Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Steam recovery'
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1
Al-Abbasi, Adel. "Steam-flood modelling." Thesis, University of Bath, 1988. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383305.
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Jansson, Johan. "Economical optimization of steam data for recovery boilers." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-144328.
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Pulp and paper mills are high power consuming industries. Pulp and integrated mills produce power via steam turbines in recovery boilers. Due to high power prices and the fact that biomass combusted in the recovery boiler is considered as green energy, there is today a desire to always increase the power generation when investing in new recovery boilers. In order to increase power output from the steam turbine the steam data (i.e temperature and pressure) needs to be increased. With higher steam temperature follows a higher risk of corrosion due to the non process element potassium in the boiler fuel. The uncertainties of high temperature corrosion and the unpredictable environment in the furnace makes it difficult to design recovery boilers. This results in higher investment cost and could lead to less profit for the mill buying the boiler. The question then stands whether the revenue obtained from the higher power generation, is higher than the investment made for the upgrade in order to produce the higher steam data over a certain time. And more specifically what steam data will be the most economical, when comparing revenue from power generation with investment cost? In this study, together with ÅF Industry AB, four boilers with different steam data (Boiler A: 38.5 bar, 450°C; Boiler B: 92 bar, 480°C; Boiler C: 106 bar, 500°C; Boiler D: 115 bar, 515°C) were compared. The boilers were compared for four potassium levels: 1.0wt%, 1.5wt%, 2.5wt%, 3.5wt%. And two values of power were used, 300 SEK/MWh and 700 SEK/MWh. The marginal differences between the boilers were: the amount of material used in the superheaters in order to produce different steam data; the type of material used in the superheaters and the furnace; whether an ash-treatment system was needed (in order to purge potassium from the process); the turbines and generators; whether a feed water demineralization equipment was needed; the yearly cost for make-up chemicals (due to usage of an ash-treatment system) and the amount of power generated. The boilers investment cost and net yearly revenue were compared in order to determine the marginal pay-off in years. The most economical choice of boiler for the different potassium levels for 300 SEK/MWh: 1.0wt%, Boiler D; 1.5wt%, Boiler C; 2.5wt%, Boiler B; 3.5wt%, Boiler D (A). And for 700 SEK/MWh: 1.0wt%, Boiler D; 1.5wt%, Boiler C; 2.5wt%, Boiler D (B); 3.5wt%, Boiler D. The conclusion in this thesis was that the deciding factor is whether the boiler is in need of an ash-treatment system. Higher steam data is preferable as long as ash-treatment can be avoided. However, when comparing two boilers with ash-treatment the one with higher steam data is more feasible. Low steam data, such as boiler A, will never be feasible, regardless of potassium level and value of power.
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Stuart, Paul R. (Paul René). "Kraft black liquor recovery usiung steam plasma technology." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70341.
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The objective of this study was to examine the possibility of producing white liquor directly from kraft black liquor using a single stage plasma reactor. An Atomized Suspension Technique Reactor was designed in which a fine spray of concentrated black liquor was fed co-currently with a jet of high-temperature steam, generated using plasma technology. The pilot scale reactor processed up to 23 kg/h black liquor solids on a dry basis during the experimental programme.The most successful experiment simulated the case where the product gas from the plasma reactor would be recycled and used as the plasma gas. A high quality green liquor was produced: over 99% of the black liquor carbon was gasified, over 99% of the total sulphur was reduced to Na$ sb2$S, and near-complete sulphur recovery was achieved.
It is postulated that white liquor similar to that obtained in the conventional kraft recovery process would form in a plasma reactor following certain reactor modification including the elimination of alumina-containing refractory walls and the recycle of reactor effluent gases.
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Mokhber, A. R. "The steam drive process in enhanced oil recovery." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381691.
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Chen, Hung-Lung. "Analytical modeling of thermal oil recovery by steam stimulation and steamflooding /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1987. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/8725094.
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Nesse, Thomas. "Experimental comparison of hot water/propane injection to steam/propane injection for recovery of heavy oil." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1390.
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Generating enough heat to convert water into steam is a major expense for projects that inject steam into reservoirs to enhance hydrocarbon recovery. If the temperature of the injected fluid is lowered this expense would be reduced. In the past, attempts have been made to inject hot water instead of steam. The results have all been rather poor, the major problem being low sweep efficiency. The hot water just doesnt enhance oil recovery enough. Adding propane to the steam injected in the reservoir lowers the boiling point of the light to intermediate hydrocarbon fractions, upgrading the oil and reducing viscosity. The goal of this investigation is to see if the same effects could be achieved when adding propane to hot water making it a lower cost option for an injection operation. Results conclude that you need steam to achieve satisfactory recovery. These results reflect differences in heat injected by steam compared to that of hot water. Steam has a more penetrating effect, shooting into the reservoir where the hot water moves more slowly forward. The propane just doesnt seem to have the same accelerating effect when used with water as it does when used with steam.
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Horkeby, Kristofer. "Simulation of Heat Recovery Steam Generator in a Combined Cycle Power Plant." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för systemteknik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-75836.
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This thesis covers the modelling of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) in a Combined Cycle Power Plant(CCPP). This kind of power plant has become more and more utilized because of its high efficiency and low emissions. The HRSG plays a central role in the generation of steam using the exhaust heat from the gas turbine. The purpose of the thesis was to develop efficient dynamic models for the physical components in the HRSG using the modelling and simulation software Dymola. The models are then to be used for simulations of a complete CCPP.The main application is to use the complete model to introduce various disturbances and study their consequences inthe different components in the CCPP by analyzing the simulation results. The thesis is a part of an ongoingdevelopment process for the dynamic simulation capabilities offered by the Solution department at SIT AB. First, there is a theoretical explanation of the CCPP components and control system included in the scope of this thesis. Then the development method is described and the top-down approach that was used is explained. The structure and equations used are reported for each of the developed models and a functional description is given. Inorder to ensure that the HRSG model would function in a complete CCPP model, adaptations were made and tuning was performed on the existing surrounding component models in the CCPP. Static verifications of the models are performed by comparison to Siemens in-house software for static calculations. Dynamic verification was partially done, but work remains to guarantee the validity in a wide operating range. As a result of this thesis efficient models for the drum boiler and its control system have been developed. An operational model of a complete CCPP has been built. This was done integrating the developed models during the work with this thesis together with adaptations of already developed models. Steady state for the CCPP model is achieved during simulation and various disturbances can then be introduced and studied. Simulation time for a typical test case is longer than the time limit that has been set, mainly because of the gas turbine model. When using linear functions to approximate the gas turbine start-up curves instead, the simulation finishes within the set simulation time limit of 5 minutes for a typical test case.
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Tavakkoli, Osgouei Yashar. "An Experimental Study On Steam Distillation Of Heavy Oils During Thermal Recovery." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615574/index.pdf.
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Thermal recovery methods are frequently used to enhance the production of heavy crude oils. Steam-based processes are the most economically popular and effective methods for heavy oil recovery for several decades. In general, there are various mechanisms over steam injection to enhance and have additional oil recovery. However, among these mechanisms, steam distillation plays pivotal role in the recovery of crude oil during thermal recovery process.
In this study, an experimental investigation was carried out to investigate the role of various minerals present in both sandstone and carbonate formations as well as the effect of steam temperature on steam distillation process. Two different types of dead-heavy crude oils were tested in a batch autoclave reactor with 30 % water and the content of the reactor (crude oil, 10 % rock and mineral). The results were compared as the changes in the density, viscosity and chemical composition (SARA and TPH analyses) of heavy crude oil. Five different mineral types (bentonite, sepiolite, kaolinite, illite and zeolite) were added into the original crude oil and reservoir rocks to observe their effects on the rheological and compositional changes during steam distillation process.
Analysis of the results of experiments with Camurlu and Bati Raman heavy crude oils in the presence of different minerals such as Bentonite, Zeolite, Illite, Sepiolite, and Kaolinite in both sandstone and limestone reservoir rocks indicate that steam distillation produces light end condensates which can be considered as solvent or condensate bank during steam flooding operation. It was also illustrated that minerals in reservoir formations perform the function of producing distilled light oil compounds, resulting in enhancement of heavy crude oils recovery in steam flooding. Measurements showed that the remaining oil after steam distillation has higher viscosity and density. On the other hand, the effect of steam distillation is more pronounced in limestone reservoirs compared to sandstone reservoirs for the given heavy crude oil and steam temperature. Among the five different minerals tested, kaolinite found to be the most effective mineral in terms of steam distillation.
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Vytla, Veera Venkata Sunil Kumar. "CFD Modeling of Heat Recovery Steam Generator and its Components Using Fluent." UKnowledge, 2005. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/336.
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Combined Cycle power plants have recently become a serious alternative for standard coal- and oil-fired power plants because of their high thermal efficiency, environmentally friendly operation, and short time to construct. The combined cycle plant is an integration of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, combining many of the advantages of both thermodynamic cycles using a single fuel. By recovering the heat energy in the gas turbine exhaust and using it to generate steam, the combined cycle leverages the conversion of the fuel energy at a very high efficiency. The heat recovery steam generator forms the backbone of combined cycle plants, providing the link between the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The design of HRSG has historically largely been completed using thermodynamic principles related to the steam path, without much regard to the gas-side of the system. An effort has been made using resources at both UK and Vogt Power International to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis of the gas-side flow path of the HRSG as an integral tool in the design process. This thesis focuses on how CFD analysis can be used to assess the impact of the gas-side flow on the HRSG performance and identify design modifications to improve the performance. An effort is also made to explore the software capabilities to make the simulation an efficient and accurate.
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PINTO, RAPHAEL GUIMARAES DUARTE. "SIMULATION OF HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR OPERATING IN A COMBINED CYCLE PLANT." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2012. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=20769@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROA evolução das turbinas a gás industriais resultou em um processo de combustão mais eficiente que permitiu a elevação da temperatura dos gases na exaustão dessa máquina. Assim, caldeiras de recuperação de calor cada vez mais complexas foram desenvolvidas com o intuito de aproveitar ao máximo o potencial energético na exaustão das turbinas. Dessa forma, modelos computacionais capazes de prever as condições de operação do equipamento se mostraram necessários de maneira a analisar o comportamento da máquina em diferentes situações, visando à máxima eficiência do processo. Esta dissertação descreve um modelo computacional capaz de simular o funcionamento fora do ponto de projeto, em regime permanente, de uma caldeira de recuperação de calor operando em uma usina de ciclo combinado, enfatizando sua utilização em sistemas de diagnóstico. As rotinas foram desenvolvidas em FORTRAN e os trocadores de calor presentes na HRSG foram modelados individualmente e calibrados através de um sistema de otimização utilizando algoritmos genéticos, responsável por minimizar o desvio do modelo. O programa desenvolvido foi validado contra dados de operação de uma usina real e mostrou resultados satisfatórios, que confirmam a robustez e fidelidade do modelo de simulação.
The heavy duty gas turbines evolution and, consequently, a more efficient combustion process, allowed the temperature rising of the machines’ exhaust gases. Thus, more complex heat recovery steam generators were developed in order to maximize the use of that energy potential. Therefore, computational models capable to predict the operational conditions of the equipment may be needed in order to analyze the machine’s behavior for different situations, in a way to maximize the process efficiency. This thesis describes a computational model able to simulate the off-design behavior of a heat recovery steam generator operation in a combined cycle plant, emphasizing its utilization in diagnostics systems. The routines were developed using FORTRAN, each heat exchanger inside the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) was designed individually and the calibration was done by a genetic algorithm responsible for minimizing the model’s deviations. The developed program was validated against operational data from a real plant and showed satisfactory results, confirming the robustness and fidelity of this simulation model.
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Lawal, Kazeem Akintayo. "Alternating injection of steam and CO₂ for thermal recovery of heavy oil." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9009.
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A combination of rising oil demand and declining supply from the conventional sources is drawing global attention to the vast heavy-oil resources. These are commonly developed with steam-based processes which, in most cases, burn fossil fuel to generate the required steam. However, tightening constraints on fuel, water, and the environment are some of the factors currently fuelling the interests in enhancements to the traditional steaming operations. To mitigate some of the steam-related issues, we introduce two new thermal recovery methods, namely: (i) alternating-injection of steam and CO2 (SAC), and (ii) alternating-injection of steam and flue-gas (SAF). The primary objective of this research is to assess the technical and commercial feasibility of these new processes. To achieve this objective, we employ a combination of analytic modelling, numerical simulations and experimental studies, investigating the reservoir heat-transport aspects of steam-based processes, asphaltene-induced formation impairment, as well as the key controls on reservoir dynamics and project economics. In this work, the concepts of first-contact condensation (FCC) and multiple-contact condensation (MCC) have been introduced as additional mechanisms of heat-transport in steam-based processes. Hence, the traditional conductive-convective heat equations have been extended. Solutions of these equations indicate that laboratory and field observations are better rationalised, hence eliminating the current practice of employing unrealistic effective permeability and thermal diffusivity to explain these observations. We also provide conditions under which petroleum reservoirs may be analysed as adiabatic systems, and establish the relative influence of reservoir and operating parameters on reservoir heat-transport. Considering the asphaltene-precipitation potentials of CO2 and flue-gas, new models have been formulated for describing asphaltene-induced impairment of the permeability of porous media which, in turn, have been analysed as either closed (non-flowing) or open (flowing) systems. Application of the models to rationalise the experimental results from common porous media, which include sandstone, carbonate and glass-bead, validates their robustness. As a further test on the robustness of the proposed models, their main underlying assumptions have been validated with a set of capillary-flow experiments, which approximate asphaltene deposition at pore scale. As a case study for reservoir simulations, the Nigerian heavy-oil deposit has been examined. The sensitivity of reservoir response to reservoir, geometric (number and design of wells) and operating parameters has been quantified. From these results, a realistic set of dynamic-simulation models has been constructed for the Nigerian deposit. Within the parameter-space explored, the main subsurface uncertainties are reservoir geometry, permeability distribution as well as fluid and relative-permeability models. In addition, all the processes, namely steam-alone, SAC and SAF, are vulnerable to geometric and operating parameters. On the net effect of in-situ asphaltene removal, the alternating-injection processes would only yield higher oil recovery than the steam-alone process if there is significant in-situ deasphalting such that the oil-viscosity reduction effect overrides the permeability impairment effect. Otherwise, the miscibility of these gases in the oil-phase is not sufficiently high to take advantage of the reduction of crude viscosity by dilution. Finally, within the range of parameters evaluated, the three processes are technically and commercially feasible for the Nigerian deposit investigated. However, in terms of economics and robustness against commercial risks, the order is SAC > steam-alone > SAF. The reservoir model, oil price and costs are found to be the main determinants of project risks. Given the limitations of this research and the uncertainties in the input data used for analyses, we complete the work by outlining the scope for further studies.
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Ababatin, Yasser. "RECOVERY OF EXHAUST WASTE HEAT FOR A HYBRID CAR USING STEAM TURBINE." OpenSIUC, 2015. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1653.
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A number of car engines operate with an efficiency rate of approximately 22% to 25% [1]. The remainder of the energy these engines generate is wasted through heat escape out of the exhaust pipe. There is now an increasing desire to reuse this heat energy, which would improve the overall efficiency of car engines by reducing their consumption of fuel. Another benefit is that such reuse would minimize harmful greenhouse gases that are emitted into the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this project is to examine how the wasted heat energy can be reused and/or recovered by use of a heat recovery system that would store this energy in a hybrid car battery. Green turbines will be analyzed as a possible solution to recycle the lost energy in a way that will also improve the overall automotive energy efficiency.
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Rivero, Diaz Jose Antonio. "Experimental studies of steam and steam-propane injection using a novel smart horizontal producer to enhance oil production in the San Ardo field." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/5753.
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A 16ÃÂ16ÃÂ5.6 in. scaled, three-dimensional, physical model of a quarter of a 9-spot
pattern was constructed to study the application of two processes designed to improve the
efficiency of steam injection. The first process to be tested is the use of propane as a
steam additive with the purpose of increasing recovery and accelerating oil production.
The second process involves the use of a novel production configuration that makes use
of a vertical injector and a smart horizontal producer in an attempt to mitigate the effects
of steam override.
The experimental model was scaled using the conditions in the San Ardo field in
California and crude oil from the same field was used for the tests. Superheated steam at
190 â 200úC was injected at 48 cm3/min (cold water equivalent) while maintaining the
flowing pressures in the production wells at 50 psig. Liquid samples from each producer
in the model were collected and treated to break emulsion and analyzed to determine
water and oil volumes.
Two different production configurations were tested: (1) a vertical well system with a
vertical injector and three vertical producers and (2) a vertical injector-smart horizontal
well system that consisted of a vertical injector and a smart horizontal producer divided
into three sections. Runs were conducted using pure steam injection and steam-propane
injection in the two well configurations.
Experimental results indicated the following. First, for the vertical configuration, the
addition of propane accelerated oil production by 53% and increased ultimate recovery by an additional 7% of the original oil in place when compared to pure steam injection.
Second, the implementation of the smart horizontal system increased ultimate oil
recovery when compared to the recovery obtained by employing the conventional vertical
well system (49% versus 42% of the OOIP).
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Kadáková, Nina. "Návrh paroplynového zdroje elektřiny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417426.
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A combined cycle is one of the thermal cycles used in thermal power plants. It consists of a combination of a gas and a steam turbine, where the waste heat from the gas turbine is used for steam generation in the heat recovery steam generator. The aim of the diploma thesis was the conceptual design of a combined cycle electricity source and the balance calculation of the cycle. The calculation is based on the thermodynamic properties of the substances and the basic knowledge of the Brayton and Rankin-Clausius cycle. The result is the amount and parameters of air, flue gases, and steam/water in individual places and the technological scheme of the source, in which these parameters are listed.
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Zandi, Setayesh. "Numerical modeling of geomechanical effects of steam injection in SAGD heavy oil recovery." Centre de géosciences (Fontainebleau, Seine et Marne), 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0058.
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Le SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) est un procédé de récupération des huiles lourdes qui remporte énormément de succès, en particulier pour le bitume. Le SAGD génère des interactions complexes entre la géomécanique et les écoulements polyphasiques en milieux poreux. Dans ce procédé, l'injection de vapeur modifie la pression et de la température dans le réservoir, ce qui peut augmenter ou diminuer les contraintes effectives dans le réservoir. La quantification de l'état de contrainte et déformation dans le réservoir est essentielle pour effectuer un bon pronostic de la productivité du réservoir, pour vérifier l'intégrité de la couverture et les risques de fracturation hydraulique, et également pour interpréter correctement la sismique 4D en termes d'évolution de la chambre de vapeur. Dans le procédé SAGD, les effets géomécaniques de l'injection de vapeur dans le réservoir sont liés aux écoulements de fluide. . Le couplage réservoir-géomécanique est un sujet de recherche important. Pour effectuer ce type de simulation, une solution consiste à utiliser un simulateur en éléments finis pour décrire la géomécanique et un simulateur en volumes finis pour décrire les écoulements. Dans cette thèse, une simulation couplée thermo-hydro-mécanique du SAGD a été effectuée à l'aide du simulateur de réservoir PumaFlow et du simulateur de géomécanique Abaqus. Les principaux thèmes étudiés dans cette étude ont été (1) la stratégie de couplage, (2) la géométrie du système et (3) le type de maillage utilisé. Ce travail a été effectué sur des cas synthétiquesThe Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) process is a thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that appears tremendously successful, especially for bitumen. SAGD process results in a complex interaction of geomechanics and multiphase flow in cohesionless porous media. In this process, continuous steam injection changes reservoir pore pressure and temperature, which can increase or decrease the effective stresses in the reservoir. Quantification of the state of deformation and stress in the reservoir is essential for the correct prediction of reservoir productivity, seal integrity, hydro fracturing, well failure and also for the interpretation of 4D seismic used to follow the development of the steam chamber. In SAGD process, the analysis of reservoir-geomechanics is concerned with the simultaneous study of fluid flow and mechanical response of the reservoir. Reservoir-geomechanics coupled simulation is still an important research topic. To perform this kind of simulation, a solution is to use a finite element based simulator to describe geomechanics and a finite volume based simulator to describe fluid flow. In this thesis, the SAGD coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling is conducted using PumaFlow reservoir simulator and Abaqus as the geomechanical simulator. The main issues being investigated in this study were (1) the coupling strategy, (2) the geometry and (3) type of gridding system. This work was performed on synthetic cases
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Kifleyesus, Biniam Okbaendrias. "Eneregy Management In Industries : Analysis of Energy Saving potential by Steam conedensate recovery." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-25090.
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When speaking about energy it means speaking about life, activity, economy, growth and environmental issues. The issue of energy has been the main article all over the world in recent years, this is due to the importance of energy to life and its impact on the environment. For example, Paris climate change meeting in 2015 is one of the recent global meeting which directly related to the energy use by nations. The meeting was mainly focused up on the restriction of greenhouse gas emission which implies that industries should think about other alternative energy resources rather than fossil fuel for positive impact on climatic change. This is one of the cases that led industries into greater competition in the global market. Industries must consider energy alternatives which is safe for the environment and by using such energy a competitive product with better quality and quantity should be produced. This challenge has motivated industries to look and study the energy that they are using currently. Studies and researches show that one of the main and most abundant energy resources that most of these industries can get is by improving the energy efficiency or managing the energy that they currently use. The main aim of this thesis is to provide Arizona chemical plant (Kraton) at Sandarne on the potential energy saving by managing their energy use. The first wisdom in energy utilization is managing and using the energy they possess efficiently. In Arizona plant at Sandarne, the product named “Pitch” (a natural viscoelastic polymer or rosin) is a fuel used as the primary energy supply for the production of steam by boilers. The steam may be utilized well but the energy in the condensate (after steam loses its latent heat) is not addressed well enough. Hence this paper has studied on how significant is the energy lost by the steam condensate is and how its recovery can be used to save energy and cost. The plant produces about an average of 11.42 ton of steam each hour in a year. This steam can be returned or fully recovered (100%) as condensate from the law of conservation of mass since only energy is lost from the steam. But the plant returns a maximum of about 3ton of condensate each hour. This amount is relatively low compared to the amount of condensate recovery possibility. Recovery possibility of condensate return showed that the plant at Sandarne can return at least 8.5 ton of condensate each hour. In comparison with the current return estimated 5.5 ton of condensate is being lost simply as waste each hour leading to about 400 SEK minimum cost loss. The calculation of cost is in minimum because the charge from water supply and condensate effluent disposal charge are not considered. In this paper only recovery from the easily recoverable steam condensate is being considered (25% of the system) which resulted in payback time of the proposed investment 1.88 years without considering the above explained charges. It is much motivating study considering the generalized approach and over simplified method. If a deeper investigation is made on the potential, it can be clearly shown that how significant the potential is in securing and sustaining energy and environmental issues. Ensuring the security and sustainability of energy which addresses the environmental issue precisely will help the plant to stay on the race of global market competition. Keywords: Energy efficiency, Boiler efficiency, Energy management, Condensate recovery,
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Delaney, James Carroll. "Suppression of vapor explosions during rapid quenching of char beds in chemical recovery boilers." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17780.
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Blakemore, Philip. "Optimisation of steam reconditioning for regrowth-ash and plantation-grown eucalypt species." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2343.
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Steam reconditioning to recover collapse, in mid to low density eucalypt species, has been known for over ninety years. The current industrial practices for steam reconditioning have largely been based on a few older studies, which were often poorly documented and based on very small sample sizes. On top of this, many local practices and ‘rules of thumb’ have developed over time, many of which have a questionable scientific basis. This thesis was undertaken to more rigorously investigate and fundamentally understand collapse recovery, and try to optimise its application. The most obvious variable that kiln operators have control over is the moisture content of the timber prior to steam reconditioning. Experiments were undertaken to generate a range of moisture gradients (ranging from minimal to more industrially realistic) to evaluate the effect of moisture content on collapse recovery. An optimal moisture content for the core of the boards was found to be between about 18–20%, although there was no statistical difference in recoveries between about 17–25% moisture content. Below 15% moisture content recovery dropped off severely and intra-ring internal checking closure was incomplete, while at 25% moisture content an increased level of normal shrinkage, due to the early removal of drying stresses, was the main drawback. Above a core moisture content of about 35% incomplete closure of intra-ring internal checks was again observed. There was little evidence of re-collapse occurring in these high moisture content samples. Previously established relationships between density and collapse and drying rate were again generally observed in these experiments. However, for the first time an effect of collapse in reducing the fitted drying diffusion coefficients was also observed. It was also observed that, provided the moisture content of the board was in the critical range, most of the collapse recovery was achieved in the time it took to get the core of the board up to the steaming temperature of close to 100°C. This suggests that for most thicknesses a conservative reconditioning period of two hours at temperature is all that is required. This recommended shortening of the reconditioning cycle could dramatically increase the throughput of timber through the steam reconditioning chambers. Alternatively, it could mean that where modern final drying kilns are being used, the reconditioning treatment could be carried out within the final drying kiln. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the mechanism by which collapse recovery occurs. The theory tested was that the elastic component that stores the energy to restore the shape of the deformed cell is primarily found in the S1 and S3 layers. In contrast, the inelastic component is primarily found in the S2 layer. The model generated here provided limited support for this theory.
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Blakemore, Philip. "Optimisation of steam reconditioning for regrowth-ash and plantation-grown eucalypt species." University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2343.
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Doctor of PhilosophySteam reconditioning to recover collapse, in mid to low density eucalypt species, has been known for over ninety years. The current industrial practices for steam reconditioning have largely been based on a few older studies, which were often poorly documented and based on very small sample sizes. On top of this, many local practices and ‘rules of thumb’ have developed over time, many of which have a questionable scientific basis. This thesis was undertaken to more rigorously investigate and fundamentally understand collapse recovery, and try to optimise its application. The most obvious variable that kiln operators have control over is the moisture content of the timber prior to steam reconditioning. Experiments were undertaken to generate a range of moisture gradients (ranging from minimal to more industrially realistic) to evaluate the effect of moisture content on collapse recovery. An optimal moisture content for the core of the boards was found to be between about 18–20%, although there was no statistical difference in recoveries between about 17–25% moisture content. Below 15% moisture content recovery dropped off severely and intra-ring internal checking closure was incomplete, while at 25% moisture content an increased level of normal shrinkage, due to the early removal of drying stresses, was the main drawback. Above a core moisture content of about 35% incomplete closure of intra-ring internal checks was again observed. There was little evidence of re-collapse occurring in these high moisture content samples. Previously established relationships between density and collapse and drying rate were again generally observed in these experiments. However, for the first time an effect of collapse in reducing the fitted drying diffusion coefficients was also observed. It was also observed that, provided the moisture content of the board was in the critical range, most of the collapse recovery was achieved in the time it took to get the core of the board up to the steaming temperature of close to 100°C. This suggests that for most thicknesses a conservative reconditioning period of two hours at temperature is all that is required. This recommended shortening of the reconditioning cycle could dramatically increase the throughput of timber through the steam reconditioning chambers. Alternatively, it could mean that where modern final drying kilns are being used, the reconditioning treatment could be carried out within the final drying kiln. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the mechanism by which collapse recovery occurs. The theory tested was that the elastic component that stores the energy to restore the shape of the deformed cell is primarily found in the S1 and S3 layers. In contrast, the inelastic component is primarily found in the S2 layer. The model generated here provided limited support for this theory.
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Matus, Eric Robert. "A top-injection bottom-production cyclic steam stimulation method for enhanced heavy oil recovery." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4446.
Full textAbstract:
A novel method to enhance oil production during cyclic steam injection has been
developed. In the Top-Injection and Bottom-Production (TINBOP) method, the well
contains two strings separated by two packers (a dual and a single packer): the short
string (SS) is completed in the top quarter of the reservoir, while the long string (LS) is
completed in the bottom quarter of the reservoir. The method requires an initial warm-up
stage where steam is injected into both strings for 21 days; then the LS is opened to
production while the SS continues to inject steam for 14 days. After the initial warm-up,
the following schedule is repeated: the LS is closed and steam is injected in the SS for 21
days; then steam injection is stopped and the LS is opened to production for 180 days.
There is no soak period.
Simulations to compare the performance of the TINBOP method against that of a
conventional cyclic steam injector (perforated across the whole reservoir) have been
made. Three reservoir types were simulated using 2-D radial, black oil models: Hamaca
(9ðAPI), San Ardo (12ðAPI) and the SPE fourth comparative solution project (14ðAPI).
For the first two types, a 20x1x20 10-acre model was used that incorporated typical rock
and fluid properties for these fields. Simulation results indicate oil recovery after 10 years was 5.7-27% OIIP with
TINBOP, that is 57-93% higher than conventional cyclic steam injection (3.3-14% OIIP).
Steam-oil ratios were also decreased with TINBOP (0.8-3.1%) compared to conventional
(1.2-5.3%), resulting from the improved reservoir heating efficiency.
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Bazooyar, Faranak. "Molecular-level Simulations of Cellulose Dissolution by Steam and SC-CO2 Explosion." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3704.
Full textAbstract:
Dissolution of cellulose is an important but complicated step in biofuel production fromlignocellulosic materials. Steam and supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) explosion are two effective methods for dissolution of some lignocellulosic materials. Loading and explosion are the major processes of these methods. Studies of these processes were performed using grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations at different pressure/ temperature conditions on the crystalline structure of cellulose. The COMPASS force field was used for both methods.The validity of the COMPASS force field for these calculations was confirmed by comparingthe energies and structures obtained from this force field with first principles calculations.The structures that were studied are cellobiose (the repeat unit of cellulose), water–cellobiose, water-cellobiose pair and CO2-cellobiose pair systems. The first principles methods were preliminary based on B3LYP density functional theory with and without dispersion correction.A larger disruption of the cellulose crystal structure was seen during loading than that during the explosion process. This was seen by an increased separation of the cellulose chains from the centre of mass of the crystal during the initial stages of the loading, especially for chains in the outer shell of the crystalline structure. The ends of the cellulose crystal showed largerdisruption than the central core; this leads to increasing susceptibility to enzymatic attack in these end regions. There was also change from the syn to the anti torsion angle conformations during steam explosion, especially for chains in the outer cellulose shell. Increasing the temperature increased the disruption of the crystalline structure during loading and explosion.Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen vid Chalmers tekniska högskola försvaras vid offentlig disputation den 10 oktober 2014,klockan 13.00 i KS101-salen, Kemigården 4, Göteborg.
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Kysel, Stanislav. "Energetický paroplynový zdroj na bázi spalování hutnických plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229801.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.
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Kysel, Stanislav. "Energetický paroplynový zdroj na bázi spalování hutnických plynů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230245.
Full textAbstract:
The main goal of my thesis is to carry out thermic calculations for adjusted conditions of electric and heat energy consumption. The power of the generator is 330 MW. In the proposal, you can find combustion trubines type GE 9171E. Steam-gas power plant is designed to combust metallurgical gases. Effort of the thesis focuses also on giving a new informations about trends in combinated production of electric and heat energy.
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Caver, Christopher Branden. "Recovery of Salmonella from Steam and Ethylene Oxide-Treated Spices Using Supplemented Agar with Overlay." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/81456.
Full textAbstract:
Salmonella enterica has been associated with several outbreaks due to consumption of low water activity foods including spices. Consequently, to improve microbiological quality, spices are commonly treated before ultimately reaching consumers. These processes may result in sub-lethal injury to cells, which can lead to an underestimation of microbial populations when plating on selective media. Sub-lethally injured cells are difficult to enumerate due to reduced ability to grow on selective microbiological media. Poor recovery of sub-lethally-injured cells may obscure process validation results and lead to overestimation of process effect. Therefore, this work was performed to determine the influence of agar overlay and media supplementation methods on the recovery of Salmonella from steam and ethylene oxide treated peppercorns and cumin seeds. Traditional agar overlay allowed recovery of significantly more Salmonella (p < 0.05) from inoculated peppercorns treated with steam (65.5C, 15 sec.) than selective media (XLT4) or solid agar overlay. Additional supplementation of the TSA base to contain 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid further improved Salmonella recovery from steam treated peppercorns (p < 0.05). For peppercorns and cumin seeds subjected to ethylene oxide, neither sodium pyruvate + yeast extract, 3,3'-thiodipropionic acid, glycerophosphate, ATP, nor magnesium enhanced recovery compared to overlay alone but both methods recovered significantly higher numbers than XLT-4 alone (p < 0.05) for both cumin seeds and peppercorns.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Weerasiri, Udayani Priyadarshana. "A waste heat recovery steam power generation system for ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd, Sri Lanka." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157832.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, the heat recovery from exhaust gas at the ACE Power Embilipitiya (Pvt) Ltd (APE) in Sri Lanka was conceptually proposed and evaluated. APE has an installed capacity of 100 MW comprising 14 units of 7.5MW medium speed diesel engines fired with heavy fuel oil. There is only a minimum recovery of waste heat in the plant at the moment, only for fuel preheating, whereas waste heat recovery (WHR) boilers of 750kWth are equipped on eight engines. The larger portion of the waste heat is dumped into the environment without being used in any reasonable way. The objective of this work was to design a HRSG system for the remaining six engines to recover maximum possible heat from the exhaust gas and select a suitable steam turbine according to the heat demand capacity of the proposed HRSG, for generating additional power and thus converting the APE plant into a sort of a combined cycle. At the initial stage of the investigation, the amount of recoverable waste heat was estimated by evaluating the known parameters of the engines at fully loaded condition. The maximum theoretical waste heat recovery potential from the exhaust gas stream of one engine was calculated as 9807.87 MJ/h, equivalent to a heat rate of 2724.4 kW. The modelling and optimization of the proposed HRSG was done using the Engineering Equation Solver (EES) software, considering technical and practical limitations such as pinch point temperature difference, approach point temperature difference, terminal temperature difference and sulphur dew point in the stack. A commercially available steam turbine with a power output of 3.579 MW was selected as the optimum steam turbine for the desired conditions, utilising 12884.4 MJ/h of recovered waste energy amounting to 21.89% of the total available energy in the flue gas.
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Bali, Amol Bhagwan. "Design and real-time process optimisation of steam assisted gravity drainage for improved heavy oil recovery." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/2107.
Full textAbstract:
“Introduction to the Canadian Oil Sands”, “Canada’s Oil Sand Industry: An Overview”, “Heavy Oil Technologies”, and so many other topics about heavy oil have become the hotcakes in the oil industry. A number of new projects are in Execute phase for the development of heavy oil assets. This clearly shows the increasing demand for heavy oil. An oil industry is working hard to meet the world oil demand by developing deep water, HPHT, heavy oil, shale sands and all other non-conventional reservoirs but the main challenge is to develop and operate them in a risk free environment. Understanding the reservoir and fluid properties and developing new technologies help the industry to reduce the risk in developing non-conventional fields. A major problem in heavy oil field is to understand the behaviour of heavy oil. The viscous oil flows sluggishly in the formations and hence it is difficult to transport through unconsolidated formations and is very difficult to produce by conventional methods. Viscous oil recovery entails neatly designed enhanced oil recovery processes like Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage and the success of such technologies are critically dependent on accurate knowledge of reservoir, well and fluid properties of oil under variety of pressure and temperature conditions. This research project has provided some solutions to the challenges in heavy oil field development and can help the oil industry to optimise heavy oil production. Detailed experimental understanding of PVT properties has allowed this project to contribute to the knowledge. Reservoir, well and fluid properties were studied thoroughly and demonstrated the criticality of each parameter on the efficiency of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage. An user friendly SAGD simulator is a big output of this research which allows the user to optimise the heavy oil recovery and enables to do risk assessments quickly during design phase of SAGD. A SAGD simulator is developed.
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Chanis, Morales Carolina Michelle. "Strategies to increase the sugar concentration and overall sugar recovery from steam pretreated wheat straw and corn stover." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43591.
Full textAbstract:
Wheat straw is available in western Canada and it is a potential feedstock for bio-ethanol production as it can be effectively fractionated into simple sugars using acid catalyzed, steam pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis. Steam pretreatment is usually a compromise whereby conditions that facilitate effective enzymatic hydrolysis at low enzyme loadings usually sacrifice the recovery of the hemicellulose component. Previous work that tried to optimize the pretreatment to maximize hemicellulose recovery was usually done at the expense of using unacceptably high enzyme loadings to hydrolyze the cellulosic fraction.
The goal in this thesis was to determine the highest possible amount of sugar that could be solubilized after both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis while using low enzyme loadings and high solids concentration. It was anticipated that the optimum conditions for maximizing the total soluble sugar yield would still result in the degradation of a portion of the hemicellulose.
The biomass handling conditions were first investigated to identify the best possible conditions to maximize sugar recovery. An optimized moisture content combined with the explosive decompression resulted in the highest xylose recovery. It was also found that H₂SO₄ could be used at a loading of 1.5% w/w to produce a substrate with similar chemical composition, sugar recovery and ease of enzymatic hydrolysis to what was obtained when using 3% SO₂ as the catalyst.
The pretreatment conditions were then varied to determine the effect of pretreatment severity on the recovery of total soluble sugars. The highest soluble sugar yield of 75% was obtained after pretreatment at 190°C, 8 min and 1.5% H₂SO₄. This is among the highest sugar yields that have been reported and comparable to those reported when using a three-fold higher enzyme loading. However, at these conditions only 52% of the original xylan was recovered. A less severely treated substrate with 70% xylan recovery achieved a total soluble sugar yield of 72% when the “cellulase mixture” was supplemented with xylanases. Thus, pretreatments at lower severities followed by enzymatic hydrolysis using a “cellulase mixture” with xylanase supplementation may be an effective approach to improve the total soluble sugar yield when processing wheat straw.
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Widjanarko, Pamela Iryanti. "The development of a New Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) screening method." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2140.
Full textAbstract:
Selection of a suitable EOR process for a given reservoir is a challenge for Reservoir Engineers where he or she has to compare pros and cons of all the available EOR methods in the context of each selected reservoir. The task becomes even more complex if they have to go through the details of hundreds of mature and depleted reservoirs and come up with a short list of EOR candidates for more detailed investigation. Conducting such a screening study could be daunting unless it is approached in a systematic manner.This thesis describes development of an EOR screening method which will enable engineers to sieve through some commonly available reservoir parameters for dozens or hundreds of reservoirs at a time, in a relatively efficient manner without compromising quality of the outcome. An extensive theory and literature review has been conducted to develop a main IOR/EOR database and to narrow down on the essential few criteria which would be sufficient for judging a reservoirs candidacy for one or more known EOR techniques. The EOR techniques considered for screening in this study includes CO2 miscible flooding, steam injection and polymer flooding. Screening parameters proposed includes formation type (lithology), reservoir depth, permeability, porosity, oil gravity, oil viscosity, reservoir temperature and minimum miscibility pressure.Two types of classification methods have been selected to perform the screening based on the selected parameters. Multilayer feed-forward neural network and classification tree method have been utilized using data mining software called XLMiner. Sensitivity analyses on the training and validation percentages, input variables, data partitioning and training process have been carried out to examine the robustness of the developed screening system and produce the best neural network and classification tree for further screening purposes. It was found that there was disagreement of the screening results between neural network, classification tree and the actual cases for some fields. Classification procedure, the reference interval of input parameters within the training dataset, and missing parameter(s) are the possible reasons for this outcome.The screening test results show that a combination of the Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network and the Classification Tree can provide a good EOR screening system. However, when there is disagreement in the screening results from these methods, a further investigation (manual screening) needs to be conducted for the disagreed cases.The success of the screening system using the Multilayer Feed Forward Neural Network and Classification Tree depends on the quality of the database, as well as the training and validation processes.
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Simangunsong, Roly. "Experimental and analytical modeling studies of steam injection with hydrocarbon additives to enhance recovery of San Ardo heavy oil." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4308.
Full textAbstract:
Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to better understand
production mechanisms of heavy oil under steam injection with propane and petroleum
distillate as steam additives. The studies have been conducted for heavy oil from San
Ardo field (12oAPI, 2800 cp at 53.3oC), under current reservoir conditions.
The experiments consist of injecting pure steam, steam-propane, and steampetroleum
distillate into a vertical cell containing a mixture of sand, water and San Ardo
oil. The injection cell (68.58 cm long with an ID of 7.376 cm) is placed inside a vacuum
jacket, set at the reservoir temperature of 53.3oC. Superheated steam at 230oC is injected
at 5.5 ml/min (cold-water equivalent) simultaneously with propane or a petroleum
distillate slug. The cell outlet pressure is maintained at 260 psig. Six runs were
performed, two runs using pure steam, two steam-propane runs using 5:100
propane:steam mass ratio, and two steam-petroleum distillate runs using 5:100
petroleum distillate:steam mass ratio.
We develop a simplified analytical model that describes steam front
advancement and oil production for the 1D displacement experiments. The model
incorporates heat and material balance, fillup time and DarcyâÂÂs law pertaining to the
injection cell. The analytical model results are compared against the experimental data to
verify the validity of the model.
The main results of the study are as follows. First, experimental results indicate
that compared to pure steam injection, oil production was accelerated by 30% for 5:100
propane:steam injection and 38% for 5:100 petroleum distillate:steam injection respectively. Second, steam injectivity with steam-propane and steam-petroleum
distillate increases to 1.4 and 1.9 times respectively, compared with pure steam injection.
Third, steam front advancement and oil production data are in good agreement
with results based on the new analytical model. The analytical model indicates that the
oil production acceleration observed is due to oil viscosity reduction resulting from the
addition of propane and petroleum distillate to the steam. Oil viscosity at the initial
temperature with pure steam injection is 2281 cp, which is reduced to 261 cp with
steam-propane injection and 227 cp with steam-petroleum distillate injection.
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Wipplinger, Karl Paul Martin. "Utilising a high pressure, cross flow, stainless steel fintube heat exchanger for direct steam generation from recovered waste heat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50217.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Around the world the implementation of heat recovery systems is playing an increasingly important role in the engineering inqustry. The recovered energy is utilised in the plants and saves companies millions in expenses per year. Not only is this seen on the grand scale of industry, but also in everyday life, where for instance turbochargers are used to boost the performance of automobiles by utilising the wasted energy expelled along with exhaust gasses. The aim of this project is to investigate a small scale waste heat recovery system, and to determine the optimum method by which to convert the recovered energy into electrical energy, which can be used as a secondary energy source. The research contained in this thesis, centres on the main components and theory needed for the construction of a small scale waste heat recovery system. Also included, is a theoretical analysis concerning the design and construction of the system, utilising researched theory and a simulation program of the recovery system. The simulation is control volume-based and generates property data on the fluid and exhaust gas throughout the heat exchanger. The final design included a finite element stress analysis of certain parts of the system to ensure safe testing at high pressures and temperatures. The final design resulted in a high pressure, cross flow, stainless steel fintube heat exchanger that, by using a continuous combustion unit as energy source and water as the working fluid, reached efficiencies of up to 74% in direct steam generation testing. The tube-side of the heat exchanger was designed to withstand pressures of up to 2MPa (20bar), which is imperative for the implementation of the next phase, where a turbocharger will be connected to the heat exchanger. The completion of this part of the project has paved the way for further development and implementation of the heat recovery system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die herwinning van energie begin 'n toenemend belangrike rol in die ingenieurs industrie speel. Die herwonne energie word in fabrieke ben ut en spaar maatskappye milj oene aan uitgawes per jaar. Hierdie beginsel word nie net in die grootskaalse nywerhede toegepas nie, maar ook in die allerdaagse lewe, soos byvoorbeeld in voertuie waar turbo-aanjaers gebruik word om die energie-uitset van enjins te verhoog deur bloot gebruik te maak van die verlore energie wat saam met die uitlaatgasse in die atmosfeer gepomp word. Die doel van hierdie projek is om 'n kleinskaalse energieherwinningstelsel te ondersoek en die mees effektiewe metode te vind om die herwinde energie na elektriese energie om te skakel wat as 'n sekondere energiebron gebruik kan word. Die navorsing bevat in die tesis, kyk na al die hoofkomponente en teoretiese kennis wat nodig is vir die konstruksie van 'n kleinskaalse hitteherwinningstelsel. Ook ingesluit is 'n teoretiese analise ten opsigte van die ontwerp en konstruksie van die sisteem. Dit behels die gebruik van nagevorsde teorie saam met 'n simulasie program van die herwinnings stelsel. Die simulasie program is op kontrole volumes gebasseet en genereer uitlaatgas- en water eienskappe soos dit deur die hitteruiler vloei. Die finale ontwerp bevat 'n eindige element spannmgs analise van sekere kritiese komponente in die stelsel om die veilige gebruik van die sisteem by hoe drukke en temperature te verseker. Die finale ontwerp was 'n hoedruk, kruisvloei, vlekvrye staal finbuis hitteruiler. Deur 'n konstante verbrandingseenheid as energiebron te gebruik saam met water as werksvloeier, het die hitteruiler effektiwiteite van tot 74% in direkte stoomgenerasie-toetse bereik. Die hitteruiler is ontwerp om hoe drukke van tot 2MPa (20bar) te hanteer wat baie belangrik is vir die implementasie van die volgende fase van die projek waar 'n turbo-aanjaer aan die stelsel gekoppel sal. Die suksesvolle voltooiing van hierdie fase van die projek het die weg gebaan vir die verdere ontwikkeling en implimentasie van die energieherwinningsstelsel.
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Kolarčík, Vojtěch. "Dvoutlaký horizintální kotel na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu;131kg/s spalin, 558° C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231073.
Full textAbstract:
This master‘s thesis describes thermal calculation and design of proportions of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) for given input parameters of flue gas and output parameters of steam. Part of the thesis is design proportions of boiler drums, irrigation and transfer pipes. On the end of the thesis is counting draught losses and design drawning of steam generator.
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Hussein, Gadar. "Energy efficiency improvements of Mondi Dynäs paper mill : A survey of steam and condensate with improvement measures for increased condensate recovery." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86094.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis has been performed at Mondi kraft pulp and paper mill located in Sweden, Kramfors Dynäs due to the low return rate of condensate. Currently, the return rate is only at 65 - 75 %. This is problematic as the demineralization process is operating on full capacity and thus requires a reduced make-up water need. The production of demineralized water is an expensive process due to large requirements of chemicals and pump-energy, but also due to the cost of raw water and maintenance. Therefore the purpose of the work was to investigate the possibility to increase the condensate return rate and thus reduce the need of make-up water. The investigation was performed during normal production rates to simplify the interpretations. The steam and condensate system was mapped and extracted flows were identified, measured and marked on map. The extracted flows were investigated in more detail and characterized as either consumed in a process or lost to sewer or atmosphere. In the work, both minor and major improvements were investigated. Minor improvements are accomplished with small intervention measures and could be done with small or no investments costs. Major improvements require large investments costs and further investigations. Six different processes were found to constitute the total production of make-up water. These are the free blowing of excess steam, soot blowing steam, paper machine 6, de-aerating process in the feed water tanks, digester process and steam- & condensate leaks along the pipe network. Improvements with the category of minor were found to reduce steam and condensate consumption by 22 - 23 ton/h. This implies a reduction by 30 - 32 % of the added make-up water, including an annual financial benefit of 3,3 - 3,9 MSEK. Additionally 0,41 - 0,82 MSEK could be gained annually by improving the insulation on the cylinder dryer heads. The make-up water would be further reduced if insulation jackets and inspection programs were implemented on equipments along the steam lines. Two major improvements are recommended. The first major improvement involves elimination of the free blowing of excess steam. This could be accomplished by drying the bark before combustion. The added make-up water would be reduced by 25 % and with the possibility to sell the dried bark during low steam production. The second major improvement involves the digester process, where the consumptions of medium pressure steam could be reduced by replacing steam with liquor-steam from the strong liquor accumulator. Medium pressure steam could instead be converted into electricity by the turbine.
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Šmejkal, Petr. "Dvoutlaký horizontální kotel na odpadní teplo za plynovou turbinu,137,4kg/s spalin,569° C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231045.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis deals with thermal calculation and design of proportions and layout of calorific components of a heat recovery steam generator according to given output parameters of steam and input parameters of flue gas. Furthermore, the proportions of boiler drums and irrigation and transfer pipes are designed and draught losses are calculated.
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Veselý, Petr. "Návrh turbíny do kombinovaného cyklu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-320116.
Full textAbstract:
The topic of thesis is condensing turbine in gas-steam cycle, which can be divided into four basic parts. A history of gas-steam cycle is described in the beginning. Second part is all about calculation of heat recovery steam generator. Penultimate section deals with calculations of steam turbine parameters and reaction blading type. Last part contains electric power and steam turbine efficiency.
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Rios, Victor de Souza. "Estudo experimental da injeção de vapor pelo método SAGD na recuperação melhorada de óleo pesado." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264304.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Osvair Vidal TrevisanDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: Os métodos térmicos de recuperação viabilizaram a produção de óleo pesado em campos considerados não comerciais pelos métodos convencionais de recuperação. A injeção de vapor, em particular, veio a se consagrar ao longo dos anos e é hoje uma das principais alternativas economicamente viáveis para o aumento da recuperação dos óleos pesados. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor, "Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage" (SAGD). Esse processo caracteriza-se por utilizar dois poços horizontais: um produtor, localizado próximo à base do reservatório e um injetor, situado alguns metros acima. O objetivo desse método é criar uma câmara de vapor, enquanto promove uma melhor varredura dos fluidos do reservatório. A razão do volume de vapor injetado por volume de óleo recuperado é um parâmetro decisivo na economicidade de projetos de injeção de vapor. No presente trabalho um estudo experimental do método SAGD foi desenvolvido para entender melhor o processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor na recuperação de óleo pesado. Aliando-se a isso, também foi investigada a injeção de nitrogênio combinado com vapor, o que contribui para o mecanismo de recuperação e para a redução em volume do vapor injetado, refletindo na economicidade do projeto. Simulações numéricas utilizando um software comercial foram realizadas visando a dar suporte às análises feitas. Os estudos foram conduzidos em escala de laboratório com óleo pesado da bacia do Espírito Santo. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a injeção de nitrogênio após certo período de injeção contínua de vapor, método conhecido como SAGD - Wind Down, reflete na redução considerável da razão vapor/óleo sem, no entanto, afetar de forma muito sensível a produção de óleo, quando comparado ao SAGD convencional
Abstract: Thermal recovery methods made possible the production of heavy oil fields considered non-commercial with conventional recovery methods. The steam injection, in particular, improved itself over the years and is now a major cost-effective alternative for increasing the heavy oil recovery. In this context, the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is the process that uses two horizontal wells with the steam injector above the producer which stays at the base of the reservoir. The purpose of this method is to create a steam chamber, while promoting a better sweep of the fluid reservoir. The steam oil ratio is a decisive parameter in the economic viability of projects with steamflooding. In this paper, an experimental study of a SAGD cell was developed to understand better the steam assisted gravity drainage on the heavy oil recovery. Allied to this, it was also investigated the nitrogen injection combined with steam, which contributes to the recovery mechanism and a possible reduction in volume of steam injected, reflecting on the economy of the project. The studies were conducted in laboratory scale with heavy oil from the Espírito Santo basin. The results show that injection of nitrogen after a period of steamflooding, a method known as SAGD - Wind Down, reflects the considerable reduction in the steam oil ratio without, however, affect significantly the oil production, when compared to conventional SAGD
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Rezaie, Navaie Ali [Verfasser], George [Akademischer Betreuer] Tsatsaronis, George [Gutachter] Tsatsaronis, and Udo [Gutachter] Hellwig. "Thermal design and optimization of heat recovery steam generators and waste heat boilers / Ali Rezaie Navaie ; Gutachter: George Tsatsaronis, Udo Hellwig ; Betreuer: George Tsatsaronis." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156187052/34.
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Hamza, Hamza Ali Adel. "Selection and justification the parameters of diesel power plant with heat recovery system." Thesis, NTU "KhPI", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/31664.
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Dissertation for the degree of candidate of technical sciences in specialty 05.05.03 – engines and power plants. – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute". – Kharkiv, 2017. The dissertation is devoted to the choice and substantiation of parameters of a diesel power plant with heat recovery system of recycling the secondary heat from diesel engine using the Rankin cycle, which uses the heat of exhaust gases and cooling water systems. As a result of the analysis of the features of a promising power plant with a Hyundai 25/33 engine for the production of electric power at a plant in Iraq, a technological scheme of a comprehensive system for recycling diesel fuel from an electric power station with the additional generation of electricity, heat for heating heavy fuel, condensing technical water from exhaust gases. As a working fluid in the Rankin cycle, it is advisable to use the hot water from the engine cooling system. Using the developed mathematical model of the distillation circuit of the diesel power plant, the design-experimental study of the influence of the ambient temperature on the indicators of the efficiency of heat recovery was performed. When the ambient temperature changes from 0 ° C to 40 ° C, the amount of electric energy generated by the Rankin cycle for the Hyundai H25 / 33 engine increases to 10%. With a single cogeneration unit with a Hyundai H25 / 33 engine and a recycling complex developed, it is possible to get up to 2300 kg of water vapor condensate per day, which is very valuable in Iraq. Based on the results of the study, two variants of the technological scheme (projects A and B) were developed for the modernization of Hyundai diesel power plants. The feasibility study for the NPV method has shown that after the full recovery equipment is put into operation, the maximum achievable profit will be about 1 406 219 $ /year.Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.05.03 – двигуни та енергетичні установки. – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут". – Харків, 2017. Дисертація присвячена вибору і обґрунтуванню параметрів дизель-електричної станції з системою утилізації вторинної теплоти дизеля з використанням циклу Ренкіна, що використовує теплоту відпрацьованих газів та системи охолодження. В результаті аналізу особливостей перспективної енергетичної установки з двигуном Hyundai 25/33 для виробництва електричної енергії на заводі в Іраку розроблена технологічна схема комплексної системи утилізації вторинної теплоти дизель-електричної станції з додатковим отриманням електроенергії, теплоти для підігріву важкого палива, конденсації технічної води з відпрацьованих газів двигуна. Для утилізації вторинної теплоти двигуна Hyundai H25/33 запропоновано утилізаційний контур установки, який працює за органічним циклом Ренкіна (ОЦР). В якості робочого тіла в циклі Ренкіна доцільно використовувати воду системи охолодження двигуна. З використанням розробленої математичної моделі утилізаційного контуру дизель-електростанції виконане розрахунково-експериментальне дослідження впливу температури навколишнього середовища на показники ефективності утилізаційного контуру. При зміні температури навколишнього середовища від 0 ° С до 40 ° С кількість електроенергії, виробленої за циклом Ренкіна для двигуна Hyundai H25/33 збільшується до 10%. При роботі однієї когенераційної установки з двигуном Hyundai H25/33 та розробленим утилізаційним комплексом можна отримати на добу до 2300 кг конденсату водяної пари, що є дуже цінною в Іраку. На основі результатів дослідження було розроблено два варіанта технологічної схеми (проекти "А" та "Б") модернізації дизельних електростанцій компанії Hyundai Heavy Industries. Виконана техніко-економічна оцінка проектів за метод NPV показала, що після того, як обладнання утилізаційного контуру в повному обсязі буде введено у експлуатацію, максимально досяжний прибуток складе близько 1 406 219 дол. США/рік.
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Torres, Diego Martins. "Modelagem e previsão de comportamento de processos de injeção de vapor em escalas de laboratorio." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265550.
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Orientador: Osvair Vidal TrevisanDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: A injeção de vapor é uma das técnicas mais utilizadas em todo o mundo para a recuperação de óleos pesados. O escopo do presente trabalho é o da proposição de uma bancada para estudos experimentais dessa técnica. A bancada é detalhada, dando-se ênfase aos seus principais componentes, tais como: gerador de vapor, controle do título do vapor e os protótipos de injeção, um tubo para estudo do processo de injeção contínua de vapor, e uma célula para estudo do processo de drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD - Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage). Baseados nos modelos experimentais, modelos numéricos são criados e realiza-se uma série de simulações para prever o comportamento dos modelos para diferentes valores de propriedades de rocha e de fluidos. Com as simulações buscou-se conhecer as faixas de parâmetros para o funcionamento da bancada, o comportamento das curvas de recuperação de óleo, os perfis de pressão e temperatura ao longo do tempo, estimar a saturação residual do óleo e prever a dinâmica da expansão da câmara de vapor dentro dos modelos de injeção.
Abstract: Steam injection is one of the most widely used techniques in the word for heavy oil recovery. The scope of this work refers to the proposition of an experimental apparatus for studying this technique. The apparatus is detailed, with emphasis on its major components, such as: steam generator, steam quality control and the injection prototypes: a tube to study the steam flooding process, and a cell to study the steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) method. Based on the experimental models, numerical models are created and a series of simulation runs is carried out to predict the models behavior for different values of rock and fluid properties. The simulation tests are useful to identify the parameters range for the proper functioning of apparatus, the oil production curves behavior, the pressure and temperature profiles over time, to estimate the residual oil saturation and to predict the steam chamber expansion dynamics inside the injection models.
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Maar, Tomáš. "Dvoutlaký horizintální kotel na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu;121,3kg/s spalin, 456 C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230062.
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This thesis deals with a heat recovery steam generator for gas turbine. According to the given parameters of the flue and steam, thermal balance boiler was design and configuration of the heating surfaces. Furthermore, the parameters calculated in the thermal balance of the individual heat transfer surfaces designed and drawn in the drawing.
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Laboissière, Philipe 1980. "Injeção de vapor e nitrogenio na recuperação melhorada de oleo pesado." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264286.
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Orientador: Osvair Vidal TrevisanDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica, Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: Métodos térmicos de recuperação, especialmente injeção de vapor, estão à frente da maioria dos projetos de recuperação de óleo pesado em terra. A injeção contínua e, mais recentemente, a injeção de vapor auxiliada por drenagem gravitacional permitem aumentar a recuperação. A razão do volume de vapor injetado por volume de óleo recuperado é um parâmetro decisivo na economicidade de projetos de inundação por vapor. No presente trabalho, um estudo experimental e um numérico na célula linear e um estudo numérico na célula SAGD foram desenvolvidos para entender melhor como a injeção de nitrogênio combinado com vapor contribui ao mecanismo de recuperação e para a possível redução em volume do vapor injetado. O estudo experimental foi conduzido num aparato de laboratório constituído de uma célula linear para a injeção contínua de vapor. Os estudos foram conduzidos em escala de laboratório com óleo pesado da bacia do Espírito Santo. As experiências na célula linear consistiram em injetar vapor ou vapor combinado com nitrogênio para recuperação de óleo. Nas experiências, vapor superaquecido a 170 ° C foi injetado a vazões entre 5 e 4,5 ml/min (equivalente em água fria) e nitrogênio injetado a vazões entre 50 e 180 ml/min. As principais conclusões da investigação (derivadas de cinco experimentos executados com consistentes condições operacionais) são: 1) a injeção de nitrogênio combinado com vapor acelera o início e o pico de produção de petróleo em comparação com a injeção de vapor puro; 2) a melhoria da razão vapor/óleo mostra o efeito benéfico da injeção de nitrogênio em substituição a uma fração substancial de vapor; 3) os volumes recuperados e as análises dos remanescentes apontam fatores de recuperação superiores a 45%. Pelos estudos numéricos, os resultados da modelagem da célula linear mostram frentes de vapor com comportamentos de acordo com os observados experimentalmente. No entanto, uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre o papel dos principais parâmetros utilizados para o ajuste de histórico é necessário. Os resultados simulados do SAGD - Wind Down mostram que 84% da produção do SAGD convencional podem ser recuperados com a metade de volume de vapor injetado, indicando uma redução da razão vapor/óleo de 42%.
Abstract: Thermal recovery methods, especially steam injection, are at the forefront of most onshore projects of heavy oil. The continuous injection and, recently, the steam assisted gravity drainage yield high recoveries. The ratio of the volume of steam injected per volume of produced oil is a decisive parameter in the success of steam flood projects. In the present work, an experimental and a numerical study were developed in the linear cell and a numerical study in the SAGD cell to better understand how the injection of nitrogen combined with steam contributes to the recovery mechanism, and to the possible reduction in volume of the injected steam. The experiment runs were conducted in a linear cell built for the continuous injection of steam. The studies were conducted at the lab scale using heavy oil originated from the Espírito Santo basin. The experiments in the linear cell consisted of continuously injecting steam or steam combined with nitrogen to recover oil. In the experiments, superheated steam at 170 ° C was injected at flow rates between 5 and 4,5 ml/min (cold-water equivalent) and nitrogen injected at rates between 50 and 180 ml/min. The main findings of the research (derived from five runs with consistent operating conditions) are as follows: 1) the injection of nitrogen combined with steam accelerates the start and peak of oil production compared to steam injection alone; 2) the improvement of steam oil ratio shows the beneficial effect of nitrogen injection in substitution to a substantial fraction of steam; 3) results indicates recovery factors exceeding 45%. On the numerical studies, the results from modelling of the linear cell show steam front behaviors in agreement to those observed experimentally. However, further investigation on the role of main parameters used for the history matching is necessary. The simulated results of SAGD - Wind Down shows that 84% of the production of conventional SAGD can be recovered with half of the volume of steam injected, indicating a reduction of steam oil ratio of 42%.
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
41
Drewes, Carl. "Effektförlustutredning : Effektförlustutredning av en mindre sodapanna tillhörande ett medelstort massabruk, en fallstudie." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32419.
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The industrial sector in Sweden stands for 38 percent of the total energy use. Within these 38 percent the pulp and paper industry stand for about half of the energy use. Due to the extent of the energy use it is important that we do what we can to keep the energy usage as low as possible within our industries. In this bachelor thesis a case study is performed regarding a problem with a recovery boiler which belong to one of Stora Ensos pulp mills in a small town called Skutskär in Sweden. The problem with the recovery boiler is that it does not reach the temperature of the outgoing steam for which the soda boiler was designed, which causes the efficiency to suffer. The problem with the recovery boiler is not sustainable either in terms of energy use or economy. Recovery boiler 6 (RB6) as it is called is one of two recovery boilers belonging to the pulp mill. Both boilers are designed to produce high pressure steam at 56 bar and 450°C. The high-pressure steam produced goes through a back-pressure turbine where the pressure is lowered to the working pressure of the remaining factory while electricity is produced. Steam at a lower temperature results in lower enthalpy, which in turn will affect the electricity generation in the back-pressure turbine. The purpose of the study is to quantify the loss in electricity generation caused by the lack of steam temperature of RB6. As well as investigating the causes of the lack of heat transfer where the goal is to locate the problem area. A literature study was conducted regarding the efficiency of the recovery boiler, where much emphases was placed on the function of the superheater and the soot system. The superheater accounts for about 30 percent of all heat transfer in a recovery boiler and is directly crucial for reaching the final temperature of the steam. In the literature study, among other things, the design and fouling of superheater is studied to see that if affects the heater transfer. Further, the soot system effect on the heat transfer is also studied and it shows that the soot system has a greatly influence of the final heat transfer. The method used to conduct the study is primarily data analysis. The pulp mills internal analysis program WinMops is used in combined with Excel to analyze operational data. First, the magnitude of the problem was investigated by calculating the effect of RB6’s lack of steam temperature on the total enthalpy of the steam reaching the turbine. Calculations were made for electricity generation in normal cases and under the influence of RB6, where the difference was considered as lost electricity generation. Once the size of the problem was determined, the investigation of causes of heat transfer began, with the superheater coming into focus. The results of the case study show that RB6’s lack of steam temperature causes a loss of electricity production equivalent to 7 million SEK in a normal year and a year with a low electricity price, this amount to 3 million SEK. Whit regard to the second investigation, it is very likely that the superheater causes the temperature drop. However, the study shows that the superheater has no smaller heat transfer surface in relation to the other recovery boiler and that the heat transfer rate is also not deviant. The superheater shows a hint of fouling at the same time as the flow of soot steam is slightly lower on RB6, unlike the mill’s other recovery boiler. An interesting phenomenon that emerges in the study is that the tertiary air flow tends to have a greater effect on RB6 outgoing steam flow than expected.Industrisektorn står för omkring 38 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Av de 38 procenten står pappers- och massaindustrin för omkring hälften av all energianvändning. Eftersom industrin är en omfattande del gällande energianvändningen är det viktigt att åtgärder utförs för att hålla energianvändningen så låg som möjligt. I detta examensarbete utförs en fallstudie gällande ett problem med en sodapanna som tillhör Stora Ensos massabruk i Skutskär. Problematiken med sodapannan är att den inte når upp i den temperaturen på utgående ångan som sodapannan designades för vilket gör att verkningsgraden blir lidande. Problemet med sodapannan är inte hållbart både sett till energianvändning eller ekonomi. Sodapanna 6 (SP6) som den kallas är en av två sodapannor som tillhör massabruket. Båda sodapannorna är designade för att producera högtrycksånga vid 56 bar och 450°C. Högtrycksångan som produceras går via en mottrycksturbin där trycket sänks till arbetstrycken för resterande fabriken samtidigt som el produceras. Ånga vid lägre temperatur medför lägre entalpi vilket i sin tur kommer att påverka elproduktionen i motrycksturbin. Syftet med studien är att kvantifiera förlusten i elproduktion som den bristande ångtemperaturen av SP6 orsakar. Utöver det är syftet även att utreda orsaker till den bristande värmeöverföringen där målet är att lokalisera problemområdet. En litteraturstudie utfördes gällande effektivitet kring sodapannan varvid mycket tyngd lades på överhettarens samt sotningens funktion. Överhettaren står för omkring 30 procent av all värmeöverföring i en sodapanna och är direkt avgörande för att nå sluttemperaturen på ångan. I litteraturstudien studeras bland annat utformning och försmutsning av överhettaren för att se hur det påverkar värmeöverföringen. Vidare studeras sotningens påverkan på värmeöverföringen och även den påverkar i stor grad den slutgiltiga värmeöverföringen. Metoden som används för att genomföra studien är framförallt dataanalys. Massabrukets interna analyseringsprogram WinMops används tillsammans med Excel för att kunna analysera driftdata. Först utreddes storleken på problemet med hjälp av att beräkna hur stor påverkan SP6 bristande ångtemperatur har på den totala entalpin på ångan som når turbin. Beräkningar utfördes för elproduktion vid normalfall och vid påverkan av SP6 varvid skillnaden betraktades som den förlorade elproduktionen. När problemets storlek var fastställt började utredningen kring orsaker till bristande värmeöverföring varvid överhettaren hamnade i fokus. Studiens resultat visar att SP6 bristande ångtemperatur orsakar en elproduktionsförlust som motsvarar 7 miljoner kronor ett normalår och ett år med lågt elpris rör det sig om 3 miljoner kronor. Gällande den andra utredningen är det med stor sannolikhet överhettaren som orsakar temperaturfallet. Däremot visar studien att överhettaren inte har någon mindre värmeöverförande yta i förhållande till den andra sodapannan samt att värmeöverföringstalet är inte heller avvikande. Överhettaren visar en antydan på försmuttning samtidigt som sotångflödet är något lägre på SP6 till skillnad från brukets andra sodapanna. Intressant fenomen som dyker upp i studien är att tertiärluftflödet tenderar att ha en större påverkan på SP6 utgående ångflöde än förväntat.
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Petrů, Lukáš. "Návrh dvoutlakého kotle na odpadní teplo za spalovací turbinu, 150 kg/s spalin, 600 °C." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-231222.
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This master´s thesis deals with two pressure heat recovery steam generator behind gas turbine. From the entered parameters steam and gas were designed heating surfaces, specifically their size and configuration. The overall design is then proposed in the drawing.
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Moulin, Ludovic. "Vapothermolyse des pneus usagés. Valorisation du noir de carbone récupéré, relation procédé-produit." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0015/document.
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Selon la European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), plus de 3 millions de tonnes de pneus en fin de vie sont à traiter en Europe chaque année et sont directement concernés par les mesures législatives visant le réemploi et la valorisation de 95 % de la masse totale des véhicules hors d'usage. Malgré les différentes possibilités de valorisation des pneus usagés (applications dans le secteur du bâtiment et travaux publics, valorisation matière, valorisation énergétique), une partie du gisement français n’est pas répertorié, ni valorisé, et aucune des voies citées auparavant ne s’intéresse à la récupération du noir de carbone, qui est un constituant essentiel du pneu. Ce produit, à forte valeur ajoutée, est principalement utilisé comme charge de renfort dans l'industrie du caoutchouc et des plastiques. Il existe deux types de procédés thermiques industrialisés permettant de récupérer le noir de carbone d’un pneumatique en fin de vie : la pyrolyse et la vapo-thermolyse. La vapo-thermolyse, actuellement industrialisée par Alpha Recyclage Franche Comté (ARFC), est une variante innovante de la pyrolyse, qui utilise la vapeur d’eau surchauffée à pression atmosphérique. La solution qui consiste à substituer un noir de carbone issu d’un procédé de fabrication conventionnel par un noir de carbone issu de vapo-thermolyse de pneus repose sur la qualité du noir de carbone récupéré et, en particulier, sur ses propriétés physico-chimiques intrinsèques et de surface. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer et mettre en place une méthodologie adéquate afin de récupérer et caractériser les propriétés physico-chimiques du noir de carbone recupéré (rCB) par vapo-thermolyse à partir d'une formulation de pneu, d'évaluer l'impact des conditions de fonctionnement du procédé sur les propriétés du rCB, et enfin de valoriser le rCB en tant que charge de renfort alternative pour l'élaboration d'un produit finalAccording to the European Tyre Recycling Association (ETRA), more than 3 millions tonnes of waste tires are to be treated in Europe each year and are subject to legislation and regulation policies for the re-use and recycling of 95 % of the total mass of end-of-life vehicles. Despite the various opportunities for recycling used tires (civil engineering applications, material recovery, energy recovery), a part of the French available resource remains unvalued and none of the applications just mentioned focuses specifically on the recovery of carbon black, which is one of the main component of a tire. This high added value product is mainly used as reinforcing filler in the rubber and plastics industries. There are two types of industrialized thermal processes for recovering the carbon black from an end-of-life tire : pyrolysis and steam thermolysis. Steam thermolysis, currently industrialized by Alpha Recyclage Franche Comté (ARFC), is an efficient pyrolysis alternative which uses superheated steam at atmospheric pressure. The substitution of carbon blacks produced from a conventional manufacturing process by carbon blacks recovered from the steam thermolysis treatment is based upon the quality of the recycled product, especially regarding its physicochemical properties (intrinsic and surface). The objective of this work is to propose and implement an adequate methodology to recover and characterize the physicochemical properties of recovered carbon black (rCB) from steam thermolysis of a tire, to assess the impact of the process operating conditions on the properties of the rCB, and finally to valorize the rCB as an alternative reinforcing filler for the elaboration of a final product
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Silva, Júnior Cesar Augusto Arezo [UNESP]. "Concepção e análise técnico-econômica da recuperação de calor em sistemas de despoeiramento de aciarias elétricas para geração de vapor superaquecido." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148018.
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As usinas siderúrgicas caracterizam-se, sob o ponto de vista energético, pela grande intensidade de energia empregada em processos de redução do minério de ferro, fusão das matérias-primas e refino do aço líquido obtido. Quanto aos processos utilizados para a produção de aço, destacam-se o emprego de duas rotas tecnológicas: usinas integradas e semi-integradas (mini-mills). As usinas integradas possibilitam a redução do minério de ferro até ferro-gusa e, a partir deste, a obtenção do aço. As mini-mills caracterizam-se pelo emprego de sucatas metálicas, ferro-gusa ou ferro esponja como matérias-primas e pela obtenção, como produtos, de diferentes tipos de aço. Na operação de refino do aço líquido produzido comumente é necessário o emprego de desgaseificadores a vácuo para remoção de contaminantes e, consequentemente, atendimento às especificações do produto acabado. Com isso, as mini-mills demandam potência elétrica para os processos de fusão do aço e vapor superaquecido para obtenção de vácuo nos ejetores do processo de desgaseificação. Para atendimento a legislações ambientais, sistemas de despoeiramento devem ser aplicados às aciarias, disponibilizando grandes vazões de gases quentes provenientes do forno elétrico. A operação do sistema de despoeiramento indica expressivo potencial para recuperação de calor em processos siderúrgicos. Na presente dissertação propõe-se a coleta e análise de dados de operação do sistema de despoeiramento de um forno elétrico a arco de uma mini-mill brasileira, visando concepção e análise técnica-econômica de uma central de cogeração associada à recuperação de calor destes gases do sistema de despoeiramento
The steel industry can be characterized by its high demand of energy in the process of reduction and production of pig iron and steel. For the production of steel the following routes can be highlighted: integrated plants and mini-mills. Integrated plants are used for production steel from iron ore, allowing the reduction of iron ore until pig iron, and pig iron to steel. Mini-mills are used for production of steel through metallic scraps and pig iron. In a mini-mill, the transformation of metallic scraps and pig iron to steel is reached in melting shop areas. The melting shop areas adopt vacuum degassers as a commonly equipment to remove contaminants of liquid steel and consequently reach requirements of finished products. As a consequence, in a melting shop, electricity is applied in electric arc furnaces and overheated steam is applied in vacuum degassers. According to environmental restrictions these melting shops are integrated with dust collectors. The dust collected in electric arc furnaces has great amount of energy and can express a high potential to heat recovering systems. The present dissertation has purpose in collect and analyzes data from an electric arc furnace with a dust collector in a Brazilian mini-mill for developing a thermal-economic analysis of a cogeneration plant integrated in this mini-mill.
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Krčálová, Petra. "Parní generátor." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254227.
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Master thesis on topic steam generator deal with about improving the efficiency due to the use of combined cycle while producing electrical energy. The first part includes the possibility of using combustion engines in the energy sector and describes their advantages and disadvantages in the production of electricity. Further described is the use of the concept of a combustion engine in a combined cycle, and improving the efficiency of electricity through the use of waste heat boilers and steam turbines. The second part is design of the steam generator, which is connected behind the chosen combustion engine with power exceeding 10 MW. Whether this concept is profitable and competitive is in mentioned in the last chapter dealing with the return entry investment. In this chapter is compared several variants use and a demonstration of the impact of fuel prices on the profitability of this concept.
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Steinjan, Karl. "Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum integrierten Gas-Dampf-Prozess für lastflexible Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-208787.
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Der integrierte Gas-Dampf (GiD-) Prozess mit Wasserrückgewinnung ist ein flexibler Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungsprozess, der die gleichzeitige Bereitstellung von Strom und Wärme teilweise entkoppeln kann. Der effiziente und sparsame Einsatz von fossilen Brennstoffen ist aus ökonomischer wie auch ökologischer Sicht geboten. Die Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK), die gleichzeitige Erzeugung von Strom und Wärme, ist eine Möglichkeit dafür. Allerdings erfordert die KWK auch eine gleichzeitige Abnahme von Strom und Wärme beziehungsweise deren Speicherung. Sowohl Strom als auch Prozessdampf lassen sich nur aufwendig und damit relativ teuer speichern, weshalb Alternativen gefragt sind.
Der GiD-Prozess besteht aus einer Gasturbine mit nachgeschaltetem Abhitzedampfkessel. Die Gasturbine verfügt als Besonderheit über eine Dampfinjektion, die vor, nach oder direkt in die Brennkammer erfolgen kann. Der Abhitzekessel hat zusätzliche Wärmeübertragerflächen um das Abgas bis unter den Taupunkt abzukühlen. Somit kann ein Teil des injizierten Dampfes aus dem Abgas zurückgewonnen und wiederverwendet werden. Der in die Gasturbine injizierte Dampf führt dieser weitere Energie zu. Diese kann entweder zur Leistungssteigerung der Anlage oder zur Reduzierung des fossilen Brennstoffbedarfes genutzt werden. Die erste Option der Leistungssteigerung ist auch als Cheng-Prozess bekannt. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der weniger untersuchten zweiten Möglichkeit der Brennstoffreduzierung.
Beim Vergleich des GiD-Prozesses mit verschiedenen anderen Kraftwerks-Prozessen zeigt sich, dass dieser besonders gut für industrielle Anlagen mit Prozessdampfbedarf und einer elektrischen Leistung kleiner 20 MW el geeignet ist. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde der GiD-Prozess mittels einer Versuchsanlage auf Basis einer Industriegasturbine mit 650 kW el untersucht. Die Arbeit dokumentiert verschiedene Versuchsfahrten und Untersuchungen an dieser Anlage. Die Injektion von Dampf reduziert die Schadstoffemissionen in den zulässigen Bereich und kann sehr flexibel zu einer Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades von bis zu zwei Prozent führen. Dabei wird der Dampf sehr gleichmäßig in die Versuchsanlage eingebracht, so dass keine signifikanten Änderungen der Abgastemperaturverteilung erkennbar sind. Die Überhitzung des Dampfes kann zu einer weiteren Steigerung des Anlagenwirkungsgrades führen. Die Rückgewinnung des eingebrachten Dampfes ist mit den entsprechenden Wärmeübertragern möglich. Das zurückgewonnene Wasser ist durch die Stickoxide des Abgases verunreinigt und muss entsprechend aufbereitet werden.
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Sobotka, Tomáš. "Modernizace a ekologizace teplárny." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230033.
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The target of this diploma thesis is design of cogeneration unit with following requirements: • Installation of new unit instead of the old and used up one. • Electric energy supply within Supportive service – fast starts • Greening (replacement of coal with natural gas) At the beginning I deal with the current state of old unit. In the next part there is the design of new technological unit, which consists of design of boilers, gas engines, steam turbines. Final phase of the thesis includes economical analysis focused on setting of financial return.
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Ptáček, Ondřej. "Návrh dvoutlakého vertikálního kotle na odpadní teplo za plynovou turbínou na zemní plyn." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-319246.
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This diploma thesis deals with proposal of a two-lane vertical boiler using the waste heat after gas turbine. In the first part the heat calculation has been done followed by the arrangement of particular heat exchange surfaces and the drawing of real saw diagram. There are also dimensions of drums, inlet and outlet pipes and transfer pipelines drafted. Furthermore, I have listed the materials that are used for casing the boiler and pipelines. Finally, the boiler loss is calculated and the boiler hydraulic calculation is performed. The supplement contains a boiler drawing.
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Pauliny, Jan. "Navrh dvoutlakého horizontálního kotle na odpadní teplo (HRSG) za plynovou turbínou na zemní plyn." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-254218.
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Tato diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem dvojtlakého horizontálního kotle využívající teplo spalin za spalovací turbínou na zemní plyn. Zahrnuje návrh a výpočet jednotlivých výměníků, jejich základní uspořádání s ohledem na požadované parametry výstupní páry a dané vstupní a výstupní parametry spalin. Dále tato práce zahrnuje výpočet a konstrukční návrh parních bubnů, zavodňovacích trubek a převáděcích potrubí. Tato práce je zakončena výpočtem a prověřením tlakových ztrát mezi vstupem a výstupem kotle. Důležitou součástí této práce je přiložena výkresová dokumentace.
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Murdock, Justin N. "Regulators of stream ecosystem recovery from disturbance." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/906.
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