Journal articles on the topic 'Steel alloys Heat treatment'
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Vorob'ev, Aleksandr, Andrey Krutko, and Artem Badamshin. "Modeling of Heat Treatment Processes in QFORM Heat Treatment Module." Proceedings of Petersburg Transport University 19, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 727–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/1815-588x-2022-4-727-735.
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Purpose: To review algorithm methodology for the addition of a new material to Qform Heat Treatment Module database with further adequacy assessment of the model by the method of the comparison its microhardness distribution with experimental data. Methods: Technique for the modeling of heat treatment (hardening) of samples from steels 60 and 40Cr in QFORM Heat Treatment software module has been developed. Algorithm for new material addition into software package database with adequacy further assessment for built model by the method of comparison of obtained data on distribution of microhardness over a section while process modeling in Qform with laboratory experiment data is presented. Results: Models of hardness distribution over the diametrical section of hardened cylindrical samples from steel 60 and adapted steel 40X, built into QFORM Heat treatment database. Comparison of modeling results with experimental data on hardness distribution of hardened samples. Practical significance: The results, obtained in this work, represent algorithm for replenishing the database of Qform Heat Treatment Module, created for the purpose to carry out heat treatment procedures for steels and nonferrous alloys. During experiment pursuing, it was established that the model of added to the database material demonstrates adequacy high degree. The expansion of the database of given materials of the given Module will allow its widespread application in the industries which activities are related to heat treatment.
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Vahrusheva, Vera, Diana Hlushkova, Volodymyr Volchuk, Tetyana Nosova, Stella Mamchur, Natalia Tsokur, Valeriy Bagrov, Sergey Demchenko, Yuri Ryzhkov, and Victor Scrypnikov. "The effect of heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of power equipment parts." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 97 (September 5, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2022.97.0.24.
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For the manufacture of parts and assemblies of the turbopump unit of details of power equipment, welded joints with corrosion resistant steels and heat-resistant alloys are used, requiring various modes heat treatment to achieve the required level of mechanical properties. In the manufacture of parts and assemblies of details of power equipment at the machine-building enterprises of Ukraine, it became necessary to replace semi-finished products. It is necessary to replace sheet products from high-alloy alloys ХН67МВТЮ and 06Х15Н6МВФБ with one alloy with a high complex of physical and mechanical characteristics. In the work, as a replacement for the applied heat-resistant alloys, Inconel 718 alloy welded to 316L steel. Samples of welded joints, processed according to the recommended mode, showed increased corrosion resistance.
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Gulkov, Yuri V., Anna V. Turysheva, and Irina V. Vinogradova. "Producing Steels with Special Properties Using a Jet Heat Treatment System." Key Engineering Materials 854 (July 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.854.30.
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The prospects of production of special properties steels in the Russian and global metal market are estimated. The necessity of using new types of steels is substantiated. The prospects of introducing steels with special properties developed by PJSC “Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Company” to the market are determined. Evaluation of measures for the production of large volumes of products showed that there is a problem of a significant increase in the time of manufacturing and delivery of output products to the consumer. As measures to ensure the modernization of the technological complex of the steel enterprise and reduce the time for steel production, the system of jet heat treatment of metal is proposed. According to the results of comparative analysis of the MAGSTRONG H500 and HARDOX 500 alloys used in mining equipment under conditions of increased wear, it was revealed that the proposed method of heat treatment allows one to achieve high wear resistance properties, with high coefficients of tensile strength and toughness.
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Kozeschnik, Ernst, Bernhard Sonderegger, Ivan Holzer, Joachim Rajek, and Horst Cerjak. "Computer Simulation of the Precipitate Evolution during Industrial Heat Treatment of Complex Alloys." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 2431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2431.
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Precipitates are the key ingredient for the strength of heat treatable alloys. To optimize the mechanical properties of alloys it is important to know the response of precipitates to thermomechanical treatments. In the past, application of computer models to describe the evolution of precipitates in the course of these processes has proven difficult due to the complexity of the problem. In this work, a new model based on a mean-field representation of precipitates in a multicomponent matrix is applied to heat treatments of steels. Example simulations are presented for a 9- 12% Cr ferritic/martensitic heat resistant steel for power plant application and a complex tool steel with both carbides and intermetallic phases using the software MatCalc. The predictions of the model are verified on experimental results and the potential application to industrial heat treatment simulation is discussed.
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Katsich, Christian, and Reinhard Polak. "Effect of Substrate Heat Treatment on Wear Behavior of Fe- and Ni-Based Hardfacings." Key Engineering Materials 674 (January 2016): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.674.319.
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In different fields of high abrasive processes, e.g. in agriculture and mining industry, components made of tempering steel are additionally protected with a wear resistant alloy on high loaded sections. An industrial standard process flow includes heat treatment of components after hardfacing process. However, the exact effect of heat treatment procedure on wear performance of hardfacings is still mostly unknown.The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of substrate heat treatment on iron and nickel based hardfacings under two and three-body conditions. Commonly used wear resistant tempered steel was used as substrate material. Heat treatment investigations were performed on two Fe-based tool steel alloys (M2 and FeVCrC) and a Ni-based alloy reinforced with WC/W2C (Ni-FTC) deposited by plasma transferred arc technology (PTA), respectively. After hardfacing a heat treatment optimized for tempered steel substrate was performed on hardfaced samples.Microstructure investigations were done by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and hardness measurements. Additionally wear behavior was estimated by dry-sand rubber-wheel test (three-body abrasion) and continuous impact abrasion test (two-body abrasion).Results showed significant influence of heat treatment, due to microstructural changes, on wear performance under 3-body conditions of Fe-based tool steels. This effect was not as pronounced in Ni-based alloy than in types of tool steel. Interestingly, in both M2 tool steel and Ni-based systems heat treatment led to decrease 2-body wear resistance. However, heat treated V-rich tool steel type showed good wear performance in continuous impact abrasion test. Composed wear map, based on this study, shows critical changes in general wear performance for investigated hardfacings.
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Mondal, Avishek, Daniela Pilone, Andrea Brotzu, and Ferdinando Felli. "Effect of composition and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of Fe Mn Al steels." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 62 (September 22, 2022): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.62.43.
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Starting from the research aimed at the development of substitute alloys for stainless steels, with the aim of replacing strategic metals such as chromium and nickel with the more available manganese, FeMnAlC alloys have been studied and developed for several years. These alloys exhibit an attractive strength/ductility combination, low density, and some of them show good oxidation behaviour at high temperatures. After a preliminary study, in this paper the effect of a solubilization treatment followed by aging in the temperature range 550 - 750 °C has been evaluated. The results of the investigation revealed that the steel characterized by the higher amount of Mn and Al shows, after heat treatment, the formation of phases that make the alloy very brittle. Considering the obtained results, it is evident that optimizing the alloy chemical composition is of paramount importance to guarantee a high fracture toughness if the steel works for limited time intervals at high temperature.
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Ríos-Diez, Oscar, Ricardo Aristizábal-Sierra, Claudia Serna-Giraldo, Jose A. Jimenez, and Carlos Garcia-Mateo. "Development of Nanobainitic Microstructures in Carbo-Austempered Cast Steels: Heat Treatment, Microstructure and Properties." Metals 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10050635.
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Carburizing implies the existence of a carbon gradient from the surface to the core of the steel, which in turn will affect both the critical temperature for austenite formation and the kinetics of the bainitic transformation during the austempering treatment. Therefore, for future development of carbo-austempered steels with nanobainitic microstructures in the case, it is key to understand the effect of such carbon gradient has on the final microstructure and the mechanical properties reached by the heat treatments used. This work was divided into two parts, firstly two alloys with similar carbon content to those at the surface and center of the carburized steel were used to establish the optimal heat treatment parameters and to study bainite transformation kinetics by high resolution dilatometry. In a second step, a carburized alloy is produced and subjected to the designed heat treatments, in order to evaluate the microstructure and mechanical properties developed. Results thus obtained are compared with those obtained in the same carburized alloy after following the most common quench and temper treatment.
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Aref`eva, L. P., A. G. Sukiyazov, Yu V. Dolgachev, and L. S. Shakhova. "Contact potential difference of alloy steel after heat treatment." Advanced Engineering Research 20, no. 3 (October 5, 2020): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2687-1653-2020-20-3-289-294.
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Introduction. The paper considers an actual issue of the development and application of a non-destructive method for controlling the quality of surfaces of steel products (Kelvin probe method). The work objective is to establish the magnitude of the contact potential difference (CPD) of steel 107WCR5 after heat treatment.Materials and Methods. The object of study is alloy tool steel 107WCR5. The chemical composition of the samples was refined through the optical emission analysis method. To carry out the statistical processing, there were three samples in three series. We chose different heat treatment modes for each series, i.e., quenching with low tempering, strengthening and normalization. The end surfaces of the samples were polished and then one of them was treated with a solution of nitric acid. Further, the measurement of the contact potential difference and statistical data processing were carried out. Results. The data obtained show that the CPD value of steel 107WCR5 samples changes after heat treatment. With an increase in tempering temperature, the contact potential difference of the polished surface and the hardness, decrease almost linearly. Exposure to acid causes a significant decrease and equalization of the contact potential difference for all structures. The contact potential difference of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 is compared. Alloying steel by the elements with the work function values of the electron higher than that of iron causes a decrease in the CPD between the standard and the sample. The CPD behavior under a change in the composition of the steel depends strongly on the presence of alloying elements. The dependence of CPD on the dispersion of the structure is seen in both cases; however, it is more pronounced for 107WCR5 steel. The electron work function of the martensite, troostite, and sorbitol structures obtained as a result of heat treatment of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 is calculated. Discussion and Conclusions. The dependence of the contact potential difference on the structure, chemical and phase composition was experimentally established; the electron work function of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 was calculated. This technique is more sensitive to alloy steel samples than to carbon steel. It seems possible to conclude that the measurement of the contact potential difference can be used to control surfaces exposed to active media or elevated temperatures as a non-destructive express diagnostic method.
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AlaviShoushtari, Ali, Meysam Sharafi, and Sina Sekhavat. "Effect of Solution Annealing Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of an Austenitic Stainless Steel." Journal of Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 1, no. 04 (August 28, 2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jrset.vol1iss04pp17-20.
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The aim of this study is to study the effect of particular heat treatment on the performance of 304 Stainless steel alloy which is one of the most applicable grades of austenitic stainless steel used the wide storage tank to chemical transportation. Although this alloy has suitable properties for engineering uses, its poor resistance to intergranular corrosion restricted its use in industries. Meanwhile, this problem leads to a reduction in the average working hours in equipment in which 304 alloys are used. Methodology: To remedy this problem, there are many different methods has been introduced in the recent alloy’s properties still a challenge. In this study, different heat treatment cycles on the 304 alloy were applied and then the corrosion rate was measured. Furthermore, mechanical tests were carried out to find out which cycle resulted in optimum properties. Results: The results illustrated that reducing carbide participate led to better mechanical properties as well as corrosion resistance. Conclusion: According to test results, stainless steel grade 304 corrosion properties improved by solution annealing heat treatment, but this improvement stopped after a specific time. Furthermore, for this grade of steel with 2-millimeter thickness, the best heat treatment time is about 20 to 25 minutes in 1100ºC.
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Sydorchuk, O. M. "Steel with control austenitic transformation during operation." Metaloznavstvo ta obrobka metalìv 98, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mom2021.02.047.
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The intermediate class of steels, which at room temperature belong to the ferritic state, and at operating temperature pass into the austenitic region, are called steels with control of austenitic transformation during operation. The possibility of increasing the service life of such intermediate steels at high temperatures (above the critical point A3) is shown. For the first time, the cast structure and phase-structural state of steel (grade 4Kh3N5М3F) obtained by electroslag remelting were studied. An improved composition of steel (4Kh4N5М3F) for the production of stamping tools for hot pressing of copper, copper and aluminum alloys is proposed. When setting the critical points (A1 and A3) of the investigated steel, which was confirmed by the results of high-temperature X-ray phase analysis, it was possible to optimize the heat treatment (annealing) of steel 4Kh3N5M3F and 4Kh4N5M4F2 in cast and forged condition, which facilitated processing tool. The results of researches on optimization of modes of heat treatment (hardening, tempering) of steel are given. The mechanical properties (strength, toughness, heat resistance) of steel in cast and forged state depending on the tempering and tempering temperature are determined. The tempering brittleness of the experimental steel is determined. An experimental-industrial test of a stamping tool (die dies, extruder parts) made of the investigated steel was carried out. The possibility of using stamped steel with adjustable austenitic transformation for a wide range of operating temperatures of hot deformation of aluminum alloy AK7h (450-500 ºC), copper M1 (600-630 ºC) and copper-nickel alloy MNZh 5-1 (900-950 ºC) with increased service life in comparison with steels of ferrite class 4Kh5МF1S and 3Kh3М3F. Keywords: die steel, composition, thermal treatment, structure, mechanical properties.
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Semenovskyi, O. Ye, and L. L. Titova. "Optimization of chemical composition of steel for gearweels of agricultural industry engineering." Naukovij žurnal «Tehnìka ta energetika» 11, no. 4 (September 10, 2020): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/machenergy2020.04.123.
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Development of new steels in mechanical engineering to create alloys with predetermined properties that can minimize material and labor costs during their processing. Optimization of the chemical composition of the alloy based on the analysis of the impact of complex alloying on the structure and consequently on the manufacturability of steel. This will reduce the level of internal intensities in the heat treatment process. Based on the analysis of existing trends in mechanical engineering, it is established that the complexity of modern parts of gearweels imposes on the material increasing technological requirements for stamping, machinability, weldability, hardenability, cementation and gouging in the hardening process which explains the need for alloying steel via a certain group of chemical elements. The influence of different compositions of steels for gearweels on the level of internal intensities occurring in parts during heat treatment is studied. The optimal composition of complex-alloyed cementing steel is established.
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Semenchenko, G. V., G. P. Saltykov, S. D. Zinchenko, E. Ya Spevak, M. I. Samsonova, and K. V. Ivanov. "Finishing heat treatment for relay steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 33, no. 10 (October 1991): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00800685.
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Abdullah, Siti Noradila, Norazlianie Sazali, and Ahmad Shahir Jamaludin. "Study on Thickness of Low Carbon Steel in Rapid Cooling Process: A Short Review." Journal of Modern Manufacturing Systems and Technology 4, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmmst.v4i1.3546.
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For any process that engaged with changes of chemical properties and physical is a heat treatment process by cooling or heating a metal. The technique for heat treatment includes, case hardening, annealing, tempering and precipitation strengthening, quenching and tempering. The mechanical properties like hardness, toughness and ductility can be altered by intense heat treating on steel to produce different mechanical properties. This matters with the carbon content in low carbon steel such as mild steel with above 0.4% carbon, in Medium carbon steel with above 0.8% carbon, and in High Carbon Steel with up to 2% carbon content in steels. To change the characteristics of metals and alloys is by heat treatment process where by altering the diffusion and cooling rate within its microstructure to make them suitable for any kind of usage by changing the grain size at different phases and changing the molecular arrangement.
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Jurči, Peter. "History, Developments and Trends in the Heat Treatment of Steel." Materials 13, no. 18 (September 9, 2020): 4003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13184003.
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Ferrous alloys (steels and cast irons) and their heat treatment have attracted a great amount of basic and applied research due to their decisive importance in modern industrial branches such as the automotive, transport and other industries. Heat treatment is always required for these materials, in order to achieve the desired levels of strength, hardness, toughness and ductility. Over the past decades, many advanced heat- and surface-treatment techniques have been developed such as heat treatment in protective atmospheres or in vacuum, sub-zero treatment, laser/electron beam surface hardening and alloying, low-pressure carburizing and nitriding, physical vapour deposition and many others. This diversity of treatment techniques used in industrial applications has spurred a great extent of research efforts focused on the optimized and/or tailored design of processes in order to promote the best possible utilization of material properties. This special journal issue contains a collection of original research articles on not only advanced heat-treatment techniques—carburizing and sub-zero treatments—but also on the microstructure–property relationships in different ferrous alloys.
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Harisha, S. R., Sathya Shankar Sharma, and U. Achutha Kini. "Spheroidize Annealing and Mechanical Property Evaluation of AISI 1040 Steel." Materials Science Forum 909 (November 2017): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.3.
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The importance of medium carbon steels as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of the vast majority of engineering grade ferrous alloys available and used in the market today, a large proportion of them are from the family of medium carbon steels. Typically medium carbon steels have a carbon range of 0.25 to 0.65% by weight, and a manganese content ranging from 0.060 to 1.65% by weight. Medium carbon steels are more resistive to cutting, welding and forming as compared to low carbon steels. From the last two decades a number of research scholars reported the use of veritiy of heat treatments to tailor the properties of medium carbon steels. Spheroidising is the novel industrial heat treatment employed to improve formability and machinability of medium/high carbon low alloy steels. This exclusive study covers procedure, the effects and possible outcomes of various heat treatments on medium carbon steels. The austenite phase present in steel above the critical temperature has the tendency to form variety of non equilibrium phases depending upon the degree of supercooling or cooling rates. The near spherical or curved shaped carbides records least resistance for machining because the blunt cornered shapes are having least free energy with minimum internal stresses. There is a need to formulate the heat treatment process to tailor the characteristics in line with the application. The age old normalizing treatment provides more nucleation sites required for so that finer spheroids are dispersed in the matrix to improve toughness with balanced bulk hardness related properties to improve machinability. In line with requirements, the heat treatment cycle to balance mechanical and microstructural properties of AISI 1040 structural steel is designed. It is observed that lower spheroidizing temperature gives finer spheroids, more in number with better improvement in toughness whereas higher Spheroidization temperature reduces hardness values with lesser spheroid density, accordingly reduces strength and impact resistance. The balanced improvement in properties may be incorporated for metal removal operations to improve productivity and tool life.
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Kanayev, A. T., М. А. Jaxymbetova, and I. М. Kossanova. "QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE YIELD STRESS OF FERRITE-PEARLITIC STEELS BY STRUCTURE PARAMETERS." Series of Geology and Technical Sciences 447, no. 3 (June 15, 2021): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-170x.64.
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In various sectors of the economy, requirements are imposed on the quality of metallurgical products. The event that improves the quality of metallurgical products - thermomechanical treatment (TMT). TMT allows reducing the specific consumption of steel, increasing the service life, reliability and durability of products, which is tantamount to an increase in the volume of finished metal products. The problem of applied materials science is the establishment of a quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of steels and alloys, it underlies the development and creation of new effective ways to improve the operational characteristics of metal products. In the production of long products, (TMT) is increasingly used, which is a combination of two methods of strengthening steels: deformational by plastic deformation and thermal by phase transformations. Revealing the features of the properties of heat-treated steels makes it possible to approach the solution of this problem. The main mechanisms of hardening are solid solution hardening by alloying with relatively cheap alloying elements (Mn, Si) and dislocation and precipitation hardening using hardening heat treatment and microalloying of steel with carbide and nitride-forming elements V (C, N). The article quantifies the approximate contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to the yield stress of carbon and low-alloy steels. For St5ps steel (hot-rolled state), the yield stress is given by solid-solution and grain-boundary hardening (37.4.0% and 28.6%), in low-alloy steel 16G2AF (36.7% and 27.1%), the role of dispersion hardening (28.0%).Thermomechanical treatment of steel grade St.5ps leads to an increase in the value of dislocation hardening up to 27.6% due to an increase in the density of dislocations and the retention of most of the dislocations in the rolled stock during accelerated cooling of hot-deformed austenite.
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Le, Hoang, Cao-Son Nguyen, and Anh-Hoa Bui. "EXPERIMENTAL PROCESSING OF ULTRA-LOW CARBON STEEL USING VACUUM TREATMENT." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 24, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v24i1.1070.
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This paper presents experimental process of ultra-low carbon (ULC) steel using vacuum heat treatment. After adjusting the chemical compositions as desired, the ULC steel was casted into plate, hot-forged and cold-rolled to sheet of 1 mm thickness, finally annealed at 800<sup>o</sup>C. Microstructure, crystalline phase, non-metallic inclusions and mechanical properties of the ULC steels were characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and tensile test. Under argon vacuum atmosphere, decarburization occurred and C contents of the treated steels were reduced to 36 and 40 ppm corresponding to the decarburizing rate of 84.2 and 82.4%, respectively. The vacuum induction melting is thought to accelerate the rate of carbon removal from liquid steel. Electromagnetic force was attributed to promote the decarburization due to increasing the mass transfer coefficient during vacuum treatment. The annealed steels obtained a good combination of the strength and ductility; the total elongations were 45.2 and 42.9 %, while the yield strengths were 199 and 285 MPa, respectively. The results indicated that the ULC steels have only ferrite phase, of which grains size were 30 µm in average. The relative volume of non-metallic inclusions in the ULC steels was calculated as 0.23 vol. %, resulting positive contribution in the mechanical properties.
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Kuroda, Pedro Akira Bazaglia, Fernanda de Freitas Quadros, Mycaela Vieira Nascimento, and Carlos Roberto Grandini. "Development and Characterization of New Ti-25Ta-Zr Alloys for Biomedical Applications." Materials Science Forum 1016 (January 2021): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1016.137.
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This paper deals with the study of the development, structural and microstructural characterization and, selected mechanical properties of Ti-25Ta-50Zr alloy for biomedical applications. The alloy was melted in an arc furnace and various solution heat treatments were performed to analyze the influence of the temperature and time on the structure, microstructure, microhardness and elastic modulus of the samples. The structural and microstructural results, obtained by X-ray diffraction and microscopy techniques, showed that the solution heat treatment performed at high temperatures induces the formation of the β phase, while solution heat treatment performed at low temperatures induces the formation of the α” and ω metastable phases. Regarding the effect of time, samples subjected to heat treatment for 6 hours have only the β phase, indicating that lengthy treatments suppress the α” phase. Regarding the hardness and elastic modulus, the alloy with the α” and ω phases, after treatment performed at a temperature of 500 °C, has a high hardness value and elastic modulus due to the presence of the ω phase that hardens and weakens alloys. The titanium alloys developed in this study have excellent mechanical properties results for use in the orthopedic area, better than many commercial materials such as cp-Ti, stainless steel and Co-Cr alloys.
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Pan, Mei Ci, Xiao Lie Liu, Rong Zou, Jie Huang, and Jia Cai Han. "Study of Heat Treatment Technology on Medium-Carbon-Low-Alloy-Steel Large Hammer Formation of Gradient Performance." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1288.
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In view of the requirements of the heat treatment on low alloy steel large hammer head formation of gradient performance, mainly study the effect of austenitizing temperature on the alloy mechanical properties and organizational . The results show that: austenitizing temperatures have little effection on the experimental alloys hardness but have great effection on toughness. At the austenitizing temperature 820°C, the experimental alloy obtained the high hardness and low toughness by quenching, and obtained high toughness and low hardness by normalizing; The quenched microstructure of the experimental alloy is mainly lath martensite; the microstructure after normalizing is pearlite + a small amount of ferrite.
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Carpio, Marcel, Jessica Calvo, Omar García, Juan Pablo Pedraza, and José María Cabrera. "Heat Treatment Design for a QP Steel: Effect of Partitioning Temperature." Metals 11, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071136.
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Designing a new family of advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs) to develop automotive parts that cover early industry needs is the aim of many investigations. One of the candidates in the 3rd family of AHSS are the quenching and partitioning (QP) steels. These steels display an excellent relationship between strength and formability, making them able to fulfill the requirements of safety, while reducing automobile weight to enhance the performance during service. The main attribute of QP steels is the TRIP effect that retained austenite possesses, which allows a significant energy absorption during deformation. The present study is focused on evaluating some process parameters, especially the partitioning temperature, in the microstructures and mechanical properties attained during a QP process. An experimental steel (0.2C-3.5Mn-1.5Si (wt%)) was selected and heated according to the theoretical optimum quenching temperature. For this purpose, heat treatments in a quenching dilatometry and further microstructural and mechanical characterization were carried out by SEM, XRD, EBSD, and hardness and tensile tests, respectively. The samples showed a significant increment in the retained austenite at an increasing partitioning temperature, but with strong penalization on the final ductility due to the large amount of fresh martensite obtained as well.
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Lee, Myeong Han, Young Chul Shin, and Duk Jae Yoon. "Effect of Heat Treatment Conditions on Tube Hydroforming Characteristics of Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 535-536 (January 2013): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.535-536.275.
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Tube hydroforming is a metal forming technology that utilizes internal pressure and axial compressive loads to generate designed product shapes with complex sections from tubular materials. The tube hydroforming process has been used in the automotive, aircraft, and bicycle industries for many years. With the pursuit of lighter bicycles, aluminum alloys have been utilized as an alternative to steel. To obtain adequate strength, the aluminum alloys should undergo heat treatment processes before being used. However, the mechanical properties of the alloys vary with the tempering conditions. This paper aims to evaluate the effects of tube hydroforming characteristics on different kinds of tempered aluminum alloys. Based on numerical simulations, suitable tube hydroforming processing conditions for each tempered aluminum alloy are suggested.
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Bakhracheva, Yu S. "Combined Methods of Laser Processing of Steel." Solid State Phenomena 284 (October 2018): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.284.242.
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This article examines the influence of laser heat treatment of nitrocementation steel on the phase composition, structure and hardness of surface layers. It is shown that the combined heat treatment of steels – nitrocementation and laser hardening allows to provide high wear resistance of surface layers of steel.
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Kondracki, M., A. Studnicki, and J. Szajnar. "Corrosion Behaviour of Low-Alloyed Cast Steel in Diverse State." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0006.
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Abstract In the paper the results and analysis of corrosion tests were presented for low-alloyed cast steel in as-cast state and after heat treatment operations. Such alloys are applied for heavy loaded parts manufacturing, especially for mining industry. The corrosion test were performed in conditions of high salinity, similar to those occurring during the coal mining. The results have shown, that small changes in chemical composition and the heat treatment influence significantly the corrosion behaviour of studied low-alloyed cast steels.
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Singh, Praveen, Satnam Singh, and Sanchit Mewar. "Processing and characterization of high strength dual-phase steel by two-step intercritical heat treatment process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 233, no. 3 (May 22, 2018): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408918778645.
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A simple approach of two-step intercritical heat treatment has been employed to study the effect of heat treatment on the evolution of microstructures and their effect on the mechanical properties of alloy steel (AISI 1012). The selected steel samples were directly placed in the preheated furnace and were progressively heat treated in two steps, intercritically between the Ac1–Ac3 temperature range. Immediate water quenching (preheated at 30 ℃) was carried out after heat treatment cycles. The processed steels were characterized by examining the X-ray diffraction patterns, microstructures, Vickers microhardness, and tensile strength. The normalized X-ray diffraction results of heat-treated steels revealed the substantial growth in the martenistic phases. The microstructures of heat-treated steel revealed the formation of needle-shape-like structures, which corresponds to the martenistic phase. The increased formation of martenistic phase due to the intercritical heat treatment process improved the overall microhardness (from 188 ± 9 HV of the parent steel to 412 ± 32 HV for 800 ℃ heat-treated steel) up to 2.2 times. The presence of soft and ductile (ferritic and pearlite) phases simultaneously with tough and strong (martenistic) phase allowed the improvement in the ultimate tensile strength. In comparison to parent steel with tensile strength of 510 ± 15 MPa, the intercritical heat treatment steel at 800 ℃ revealed 169.6% higher tensile strength of 1375 ± 35 MPa. However, percentage elongation was reduced by 60%, i.e. from 13 ± 1% for parent steel to 5.2 ± 2% of intercritical heat treatment steel (processed at 800 ℃). An overall study revealed that by a proper intercritical heat treatment process, dual-phase steels with better structure–properties correlation can be obtained for industrial applications.
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Zherebtsov, S. N., and B. E. Lopaev. "Heat Treatment of Centrifugally Cast Electroslag Steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 47, no. 9-10 (September 2005): 470–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11041-006-0013-2.
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Leonidov, V. M., Yu A. Berezkin, and �. V. Nikitenko. "Preliminary heat treatment of 4KhM2Fch die steel." Metal Science and Heat Treatment 27, no. 11 (November 1985): 848–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00699500.
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Anderson, Melissa, Javad Gholipour, Florent Bridier, Philippe Bocher, Mohammad Jahazi, Jean Savoie, and Priti Wanjara. "IMPROVING THE FORMABILITY OF STAINLESS STEEL 321 THROUGH MULTISTEP DEFORMATION FOR HYDROFORMING APPLICATIONS." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 37, no. 1 (March 2013): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2013-0003.
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Tube hydroforming (THF) is a well established process in the automotive industry and its application is being extended to the aerospace for manufacturing complex geometries. However, most of the alloys used in aerospace are high in strength and low in formability, which renders the application of THF more challenging. The objective of this paper is to present a method to increase the formability of an austenitic stainless steel. A multistep forming process was simulated through interrupted uniaxial tensile testing experiments to study the influence of the latter process on formability. The tensile test was divided into several deformation steps with a stress relief heat treatment after each forming step. The results indicated that the application of intermediate heat treatments considerably increased the formability of the stainless steel 321 alloy (SS321). Microstructure evolution as a function of deformation or heat treatment parameters was also investigated and revealed the formation of strain-induced martensite after the first deformation and heat treatment cycle without any deleterious effect on formability enhancement.
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Nasiri, Z., and H. Mirzadeh. "Spheroidization heat treatment and intercritical annealing of low carbon steel." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 55, no. 3 (2019): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb180813033n.
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Spheroidization annealing of low carbon steel and its effects on the microstructure and mechanical properties of dual phase (DP) steel were studied. It was revealed that the reduction in strength and hardness of the quenched martensitic microstructure was much more pronounced compared to the fully annealed ferritic-pearlitic banded microstructure with spheroidizing time. This was related to the confinement of spheroidized carbide particles to distinct bands in the latter, and the uniform dispersion of carbides and high-temperature tempering of martensite in the former. During intercritical annealing of the spheroidized microstructures, the tendency to obtain martensite particles as discrete islands was observed. This, in turn, resulted in an inferior strength-ductility balance compared to the DP steel obtained from the intercritical annealing of martensite, which negated the usefulness of the spheroidized microstructures as the initial microstructures for the processing of DP steels.
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Kalinina, Nataliya, Vasiliy Kalinin, and Ivannа Serzhenko. "Studying the effect of heat treatment modes on corrosion resistance of welded joints." Bulletin of Kharkov National Automobile and Highway University, no. 94 (December 16, 2021): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.30977/bul.2219-5548.2021.94.0.23.
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Welded joints with corrosion-resistant steels and heat-resistant alloys, which require different modes of heat treatment to achieve the level of mechanical properties specified in the design documentation, are used for the manufacture of parts and components of the turbo-pumping unit (TPU) and liquid rocket engine. Heat-resistant alloys are a large group of alloys on iron, nickel and cobalt bases with the addition of chromium and other alloying elements (C, V, Mo, Nb, W, Ti, Al, B, etc.), whose main feature is to maintain high strength at high and cryogenic temperatures. Heat-resistant alloys are used in the manufacture of many parts of gas turbines in rocketry and jet aircraft, stationary gas turbines, the pumping of oil and gas, hydrogenation of fuel in metallurgical furnaces and many other installations. For the doping of nickel chromium γ-solid solution, several elements are used, which differently influence the increase of heat resistance and processability. Along with the main reinforcing elements (Ti, Al), refractory elements (W, Mo, Nb) are introduced into the alloy, which increase the thermal stability of the solid solution. Heat resistant alloys are based on cobalt. Cobalt has a positive effect on the heat-resistant properties of alloys. The introduction of chromium in cobalt increases its heat resistance and hardness. In addition to chromium, alloys containing cobalt include additives of other alloying elements that improve their various properties at high temperatures. A characteristic feature of these alloys is that they have relatively low heat resistance characteristics at moderate temperatures, which, however, change a little with the temperature up to 900 ° C and therefore become quite high compared to the characteristics of other heat-resistant alloys. A significant drawback of these alloys is their high cost due to the costly cobalt. Nickel-based heat-resistant alloys typically have a complex chemical composition. It includes 12–13 components, carefully balanced to obtain the required properties. The content of impurities such as silicon (Si), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) is also controlled. The content of elements such as selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), lead (Pb) and bismuth (Bi) should be negligible, which is provided by the selection of charge materials with low content of these elements, because it is not possible to get rid of them during melting. These alloys typically contain 10–12 % chromium (Cr), up to 8% aluminum (Al) and titanium (Ti), 5–10 % cobalt (Co), as well as small amounts of boron (B), zirconium (Zr) and carbon (C). Molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and hafnium (Hf) are sometimes added. Heat-resistant alloys are used for the production of many parts of gas turbines in rocketry and jet aircrafts, stationary gas turbines, for pumping oil and gas products, for hydrogenation of fuel in metallurgical furnaces and in many other installations. Nickel-based heat-resistant alloys are also cryogenic, i.e., they are capable of operating and retaining mechanical properties at very low temperatures (–100 °C to –269 °C). Such alloys are chromium-nickel alloys having an austenitic structure. Not only do they have good mechanical properties that do not change over a large temperature range (–200 °C to 900 °C), they can also work in corrosive environments. Nickel-based heat-resistant alloys typically have a complex chemical composition. It includes 12–13 components, carefully balanced to obtain the required properties. Welded and combined workpieces are made of separate components that are interconnected by various welding methods. Welded and combined blanks greatly simplify the creation of complex configuration designs. Improper workpiece design or incorrect welding technology can cause defects (grooves, porosity, internal stresses) that are difficult to correct by machining. Given that finding replacements with multiple materials, working them out in production, and investigating interconnectivity during thermal forces in a product can take considerable time and money, it would be best to replace one alloy. Unifying the material used would allow the structure to work as a whole, which would increase the manufacturability of the products. After examining the different replacement options, inconel 718 was selected for the study. Studies of welded specimens of inconel 718 alloy-stainless steel for resistance to the ICC have shown that it is not appropriate to use welded inconel 718 for the impeller, it is advisable to use material that would ensure uninterrupted operation in a corrosive environment at cryogenic temperatures. Based on the working conditions of the parts, it is most expedient to make it from heat-resistant chromium-nickel alloys, namely, from float inconel 718 which meets the necessary strength characteristics. The recommended soldering mode is heating up to 950 ± 10 oC, holding for 30 minutes from the moment of loading into the oven, cooling to 3000C with the oven, further in the air, since it has less influence on the corrosion resistance of steels in stainless steel joints. Quality control of inconel 718 alloy by GOST methods similar to that used for the control of X67MBHT type alloys showed the results similar to those obtained by the ASTM and AMS control methods.
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Dyachkova, L. N. "Influence of heat treatment on the structure and properties of pseudo-alloy steel – copper alloy obtained by infiltration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Physical-Technical Series 67, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8358-2022-67-1-27-38.
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The paper presents the results of studies of the effect of heat treatment regimes on changes in the structure and properties of steel-copper alloy pseudo-alloys obtained by infiltration. It is shown that, depending on the composition and initial density of the steel skeleton, the strength of the material increases by 1.3–1.8 times, the hardening effect is realized when the carbon content in the steel skeleton is 0.3–1.5 % and is achieved due to changes in the structure and phase composition of the steel base and copper phase. It has been established that during heating for quenching and during tempering, redistribution of carbon occurs in the iron phase, which is more pronounced in the frame of the pseudo-alloy made of medium-carbon steel. The formation of a “crust” structure in the grains of the skeleton is noted, while in the skeleton made of medium-carbon steel this occurs at a tempering temperature of 200 °C, in low-carbon steel – at a temperature of 500–650 °C. In a high-carbon steel skeleton, carbon stratification in the grain body is less pronounced. An increase in the strength of pseudo-alloys at tempering temperatures of 500–650 °C is associated with the formation of the α′-phase, the precipitation of the Fe3C carbide phase and the metastable Fe2C phase in the iron phase, as well as the precipitation of dispersed phases Fe4Cu3, Fe4Cu3, η-Cu6Sn5 and δ-Cu3Sn8 in the copper phase. Due to the precipitation of phases, the microhardness of the infiltrate in the form of copper in pseudo-alloys after tempering at 550 °C increased from 820–880 to 950–980 MPa, in the form of tin bronze – from 1450 to 1750 MPa. The use of heat treatment leads to an increase not only in the strength, but also in the tribotechnical properties of the pseudo-alloy: the friction coefficient of the pseudo-alloy with a frame of 80 % density made of FeC0.8 steel decreases to 0.008–0.009, the seizure pressure doubles and the wear resistance increases by more than 2.5 times.
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Tsvetkova, E. V., K. O. Bazaleeva, I. S. Chekin, O. G. Klimova-Korsmik, and A. S. Zhidkov. "Nitriding of steels of various structural classes manufactured by laser additive technologies." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-1-63-70.
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The authors have conducted a comparative analysis of diffusion layers of steels of various structural classes manufactured by complex technology including laser remelting of powder material and plasma nitriding. Parameters of diffusion layers of bainitic steel (Fe – 0.09 % C – 1 % Cr – 2 % Ni – 1 % Mo – 1 % Cu) and martensitic steel (Fe – 0.25 % C – 13 % Cr – 2 % Ni) manufactured by direct laser deposition (DLD) and austenitic steel (Fe – 0.03 % C – 17 % Cr – – 14 % Ni – 3 % Mo) manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) were investigated. During plasma nitriding at 540 °C for 24 h of martensitic and austenitic steels, diffusion layer of 140 – 160 μm was formed, additionally maximum microhardness of surface layer was 800 HV0.1 and 1050 HV0.1 and it is almost constant on thickness of 100 μm. Diffusing layer of bainitic steel is 900 μm and its microhardness monotonously decreases from the surface. Reinforcing phases of nitrided layer were determined by X-ray analysis: γ′ (Fe4N) is fixed in the bainitic steel, γ′ and CrN are fixed in martensitic and austenitic steels. Moreover on the surface of austenitic steel solid nitrided layer is formed. The influence of heat treatment after laser remelting of powder material was also studied. It was determined, that despite decreasing of crystal structure defects after heat treatment, the thickness of nitrided layer changes slightly. Also the authors have investigated the influence of porosity of austenitic steel on the thickness of nitrided layer. It was shown, that porosity of 0.5 – 2.0 % doesn’t result in changing of diffusion layer’s thickness.
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Nyamuchiwa, Kudakwashe, Yuan Tian, Kanwal Chadha, You Liang He, and Clodualdo Aranas Jr. "Interfacial Properties of Additively Manufactured M789 Steel on Wrought N709 Alloy." Defect and Diffusion Forum 421 (December 22, 2022): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6kpo4z.
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An additively manufactured M789 steel was deposited on wrought precipitation-hardening N709 steel to form a hybrid alloy using the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) process. After tensile testing, failure in the as-printed (AP) state was detected in the M789 section with a peak strength of 1019 MPa, consistent with the nanoindentation measurement across the M789-N709 interface. The application of heat treatment of the hybrid alloy shifted the failure zone to the N709 alloy with a peak strength of 1600 MPa. The high strength of M789 after heat treatment was due to the formation of the η-phase during aging. A robust metallurgical bond was successfully formed between the two alloys since the fracture did not occur in the interface for both the AP and heat treated (HT) states during tensile testing.
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Pumpyanskii, D. A., I. Yu Pyshmintsev, S. M. Bityukov, M. A. Gervas’ev, and A. A. Gusev. "Features of microstructure, phase composition and strengthening capability of stainless steels with 13 – 17 % Cr." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 65, no. 9 (October 2, 2022): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2022-9-644-653.
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The paper considers the study of the features of structure and phase transformations in high-strength, resistant to carbon dioxide corrosion, complex alloyed steels of martensitic, austenitic-martensitic and martensitic-ferritic classes with 13 – 17 % Cr. Influence of the alloying on crystallization and solid state phase transformations was revealed in the temperature range of hot deformation and heat treatment using thermodynamic modeling and experimental study. The effect of quenching temperature on the phase composition and microstructure was analyzed as a result of X-ray diffraction phase analysis, optical and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that increase of nickel content leads to growth of retained austenite fraction resulting in significant decrease of yield strength along with high tensile strength and elongation. To obtain predominantly martensitic microstructure in martensitic-austenitic steel, the multistage heat treatment is proposed including quenching, intermediate annealing for precipitation of dispersed carbides and tempering forming final mechanical properties. The composition of precipitated carbides was evaluated by X-ray microanalysis. The results of the tensile test for steels with martensitic and martensitic-ferritic microstructure showed that required strength grade (σ0.65 ≥ 862 MPa; σв ≥ 931 MPa) was reached after heat treatment including quenching and tempering. Multistage heat treatment including quenching, intermediate annealing and final tempering was resulted in required strength properties of high-nickel martensitic-austenitic steel with 15 % Cr.
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Matjeke, Velaphi Jeffrey, Josias Willem van der Merwe, and Nontuthuzelo Lindokuhle Vithi. "Determination of Critical Transformation Temperatures for the Optimisation of Spring Steel Heat Treatment Processes." Metals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071014.
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Bogie spring performance can be improved by using the exact heat treatment process parameters. The purpose of the study is to determine the critical transformation temperatures and investigate the effect of the cooling rates on microstructural and mechanical properties. The precise determination of the required cooling rates for the particular grade of steel is important in order to optimise the heat treatment process of heavy-duty compression helical spring manufacturing. A traditional heat treatment system for the manufacture of hot coiled springs requires heating the steel to homogenize austenite; then, it is decomposed to martensite by rapid cooling. By analyzing the transition properties by heating and differing cooling rates, this analysis examines the thermal behaviour of high strength spring steel. Using the dilatometer and differential scanning calorimeter, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, and hardness checking, critical transition temperatures and cooling rates of three springs steels were measured. Although the thermal transformation of materials has been researched for decades using dilatometers, not all materials have been characterized. The research offers insights into the critical transformation temperatures for the defined grades of spring steel and the role of cooling rates in the material’s properties. Mechanical properties are influenced by the transition data obtained from the dilatometric analysis.
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Böhle, S. I., V. Strobl, J. Lechleitner, and R. Schnitzer. "Duplex Heat Treatment of a Precipitation Hardening Carburising Steel." HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials 77, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 197–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htm-2022-1006.
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Abstract This article reports the microstructural development of a molybdenum and copper alloyed steel by different thermochemical heat treatments for gears and shafts in automotive applications. The case hardening is compared to a duplex heat treatment consisting of carburising, ageing and plasma nitriding. This study evaluates the microstructure, the surface hardness and hardness profiles. For all applied heat treatment routes, the ageing conditions have a minor influence on the case and core hardness compared to the influence of the carbon concentration. Retained austenite fractions decreased to < 5 % in all duplex heat-treated samples without cryogenic treatment. Material characterisation with optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicate unwanted phases of nitrogen and carbon-rich precipitates at the grain boundaries after duplex heat treatment. Therefore, the sequence of duplex heat treatment is changed to carburising followed by solely plasma nitriding where the unwanted precipitates are detected only up to a depth of 15‒20 μm from the compound layer.
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George, Rahul, Manoj Samson R, Keshav Ottoor, and Geethapriyan T. "The Effects of Heat Treatment on The Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of EN19 Steel Alloy." International Journal of Materials Science and Engineering 6, no. 2 (June 2018): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17706/ijmse.2018.6.2.56-66.
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Deineko, L. M., A. Yu Borysenko, A. О. Taranenko, T. O. Zaitseva, and N. S. Romanova. "Features of the ferrite-bainite structure low-alloy low-carbon steel after heat hardening and subsequent tempering." Physical Metallurgy and Heat Treatment of Metals, no. 2 (93) (June 9, 2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30838/j.pmhtm.2413.270421.33.739.
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Problem statement. In recent decades, there has been a tendency to increase the mechanical properties of low-carbon, low-alloyed steel plate iron by using controlled rolling or hardening heat treatment of finished steel parts. At the same time, for welded parts, the most suitable is a metal having a ferrite-bainite (or bainite) structure. The work investigated the features of the ferrite-bainite structure of low-carbon and low-alloyed steel 15ХСНД for the production of connecting pipeline parts. Purpose of the article. To establish the laws of formation of a ferritic-bainitic structure in low-carbon low-alloy steels depending on the parameters of heat treatment. Determine the effect of heat treatment parameters on the properties of the connecting parts of pipelines made of these steels. Conclusion. The regularities of the influence of heat treatment parameters on the structure, mechanical properties and topography of fractures of impact samples of 15ХСНД steel with a ferrite-bainitic structure are established. Keywords: stamped-welded connecting parts of man pipelines; heat treatment; microstructure; bainite;mechanical properties; fractography
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Digheche, Keltoum, Zakaria Boumerzoug, Malika Diafi, and Khawla Saadi. "INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENTS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF WELDED API X70 PIPELINE STEEL." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i1.879.
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<p class="AMSmaintext"><span lang="EN-GB">Welding is one of the most important technological processes used in many branches of industry such us industrial engineering, shipbuilding, pipeline fabrication among others. Generally, welding is the preferred joining method and most common steel are weldable. This investigation is a contribution to some scientific works which have been done on welding of low carbon steel. This work, presents some heat treatments were used to alter the microstructure of base metal (BM), heat affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM) in the welded pipe steel of grade API X70. It presents the microstructures obtained after three heat treatments at 200°C, 400°C and 600°C for 30 min. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction have been used as characterization techniques to observe the WM microstructures, in addition the Vickers hardness test are also achieved. The results revealed that the isothermal heat treatment caused grain growth and coarsening reactions in the weld zone and the hardness of weld joints decreased were the main transformations after increasing the temperature of the heat treatment. </span></p>
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Kim, Sung Joon. "Effects of Manganese Content and Heat Treatment Condition on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fine-Grained Low Carbon TRIP-Aided Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3313.
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The mechanical properties and microstructures of alternative low carbon TRIP-aided steels in which manganese contents mediate between conventional low-alloyed TRIP-aided steels and TWIP steel have been investigated. A variety of microstructures, from a single austenite phase to multiple phase mixtures, was attained according to chemical compositions as well as heat treatment schedule. By means of reverse transformation of martensite combined with controlled annealing, a remarkable grain refinement being responsible for stabilization of austenite could be achieved. In case of the duplex (+ ) microstructures in 6Mn and 7Mn alloys, large amount of retained austenite more than 30 % contributed to substantial improvement of ductility compared to the conventional TRIP-aided steels having similar tensile strength level. In nearly single austenitic 13Mn alloy, the annealed sheet steel exhibited high tensile strength of 1.3 GPa with sufficient ductility due to the stain induced martensite transformation of fine grained austenite.
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Harisha, S. R., Sathyashankara Sharma, U. Achutha Kini, and M. C. Gowri Shankar. "Study on Spheroidization and Related Heat Treatments of Medium Carbon Alloy Steels." MATEC Web of Conferences 144 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814402008.
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The importance of medium carbon steels as engineering materials is reflected by the fact that out of the vast majority of engineering grade ferrous alloys available and used in the market today, a large proportion of them are from the family of medium carbon steels. Typically medium carbon steels have a carbon range of 0.25 to 0.65% by weight, and a manganese content ranging from 0.060 to 1.65% by weight. Medium carbon steels are more resistive to cutting, welding and forming as compared to low carbon steels. From the last two decades a number of research scholars reported the use of verity of heat treatments to tailor the properties of medium carbon steels. Spheroidizing is the novel industrial heat treatment employed to improve formability and machinability of medium/high carbon low alloy steels. This exclusive study covers procedure, the effects and possible outcomes of various heat treatments on medium carbon steels. In the present work, other related heat treatments like annealing and special treatments for property alterations which serve as pretreatments for spheroidizing are also reviewed. Medium carbon steels with property alterations by various heat treatment processes are finding increased responsiveness in transportation, aerospace, space, underwater along with other variegated fields. Improved tribological and mechanical properties consisting of impact resistance, stiffness, abrasion and strength are the main reasons for the increased attention of these steels in various industries. In the present scenario for the consolidation of important aspects of various heat treatments and effects on mechanical properties of medium carbons steel, a review of different research papers has been attempted. This review may be used as a guide to provide practical data for heat treatment industry, especially as a tool to enhance workability and tool life.
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Tran, Xuan Thi, Toai Dinh Vu, and Khanh Quoc Dang. "Numerical simulation of the heat treatment process for 100Cr6 steel." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 23, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.12776/ams.v23i3.980.
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<p class="AMSmaintext1"><span lang="EN-GB">The success of quenching process depended heavily on the suitable choice of a quenching media. In this work, a numerical simulation of the process of quenching C-ring sample of 100Cr6 steel was discussed. The results showed an overview of the phase transformation, residual stress, distortion and hardness on the specimen throughout quenching process to the end. The simulation results also revealed that the sample is not cracked and the highest residual stress located on the inner and outer at the bottom edge of the C-ring with C-ring model being quenched in PVP-12 solution. At the same time, the obtained hardness was qualified the working requirements.</span></p>
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Morri, Alessandro, Lorella Ceschini, and Simone Messieri. "Effect of Different Heat Treatments on Tensile Properties and Unnotched and Notched Fatigue Strength of Cold Work Tool Steel Produced by Powder Metallurgy." Metals 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12060900.
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The present study investigates the effect of two heat treatments on the microstructure, the tensile and the fatigue properties of a powder metallurgy tool steel that has undergone two heat treatments: quenching and multiple tempering (conventional for powder metallurgy tool steel), and quenching and multiple tempering with an intermediate cryogenic step at −80 °C (new solution). The findings of the research indicated that the new heat treatment promotes the development of a homogeneous distribution of carbides in the martensitic matrix, with an increase of about 10% in tensile strength and about 7% in elongation to failure. This combination of exceptional strength with a high degree of toughness leads to an improvement in the fatigue behaviour of the steel, which exhibits a higher unnotched and notched fatigue strength (about 15% and 25% respectively) and a lower fatigue notch factor (about 15%) compared to conventionally heat-treated steel. These results highlight that the powder metallurgy tool steel, with the new heat treatment, could be a viable option for the production not only of tools and dies, but also for high-performance automotive components, including even those with complex geometries, such as camshafts or crankshafts.
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Hosseini, Shabnam, and Mohammad Bagher Limooei. "Iterative Taguchi Analysis: Optimizing the Grain Boundary Carbide in Hadfield Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.38.
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Manganese steel (Hadfield) is one of the important alloys in industry due to its special properties. High work hardening ability with appropriate toughness and ductility are the properties that caused this alloy to be used in wear resistance parts and in high strength condition. Heat treatment is the main process through which the desired mechanical properties and microstructures are obtained in Hadfield steel. Iterations of Taguchi designed experiments and analysis were used to determine optimum heat treatment for minimizing grain boundary carbide content in Hadfield steel. Experimental variable chosen for this study included austenitizing temperature and time and rate of quenching. The austenitizing temperature and the cooling rate by changing in quenched solution were seen to have the greatest influence on carbide content in Hadfield steel.
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Radu, Tamara, A. Ciocan, L. Balint, and O. Mitoseriu. "Surface Protection of the Steel Sheet with Zn-Fe Alloys." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 985–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.985.
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The Zn-Fe layers are recommended in automotive industry and in the adders for the following qualities: a better weldability than the zinc-coated plates, very good capacities for painting and lacquer wear resistance, good adherence, lower zinc consumption by layer thickness below 100g/m2. Important transformation of phases takes place during heating of galvanized parts due to mass transfer iron in the zinc layer and Zn-Fe alloy is formed. Galvanized steel samples were heated 10-30 sec. at 500-650oC. Heat treated samples were metallographic ally examined and X- ray diffraction tested with a view to establish structural and chemical composition change due to heat treatment. As a result of microscopic examination (both optical and electronic) and X-ray diffraction testing in coating layer were detected phase ratio changes, according to heat treatment parameters. Considering that the physico-chemical and mechanical properties differ for the two phases and phase ratio is to decide the properties of the product; these structural changes are of great importance in practice. The desirable coating would be a Zn-Fe coating with 8-10% Fe (according to some authors, up to 12% Fe), with a structure consisting mainly of phase and a small quantity of phase. The mathematical correlation between diffusion phenomena occurring in layer, depending on temperature and time of heat treatment, and iron content of coating are presented.
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Ponnusamy, Muruganantham, S. Suresh Pungaiah, M. Senthil Prabhu, B. R. Ramji, Y. Srinivas, and Selvakumar Periyasamy. "Importance of Hardening Effect and Its Analysis on Diametrical Fractured Ends of Tensile Testing of Al and Steel." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (July 15, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8579749.
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The hardening effect varies deliberately to elevate the properties of alloy specimens either in ferrous or nonferrous materials. The cup and cone fracture theory explains the effect of hardening through heat treatment of the specimen. The hardening effects are imposed on the specimen by the furnace heating and hot pressing method. The neck formation and the elongation levels are evaluated and compared for both heat-treated and non-heat-treated specimens of steel and aluminum alloys. The simulation tools are used to predict the compressive and elongation levels by obtaining the stresses and deflections at various nodal points. The suitable heat treatment was indicated by the single or twice method of heat adoption over the steel and aluminum specimens. The fracture analysis and experimental results are compared among the hardened or non-heat-treated specimens.
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Klimova-Korsmik, Olga, Gleb Turichin, Ruslan Mendagaliyev, Sergey Razorenov, Gennady Garkushin, Andrey Savinykh, and Rudolf Korsmik. "High-Strain Deformation and Spallation Strength of 09CrNi2MoCu Steel Obtained by Direct Laser Deposition." Metals 11, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11081305.
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In this work, the critical fracture stresses during spalling of high-strength steel 09CrNi2MoCu samples obtained by direct laser deposition (DLD) were measured under shock compression of up to ~5.5 GPa. The microstructure and mechanical properties of DLD steel samples in the initial state and after heat treatment were studied and compared to traditional hot rolled one. The microstructural features of steel before and after heat treatment were revealed. The heat treatment modes of the deposit specimens on their strength properties under both static and dynamic loads have been investigated. The spall strength of the deposited specimens is somewhat lower than the strength of steel specimens after hot rolling regardless of their heat treatment. The minimum elastic limit of elasticity is exhibited by the deposit specimens. After heat treatment of the deposit samples, the elastic limit increases and approximately doubles. Subsequent heat treatment in the form of hardening and tempering allows obtaining strength properties under Hugoniot loads in traditional hot-rolled products.
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Kang, Moonseok, Minha Park, Byoungkoo Kim, Hyoung Chan Kim, Jong Bae Jeon, Hyunmyung Kim, Chang Yong Choi, Hee Sang Park, Se-Hun Kwon, and Byung Jun Kim. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Steel for in Hot Forging Products." Metals 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2021): 768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11050768.
Full textAbstract:
High-strength steel is widely used in hot forging products for application to the oil and gas industry because it has good mechanical properties under severe environment. In order to apply to the extreme environment industry requiring high temperature and high pressure, heat treatments such as austenitizing, quenching and tempering are required. The microstructure of high-strength steel after heat treatment has various microstructures such as Granular Bainite (GB), Acicular Ferrite (AF), Bainitic Ferrite (BF), and Martensite (M) depending on the heat treatment conditions and cooling rate. Especially in large forged products, the difference in microstructure occurs due to the difference in the forging ratio depending on the location and the temperature gradient according to the thickness during post-heat treatment. Therefore, this study attempted to quantitatively analyze various phases of F70 high-strength steel according to the austenitizing temperature and hot forging ratio using the existing EBSD analysis method. In addition, the correlation between microstructure and mechanical properties was investigated through various phase analysis and fracture behavior of high-strength steel. We found that various microstructures of strength steel depend on the austenitizing temperature and hot forging ratio, and influence the mechanical properties and fracture behavior.
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Ivaschenko, Valery, Gennady Shvachych, Maryna Sazonova, Olena Zaporozhchenko, and Volodymyr Khristyan. "METALS HEAT TREATMENT MODEL." Modern Problems of Metalurgy, no. 23 (March 27, 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/1991-7848.2020.01.05.
Full textAbstract:
This paper considers the problem of developing a model of thermal metal processing by multiprocessor computing systems. The obtained metal is used for high-strength fasteners manufactured by cold forging method without final heat treatment. The model is based on the heat treatment method of a billet from low- and medium-carbon steels intended for cold heading. The model aims at improving technological properties of a billet by ensuring high dispersion and uniformity of a billet structure across the entire plane of its cross-section.Implementation of the proposed model ensures the technical result of high dispersion and uniformity of the structure of the billet. The technological process of steel heat treatment is characterized by high performance, low power consumption, and improved performance characteristics. The apparatus for implementation of the spheroidization annealing regime determines the uniform distribution of cementite globules in the ferrite matrix, which means that it provides the necessary mechanical properties of the metal for its further cold deformation. The multiprocessor computing system software allows controlling the temperature conditions, both on the entire plane of the billet section, and across its length. Such temperature conditions are controlled in the center of the plane of the billet cross-section.Experimental studies of the heat treatment of metal products were conducted. In order to test the functions of the proposed model, several experiments were performed when a 20 mm diameter wire from 20G2G steel was subjected to heat treatment. Experimental studies have shown that metal has the necessary elasticity properties, saving the required hardness.
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Vasconcelos, Patricia, Adam Giessmann, João Dias-de-Oliveira, and António Andrade-Campos. "Heat Treatments Analysis of Steel Using Coupled Phase Field and Finite Element Methods." Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (May 2014): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.117.
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Steels are known for their remarkable mechanical properties being extensively used in industry. Furthermore, phase transformations in metals and alloys, particularly in steels, are widely studied due to their importance. The understanding of the microstructure evolution in this type of materials is vital to reproduce the thermomechanical behaviour and to create new materials. To analyse the thermomechanical behaviour of steel during phase transition of steels, a phase field model was coupled with a finite element model in order to simulate the heat treatment and microstructure evolution of austenite to pearlite/ferrite. The thermoelastoplastic constitutive equations for each phase were implemented through a user routine in commercial FE software. This procedure presents a more quantitative understanding of the phase transformation in steels and a deeper comprehension of the mechanical behaviour of these materials when subject to heat treatments.
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Anil Kumar, V., M. K. Karthikeyan, R. K. Gupta, P. Ramkumar, and M. Uday Prakash. "Heat Treatment Studies on 50CrV4 Spring Steel." Materials Science Forum 830-831 (September 2015): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.830-831.139.
Full textAbstract:
50CrV4 spring steel is a tough, shock resisting, shallow hardening chromium vanadium steel having high fatigue and impact resistance in the heat treated condition. It is used extensively in gears, pinions, springs, shafts, axles, pins, bolts, etc., which require high modulus of resilience. The alloy was realised through conventional melt route of electric arc furnace (EAF) followed by ESR. The application of the alloy is limited to a section thickness of 15mm [1]. Hence obtaining optimum mechanical properties becomes a challenging task. In this study, the hardening as well as tempering operations were limited to 15mm thickness. The samples from the alloy were subjected to hardening at 860°C for 1.25 h. and oil quenching to room temperature followed by tempering at four different temperatures of 250, 300, 370 & 450°C for 3 h. each with oil quenching to room temperature. It was found that the alloy exhibited good combination of strength and ductility when tempered at 450°C. Microstructural study revealed the presence of fine tempered lath martensite along with the presence of a very small amount of delta ferrite along prior austenitic grain boundaries.