steels: Effect of Phosphorus Content and P Carrier in Sintered Steel Fe-C-P." Powder Metallurgy Progress 16, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pmp-2016-0001.

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Abstract Phosphorus as an alloy element is quite common in powder metallurgy, the contents industrially used being markedly higher than those present in wrought steels. In this study, the influence of phosphorus addition through different P carriers was investigated. PM steels of the type Fe-0.7%C-x%P (x = 0.0 … 0.8%) were manufactured by pressing and sintering in H2. It showed that Fe3P is the best phosphorus carrier, resulting in fine and regular microstructure and in high impact energy data at 0.3 … 0.45%P while red P and also Fe2P showed a tendency to agglomeration, with resulting secondary porosity. At high P levels the mechanical properties tend to drop, for the tensile strength at P > 0.60%P while for the impact energy the threshold is 0.45%P. The dimensional behaviour of Fe-C-P can be related to PM aluminium alloys, expansion by transient liquid phase being followed by shrinkage by persistent liquid phase, at least at higher temperatures. In contrast to the dimensional behaviour, degassing and reduction is hardly affected by the phosphorus content.

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Malczyk, Piotr, Tilo Zienert, Florian Kerber, Christian Weigelt, Sven-Olaf Sauke, Hubertus Semrau, and Christos G. Aneziris. "Corrosion-Resistant Steel–MgO Composites as Refractory Materials for Molten Aluminum Alloys." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 4737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214737.

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In this study, a novel metal matrix composite based on 60 vol% 316L stainless steel and 40 vol% MgO manufactured by powder metallurgy technology was developed. The corrosion resistance of the developed steel–MgO composite material against molten aluminum alloy AlSi7Mg0.3 was investigated by means of wettability tests and long-term crucible corrosion tests. The wettability tests were carried out using the sessile drop method with the capillary purification technique in a hot-stage microscope (HSM). Static corrosion tests were performed in molten aluminum alloy at 850 °C for 168 h to evaluate the impact of pre-oxidation of the composite surface on the corrosion resistance. The pre-oxidation of steel–MgO composites was carried out at 850 and 1000 °C for 24 h, based on preliminary investigations using thermogravimetry (TG) and dilatometry. The influence of the pre-oxidation on the composite structure, the corrosion resistance, and the phase formation at the interface between the steel–MgO composite and aluminum alloy was analyzed using SEM/EDS and XRD. The impact of the steel–MgO composite material on the composition of the aluminum alloy regarding the type, size, and quantity of the formed precipitations was investigated with the aid of ASPEX PSEM/AFA and SEM/EBSD. It was revealed that the pre-oxidation of the steel–MgO composite at 1000 °C induced the formation of stable MgO-FeO solid solutions on its surface, leading to a significant increase of long-term corrosion resistance against the liquid aluminum alloy.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Steel alloys – Metallurgy'

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