Journal articles on the topic 'Steel alloys – Mechanical properties'
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1
Zhan, Dongping, Jihang Li, Dongwei Wang, Huishu Zhang, Guoxing Qiu, and Yongkun Yang. "Enhanced Mechanical Properties of CLAM by Zirconium Alloying and Thermo-Mechanical Processing." Journal of Nuclear Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jne4010009.
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In this study, we present the effects of 0.004~0.098 wt% Zr and thermo-mechanical processing (TMP) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the China RAFM steel, CLAM, as a feasibility study for improving mechanical properties. The inclusions in ingots were characterized using optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), which could be classified as fine simple particles and large complex particles. The complexity of the alloy’s inclusion composition increases with the increasing Zr concentration. The higher the Zr content, the more complex the composition of inclusions in the alloy. The average diameter of inclusions in 0.004Zr steel was the smallest, which was 0.79 μm and the volume fraction was 0.018%. The highest yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, and impact energy of 0.004Zr alloy at room temperature were 548.3 MPa, 679.4 MPa, 25.7%, and 253.9 J. The structure of the TMPed steels was all tempered martensite. With the increase in tempering temperature, the yield and tensile strength of the experimental steel gradually decreased, while the elongation and impact energy gradually increased. The 0.004ZrD and 0.004ZrH alloys had the best yield strength and impact energy, which were 597.9 and 611.8 MPa and 225.9 and 243.3 J, respectively. In addition, the alloys showed good thermal stability during the aging at 600 °C for 1500 h. It was discovered that TMP is a simple and practical industrial technique that could successfully enhance the mechanical properties of CLAM steel without sacrificing impact toughness.
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Alatalo, Matti, Heikki Pitkänen, Matti Ropo, Kalevi Kokko, and Levente Vitos. "Modeling of Steels and Steel Surfaces Using Quantum Mechanical First Principles Methods." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 445–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.445.
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We describe recent progress in first principles materials modelling applied to iron alloys. First principles methods in general have proven to be an effective way of describing atomic level phenomena in solids. When applied to alloys with chemical disorder, however, the widely used supercell methods turn out to be impractical due to the vast variety of different possible configurations. This problem can be overcome using the coherent potential approximation (CPA), which enables the description of a multicomponent alloy in terms of an effective medium constructed in such a way that it represents, on the average, the scattering properties of the alloy. A bulk alloy, in the case of substitutional random alloys, can thus be described with a single atom while a slab is needed to describe surfaces. The exact muffin-tin orbitals (EMTO) method provides a first principles method that can be combined with the CPA in order to describe steels and other multicomponent alloys. We describe the EMTO-CPA method and provide examples of both bulk and surface properties that can be modelled with this method.
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Jena, B. K., N. Gupta, B. Singh, and G. S. Ahoo. "Mechanical properties of low alloy high phosphorus weathering steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 51, no. 1 (2015): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb140120005j.
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Mechanical behaviour of two low alloy steels (G11 and G12) was studied with respect to different phosphorus contents. Tensile strength and yield strength increased while percentage elongation at fracture decreased on increasing phosphorus content. The SEM and light optical photomicrograph of low phosphorus steel (G11) revealed ferrite and pearlite microstructure. On increasing phosphorus content from 0.25 wt.% to 0.42 wt.%, the morphology of grain changed from equiaxed shape to pan-cake shape and grain size also increased. The Charpy V notch (CVN) impact energy of G11 and G12 steel at room temperature was 32 J and 4 J respectively and their fractographs revealed brittle rupture with cleavage facets for both the steels. However, the fractograph of G11 steel after tensile test exhibited ductile mode of fracture with conical equiaxed dimple while that of G12 steel containing 0.42 wt. % P exhibited transgranular cleavage fracture. Based on this study, G11 steel containing 0.25 wt. % P could be explored as a candidate material for weathering application purpose where the 20?C toughness requirement is 27 J as per CSN EN10025-2:2004 specification.
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Mofidi Tabatabaei, Hamed, Ryuji Ishikawa, and Tadashi Nishihara. "Mechanical Interlocking of an Aluminum Alloy and SS400 Structural Steel through Friction-Stir Spot Forming (FSSF)." Materials Science Forum 926 (July 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.926.17.
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In the present study, a novel method for mechanically interlocking the dissimilar alloys of A6061-T6 aluminum alloy and SS400 structural steel using friction-stir forming (FSF) is suggested. In this study, the aluminum alloy is placed on top of a steel sheet containing a screwed hole. The present study suggests that friction-stir spot forming (FSSF) can be used to form a mechanical interlock between the aluminum alloy and steel sheet. FSSF is conducted on top of the aluminum alloy, which produces sufficient heat to plasticize the aluminum alloy. This results in a flow of aluminum into the screw hole in the steel, due to the plastic deformation, thereby mechanically interlocking the aluminum with the steel. Moreover, with the proposed method, the authors present a new concept of an easily separable joining of dissimilar alloys. The mechanical properties of the developed interlock are investigated through tensile and hardness tests and microstructural observation.
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Mofidi Tabatabaei, Hamed, Shun Orihara, Tadashi Nishihara, and Takahiro Ohashi. "Mechanical Interlocking of Titanium and Steel Using Friction Stir Forming." Key Engineering Materials 792 (December 2018): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.792.59.
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This study presents a novel method for mechanically interlocking dissimilar alloys of pure titanium with steel through using the principles of friction stir forming (FSF) technique. In present study, titanium plate is placed on top of a steel sheet containing a screwed hole. FSF is conducted on top of the titanium alloy, which produces sufficient heat to plasticize the alloy. This results in a flow of titanium into the screw hole in the steel, due to the plastic deformation, thereby mechanically interlocking titanium with the steel. The mechanical properties of the developed interlock are investigated through tensile and hardness tests and microstructural observation.
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Garg, N. B., and A. Garg. "Fractographic Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Microalloyed Steel." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2070, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2070/1/012174.
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Abstract Extensive efforts made over the past few decades have enhanced the rising performance of High-Strength Low-Alloy steels. Use of thermomechanical processing was considered for this research. However, the desired mechanical properties are obtained by formulating alloys. Further, to enhance mechanical properties, impact energy, the subsequent quenching and tempering are used. The metallurgical transformation caused by deformation followed by cooling and/or heat treatment has added influences on steels’ mechanical properties. The rational decrease in impact energy value is complex.
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Mondal, Avishek, Daniela Pilone, Andrea Brotzu, and Ferdinando Felli. "Effect of composition and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Fe Mn Al steels." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 62 (September 22, 2022): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.62.43.
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Starting from the research aimed at the development of substitute alloys for stainless steels, with the aim of replacing strategic metals such as chromium and nickel with the more available manganese, FeMnAlC alloys have been studied and developed for several years. These alloys exhibit an attractive strength/ductility combination, low density, and some of them show good oxidation behaviour at high temperatures. After a preliminary study, in this paper the effect of a solubilization treatment followed by aging in the temperature range 550 - 750 °C has been evaluated. The results of the investigation revealed that the steel characterized by the higher amount of Mn and Al shows, after heat treatment, the formation of phases that make the alloy very brittle. Considering the obtained results, it is evident that optimizing the alloy chemical composition is of paramount importance to guarantee a high fracture toughness if the steel works for limited time intervals at high temperature.
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Mishnev, Peter A., Vladimir A. Uglov, Sergey V. Zhilenko, and Ivan B. Chudakov. "Analysis of Specific Properties and Features of Application of New Industrial High-Damping Steel." Materials Science Forum 931 (September 2018): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.931.608.
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Mechanical, damping and specific properties of new structural high-damping steel have been studied in the present research. Studied high-damping steel was specially produced by the JSC Severstal in order to obtain metallic material with specified level of damping and mechanical properties. Experiments show that the damping properties of industrial high-damping steel are comparable with damping properties of high-purity damping alloys, produced using laboratory equipment. Mechanical properties of the industrial high-damping steel were found to be comparable with the level of properties of well-known structural steels, widely used in the modern industry. Analysis of the combination of mechanical and specific properties of the new steel indicates that this material can be used for the construction of rigid structures requiring high damping. Specific features of practical application of high-damping steels are also discussed.
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Lišková, Anna, Mária Mihaliková, Lukáš Dragošek, Róbert Kočiško, and Róbert Bidulský. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES LASER WELDING AUTOMOTIVE STEEL SHEETS." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2015): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v21i3.611.
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<p>The experimental and theoretical investigation deals with laser welding of automotive thin steel sheets. As tested materials were used Interstitial Free Steel (IF) from type of Hight Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) and the second is S420 steel (Micro-Alloyed Steel). Changes of properties of these materials were carried out by static dynamic conditions. The structure of welded joints these two materials were investigated by metallographic analysis. Metallographic analysis confirmed the formation of favourable structure of weld metal and heat affected zone. Obtained results showed that by laser welding it is possible to create the high quality welded joints with positive mechanical properties on used in automotive industry.</p>
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Baranov, M. A., E. A. Dubov, and A. Kawałek. "Microstate of Basic Phase of High-Alloyed Ferritic Steels." New Trends in Production Engineering 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 312–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ntpe-2019-0095.
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Abstract In according with the stated conception the purpose of the present work is the reconstruction of some of innumerable microstates of α phase of ferritic steels, definition of its macroparameters and their subsequent comparison with indicators of mechanical properties of industrially let out steels. The establishment of a correlation between the measured indicators of mechanical properties of already created materials and the calculated state parameters of their basic phase opens an opportunity of mechanical properties prediction of materials in dependence on their prehistory that as a matter of fact represents the central task of material science. Simulation of α-phase state of series of industrially let out ferritic steels and alloys is executed in the assumption of identity of its composition to composition of steel or alloy as a whole. The correlation between indicators of mechanical properties of steels and alloys and state parameters of their basic phase is traced.
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Ahn, Jung Ho, Sang Hyun Lee, and Jin Sung Jang. "Mechanical Alloying and Properties of ODS Ferritic Steels." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.696.
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Oxide-dispersion strengthened (ODS) ferritic stainless steels have been considered as promising high-temperature materials such as interconnects for oxide-fuel cells and nuclear materials for Liquid Metal Fast Reactors or Super-Critical-Water-Cooled Reactors. In the present work, we have prepared Fe-14Cr-2Al-1Si-0.3Ta-1Y2O3 ferritic stainless steels which were dispersion-strengthened by nano-sized Y2O3 via mechanical alloying of elemental powder mixtures and subsequent hot consolidation. A comparison was made with MA 957 and DY-01 alloys. The mechanically alloying behaviour and consolidated mechanical properties of the Fe-14Cr-2Al-1Si- 0.3Ta-1Y2O3 ferritic steels were strongly influenced by processing parameters, especially milling atmosphere. The stability of yttrium oxides and oxidation resistance at high temperatures were examined. The preliminary result shows that the mechanically alloyed Fe-14Cr-2Al-1Si-0.3Ta- 1Y2O3 ferritic stainless steel exhibits interesting properties to be exploited as high temperature materials.
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Ali, Ibrahim Hamed M., Ibrahim M. Moustafa, Ahmed Mohamed Farid, and R. J. Glodowski. "Improvement of Low Carbon Steel Properties through V-N Microalloying." Materials Science Forum 500-501 (November 2005): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.500-501.503.
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To improve the strength properties of vanadium bearing low carbon steel, nitrogen is often added to the liquid steel. The source of the nitrogen addition can be in many different forms. The recovery of nitrogen from the addition is variable due to the low solubility of nitrogen in steel. In this work, nitrogen-enriched alloy (Nitrovan) was added under open atmosphere. To deduce the nitrogen role, two alloys were chosen that having the same vanadium content. One of them was Ferro-Vanadium as a source of vanadium, whereas Nitro-Vanadium used as a source of vanadium and nitrogen. Ferro-vanadium as well as Nitro-vanadium was added separately in the ladle after completely melting of carbon steel and proper superheat using 100 Kg induction furnace. The effect of adding nitrogen-enriched alloy on mechanical properties of the steel was investigated. For this purpose, four heats were produced and cast into sand moulds. The general trend of results shows higher mechanical properties through increasing nitrogen content. The experimental work indicates that enhanced nitrogen content promotes the precipitation of V(C,N) and decreases the particles size of V(C,N) precipitates. Also, under the same level of vanadium content, the tensile strength and yield strength of the nitrogen-enhanced steels increases consistently compared to the steels added 80% Ferro-Vanadium. An empirical formula, correlating the mechanical properties of the steel and its composition, was obtained.
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Khalaj, Omid, Ehsan Saebnoori, Hana Jirková, Ondrej Chocholaty, and Jiří Svoboda. "Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of New Developed Oxide Precipitation Hardened Steels." Key Engineering Materials 846 (June 2020): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.846.87.
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The Oxide Precipitation Hardened (OPH) steel is a new developed group of materials from Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) alloys which are well known advanced materials for high temperature properties. Besides, the corrosion resistance of these types of material is so important regarding to their practical usage. The production of OPH alloys, the same as ODS alloys, involves mechanical alloying process to create material with ductile matrix and hard oxide dispersion. Six variants of Fe-Al base OPH steel which developed and manufactured by the authors, were prepared with different chemical composition to evaluate the role of main component on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of new-developed OPH steels. The corrosion tests were done using potentiodynamic polarization methods. The results show that the Aluminum content has a main role both on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
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Shirazi, H., Mahmoud Nili-Ahmadabadi, A. Fatehi, and S. Hossein Nedjad. "Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on Mechanical Properties of Fe-Ni-Mn High Strength Steel." Advanced Materials Research 83-86 (December 2009): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.83-86.16.
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Fe-Ni-Mn martensitic steels show excellent age hardenability but suffer from embrittlement after aging. Discontinuous coarsening of grain boundary precipitates was found as the main source of embrittlement. Effect of cold rolling and equal channel angular pressing on the mechanical properties of an Fe-10Ni-7Mn steel was investigated. Cold rolling for 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 90% and equal channel angular pressing for four passes through the Bc route were carried out on a solution annealed material with subsequent aging at 753 K. Hardness measurement, tensile test and scanning electron microscopy were used to study mechanical properties and microstructural features of the as-deformed and aged alloys. Improvement in tensile properties of the as-deformed and aged alloys was found. A tensile strength of about 1840 MPa along with 3% elongation were determined for cold rolled by 90% thickness reduction and aged alloy, while conventional steel shows a premature fracture stress of 820 MPa with zero ductility. It was also indicated that after heavy cold rolling ductility increases in comparison to the equal channel angular pressed and aged alloy.
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Lad’yanov, V. I., G. A. Dorofeev, E. V. Kuz’minykh, V. A. Karev, and A. N. Lubnin. "ALUMINOBAROTHERMIC SYNTHESIS OF HIGH-NITROGEN STEEL." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 2 (March 30, 2019): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-2-154-162.
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High-nitrogen austenitic steels are promising materials, combining high strength, plasticity and corrosion resistance properties. However, to produce high-nitrogen steel by conventional metallurgical methods under high nitrogen pressure, powerful and complex metallurgical equipment is required. From energy-saving viewpoint, an alternative and simpler method for producing high-nitrogen steels can be aluminothermy (reduction of metal oxides by metallic aluminum) under nitrogen pressure. Thermodynamic modeling of aluminothermic reactions in a nitrogen atmosphere was carried out by the authors. Aluminothermy under nitrogen pressure was used to produce high-nitrogen nickel-free Cr – N and Cr – Mn – N stainless steels with a nitrogen content of about 1 %. Microstructure (X-ray diffraction, metallography and transmission electron microscopy techniques) and mechanical properties were examined. Thermodynamic analysis has shown that the aluminothermic reduction reactions do not go to the end. The most important parameter of the synthesis is the ratio of Al and oxygen in the charge, the correct choice of which provides a compromise between completeness of oxides reduction, content of aluminum and oxygen in steel (the degree of deoxidation), and its contamination with aluminum nitride. Cr – N steel ingots in the cast state had the structure of nitrogen perlite (ferrite-nitride mixture), and Cr – Mn – N steel – ferrite-austenite structure with attributes of austenite discontinuous decomposition with Cr2 N precipitations. Quenching resulted in complete austenization of both steels. The compliance of the austenite lattice parameter obtained from the diffractograms for quenched Cr – Mn – N steel with the parameter predicted from the known concentration dependence for Cr – Mn – N austenitic steels indicated that all alloying elements (including nitrogen) were dissolved in austenite during aging at quenching temperature and fixed in the solid solution by quenching. Study of the mechanical properties of quenched Cr – Mn – N steel has shown a combination of high strength and ductility. It is concluded that by the aluminothermic method a high-nitrogen steel can be obtained, which, by mechanical properties, is not inferior to industrial steel – analog manufacted by electroslag remelting under nitrogen pressure.
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Rogachev, S. O., A. Ya Stomakhin, S. A. Nikulin, M. V. Kadach, and V. M. Khatkevich. "STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AUSTENITIC Cr – Ni – Ti STEELS AFTER HIGH-TEMPERATURE NITRIDING." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 5 (June 19, 2019): 366–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-5-366-373.
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Alloying of corrosion-resistant austenitic steels with nitrogen is widely used in production to stabilize austenite and to improve the strength and other properties of the metal. The possibility of alloying titanium-containing steels with nitrogen by introducing nitrogen into the melt is not possible, as it causes formation of the coarse defects in steel during casting and solidification of the metal (twisting of the peel, large nitride inclusions, accumulations of nitrides, etc.). The method of high-temperature gas nitriding can be alternative to liquid-phase nitriding for alloying austenitic titanium-containing chromium-nickel steels with nitrogen in order to increase their strength properties. In this work, we investigated the possibility of increasing the strength characteristics of thin-sheet austenitic corrosion-resistant Cr – Ni – Ti (Kh18N12T type) steel, containing 1.5 % and 3 % of titanium, through the use of solid-phase high-temperature nitriding. The nitriding was carried out at a temperature of 1000 – 1100 °С in an atmosphere of pure nitrogen for 5 or 8 hours. The average mass fraction of nitrogen in the samples after nitriding for 5 hours was 0.6 % and 0.7 % for the steels with 1.5 and 3 % of titanium, respectively, and after nitriding for 8 hours – 0.8 % and 0.9 %. It was shown that high-temperature nitriding followed by annealing provides a significant (by 2 – 3 times) increase in the metal strength characteristics compared with the state before nitriding, but reduces the ductility. Ductility of the steel is restored during final processing. For Kh18N12Т type steel with 1.5 % of titanium, an increase in the yield strength is obtained – by 3.3 times (from 180 to 600 MPa), strength – by 1.8 times (from 540 to 970 MPa), with a relative elongation of 28 %. An additional increase in strength properties was not found for the steel with 3 % titanium. The obtained results show the possibility of obtaining thin-sheet titanium-containing high-nitrogen steel (or products from it, for example, thin-walled pipes) by applying solid-phase high-temperature nitriding.
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Gu, X. J., S. Joseph Poon, and Gary J. Shiflet. "Mechanical properties of iron-based bulk metallic glasses." Journal of Materials Research 22, no. 2 (February 2007): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2007.0036.
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Iron-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) are characterized by high fracture strengths and elastic moduli, with some exhibiting fracture strengths near 4 GPa, 2–3 times those of conventional high-strength steels. Among the Fe-based BMGs, the non-ferromagnetic ones, designated “non-ferromagnetic amorphous steel alloys” by two of the present authors [S.J. Poon et al.: Appl. Phys. Lett.83, 1131 (2003)], have glass-forming ability high enough to form single-phase glassy rods with diameters reaching 16 mm. Fe-based BMGs designed for structural applications must exhibit some plasticity under compression. However, the role of alloy composition on plastic and brittle failures in metallic glasses is largely unknown. In view of a recently observed correlation that exists between plasticity and Poisson’s ratio for BMGs, compositional effects on plasticity and elastic properties in amorphous steels were investigated. For the new amorphous steels, fracture strengths as high as 4.4 GPa and plastic strains reaching ∼0.8% were measured. Plastic failure instead of brittle failure was observed as the Poisson’s ratio approached 0.32 from below. Investigation of the relationship between the elastic moduli of the alloys and those of the alloying elements revealed that interatomic interactions in addition to the elastic moduli of the alloying elements must be considered in designing ductile Fe-based BMGs. The prospects for attaining high fracture toughness in Fe-based BMGs are discussed in this article.
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Song, Quan Ming, and David Wert. "State of the Art Stainless Steel Provides Improved Properties for Widely Varying Applications." Advanced Materials Research 413 (December 2011): 341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.413.341.
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Carpenter Technology Corporation’s Custom 465® stainless steel is a state-of-the-art alloy which has seen its applications expanding at a rapid rate. This alloy is a premium double vacuum melted (VIM/VAR) martensitic precipitation hardening stainless steel that offers an excellent combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. With its exceptional properties, design engineers have specified the alloy for high-performance components in various industries, such as aerospace, industrial, energy, consumer and medical. The high strength, greater than 250 ksi (1722 MPa) typical, and toughness of the alloy have allowed Custom 465 stainless to be used as a high-strength upgrade to conventional PH stainless steels such as 13-8 and 17-4. The addition of corrosion resistance to the high strength and toughness properties has allowed the alloy to be used as a stainless alternative to non-stainless steels such as AISI 4340 and 300M. This paper will compare mechanical and corrosion resistance properties of Custom 465 stainless steel to those of other PH stainless steels such as 17-4, 15-5, and 13-8, as well as to those of other aerospace alloys such as 300M and AerMet® 100 alloy. In addition, examples of the varied uses of the alloy will be provided, these examples will highlight the benefits obtained by the use of Custom 465 stainless steel over the previous alloys of choice for the applications.
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Toleuova, Ainagul, Gulnaz Musina, and Saule Kaldybayeva. "Modifying and Micro-Alloying Effect on Carbon Steels Microstructure." Solid State Phenomena 316 (April 2021): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.359.
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Small additives of elements exhibiting high chemical activity with respect to iron and impurities, included in its composition, have a complex effect on the structure and properties of steel. Moreover, as a result of the modifying and refining effect of micro-additives, the amount, dispersion and morphology of nonmetallic inclusions change, and when alloying the matrix, hardenability, uniformity of structure and resistance to brittle fracture of steels change, too. The article presents a metallographic analysis of carbon steel deoxidized by a complex Са – Ва alloy. Deoxidation of steel using the complex Са – Ва alloy allows significant reducing the content of nonmetallic inclusions, modifying residual nonmetallic inclusions into favorable complexes with their uniform distribution in the volume of steel, and significant increasing the mechanical properties of steel. The high surface activity of barium makes it possible to consider barium as a rather effective modifier. The use of barium in alloys leads to grinding of non-metallic inclusions, homogenization of liquid metal, lowering the liquidus temperature, grinding of primary grains of cast steel, and increasing technological ductility.
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Bogodukhov, S. I., E. S. Kozik, E. V. Svidenko, and V. S. Garipov. "The Effect Covering on the Change in the Properties of Hard Alloys." Key Engineering Materials 887 (May 2021): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.887.376.
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Currently, hard alloys are common tool materials; they are widely used in the tool manufacturing industry. Due to the presence of refractory carbides in its structure, hard-alloy tools feature a high hardness of 80 to 92 HRA (73 to 76 HRC); a high heat resistance (from 800 °С to 1,000 °С); therefore, they can be used at speeds that are several times higher than cutting speeds of high-speed steel grades. Hard alloys are used in the form of plates that are either mechanically fixed on or soldered to tool holders. The main operational parameters, that determine the hard-alloy tool operation mode, are hardness, wear resistance, and bending strength. The operational parameters of alloy are highly dependent on its structure, phase composition, lattice block sizes, and micro-stress values [1-20]. The main methods to enhance physical and mechanical properties of hard-alloy plates are improvement of manufacturing technology, including production of fine-grained alloys and microalloying, as well as applying composite coating by vacuum deposition, which allows to increase the tool resistance 1.5 to 2 times.
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Andrade, T. F., A. C. Zambon, C. H. C. Sena, A. G. Bida, and J. R. Kavai. "Application of Sintered Steel for Synchronizer Rings Used in Mechanical Transmissions." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.349.
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Synchronizer rings are mechanical components that equalize the gear rotation to be engaged with the sliding sleeve. It is done by the friction property of the synchronizer ring material. Different types of materials are used to manufacture synchronizer rings depending on the application. There are basically two groups of material: dual function, structural and friction properties (Cu-Zn alloys, Al-Si alloys, etc.) and single function, only structural property (rolled and sintered steels, Cu-Zn alloys, Al alloys, etc.). The objective of this work was to propose a solution to the synchronizer ring structural material of a new mechanical transmission design. This component was initially designed with a Cu-Zn alloy and showed premature failure on synchronizer teeth during tests. To eliminate this problem several technical alternatives were analyzed considering the best cost and benefits ratio, defining to use the sintered steel FLC-4908 per MPIF Standard 35.
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Kaščák, Ľuboš, Emil Spišák, and Jacek Mucha. "Mechanical Joining of Various Materials by Clinching Method." Key Engineering Materials 662 (September 2015): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.205.
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Clinching is a simple, cheap and efficient method of joining that enables to join two or more sheets without any additional elements such as rivets, bolts or nuts. In addition, clinching does not require a surface preparation e.g. drilling (riveting), cleaning and roughening of the surface (adhesive boding) and other types of surface preparations (arc welding). Clinching is utilized in a wide range of applications and can be applied to different materials such as low carbon steel sheets, high-strength steel sheets, aluminium alloys, magnesium alloys. The paper presents the results of evaluation of clinched joint properties. The advanced high-strength steel sheet DP600 in combination with the drawing grade steel sheets DC06, DX51D+Z and high-strength low alloy steel sheet H220PD were used for experiments. The influence of position of the sheets relative to the punch and die of the tool on the carrying capacities of the clinched joints was observed as well. The tension test and microhardness test were used for the evaluation of clinched joint properties.
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Gatões, Daniel, Ricardo Alves, Bernardo Alves, and Maria Teresa Vieira. "Selective Laser Melting and Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 7575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217575.
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Metal additive manufacturing (AM) has been evolving in response to industrial and social challenges. However, new materials are hindered in these technologies due to the complexity of direct additive manufacturing technologies, particularly selective laser melting (SLM). Stainless steel (SS) 316L, due to its very low carbon content, has been used as a standard powder in SLM, highlighting the role of alloying elements present in steels. However, reliable research on the chemical impact of carbon content in steel alloys has been rarely conducted, despite being the most prevalent element in steel. Considering the temperatures involved in the SLM process, the laser–powder interaction can lead to a significant carbon decrease, whatever the processing atmosphere. In the present study, four stainless steels with increasing carbon content—AISI 316L, 630 (17-4PH), 420 and 440C—were processed under the same SLM parameters. In addition to roughness and surface topography, the relationship with the microstructure (including grain size and orientation), defects and mechanical properties (hardness and tensile strength) were established, highlighting the role of carbon. It was shown that the production by SLM of stainless steels with similar packing densities and different carbon contents does not oblige the changing of processing parameters. Moreover, alterations in material response in stainless steels produced under the same volumetric energy density mainly result from microstructural evolution during the process.
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Artamonov, E. V., A. M. Tveryakov, Anton S. Shtin, and Abdurahim I. Abuskaev. "Maximum Operability of Replaceable Hard Alloy Plates during Steel Turning EI867-VD." Key Engineering Materials 910 (February 15, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-0j3dfd.
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Today, under the conditions of sanctions, the Russian Federation needs more than ever the development of energy-saving technologies in various industries. The greatest impact on the life and operability of hard alloy cutting tools is exerted by the physical and mechanical properties of tool materials. Studies have shown that the physical and mechanical properties of tungsten hard alloys in the process of operation, namely in the process of cutting difficult-to-process materials under the influence of high temperatures, vary symmetrically. This study was based on the laws of physics of the division of electrodynamics, as well as well-known non-destructive testing techniques, scientific foundations of materials science, all studies were carried out in accredited laboratories of Tyumen Industrial University. Results of research on determination of temperature of maximum operability of replaceable cutting hard-alloy plates based on study of change of electromagnetic properties are obtained. On the basis of persistent tests in factory conditions, it was proved that the developed technique allows determining temperature intervals of maximum operability based on the study of changes in electromagnetic properties of hard alloys.
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Jo, Mu Geun, Seong Hyeon Ryu, Kyung Il Kim, Dong Eung Kim, Jung In Kim, Kyung Taek Kim, Sang Sub Kim, and Gue Serb Cho. "A Study on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Ni-Cr-Mo-V Low Alloy Steels." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 60, no. 4 (April 5, 2022): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2022.60.4.251.
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Ni-Cr-Mo-V steel alloys for high-speed railway brake discs were prepared to investigate the effect of alloying element contents on the microstructure and mechanical properties. The Cr, Mo, Mn alloying elements were incorporated into the steel alloys, which contained low carbon content in the range 0.16 wt.% ~ 0.21 wt.% to provide sufficient hardenability. The steel alloys were austenitized at 940<sup>o</sup>C for 1 hour and quenched, and tempered at 610<sup>o</sup>C. Microstructural study showed a tempered martensitic microstructure with different sized austenite grains and packets. C-Mo alloy with high Mo content and the smallest prior austenite grain size showed the highest hardness and tensile strength. But, the alloy exhibited lower impact toughness than low Mo content alloys. The lowest tensile strength of the low Mo content Mn-Cr alloy, at room temperature and elevated temperature of 600<sup>o</sup>C, was 1053.4 MPa and 667.2 MPa, respectively. The grain refinement in the C-Mo alloy was considered to be due to the solute drag effect of the Mo element. The absorbed impact energy increased with tempering temperatures, but the impact energy of the three alloys had lower values than the generally guaranteed impact energy of the currently used disk. The low impact toughness of the Mo containing alloys was attributed to the higher Si content and higher tempered hardness of the alloys. A higher thermal conductivity and lower thermal expansion coefficient were obtained in the high Mo content C-Mo alloy, which had a higher Ac3 transformation temperature.
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Allou, Djilali, Djamel Miroud, Billel Cheniti, Brahim Belkessa, and Mhamed Ouadah. "Mechanical and Electrochemical Properties of AISI4130/Austenitic Steels Dissimilar Welded Joints." Diffusion Foundations 18 (September 2018): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/df.18.65.
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The microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 4130 and austenitic stainless-steel overlay dissimilar weld joint using Shield Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process were investigated. Two different filler alloys have been employed (ENiCrFe-3 and E309 MoL-17). A type II boundary was formed close to the fusion boundary at the AISI 4130 side, due to the diffusion of carbon from the carbon steel (CS) base metal towards the weld metal. On the other side, the joints strength and hardness profiles were almost independent of filler alloy, where the highest hardness value was recorded in the area between the line fusion and the type II boundary. The polarization tests performed in different regions of the welded joints in H2SO4solution (PH 4.7) revealed a high corrosion resistance of both filler alloys.
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Zhang, Wenfeng, Zhong Liu, Tianming Li, Xiaogang Liu, and Wei Xiong. "Effects of alloy elements on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel." E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602021.
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This work is mainly concerning with effects of Carbon, Nickel and vanadium on mechanical properties of low alloy wear resistant steel. the results showed that The experimental steels yielded their best comprehensive properties at 940 °C of quenching and at 200 °C of tempering for 0.33 wt% C steel, at 940 °C of quenching and at 220°C of tempering for 0.38 wt% C steel, and at 920°C of quenching and at 230 °C of tempering for 0.4 wt% C steel, respectively.3% Ni steel yielded the best property at 900 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering, while 5% Ni steel was 920 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering. The best property yielded at 940 °C quenching and 200 °C tempering for the Vanadium addition steel.
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Zhu, Zhenlong, Yilong Liang, and Jianghe Zou. "Modeling and Composition Design of Low-Alloy Steel’s Mechanical Properties Based on Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms." Materials 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 5316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235316.
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Accurately improving the mechanical properties of low-alloy steel by changing the alloying elements and heat treatment processes is of interest. There is a mutual relationship between the mechanical properties and process components, and the mechanism for this relationship is complicated. The forward selection-deep neural network and genetic algorithm (FS-DNN&GA) composition design model constructed in this paper is a combination of a neural network and genetic algorithm, where the model trained by the neural network is transferred to the genetic algorithm. The FS-DNN&GA model is trained with the American Society of Metals (ASM) Alloy Center Database to design the composition and heat treatment process of alloy steel. First, with the forward selection (FS) method, influencing factors—C, Si, Mn, Cr, quenching temperature, and tempering temperature—are screened and recombined to be the input of different mechanical performance prediction models. Second, the forward selection-deep neural network (FS-DNN) mechanical prediction model is constructed to analyze the FS-DNN model through experimental data to best predict the mechanical performance. Finally, the FS-DNN trained model is brought into the genetic algorithm to construct the FS-DNN&GA model, and the FS-DNN&GA model outputs the corresponding chemical composition and process when the mechanical performance increases or decreases. The experimental results show that the FS-DNN model has high accuracy in predicting the mechanical properties of 50 furnaces of low-alloy steel. The tensile strength mean absolute error (MAE) is 11.7 MPa, and the yield strength MAE is 13.46 MPa. According to the chemical composition and heat treatment process designed by the FS-DNN&GA model, five furnaces of Alloy1–Alloy5 low-alloy steel were smelted, and tensile tests were performed on these five low-alloy steels. The results show that the mechanical properties of the designed alloy steel are completely within the design range, providing useful guidance for the future development of new alloy steel.
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Bleck, Wolfgang. "New insights into the properties of high-manganese steel." International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials 28, no. 5 (May 2021): 782–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2166-1.
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AbstractIn the Collaborative Research Centre 761’s “Steel ab initio - quantum mechanics guided design of new Fe based materials,” scientists and engineers from RWTH Aachen University and the Max Planck Institute for Iron Research conducted research on mechanism-controlled material development with a particular focus on high-manganese alloyed steels. From 2007 to 2019, a total of 55 partial projects and four transfer projects with industrial participation (some running until 2021) have studied material and process design as well as material characterization. The basic idea of the Collaborative Research Centre was to develop a new methodological approach to the design of structural materials. This paper focuses on selected results with respect to the mechanical properties of high-manganese steels, their underlying physical phenomena, and the specific characterization and modeling tools used for this new class of materials. These steels have microstructures that require characterization by the use of modern methods at the nm-scale. Along the process routes, the generation of segregations must be taken into account. Finally, the mechanical properties show a characteristic temperature dependence and peculiarities in their fracture behavior. The mechanical properties and especially bake hardening are affected by short-range ordering phenomena. The strain hardening can be adjusted in a never-before-possible range, which makes these steels attractive for demanding sheet-steel applications.
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Polishko, Serhii. "Deoxidation and modification of steels with reduced silicon content." Technology audit and production reserves 2, no. 1(64) (April 30, 2022): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.256751.
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The object of research is the processes that affect the mechanical characteristics of steels after the treatment of melts with silicon-free complex master alloys according to existing technologies. One of the most problematic places is the negative effect of silicon on the weldability of low-alloy steel, sharply increasing the heterogeneity of welds in sulfur and phosphorus and increasing their susceptibility to hot cracks. The cyclic strength of welded joints decreases markedly with an increase in the silicon concentration of steel. Also in this case, there is a threat of the formation of silicon monoxide, which significantly increases the fragility of the finished steel products. Also, steels processed with alloys containing silicon are prone to decarburization, the formation of surface defects during hot working and graphite formation, which reduces their endurance limit. In the research it was possible to prove that the use of silicon-free complex ligatures (SFCL) in smelting made it possible to obtain an increase (2–3 times) in the entire complex of mechanical and operational properties, especially ductility, impact strength at normal and negative test temperatures (cold resistance) , fatigue strength. In some cases, the level of properties of cast metal reaches the deformed version of its manufacture, for example, rolled products and even metal obtained by electroslag remelting. Processing of the melt of various BKL steels when tapping from the furnace into a pouring ladle instead of aluminum master alloys, silicocalcium and ferrocerium (according to the current technology) provided the required level and high stability of the mechanical properties of 20GML steel. Also, thanks to the use of BCL, it was possible to reduce the consumption of ligatures and deoxidizers by 4.2 kg per ton of liquid metal and increase the yield of rejection of casting defects by 6–10 %. It has been established in the work that BCL treatment leads to stabilization of the chemical composition, refinement of the grain structure of steels, as well as an increase in its dispersion and the level of mechanical characteristics.
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Vahrusheva, Vera, Diana Hlushkova, Volodymyr Volchuk, Tetyana Nosova, Stella Mamchur, Natalia Tsokur, Valeriy Bagrov, Sergey Demchenko, Yuri Ryzhkov, and Victor Scrypnikov. "The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of power equipment parts." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 97 (September 5, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2022.97.0.24.
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For the manufacture of parts and assemblies of the turbopump unit of details of power equipment, welded joints with corrosion resistant steels and heat-resistant alloys are used, requiring various modes heat treatment to achieve the required level of mechanical properties. In the manufacture of parts and assemblies of details of power equipment at the machine-building enterprises of Ukraine, it became necessary to replace semi-finished products. It is necessary to replace sheet products from high-alloy alloys ХН67МВТЮ and 06Х15Н6МВФБ with one alloy with a high complex of physical and mechanical characteristics. In the work, as a replacement for the applied heat-resistant alloys, Inconel 718 alloy welded to 316L steel. Samples of welded joints, processed according to the recommended mode, showed increased corrosion resistance.
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AlaviShoushtari, Ali, Meysam Sharafi, and Sina Sekhavat. "Effect of Solution Annealing Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of an Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 1, no. 04 (August 28, 2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jrset.vol1iss04pp17-20.
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The aim of this study is to study the effect of particular heat treatment on the performance of 304 Stainless steel alloy which is one of the most applicable grades of austenitic stainless steel used the wide storage tank to chemical transportation. Although this alloy has suitable properties for engineering uses, its poor resistance to intergranular corrosion restricted its use in industries. Meanwhile, this problem leads to a reduction in the average working hours in equipment in which 304 alloys are used. Methodology: To remedy this problem, there are many different methods has been introduced in the recent alloy’s properties still a challenge. In this study, different heat treatment cycles on the 304 alloy were applied and then the corrosion rate was measured. Furthermore, mechanical tests were carried out to find out which cycle resulted in optimum properties. Results: The results illustrated that reducing carbide participate led to better mechanical properties as well as corrosion resistance. Conclusion: According to test results, stainless steel grade 304 corrosion properties improved by solution annealing heat treatment, but this improvement stopped after a specific time. Furthermore, for this grade of steel with 2-millimeter thickness, the best heat treatment time is about 20 to 25 minutes in 1100ºC.
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Tojal, C., T. Gómez-Acebo, and F. Castro. "Development of PM Stainless Steels with Improved Properties through Liquid Phase Sintering." Materials Science Forum 534-536 (January 2007): 661–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.534-536.661.
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The use of boron for successfully obtaining high density PM stainless steels with improved mechanical properties and corrosion resistance is presented. Boron is added as part of master alloys which have been specifically designed to provide the formation of wetting liquid phases with excellent characteristics for producing controlled densification and alloying of 316L and 304L austenitic stainless steels. The as-sintered density and properties of these alloys is determined by the amount of master alloy, the chemical composition of the stainless steel powder, the sintering temperature and time. The microstructural development and alloy homogenisation are determined by the chemical composition of the Fe-based powder and the chemical reactions taking place between the basic powder and the master alloy particles during high temperature sintering. The use of this master alloy is shown to lead to stainless steels with outstanding combinations of strength and ductility. The influence of alloying and the sintering conditions on the final microstructure, density, corrosion resistance and tensile properties is also discussed.
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Yan, Yongming, Ke Liu, Zixiang Luo, Maoqiu Wang, and Xinming Wang. "Effect of Cryogenic Treatment on Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Distortion of Carburized Gear Steels." Metals 11, no. 12 (November 30, 2021): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11121940.
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The effects of cryogenic treatment and low temperature tempering on the microstructure, mechanical properties and distortion of the 20Cr2Ni4A and 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb carburized gear steels were investigated. The results showed that the case hardness of the experimental steels was increased after the cryogenic treatment, due to the decrease of the retained austenite content and the precipitation of the tiny carbides. The wear resistance of the two steels after cryogenic treatment was improved, although the wear mechanisms were different for 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb and 20Cr2Ni4A steels. The distortion of the Navy C-ring specimens underwent shrinkage before expansion during the cryogenic process, and the distortion of 17Cr2Ni2MoVNb steel was smaller than that of 20Cr2Ni4A steel.
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Oh, Yong-Jun, Min-Chul Kim, and Jun Hwa Hong. "A Study on the Characteristics of the Boundaries in Bainitic Low Alloy Steels Using Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) Technique." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600014513.
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Bainitic low alloy steel has a complex microstructure exhibiting several types of boundaries. The boundaries in bainitic steel, although certain boundaries are absent with respect to the alloy composition and the manufacturing process, could be typically divided into 4 types; dislocation cell boundary, lath boundary, packet boundary, and prior austenite grain boundary, in increasing order of size. The size and distribution of the respective boundaries are an important factor which controls the mechanical properties of the steels, including brittle fracture. In the present research, the characteristics of the boundaries in the bainitic low alloy steels were investigated in view of misorientation between grains enclosed by the respective boundaries.The alloys investigated were Mn-Mo-Ni low alloy forging steels having chemical compositions shown in TABLE 1. Steel-A was manufactured by the Vacuum Carbon Deoxidation(VCD) process. For the finer prior austenite grain size, Steel-B was produced by the aluminium addition and the silicon killing process. Before EBSD analysis, the microstructures of the alloys were observed using SEM and TEM. EBSD measurements were obtained using a Link OPAL system(Oxford) linked to a JEOL JSM 6300 SEM operating at 15KeV with the sample tilted at 70°.
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Wang, Nan, Tomiko Yamaguchi, and Kazumasa Nishio. "Effects of Welding Time and Alloy Elements on Mechanical Properties of Aluminum/SPCC Joint Using Resistance Spot Welding." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 2123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2123.
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In this study, effects of welding time and elements Mg, Si and Cu in aluminum alloys on hardness and tensile shear strength of aluminum alloys/steel joints in resistance spot welding have been investigated. The welding current was kept a constant 10.5kA and electrode force was 1kN. Welding time was increased from 0.067s up to 0.2s with a rise of 0.033s. Two intermetallic compound layers were generated at weld interfacial zones between aluminum alloys and steel during welding process, and the major phases were FeAl3 adjacent and directing to aluminum alloy and Fe2Al5 adjacent and directing to the steel. Diffusion of Si in aluminum alloy occurred at the interface, whereas the diffusion of Mg and Cu was not observed at the interface according to the EPMA analysis results. Hardness of intermetallic compound layers was 13.8GPa, which was about 12 times as much as that of the aluminum alloy. The largest tensile-shear strength was obtained on the condition of 0.134 and 0.167s welding time.
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McDowell, C. S., and S. N. Basu. "Effect of alloy grain size on oxidation resistance of silica-coated stainless steel." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 676–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100171110.
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Oxidation resistance of stainless steels, which rely on the formation of a Cr2O3 (chromia) scale, can be further improved through minor alloying additions such as Al or Si, or by application of coatings to the exposed surfaces. Although, additions of Si to austenitic steels have demonstrated an improvement in oxidation resistance, high Si contents can be detrimental to the mechanical properties of these alloys. The application of a silica coating on the surface of the stainless steel provides improved oxidation resistance without detrimental effects on the mechanical properties. This study examines the effect of the grain size of the stainless steel on the effectiveness of a silica coating as an oxidation barrier.Fully austenitic stainless steel of composition Fe-18(wt%)Cr-20Ni-1.5Mn was produced in both coarsegrained and fine-grained form. The coarse-grained alloy, with a grain size of approximately 100 μm, was produced by casting and hot rolling. The fine-grained alloy, with a grain size of approximately 5 μm, was produced by rapid solidification powder processing, followed by consolidated by hot isostatic pressing and swaging.
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GOLAŃSKI, Grzegorz. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF P91 AND PB2 STEEL AFTER LONG-TERM AGEING AT 620°C." Journal of Metallic Materials 73, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 2–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32730/imz.2657-747.21.3.1.
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The article presents the results of research on mechanical properties of martensitic steels, X10CrMoVNb9-1 (P91) and X13CrMo- CoVNbNB9-2-1 (PB2), as-received and after 50,000 hours of ageing at 620˚C. The scope of the tests of mechanical properties included a Vickers hardness test, Charpy impact test, and static tensile test. As received, the investigated steels were characterised by relatively high mechanical properties. The long-term effect of temperature and time contributed to a relatively slight decrease in the strength properties and hardness of the tested steels. However, a considerable decrease in the ductility of these alloys was observed. The decrease in mechanical properties after long-term ageing was smaller in the case of the PB2 steel, which was attributed to the beneficial effect of microalloying boron.
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Traino, A., A. Baschenko, A. Zavrazhnov, and Vadim Ivoditov. "Steel Sheets Mechanical Properties Improvement." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4381.
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Innovative technological processes for a new integrated deformation-thermal production of flat rolled stock imparting enhanced physical-mechanical properties while minimized alloy additions has been developed on the basis of recently discovered metallophysical laws of influence, through hot plastic rolling deformation, upon microstructure-phase conversions and states of steel in metallurgical products.
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H.J. Jamal Al Deen, Haydar. "USING OF CoCr ALLOYS IN BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS ( REVIEW)." IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING 21, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32852/iqjfmme.v21i4.576.
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Metals are used extensively in biomedical applications due to their mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. There are many types of metals and alloys used in this application ( stainless steel, Ti and Ti alloys, CoCr, dental amalgam, etc). This review focus on CoCr alloys which have excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties which make them the best choice for many types of surgical implants. There are many alloying elements used to improve the properties of CoCr alloy such as ( Zr, In, Ta, etc ) has been reviewed.
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Belaid, Lounes, Meriem Bendoumia, Mohamed Dakiche, Hanane Mechri, Djaffar Dahmoun, and Mohamed Azzaz. "Structural and Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Fe-Mn-C Alloys Prepared by Mechanical Alloying." Journal of Nano Research 52 (May 2018): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.52.80.
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The object of our research is to combine the properties of Mangalloys and nanoscale advantages in order to enhance the performance and extend the range of applications in the field of work-hardening parts such as railroad components, armor, and modern auto components. We have produced a high-manganese austenitic steel nanomaterial containing more than 12 wt% Mn, which is the level of Mn in Hadfield steel. This study experimentally determined the process of phase transitions involved in Fe–13 wt% Mn–1.2 wt% C alloy during mechano-synthesis and after subsequent annealing. The milling time ranged from 0.5 to 24 h. The unique features of the nanocrystalline structure and the changes in microstructure as a function of milling time were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX. The grain sizes and microstrain of the milled powder were determined. A thorough study has been done on the sample where a new phase fcc (at 24h of MA) was formed.The object of our research is to combine the properties of Mangalloys and nanoscale advantages in order to enhance the performance and extend the range of applications in the field of work-hardening parts such as railroad components, armor, and modern auto components. We have produced a high-manganese austenitic steel nanomaterial containing more than 12 wt% Mn, which is the level of Mn in Hadfield steel. This study experimentally determined the process of phase transitions involved in Fe–13 wt% Mn–1.2 wt% C alloy during mechano-synthesis and after subsequent annealing. The milling time ranged from 0.5 to 24 h. The unique features of the nanocrystalline structure and the changes in microstructure as a function of milling time were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDX. The grain sizes and microstrain of the milled powder were determined. A thorough study has been done on the sample where a new phase fcc (at 24h of MA) was formed.
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Stejskalová, Šárka, Zdeněk Kuboň, and Gabriela Rožnovská. "Effect of Graphite on Residual Lifetime of Superheater Tubes Made of Steel 16Mo3 after Creep Exposure." Key Engineering Materials 923 (June 28, 2022): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6x34f9.
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Carbon and low-alloys steel components are used in various stages of steam power plants which are operating at elevated temperatures (up to 530°C). Long-term exposure of low-alloy steel components at elevated temperatures inevitably result in some kind of structural degradation; for example, creep cavitation, carbide coarsening and/or spheroidization, and, less commonly, also graphitization. Graphitization can be detected mainly in carbon steels, but also in 16Mo3 steel where the ferritic matrix is strengthened by Mo in the solid solution. The absence of strong carbide forming elements (typically Cr, V, Nb) is the principal reason why these steels are susceptible to cementite decomposition and graphitization much more than the other creep resistant steels. The paper describes microstructure and material properties of superheater 16Mo3 tube, in which graphite was found after 70,000 hours of exposure at 445 °C. The actual material properties were compared to another tube of the same material delivered in the as-received state. The comparison was based on evaluation and testing of mechanical strength, fracture properties and microstructure. Creep resistance of the steel was studied using small punch creep tests (SPCT).
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Dyachkova, L. N. "Peculiarities of hardening of steel – copper alloy pseudo-alloys obtained by infiltration during hot plastic deformation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 67, no. 2 (July 2, 2022): 156–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2022-67-2-156-166.
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The influence of the regimes of plastic deformation of steel – copper alloy pseudo-alloys obtained by infiltration on their structure, mechanical properties and anisotropy of properties is investigated. It has been established that hot forging of pseudo-alloys at a temperature of 700–950 °C provides an increase in strength by 1.5–3 times, impact strength by 1.5–2.5 times, plasticity by 1.5–2 %, and at 1100–1150 °С (above the melting point of copper) – leads to cracking of the material. It is shown that the properties of pseudo-alloys based on steel alloyed with chromium are lower than those based on steel alloyed with nickel, which is associated with the formation of chromium oxides due to its increased affinity for oxygen. The formation of macro-texture in pseudo-alloys after hot stamping has been established, which leads to secondary anisotropy of properties, the level of which is determined by the degree of deformation and temperature, but does not exceed 15–20 %. The deformation curve of the pseudo-alloy during hot forging was constructed, which revealed the optimum temperature (700–900 °С) and the limiting degree of deformation (65 %) depending on the composition of the pseudo-alloy. With an increase in the degree of deformation, microcracks form at the interface between the iron and copper phases, which in turn leads to a decrease in strength, ductility, as well as a 1.5–2-fold decrease in the impact strength of pseudo-alloys with a copper phase content of 15 % and destruction of pseudo-alloys with a 25 % copper content phases, in which the length of interphase iron-copper boundaries is much greater. The achieved mechanical properties of hot-forged steel-copper alloy pseudo-alloys make it possible to use them for parts of heavily loaded friction units, as well as parts for structural purposes.
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Kazior, Jan, Aneta Szewczyk-Nykiel, Tadeusz Pieczonka, Marek Hebda, and Marek Nykiel. "Properties of Precipitation Hardening 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Manufactured by Powder Metallurgy Technology." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.87.
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Alloys from austenitic and ferritic stainless steel found to be satisfactory for a great many applications. However, for applications that require higher levels of strength and hardness from the martensitic grades are frequently specified. Martensitic stainless steels offer significantly higher strengths but have to low ductility. For this reason for application where high levels of strength and a moderate ductility is required, the precipitation strengthened stainless steels are often considered. One of the most popular alloy of this kind of stainless steel is 17-4 PH. The aim of the present paper was to examined the influence the process parameters in conventional powder metallurgy processing on the mechanical properties of the 17-4 PH alloy in both as-sintered and heat treated conditions. In was found that temperature of aged is a very sensitive parameter for obtained high strength and acceptable ductility.
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Caminaga, Celio, and Sergio Tonini Button. "Mechanical properties of ausforged 27MnSiVS6 microalloyed steel." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 66, no. 3 (September 2013): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0370-44672013000300010.
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Hot forging of microalloyed steels, also known as high strength low alloy steels (HSLA), has a wide application for manufacturing automotive components. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microstructure and the mechanical strength and toughness of the 27MnSiVS6 microalloyed steel, when formed by ausforging, to analyze the process performance and the quality of products. Ausforging was compared to both hot and warm forging processes. As a result, considering the tensile, fatigue (under rotating bending) and the fracture toughness tests, the best mechanical properties were shown by the ausforged products. Statistical analyses revealed that products obtained by ausforging presented the best combination of strength and surface quality, without increasing the forging load.
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Tesser, Enzo, Carlos Silva, Alfredo Artigas, and Alberto Monsalve. "Effect of Carbon Content and Intercritical Annealing on Microstructure and Mechanical Tensile Properties in FeCMnSiCr TRIP-Assisted Steels." Metals 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 1546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11101546.
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Four TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity) assisted steels, three TBF (TRIP Bainitic Ferrite) steels and one TPF (TRIP Polygonal Ferrite) steel, were manufactured from three different carbon contents (0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 wt.% C), to study the evolution of their microstructure and tensile mechanical properties in 15 mm thick plates. TBF steels were subjected to the same austenitization heat treatment and subsequent bainitization isothermal treatment. The TPF steel was subjected to an intercritical annealing and subsequent isothermal bainitization treatment. All were microstructurally characterized by optical, scanning electron and atomic force microscopy, as well as X-ray diffraction. Mechanically, they were characterized by the ASTM E8 tensile test and fractographies. For the TBF steels, the results showed that when the carbon content increased, there were an increase in volume fraction of retained austenite, of the microconstituent “martensite/retained austenite” and in the tensile strength; and a decrease in the volume fraction of bainitic ferrite matrix and elongation; with an improvement in TRIP behavior due to the increase in retained austenite. The TPF steel presented around 50% ductile polygonal ferrite developing better TRIP behavior than the TBF steels. The evolution of the fractographies was ductile to brittle for TBF steels with an increase in carbon content, and for TPF, the appearance of the fracture surface was ductile.
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Oñoro, Moisés, Julio Macías-Delgado, María A. Auger, Jan Hoffmann, Vanessa de Castro, and Teresa Leguey. "Powder Particle Size Effects on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mechanically Alloyed ODS Ferritic Steels." Metals 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12010069.
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Reduced activation ferritic (RAF) steels are expected to be widely used in challenging nuclear industrial applications under severe thermo-mechanical regimes and intense neutron loads. Therefore, actual research panorama is facing the strengthening strategies necessary to maximize both performance and endurance under these conditions. Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) RAF steels are leader candidates as structural materials in fusion energy reactors thanks to the reinforcement obtained with a fine dispersion of nanosized oxides in their matrix. In this study, the influence of the initial powder particle size and the selected processing route on the final material has been investigated. Two RAF ODS steels coming from atomized pre-alloyed powders with nominal particle powder sizes of 70 and 30 µm and composition Fe-14Cr-2W-0.4Ti-0.3Y2O3 (wt. %) were manufactured by mechanical alloying. Alloyed powders were compacted by hot isostatic pressing, hot crossed rolled, and annealed at 1273 K. Initial powder particle size differences minimize after milling. Both steels present an almost completely recrystallized material and similar grain sizes. The same type and distributions of secondary phases, Cr-W-rich, Ti-rich, and Y-Ti oxide nanoparticles, have been also characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in both alloy samples. The strengthening effect has been confirmed by tensile and Charpy impact tests. The two alloys present similar strength values with slightly better ductile brittle transition temperature (DBTT) and ductility for the steel produced with the smaller powder size.
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Baltatu, Madalina Simona, Catalin Andrei Tugui, Manuela Cristina Perju, Marcelin Benchea, Mihaela Claudia Spataru, Andrei Victor Sandu, and Petrica Vizureanu. "Biocompatible Titanium Alloys used in Medical Applications." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7114.
Full textAbstract:
At global level, there is a continuing concern for the research and development of alloys for medical and biomedical applications. Metallic biomaterials are used in various applications of the most important medical fields like orthopedic, dental and cardiovascular. The main metallic biomaterials used in human body are stainless steels, Co-based alloys and Ti-based alloys. Titanium and its alloys are of greater interest in medical applications because they exhibit characteristics required for implant materials, namely, good mechanical properties (less elasticity modulus than stainless steel or CoCr alloys, fatigue strength, high corrosion resistance), high biocompatibility. The aim of this review is to describe and compare the main characteristics (mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility) for latest research of nontoxic Ti alloys biomaterials used for medical field.
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Huang, Chengpeng, and Mingxin Huang. "Effect of Processing Parameters on Mechanical Properties of Deformed and Partitioned (D&P) Medium Mn Steels." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 20, 2021): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020356.
Full textAbstract:
Deformed and partitioned (D&P) medium Mn steels exhibiting high strength, large ductility, and excellent fracture toughness have been developed recently. The ultra-high dislocation density and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect are the main mechanisms for their exceptional mechanical properties. The simple processing route to manufacturing D&P steel makes it promising for large-scale industrial applications. However, the exact effect of each processing step on the final mechanical properties of D&P steel is not yet fully understood. In the present work, the effects of processing parameters on the mechanical properties of D&P steels are systematically investigated. The evolution of microstructure, tensile behavior and austenite fraction of warm rolled samples and D&P samples are revealed. Two D&P steels, with and without the intercritical annealing process, are both produced for comparison. It is revealed that the intercritical annealing process plays an insignificant role to the mechanical properties of D&P steel. The partitioning process is extremely important for obtaining large uniform elongation via slow but sustaining strain hardening by the TRIP effect in the partitioned austenite. The cold rolling process is also significant for acquiring high strength, and the cold rolling thickness reduction (CRTR) is extremely critical for the strength–ductility synergy of D&P steels.
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Wiewiórowska, S. "Analysis of the Influence of Drawing Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of Trip-Structure Steel Wires." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amm-2013-0040.
Full textAbstract:
The research concerned with wire drawing processes of medium-carbon steel with TRIP effect classified into group of AHSS (Advanced High Strength Steel) steels, which are the multiphase steels offering a unique combination of high strength and ductility, has been shown in the work. Such combination is achieved through the transformation of retained austenite to martensite in deformation process called TRIP effect (Transformation Induced Plasticity). Studies reported in the literature relate mainly to the research on the car body sheet rolling and heat treatment processes, which does not allow the results of this research to be referred to the analysis of drawing processes. Therefore, the need has arisen for developing and conducting comprehensive studies on the process of drawing TRIP steels wires and identification the new application areas for these materials.