Relevant bibliographies by topics / Steel alloys – Metallurgy

Academic literature on the topic 'Steel alloys – Metallurgy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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Volkov, A. I., P. E. Stulov, L. I. Leont’ev, and V. A. Uglov. "Analysis of the use of rare earth metals in ferrous metallurgy of Russia and world." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 6 (July 1, 2020): 405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-6-405-418.

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The analysis of the current state of production of rare earth metals (REM) in Russia and in the world was made. Information about REM production in different countries of the world and about new foreign projects for REM production and processing is provided. The article presents the balance of production, export and import of raw materials and products with REM, including scandium and yttrium, in Russia. The maximum volume of REM consumption in Russia was calculated taking into account imported products with REM. This data was compared with other countries, including the former USSR. Much attention is paid to the use of REM in metallurgy. Data on the influence of REM on the properties of cast iron and steel are presented. Information is given about the forms of REM used for their use in the Russian ferrous metallurgy. We have studied the structure of REM consumption in ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. On the example of two enterprises (one of them specializes in mass production, and the second – on production of special steels), the structure of REM consumption for steel alloying was studied by type and scope of its application. The development peculiarities of REM consumption in Russian ferrous metallurgy were investigated. The volume of consumption was calculated; data on imports of raw materials with REM for metallurgy and the producers of ferroalloys with REM in Russia is given. We have analyzed the spectrum of steel products with REM. A comparison of the consumption of REM in the metallurgy of Russia and foreign countries is presented. The reasons for insufficient consumption of REM in the Russian metallurgy are considered, an assessment is given on the change in production volumes of certain types of steel and cast iron, and recommendations are made on the growth of REM consumption in metallurgy.
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Kalandyk, B., and W. Wojtal. "Effects of Steel – Applied for Large-Dimension Castings for the Power Engineering – Refining in The Ladle-Furnace." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 779–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0071.

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Abstract The changes of a sulphur content during refining in melting low-alloy and high-alloy steels (G17CrMoV5-10; GX12CrMoNiVNbN9-1) applied for large-dimension castings for the power engineering are presented in the hereby paper. The investigated steel was melted in the oxygen-recovery melting technology with an application of maximum 70% of the process scrap. In addition, after steel melting in the electric arc furnace (EAF), the secondary metallurgy was performed in the ladle furnace (LF). It was shown that the application of the secondary metallurgy by a synthetic slag in the ladle furnace and argon bubbling of a metal bath leads to obtaining in the final analysis: 0.0043-0.0046% of sulphur (a decrease of S content during refining in LF reached 40%). Current measurements of FeO in the slag and maintaining its content below 0.8%, support obtaining such low sulphur content in steel. So low level of the slag oxidizing is one of the necessary conditions for a deep desulphurisation of the metal bath. Without the secondary metallurgy the sulphur content in low-alloy cast steel was 0.007%, while 0.01% in high-alloy cast steel. Controlling of the gas (oxygen, nitrogen) content during steel melting and correcting the amount of additions (e.g. deoxidants), allowed to obtain the low oxygen content (below 45 ppm for two investigated steel grades) and nitrogen content (88 ppm for low-alloy steel and 330 ppm for high-alloy steel), which warrants a good combination of strength and plastic properties.
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Xu, Zhong, Jun Huang, Hongyan Wu, Zaifeng Xu, Xiaoping Liu, Naiming Lin, Dongbo Wei, and Pingze Zhang. "A modern-day alchemy: Double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology." AIP Advances 12, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0080808.

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In the long history of science and technology development, one goal is to diffuse solid alloy elements into the surface of steel materials to form surface alloys with excellent physical and chemical properties. On the basis of plasma nitriding technology, double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology has answered this challenge. This technology, which seems to be a modern-day alchemy, can use any element in the Periodic Table of chemical elements, including solid metal elements and their combinations, to form many types of surface alloyed layers with high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and high temperature oxidation resistance on various metal materials. For example, nickel base alloys, stainless steels, and high speed steels are formed on the surfaces of ordinary carbon steels; high hardness, wear resistance, and high temperature oxidation resistance alloys are formed on the surface of the titanium alloy. This article briefly introduces the formation and principle of double glow plasma surface metallurgy technology and summarizes the experimental results and industrial applications. The significance and development prospect of this technology are discussed.
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Tkadlečková, Markéta. "Numerical Modelling in Steel Metallurgy." Metals 11, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11060885.

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Steel production represents a complex process which is accompanied by a series of physical–chemical processes from melting, through the multiphase flow of steel and chemical reactions (processes taking place between the slag, metal, and an inert gas) after solidification [...]
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Yurioka, Nobutaka. "Advances in Physical Metallurgy and Processing of Steels. Physical Metallurgy of Steel Weldability." ISIJ International 41, no. 6 (2001): 566–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.41.566.

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Kazior, Jan, Aneta Szewczyk-Nykiel, Tadeusz Pieczonka, Marek Hebda, and Marek Nykiel. "Properties of Precipitation Hardening 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.87.

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Alloys from austenitic and ferritic stainless steel found to be satisfactory for a great many applications. However, for applications that require higher levels of strength and hardness from the martensitic grades are frequently specified. Martensitic stainless steels offer significantly higher strengths but have to low ductility. For this reason for application where high levels of strength and a moderate ductility is required, the precipitation strengthened stainless steels are often considered. One of the most popular alloy of this kind of stainless steel is 17-4 PH. The aim of the present paper was to examined the influence the process parameters in conventional powder metallurgy processing on the mechanical properties of the 17-4 PH alloy in both as-sintered and heat treated conditions. In was found that temperature of aged is a very sensitive parameter for obtained high strength and acceptable ductility.
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Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Preparation of Powder Metallurgy Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B." Applied Mechanics and Materials 552 (June 2014): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.552.269.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressing route. The atomized powders were canned in mild steel and CP-Ti containers, degassed and sealed. The selection of mild steel and CP-Ti on the microstructure of HIPed γ-TiAl alloy was studied. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230oC), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. Fully dense compact with CP-Ti container can be obtained by HIPing with suitable parameters of temperature.
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Zhuchkov, V. I., O. V. Zayakin, and А. A. Akberdin. "Prospects for using boron in metallurgy. Report 2." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 64, no. 9 (October 9, 2021): 660–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2021-9-660-668.

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The second part of the article presents perspective directions of using boron and its compounds in the preparation processes, metallurgical processing of ore materials and steel smelting in order to improve the quality of the final product. An efficient technology of silicothermal production of ferrosilicoboron containing 0.6 – 2.0 % B and 60 – 80 % Si has been developed. The advantage of this scheme is the possibility of obtaining a boron-containing alloy during ferrosilicon smelting. It has been experimentally shown that ferrosilicoboron has higher performance characteristics than ferroboron both in production and when used for steel processing. The results of industrial tests of the technology for microalloying pipe grades of steel with a new ferroalloy with boron confirmed a high degree of boron assimilation – up to 96 %. The possibility of widespread use of boron for steel microalloying is due to its cheapness, availability and environmental friendliness. According to the calculations, boron from complex ferrosilicoboron is the cheapest trace element used to increase the strength characteristics of steel. Additives of B2O3 can be successfully used to form high-magnesium liquid steel-making slags. It is shown that 0.37 – 0.55 % В2О3 effectively stabilizes the highly basic slags of the steel and ferroalloy industries. This operation allows obtaining a marketable lump material. The above review, results of the laboratory and industrial studies have shown the effectiveness of boron usage at different stages of metallurgical production. An increase in technical and economic indicators of production and quality of steel and ferroalloys, and effective disposal of waste slags is shown. The technical solutions advanced and tested at metallurgical enterprises do not require capital expenditures. They are implemented by adding microdosing of boron and its compounds to metallurgical production facilities.
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Wu, Jie, Lei Xu, Zheng Guan Lu, Rui Peng Guo, Yu You Cui, and Rui Yang. "Effect of Container on the Microstructure and Properties of Powder Metallurgy TiAl Alloys." Materials Science Forum 817 (April 2015): 604–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.817.604.

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Pre-alloyed powder of Ti-47Al-2Cr-2Nb-0.15B was prepared by a gas atomization process and powder metallurgy (PM) γ-TiAl alloys were made through a hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) route. The atomized powders were canned in containers, degassed, sealed, and HIPed. Effect of two different canning materials (mild steel and commercial pure titanium (CP-Ti)) on the microstructure and properties of as-HIPed γ-TiAl alloy were discussed. Due to the reaction between mild steel containers and γ-TiAl at relative high temperature (over 1230 °C), the γ-TiAl matrix is contaminated. CP-Ti canned γ-TiAl showed bigger yield and fracture strength than mild steel canned TiAl. PM γ-TiAl alloy parts having complex shape could be manufactured by the near net-shape process.
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Erden, Mehmet, Mehmet Tasliyan, and Yasin Akgul. "Effect of TiC, TiN, and TiCN on microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of PM steels." Science of Sintering 53, no. 4 (2021): 497–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos2104497e.

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Developments in sintering of powder mixtures contributed growth of steel production via powder metallurgy. This study aims to improve the mechanical and tribological properties of carbon steels produced via powder metallurgy. For this purpose, P/M carbon steel was alloyed with 3 % Manganese. Then, this alloyed steel was reinforced with particles such as titanium carbide (TiC), titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium carbonitride (TiCN) in different proportions (0.5 and 1 %) and combinations. The effect of these additives on the mechanical properties of PM steels was determined by conducting tensile and hardness tests. Wear tests were performed to understand the tribological properties of samples. Also, microstructural properties, fracture surfaces, and worn surfaces of samples were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope. Results show that the hardness and tensile strength of carbon steel increased by nearly 158 % and 62 % respectively, while the wear resistance improved by 4 times with the addition of 3 % Mn and 0.5 % TiCN.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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Yu, Dawei. "Welding metallurgy and toughness improvement for mild and low-alloyed steel electroslag weldments /." Full text open access at:, 1988. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,164.

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Yao, Lan Lance. "Atom probe microscopy of clustering and precipitation processes in microalloyed strip cast steels." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29282.

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The challenge of climate change is pushing the modern steel industry to focus on not only products with better properties and performance but also those produced by greener steelmaking processes. The CASTRIP® process is a recently-developed technology that can produce strip cast steels in a cheaper, more efficient and less energy-intensive way. Thin CASTRIP ® steel products are unprecedented in thickness at 0.8-1.5 mm and display very good mechanical properties. They are an excellent alternative to products made by hot and cold rolling methods that are relatively costly and less efficient. Nb, a well-known effective element for grain refinement of steels, has been tentatively added into CASTRIP® plain carbon steels. Preliminary research outcomes showed finer microstructure and corresponding improved strength as the result of Nb additions. Moreover, Nb solutes are thought to be uniformly distributed within the grain. No obvious precipitates are found in the microstructure. Providing the well-known affinity between Nb and interstitials i.e. C and N, opportunities are hypothesised to further strengthening by utilising these Nb solutes in solid solution. In this thesis, heat treatment is adopted to induce modification of the solid solution. Through ageing at 525° C, secondary phases are believed to be formed in the steels as the properties of tl1e aged sample are improved. Interestingly both yield strength and total elongation exhibit improvement despites the conventional dilemma in improving both of these antagonist properties. To explore the origins beyond this fascinating property changes, atom probe microscopy (APM) is adopted to provide materials information in three dimensions with near atomic resolution and high chemical sensitivity. Several APM techniques have been developed essentially to support this project: The optimal experimental conditions for running microalloyed steel specimens, a filtering technique for atom probe microscopy data, a new method for the quantitative determination of crystal structure (plane spacings and angles between families of planes) via Hough transformation and the idea of time-chemical correlation in atom probe data were introduced and investigated. Using these technical advances, unprecedented fine microscopic imaging and quantitative analyses of NbCN clustering processes in aged samples are characterized. It is concluded that the strengthening originates from both clustering and precipitation, leading to the win-win property change in both strength and ductility after ageing.
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Daames, Sherwyn. "The metallurgical phase transformations in ROQ-tuf AD690 due to the MMA welding process." Thesis, Peninsula Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1264.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Peninsula Technikon, 2002
Phase transformations in steel are of profound commercial importance due to the fact that they influence the physical and mechanical properties of the end product. During the casting process, which occurs at temperatures in excess of 1500°C, the microstructure of the steel is austenitic. During slow cooling the austenite will decompose into lower temperature microstructures such as ferrite, pearlite or hard, brittle cementite, the latter becoming increasingly present the higher the carbon content of the steel. Steel manufacturers, however, make use of additional forming processes such as rolling, quenching and reheat or tempering to impart specific mechanical or metallurgical properties to a particular steel. If the cooling rate is increased, as would be the case during a quenching process, the austenite will decompose forming a needle like microstructure called bainite in addition to the other microstructures. A further increase in the cooling rate will result in the diffusionless transformation of part of the austenite to form martensite, a hard brittle microstructure. If heat was now to be applied to the steel, as in a tempering process, some of the martensite formed during the quenching process will again transform into a softer microstructure such as pearlite or ferrite.
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Johnston, Scott R. "Initial stage sintering model of 316L stainless steel with application to three dimensionally printed (3DPtm) components /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7052.

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Coffey, Melvin W. "The effect of antimony on segregation during dendritic solidification in a cast modified 4720 alloy /." Full text open access at:, 1985. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,93.

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Sulaiman, Samsiah. "Structure of properties of the heat affected zone of P91 creep resistant steel." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080916.150054/index.html.

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Anderson, Danny. "Effect of the joint addition of aluminum and molybdenum on the precipitation and recrystallization in HSLA steels." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66207.

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Xie, Kelvin Yu Xuan. "The effect of niobium-rich clusters on the mechanical properties of ultra-thin strip cast steels produced by the CASTRIP® process." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17140.

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Tucker, Laura Arias. "Microstructure-property relations throughout the powder metallurgy process." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11092007-005857.

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Gould, Elijah Katunich. "Development of Constitution Diagram for Dissimilar Metal Welds in Nickel Alloys and Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1285007217.

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Books on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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C, Hudd R., ed. Steels: Metallurgy and applications. 3rd ed. Oxford [England]: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998.

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Llewellyn, D. T. Steels: Metallurgy and applications. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1994.

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Steels: Metallurgy and applications. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1992.

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Linnert, George E. Welding metallurgy: Carbon and alloy steels. 4th ed. Miami, FL: American Welding Society, 1994.

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Li͡akishev, N. P. Niobium in steels and alloys: Metallurgical aspects of niobium from mineral deposits, to alloy production and applications. [Brazil]: Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgia e Mineração, 1985.

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Calcium clean steel. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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The physical metallurgy of microalloyed steels. London: Institute of Materials, 1997.

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Ershov, G. S. Strukturoobrazovanie i formirovanie svoĭstv staleĭ i splavov. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1993.

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International, Symposium on Processing Microstructure and Properties of HSLA Steels (1987 Pittsburgh Pa ). Processing, microstructure, and properties of HSLA steels: Proceedings of an International Symposium on Processing, Microstructure, and Properties of HSLA Steels. Warrendale, Pa: The Society, 1988.

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Totten, George E. Encyclopedia of iron, steel, and their alloys. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2016.

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Book chapters on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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Ototani, Tohei. "Physical Metallurgy of Calcium and Calcium Alloys." In Calcium Clean Steel, 4–19. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82752-5_2.

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Katheria, Sunil Kumar, and Manvandra Kumar Singh. "Analyzing the Properties of Medium Carbon Steel Alloys Prepared by Powder Metallurgy Technique." In Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary Industrial Engineering, 357–67. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4619-8_27.

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Bolzoni, L., E. Herraiz, E. M. Ruiz-Navas, and E. Gordo. "Development of Low-Cost Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys by Addition of Commercial 430 Stainless Steel Powder." In TMS 2014: 143rd Annual Meeting & Exhibition, 597–604. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48237-8_72.

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Bolzoni, L., E. Herraiz, E. M. Ruiz-Navas, and E. Gordo. "Development of Low-Cost Powder Metallurgy Titanium Alloys by Addition of Commercial 430 Stainless Steel Powder." In TMS 2014 Supplemental Proceedings, 597–604. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118889879.ch72.

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Zendron, Marianna, Alberto Molinari, and Luca Girardini. "Hardenability of Low Alloy Sintered Mn Steels." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 625–28. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.625.

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Domşa, Şerban, Radu Orban, and Mihaela Fodor. "Sintered Structural Low Alloyed Steels Particulate Reinforced by High Speed Steel." In Materials Development and Processing - Bulk Amorphous Materials, Undercooling and Powder Metallurgy, 323–28. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607277.ch52.

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Molinari, Alberto, Cinzia Menapace, Jan Kazior, and Tadeusz Pieczonka. "Liquid Phase Sintering of a Boron Alloyed Austenitic Stainless Steel." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 553–56. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.553.

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Gerosa, Riccardo, Barbara Rivolta, Adriano Tavasci, Giuseppe Silva, and Anders Bergmark. "Stable and Unstable Crack Growth in Chromium Pre-Alloyed Steel." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 737–40. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.737.

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Sicre-Artalejo, J., M. Campos, Teodora Marcu, and José M. Torralba. "Modification of Low Alloyed Steels by Manganese Additions." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 697–700. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.697.

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Hirose, Norimitsu, Kazuya Oouchi, Akira Fujiki, and Junichi Asami. "Study of Elastic Moduli of Sintered Low Alloy Steels by Acoustic Pulse Method." In Progress in Powder Metallurgy, 749–52. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-419-7.749.

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Conference papers on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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Bjurstro¨m, Martin, and Carl-Gustaf Hjorth. "Producing HP Pump Barrels Utilizing Powder Metallurgy and Hot Isostatic Pressing." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11209.

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The fabrication of near net shape powder metal (PM) components by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has been an important manufacturing technology for steel and stainless steel alloys since about 1985. The manufacturing process involves inert gas atomization of powder, 3D CAD capsule design, sheet metal capsule fabrication and densification by HIP in very large pressure vessels. Since 1985, several thousand tonnes of parts have been produced. The major applications are found in the oil and gas industry especially in offshore applications, the industrial power generation industry, and traditional engineering industries. Typically, the components replace castings, forgings and fabricated parts and are produced in high alloy grades such as martensitic steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steels and nickel based superalloys. The application of PM/HIP near net shapes to pump barrels for medium to high pressure use has a number of advantages compared to the traditional forging and welding approach. First, the need for machining of the components is reduced to a minimum and welding during final assembly is reduced substantially. Mechanical properties of the PM/HIP parts are isotropic and equal to the best forged properties in the flow direction. This derives from the fine microstructure using powder powder and the uniform structure from the HIP process. Furthermore, when using the PM HIP process the parts are produced near net shape with supports, nozzles and flanges integrated. This significantly reduces manufacturing lead-time and gives greater design flexibility which improves cost for the final component. The PM HIP near net shape route has received approval from ASTM, NACE and API for specific steel, stainless steel and nickel base alloys. This paper reviews the manufacturing sequence for PM near net shapes and discusses the details of several successful applications. The application of the PM/HIP process to high pressure pump barrels is highlighted.
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Bjurstro¨m, Martin, and Carl-Gustaf Hjorth. "Producing HP Pump Barrels Utilizing Powder Metallurgy and Hot Isostatic Pressing." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-77787.

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The fabrication of near net shape powder metal (PM) components by hot isostatic pressing (HIP) has been an important manufacturing technology for steel and stainless steel alloys since about 1985. The manufacturing process involves inert gas atomization of powder, 3D CAD capsule design, sheet metal capsule fabrication and densification by HIP in very large pressure vessels. Since 1985, several thousand tonnes of parts have been produced. The major applications are found in the oil and gas industry especially in offshore applications, the industrial power generation industry, and traditional engineering industries. Typically, the components replace castings, forgings and fabricated parts and are produced in high alloy grades such as martensitic steels, austenitic stainless steels, duplex (ferritic/austenitic) stainless steels and nickel based superalloys. The application of PM/HIP near net shapes to pump barrels for medium to high pressure use has a number of advantages compared to the traditional forging and welding approach. First, the need for machining of the components is reduced to a minimum and welding during final assembly is reduced substantially. Mechanical properties of the PM/HIP parts are isotropic and equal to the best forged properties in the flow direction. This derives from the fine microstructure using powder powder and the uniform structure from the HIP process. Furthermore, when using the PM HIP process the parts are produced near net shape with supports, nozzles and flanges integrated. This significantly reduces manufacturing lead-time and gives greater design flexibility which improves cost for the final component. The PM HIP near net shape route has received approval from ASTM, NACE and API for specific steel, stainless steel and nickel base alloys. This paper reviews the manufacturing sequence for PM near net shapes and discusses the details of several successful applications. The application of the PM/HIP process to high pressure pump barrels is highlighted.
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Stringer, Craig, Andy Wright, and Pete Imbrogno. "Powder Metallurgical Solution for a Complex Geometry Coupler Requiring High Dimensional Stability and Microstructural Uniformity through Heat Treatment." In HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0017.

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Abstract Powder metallurgy (PM) is the fabrication process of compacting metal powders to shape and sintering these compacts to yield the final material’s properties. The PM compaction process allows for complex geometries to be formed that would normally lead to long and expensive machining processes from wrought steels. Special alloy selection can allow for hardening of the microstructure during the sintering procedure. The sinter hardened (SH) alloys exhibit good mechanical properties along with good hardenability and dimensional stability and may be a suitable replacement for wrought steels where low distortion from heat treatment or microstructural control is required. In this study, it was found for a complex geometry coupler application, a SH alloy could successfully replace an austenitizing heat treatment process with a low carbon steel. The low carbon steel was found to have micro heterogeneities from heat treatment that lead to premature failure in the application. Dimensional distortion and production variance were also of concern with the low carbon steel. The SH material demonstrated acceptable physical properties, hardness and microstructural uniformity to solve the concerns associated with processing of the low carbon steel coupler. Post processing optimization also added to the life performance of the coupler by tailoring the final microstructure to mating components.
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Volenik, K., V. Novak, J. Dubsky, P. Chraska, and K. Neufuss. "Compressive Behaviour of Plasma Sprayed High-Alloy Steels." In ITSC 1998, edited by Christian Coddet. ASM International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1998p0671.

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Abstract The mechanical properties of plasma sprayed metals and alloys are important in most applications. It a posttreatment by forming of plasma deposited coatings is required, their response to compressive loading is decisive. This paper is concerned with the compressive behaviour of two high-alloy steels sprayed by a water stabilized plasma gun. Martensitic (13.2 % Cr) and austenitic (19.6 % Cr, 11.6 % Ni) steels were plasma sprayed onto plain steel substrates. Small cube-shaped test samples were cut out of thick coatings by an electrospark technique. Compressive load was applied along axes parallel and perpendicular to the substrate and coating surfaces. In addition, comparative samples of bulk steels produced by conventional metallurgy were tested. The compressive behaviour of the as-sprayed martensitic steel was anisotropic at room temperature, i.e. dependent on the orientation of the compression axis. As a result of compression, the splat shapes changed in a manner depending on the orientation of the compression axis. The room temperature compression tests showed that the yield stress of this steel was decreased and the anisotropy was reduced by annealing after plasma spraying. At room temperature, the anisotropy of the as-sprayed austenitic steel and the effect of annealing were less pronounced in comparison with the martensitic steel. Very low values of the yield stress were observed in both steels compressed at the annealing temperature. In spite of the presence of oxide films enveloping each splat, the coatings were prone to considerable plastic deformation, in particular if compressed along the axis perpendicular to the surface.
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Gandy, David, John Siefert, Lou Lherbier, and David Novotnak. "PM-HIP Research for Pressure Retaining Applications Within the Electric Power Industry." In ASME 2014 Small Modular Reactors Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smr2014-3305.

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For more than 60 years now, the nuclear power industry has relied on structural and pressure retaining materials generated via established manufacturing practices such as casting, plate rolling-and-welding, forging, drawing, and/or extrusion. During the past three years, EPRI has been leading the development and introduction of another established process, powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing (PM/HIP), for pressure retaining applications in the electric power industry. The research includes assessment of two primary alloys: 316L stainless steel and Grade 91 creep-strength enhanced ferritic steels, for introduction into the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Continuing DOE and EPRI research on other structural/pressure retaining alloys such as Alloy 690, SA 508 Class 1, Alloy 625, hard-facing materials, and others are also underway. This research will have a tremendous impact as we move forward over the next few decades on the selection of new alloys and components for advanced light water reactors and small modular reactors. Furthermore, fabrication of high alloy materials/components may require the use of new manufacturing processes to achieve acceptable properties for higher temperature applications such as those in Generation IV applications. Current research by EPRI and DOE will be reviewed and emphasis will be targeted at advanced applications where PM/HIP may be applied in the future.
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Dhoka, Sahil, Scott W. Wagner, Himansshu Abhi, Nicholas V. Hendrickson, and William J. Emblom. "Integrating Friction-Stir Back Extrusion to Powder Metallurgy." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-64052.

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Abstract Reducing fuel consumption has been a driving factor for researchers and manufacturers to continually develop improved methods for reducing the weight of automobiles or lightweighting. These vehicle lightweighting demands have directed researchers to look to using materials that are typically more difficult to manufacture in their studies. As a result, friction stir processing techniques are being looked at more closely. There are advantages to using friction stir methods. Dissimilar metals can be welded and fine-grained products can be created using friction stir methods to name a few. It can be an ideal solution for manufacturing high-conductive metals and alloys. Foamed aluminum tube similar to the one shown by Yoshiko Hangai et al [1] can be formed using the proposed process which could be used to develop lightweight automobile components. This paper provides preliminary results and insights gained when fine metal powders were used in a friction stir back extrusion (FSBE) setup. The tooling consisted of a D2 tool steel die with an H13 rotating probe mounted in a CNC mill. Within the die, commercially pure aluminum powder was topped by an aluminum cap with a milled pocket in the center. This pocket was used to locate the spin tool in the center of the cap and reduce the potential for the tool to drift and deflect. The cap was also used for compacting the powdered aluminum. X-ray diffraction indicated that Al13Fe4 was formed, indicating that the temperature within the die reached a minimum of 800°C and also indicated that the powder had the potential to partially sinter and melt.
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Chráska, P., B. Kolman, M. Suchánek, and K. Voleník. "Composition Changes of Selected Alloys During their Plasma Spraying." In ITSC2004, edited by Basil R. Marple and Christian Moreau. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2004p0272.

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Abstract Atmospheric plasma spraying of alloys often results in their composition changes. The main source of the changes is usually preferential oxidation of some elements composing the alloy. As a rule, these are the alloying elements whose affinity to oxygen is high. Changes due to this effect are well known from metallurgy; however, they were scarcely studied from the point of view of plasma spraying. Preferential evaporation of some elements may also contribute to the alloy composition changes. The aim of the present paper is to give quantitative data on composition changes of selected alloys sprayed by a water-stabilized plasma gun. Two Ni-base alloys and one high-alloy Cr-Ni-steel were studied. The main tool for determining the sample composition was electron probe X-ray microanalysis. To quantify the results and to eliminate the systematic errors, the data obtained by this method were calibrated by repeated chemical analysis of feedstock powders. The alloy composition was determined after both stages of plasma spraying, i.e. after the inflight stage of molten particles and after the stage comprising particle impact, solidification, coating formation and cooling. To study the situation after the former stage, the flying particles were trapped and quenched in liquid nitrogen. In the Ni-Cr alloy containing 20%Cr, strong Cr depletion was observed. The Fe depletion in the Ni-Fe alloy (47%Fe), though unambiguous, was less significant. The high-alloy steel (Czech equivalent of AISI 316) was also Cr depleted, whereas the concentrations of other alloying elements (Mo, Ni) remained effectively unchanged. In all cases, the depletion occurred at the first spraying stage and became more pronounced during the second stage. Strong air entrainment occurs not only in a plasma jet produced by a water-stabilized plasma gun, but also if gas-stabilized plasma guns are used in atmospheric plasma spraying. It follows that the dominant mechanisms of composition changes during plasma spraying by both techniques are similar.
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Boegelein, Thomas, Ashwin Rao, Andrew R. Jones, and Gordon J. Tatlock. "Selective Laser Melting of Oxide Dispersion Strengthened Steels." In ASME 2011 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2011-57892.

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Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys are a long established class of materials manufactured using powder metallurgy techniques. These alloys can offer exceptional high temperature strength and resistance to radiation damage, thus are envisioned to be used in a number of future nuclear and fossil energy power applications. However, due to the manufacturing steps involved, the overall cost to build components with these materials can be high. This paper presents work conducted to assess the feasibility of applying Selective Laser Melting (SLM) techniques to either coat or direct build on substrates with Fe-based Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys. SLM is a rapid prototyping technique which can be used to manufacture near net-shape solid components from layered metallic powder beds. Two different geometries were of interest in this study — a simple button configuration with a nickel-base superalloy (IN939) substrate and a more complex hexagonal shaped wall with a mild steel substrate. Powders of PM2000 (a FeCrAl based ODS alloy) were deposited in both cases. Heat treatments were subsequently conducted on these structures to investigate effects of temperature on the bond characteristics and secondary recrystallisation. Electron microscopy examination revealed significant amounts of diffusion between the nickel and the ODS powders which enhances the bond strength. The studies have revealed the existence of a strong bond between the substrate and the interface even after prolonged exposure at elevated temperatures.
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Loghin, Adrian, Al Cerrone, Anjali Singhal, and Ying Zhou. "Connecting Computed-Tomography-Assisted Discontinuity Detection in Ni-Base Superalloys to Engineering Simulation." In ASME Turbo Expo 2017: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2017-65087.

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The impact of non-metallic inclusions on fatigue life of various materials (steel alloys, Ni-base) has been studied extensively for more than fifty years. Specimen test procedures at various conditions (temperature, air or vacuum, LCF, HCF, VHCF) have been used to quantify the impact of inherent manufacturing induced discontinuities (ceramic inclusions, pores, carbides) on the fatigue capability of the material. Frequently, the fatigue data shows large scatter, leading to a large set of test specimens that has to be considered to quantify the lower tail of the fatigue life distribution. To understand the specimen recorded fatigue lives, assessment of the discontinuity population is usually conducted post-mortem by fractography wherein the origin of crack nucleation, size of the eventual inclusion on fracture surface, and distance from the free surface are identified. 3D characterization techniques can be leveraged to extract previously unobtainable information out of the testing specimens non-destructively. In this study, samples of different Powder Metallurgy (PM) Ni-base superalloys with different inclusion content and size were scanned to identify the Computed Tomography (CT) test setup that would provide adequate contrast to discriminate between matrix and eventual discontinuities (inclusions, pores). To further validate the capability to identify discontinuities within the matrix (Ni base alloy) using the CT technique, a set of LCF specimens were scanned prior to the test procedure. Post-failure fractography analysis showed that one of the CT indications is correlated with the failure-inducing inclusion. Volume reconstruction and finite element meshing conclude this study to: a) further provide a size distribution of inclusions in the scanned volume as well as location of these inclusions relative to the surface of the specimen and b) connect direct measurement with engineering simulation.
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Sereda, Borys, Dmytro Sereda, Vitalyy Volokh, and Vladimir Sukhomlyn. "The Effect of Deformation of Low-Alloy Steels Used in Metallurgy on Their Magnetic Characteristics." In Steel Properties & Applications in conjunction with Materials Science & Technology 2021. Association for Iron & Steel Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/280/014.

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Reports on the topic "Steel alloys – Metallurgy"

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Lazarus, L. J. Milling and Drilling Evaluation of Stainless Steel Powder Metallurgy Alloys. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/789448.

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