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Journal articles on the topic 'Steam calciner'

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Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Anderson, Nathaniel, Hongmei Gu, and Richard Bergman. "Comparison of Novel Biochars and Steam Activated Carbon from Mixed Conifer Mill Residues." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2021): 8472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248472.

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There is increasing demand in environmental remediation and other sectors for specialized sorbents made from renewable materials rather than hard coals and minerals. The proliferation of new pyrolysis technologies to produce bio-based energy, fuels, chemicals, and bioproducts from biomass has left significant gaps in our understanding of how the various carbonaceous materials produced by these systems respond to processes intended to improve their adsorption properties and commercial value. This study used conventional steam activation in an industrial rotary calciner to produce activated carbon (AC) from softwood biochars made by three novel pyrolysis systems. Steam was injected across four heating zones ranging from 816 °C to 927 °C during paired trials conducted at calciner retention times of 45 min and 60 min. The surface area of the three biochars increased from 2.0, 177.3, and 289.1 m2 g−1 to 868.4, 1092.9, and 744.8 m2 g−1, respectively. AC iodine number ranged from 951 to 1218 mg g−1, comparing favorably to commercial AC produced from bituminous coal and coconut shell. The results of this study can be used to operationalize steam activation as a post-processing treatment for biochar and to expand markets for biochar as a precursor in the manufacture of specialized industrial sorbents.

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2

Champagne, Scott, Dennis Y. Lu, Robert T. Symonds, Arturo Macchi, and E. J. Anthony. "The effect of steam addition to the calciner in a calcium looping pilot plant." Powder Technology 290 (March 2016): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2015.07.039.

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3

Motlagh, A. H., S. V. Klyuev, A. Suendar, A. Z. Ibatova, and A. Maseleno. "Steam gasification of oil sludge with calcined olivine." Petroleum Science and Technology 37, no. 23 (October 1, 2019): 2350–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2018.1525397.

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4

Mun, Kyoungju, and Seungyoung So. "Properties of Cement Mortar with Phosphogpysum under Steam Curing Condition." Research Letters in Materials Science 2008 (2008): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/382490.

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The purpose of this study is to utilize waste PG as an admixture for concrete products cured by steam. For the study, waste PG was classified into 4 forms (dehydrate,β-hemihydrate, III-anhydrite, and II-anhydrite), which were calcined at various temperatures. Also, various admixtures were prepared with PG, fly-ash (FA), and granulated blast-furnace slag (BFS). The basic properties of cement mortars containing these admixtures were analyzed and examined through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, compressive strength, and acid corrosion resistance. According to the results, cement mortars made with III-anhydrite of waste PG and BFS exhibited strength similar to that of cement mortars made with II-anhydrite. Therefore, III-anhydrite PG calcined at lower temperature can be used as a steam curing admixture for concrete second production.

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5

Delgado, Jesús, María P. Aznar, and José Corella. "Calcined Dolomite, Magnesite, and Calcite for Cleaning Hot Gas from a Fluidized Bed Biomass Gasifier with Steam: Life and Usefulness." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 35, no. 10 (January 1996): 3637–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie950714w.

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6

Jin, Lifu, Hua Wang, Huili Liu, and Jianhang Hu. "Mechanism research of calcined copper slag catalytic steam reforming jatropha oil." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 8, no. 6 (November 2016): 063101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4966159.

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7

Constantinou, Domna A., and Angelos M. Efstathiou. "The steam reforming of phenol over natural calcite materials." Catalysis Today 143, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2009): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.032.

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8

Heller-Kallai, L., I. Miloslavski, and Z. Aizenshtat. "?Dissolution? of calcite by steam derived from clay minerals." Naturwissenschaften 73, no. 10 (October 1986): 615–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00368774.

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9

Zheng, Bin, Yongqi Liu, Ruixiang Liu, Zuofeng Wang, Zuoren Wang, Rujun Yu, and Xiaoni Qi. "Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer Characteristics of Calcined Petroleum Coke Fin-and-Tube Waste Heat Exchanger." Open Fuels & Energy Science Journal 7, no. 1 (April 18, 2014): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1876973x01407010020.

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The experimental system of waste heat utilization exchanger, installed in the tank calcined furnace, was built. The heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger, temperature distribution of calcined petroleum coke and utilization ratio of waste heat were systematically studied. The results showed that with the increase of calcined petroleum coke velocity, the heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger increases. The utilization ratio of waste heat increases first and then decreases. With the increase of water velocity, the heat transfer coefficient of heat exchanger increases. Compared with light-andtube heat exchanger, the heat transfer performances of fin-and-tube heat exchanger increase. The average steam producing rate and the average utilization ratio of waste heat increase. The average temperature of calcined petroleum coke in heat exchanger outlet decreases. The uniformity degree of temperature in heat exchanger outlet increases.

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10

Teixeira, Paula, Auguste Fernandes, Filipa Ribeiro, and Carla I. C. Pinheiro. "Blending Wastes of Marble Powder and Dolomite Sorbents for Calcium-Looping CO2 Capture under Realistic Industrial Calcination Conditions." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164379.

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The use of wastes of marble powder (WMP) and dolomite as sorbents for CO2 capture is extremely promising to make the Ca-looping (CaL) process a more sustainable and eco-friendly technology. For the downstream utilization of CO2, it is more realistic to produce a concentrated CO2 stream in the calcination step of the CaL process, so more severe conditions are required in the calciner, such as an atmosphere with high concentration of CO2 (>70%), which implies higher calcination temperatures (>900 °C). In this work, experimental CaL tests were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using natural CaO-based sorbent precursors, such as WMP, dolomite and their blend, under mild (800 °C, N2) and realistic (930 °C, 80% CO2) calcination conditions, and the sorbents CO2 carrying capacity along the cycles was compared. A blend of WMP with dolomite was tested as an approach to improve the CO2 carrying capacity of WMP. As regards the realistic calcination under high CO2 concentration at high temperature, there is a strong synergetic effect of inert MgO grains of calcined dolomite in the blended WMP + dolomite sorbent that leads to an improved stability along the cycles when compared with WMP used separately. Hence, it is a promising approach to tailor cheap waste-based blended sorbents with improved carrying capacity and stability along the cycles under realistic calcination conditions.

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11

Idem, Raphael O., and Narendra N. Bakhshi. "Characterization studies of calcined, promoted and non-promoted methanol-steam reforming catalysts." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 74, no. 2 (April 1996): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450740214.

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12

Taralas, Georgios. "Catalytic steam pyrolysis of a selected saturated hydrocarbon on calcined mineral particles." Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 76, no. 6 (December 1998): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450760616.

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13

Feng, Yu, Bo Xiao, Klaus Goerner, and Ravi Naidu. "Influence of Catalyst and Temperature on Gasification Performance." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.90.

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In the present study the catalytic steam gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas with calcined dolomite and Nano-NiO/γ-Al2O3 as catalyst in an externally heated fixed bed reactor was investigated. The influence of the catalyst and reactor temperature on gasification performance was studied at the temperature range of 700°C-900°C. Over the ranges of experimental conditions examined, Nano-NiO/γ-Al2O3 and calcined dolomite both revealed better catalytic performance, at the presence of steam, tar was completely decomposed as temperature increases from 800°C to 900°C. Higher temperature resulted in more H2 and CO2 production, and dry gas yield. The highest H2 content of 58.27V% and the highest H2 yield of 2.23 Nm3/ kg biomass were observed at the highest temperature level of 900°C.

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14

Liu, D. R., S. J. Pennycook, M. H. Yao, and T. E. Hoost. "Comparative investigation of a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst system with TEM and STEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 53 (August 13, 1995): 694–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100139846.

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Pd-only catalysts are attractive for automotive applications because of the low cost and wide availability of Pd compared with that of Pt and Rh. Analytical electron microscopy may be used to investigate the dispersion, which is a very important parameter in catalyst characterization, of the Pd particles on γ-Al2O3 supports. It was of interest to compare how two different techniques, TEM and STEM, might be used for the Pd-particle size determination in a model catalyst. The model system of 1wt%Pd/γ-Al2O3 used in the present study was prepared by the incipient wetness technique from a palladium nitrate solution. It was then dried at 120°C and calcined at 400°C, followed by steam aging at 600 °C for 24 hours. The TEM used was a JEOL 2000FX operated at 200 kV whereas the STEM used was a VG Microscopes HB-501UX operated in the Z-contrast mode at 100 kV.

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15

Papadopoulou, Eftichia, and Theophilos Ioannides. "Steam reforming of acetol and hydroxyacetaldehyde over natural calcite catalysts." Catalysis Today 355 (September 2020): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.04.029.

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16

Ramli, Anita, Siti Eda Eliana Misi, Mas Fatiha Mohamad, and Suzana Yusup. "Hydrogen Production From Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell Using Sequential Impregnation Bimetallic Catalysts." International Journal of Geology 14 (March 19, 2021): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9105.2020.14.11.

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Zeolite β supported bimetallic Fe and Ni catalysts have been prepared using sequential impregnation method and calcined at temperatures between 500-700 ºC. The catalytic activity of these catalysts in a steam gasification of palm kernel shell was tested in a fixed-bed quartz micro-reactor at 700 ºC. Both Fe and Ni active metals present in FeNi/BEA and NiFe/BEA catalysts are corresponding to Fe2O3 and NiO. Different calcination temperatures and different sequence in metal addition have a significant effect to the catalytic activity where FeNi/BEA (700) shows the highest hydrogen produced than other catalysts.

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17

Zhang, Yueran, Heng Zhang, and Xiong Zhang. "Influence of Calcined Flue Gas Desulfurization Gypsum and Calcium Aluminate on the Strength and AFt Evolution of Fly Ash Blended Concrete under Steam Curing." Materials 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237171.

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In order to improve the early strength of fly ash blended cement concrete under steam curing conditions, fly ash was partly substituted by calcined flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and active calcium aluminate. The effect of the composition and curing condition on the workability, mechanical property, and volume stability was systematically evaluated. The variety of hydration products and the evolution was determined by XRD to explore the formation kinetic of ettringite. Results show that the addition of calcined FGD gypsum and active calcium aluminate is able to improve the early compressive strength but using more FGD gypsum and a high sulfur aluminum ratio leads to a reduction in compressive strength from 28 to 90 days due to the increment of ettringite and crystallization of dihydrate gypsum. Both the free expansion ratio and limited expansion exhibited a continuous increasement with time, especially in the first 14 days of testing. Cracks were not observed on the surface of samples immersed in water for a year. The improvement of strength and shrinkage resistance is mainly due to the formation of ettringite generated before 14 days and the precipitation was highly limited from 14 to 28 days. Moreover, the characteristic peak of gypsum appeared after 28 days, indicating the conversion of partial of calcined FGD gypsum. The work presented here provides a new solution for improving the early strength of fly ash concrete without reducing the later strength and consuming extra energy.

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18

Constantinou, Domna A., José Luis G. Fierro, and Angelos M. Efstathiou. "The phenol steam reforming reaction towards H2 production on natural calcite." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 90, no. 3-4 (August 2009): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.03.018.

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19

Taralas, Georgios. "Catalytic Steam Cracking ofn-Heptane with Special Reference to the Effect of Calcined Dolomite." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 35, no. 7 (January 1996): 2121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie950705n.

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20

Kaewpanha, Malinee, Surachai Karnjanakom, Guoqing Guan, Xiaogang Hao, Jingxuan Yang, and Abuliti Abudula. "Removal of biomass tar by steam reforming over calcined scallop shell supported Cu catalysts." Journal of Energy Chemistry 26, no. 4 (July 2017): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jechem.2017.03.012.

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21

Yang, Jingxuan, Malinee Kaewpanha, Surachai Karnjanakom, Guoqing Guan, Xiaogang Hao, and Abuliti Abudula. "Steam reforming of biomass tar over calcined egg shell supported catalysts for hydrogen production." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 41, no. 16 (May 2016): 6699–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.03.056.

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22

Mosinska, Magdalena, Waldemar Maniukiewicz, Malgorzata I. Szynkowska-Jozwik, and Pawel Mierczynski. "Influence of NiO/La2O3 Catalyst Preparation Method on Its Reactivity in the Oxy-Steam Reforming of LNG Process." Catalysts 11, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11101174.

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The oxy-steam reforming of liquefied natural gas reaction (OSR-LNG) is promising process for syngas generation. In this paper, the catalytic properties of NiO/La2O3 systems prepared by wet impregnation and co-precipitation methods were extensively investigated in OSR-LNG reaction. The physicochemical properties of the studied catalytic materials were determined using various techniques including Temperature programmed reduction (TPR-H2), Temperature programmed desorption (TPD-NH3), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an energy dispersive X-Ray spectrometer (EDS). Reactivity measurements performed in the OSR-LNG process showed that the catalyst preparation method and the calcination temperature significantly affected the activity of NiO/La2O3 catalysts in the OSR-LNG reaction. The catalytic activity tests showed that NiO/La2O3 system prepared by a wet impregnation method and calcined at 700 °C showed the total conversion of the LNG component at 900 °C and the highest H2 yield at 700 and 900 °C. The phase composition studies confirmed the formation of the LaNiO3 structure in the case of the NiO/La2O3 catalyst prepared by wet impregnation, calcined at the temperature of 700 °C. Catalytic activity measurements showed that the reactivity of the catalysts was related to their phase composition and acidity. SEM images of spent catalysts showed that the smallest amount of carbon deposit was detected on the surface of the most active systems.

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23

Jo, WooJin, SooHwa Jeong, SungJin Park, YoungTai Choi, and DongHyun Lee. "Effects of Biomass Gasification by Addition of Steam and Calcined Dolomite in Bubbling Fluidized Beds." Korean Chemical Engineering Research 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 783–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9713/kcer.2015.53.6.783.

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24

Ding, Wenwen, Kefeng Tan, Laibao Liu, Kaijing Tang, Cuijiao Zhao, and Yongjia He. "Utilisation of light calcined magnesite tailings to compensate the autogenous shrinkage of steam-cured cement paste." Advances in Cement Research 28, no. 10 (November 2016): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.16.00016.

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25

Yang, Jing, Wang-Qing Fan, Ruihua Mu, and Yamei Zhao. "Pd/SiO2 Inorganic–Organic Composite Membrane Calcined Under N2 Atmosphere: Thermal Stability and H2/CO2 Separation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 19, no. 6 (June 1, 2019): 3210–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2019.16583.

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A novel Pd/SiO2 inorganic–organic composite material was developed for the selective separation of H2 from a mixture of H2 and CO2. Its thermal stability and microstructure calcined under N2 atmosphere were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 sorption–desorption measurements. Pd element in Pd/SiO2 gel material exists in PdCl2 form, calcination at 350 °C can result in the complete transformation of Pd2+ to metallic Pd0. With the increase of calcination temperature, the hydrophobic Si–CH3 bands decreased in intensity. The residue of Pd/SiO2 material calcined at 800 °C was mainly composed of Si–O–Si, metallic Pd0, CSi4 and some elemental C0. The mean pore size, BET specific surface area and total pore volume of the as-prepared Pd/SiO2 material calcined at 350 °C was about 2.26 nm, 417.35 m2 g−1 and 0.288 m3 g−1, respectively. The mean H2 and CO2 permeances of the corresponding Pd/SiO2 membrane were 9.90×10−6 and 9.10×10−7 mol m−2 Pa−1 s−1, respectively, when operating at 200 °C and a pressure difference of 0.3 MPa. After the steam exposure at 200 °C for 168 h, the H2 permeance decreased by 3.23% while the H2/CO2 permselectivity increased by 2.50%.

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26

Zhang, Wan, Yingjie Li, Zirui He, Xiaotong Ma, and Haiping Song. "CO2 capture by carbide slag calcined under high-concentration steam and energy requirement in calcium looping conditions." Applied Energy 206 (November 2017): 869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.236.

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27

Guan, Guoqing, Gang Chen, Yutaka Kasai, Eldin Wee Chuan Lim, Xiaogang Hao, Malinee Kaewpanha, Abudula Abuliti, Chihiro Fushimi, and Atsushi Tsutsumi. "Catalytic steam reforming of biomass tar over iron- or nickel-based catalyst supported on calcined scallop shell." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 115-116 (April 2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.12.009.

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28

Csencsits, R., C. E. Lyman, and R. Gronsky. "X-ray emission spectroscopy study of iron silicate catalyst FeZSM-5." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 46 (1988): 712–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010010562x.

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Iron silicate analogs of the zeolite ZSM-5 may be directly synthesized from iron silicate gels in a manner which differs slightly from the alumino-silicate ZSM-5. The resultant white, crystalline iron silicate is referred to as FeZSM-5 in the as-synthesized form. Thermal treatment removes the organic crystaldirecting agent and moves some of the framework iron into non-framework sites producing the calcined form of the molecular sieve FeZSM-5. Homogeneity in the distribution of catalytic iron throughout the particles is desired in an optimal catalyst. Distribution of the iron throughout the framework in the assynthesized forms would affect the final distribution of catalytic iron in the calcined and steamed forms; thus, the iron distribution throughout the as-synthesized and calcined forms of FeZSM-5 were studied using the high spatial resolution of the analytical electron microscope.X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) performed in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) and the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) was used to determine the inter- and intra-particle composition variations for FeZSM-5.

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29

Gunter, William D., and Gordon W. Bird. "CO2 production in tar sand reservoirs under in situ steam temperatures: Reactive calcite dissolution." Chemical Geology 70, no. 4 (September 1988): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(88)90121-0.

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30

Costa, Asenete Frutuoso, P. M. Pimentel, F. M. Aquino, D. M. A. Melo, M. A. F. Melo, and R. M. Nascimento. "Microstructural and Colour Analysis of CuCrO₂ Delafossite Obtained by Gelatin Method." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.160.

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In this paper, CuCrO2the compound was synthesized by a route new that uses gelatin as organic precursor in order to application as ceramic pigments. The type of compound delafossite CuCrO2is known for its wide range of application, such as, thermoelectric devices, catalysts for the steam reforming process, ceramic pigments, NiO2 removal, among. The powders resulting from the synthesis process were calcined the 900°C and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy and colorimetry analysis. The results showed for the CuCrO2have coloring green.

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31

Sangsong, Suntorn, Kotchawan Srimala, Mia Radonjic, Sabaithip Tungkamani, Thana Sornchamni, and Monrudee Phongaksorn. "The Effect of Preparation Method on Ni/Ce/Al Catalyst for High Temperature Water-Gas Shift Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 757 (October 2017): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.757.171.

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High temperature water gas shift (HT-WGS) is an important catalytic process connected with reforming process in hydrogen production. Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 (or Al2O3) catalysts were studied in this work on the effect of catalyst preparation method toward the physicochemical properties and the HT-WGS activity. Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by sol-gel and impregnation methods whereas Ni/Al2O3 was prepared by impregnation method. The catalyst samples were characterized by XRD, H2-TPR and H2-TPD techniques. The catalytic activities of HT-WGS catalysts was demonstrated at 550°C, GHSV of 2x105 mLh-1gcat-1and steam-to-CO ratio of 3. Nickel was detected as a nickel aluminate phase in the calcined catalyst. Ni strongly interacted with support in the calcined catalyst prepared by sol-gel method. The strong metal-support interaction can be resisted by preparing catalyst via impregnation and CeO2 can promote the H2O dissociation in HT-WGS mechanism. The highest metal dispersion, largest metal surface area and greatest HT-WGS activity were consequently achieved by Ni/CeO2-Al2O3 prepared from impregnation method.

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32

Weidenthaler, C., R. X. Fischer, L. Abrams, and A. Hewat. "Zeolite Rho Loaded with Methylamines. I. Monomethylamine Loadings." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 53, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768196012529.

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Samples of two differently prepared zeolite rho loaded with different amounts of monomethylamine (MMA) were studied in their hydrated and dehydrated forms by X-ray and neutron diffraction. Both zeolites are partially dealuminated, as indicated by nonframework alumina, which is assumed to be Al2O3 or AlOOH. Series I was prepared from dry-calcined NH4-rho at 873 K, series II from steam-calcined NH4-rho at 773 K. The samples were loaded with different amounts of deuterated MMA, Rietveld refinements yielded the following results for series I (dry): (1) H3.8(H-MMA)5Cs0.2Al9Si39O2.Al2O3.28H2O, X-ray data collection at room temperature, Im\overline 3m, a = 14.9991 (2) Å, R wp = 0.095; (2) composition as in (1), anhydrous and deuterated, neutron data collected at 5 K, disproportionation into two phases in I\overline 43m, with a = 14.8410 (7) and 14.5273 (11) Å, R wp = 0.038; (3) (H-MMA)8.8Cs0.2Al9Si39O96.Al2O3.25H2O, X-ray data collection at room temperature, I\overline 43m, a = 14.9771 (2) Å, R wp = 0.090. Series II (steam): (4) H0.3(H-MMA)5Cs0.7Al6Si42O96.2.5Al2O3.23H2O, X-ray data collected at room temperature,Im\overline 3m, a = 15.0323 (2) Å, R wp = 0.124; (5) composition as in (4), anhydrous and deuterated, neutron data collected at 5 K, disproportionation into two phases in I\overline 43m with a = 14.9151 (2) and 14.6475(8) Å, R wp = 0.031. In the hydrated samples MMA resides on the center axis in the α-cage with the N atoms pointing to the single eight-ring; upon dehydration it migrates into the double eight-rings.

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33

Fischer, Reinhard X., Werner H. Baur, Robert D. Shannon, and Ralph H. Staley. "Weakly acidic bridging hydroxyl groups and nonframework aluminum species in zeolite D-RHO shallow-bed calcined in steam." Journal of Physical Chemistry 91, no. 9 (April 1987): 2227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100293a001.

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34

Wang, Yong, and William J. Thomson. "The effects of steam and carbon dioxide on calcite decomposition using dynamic X-ray diffraction." Chemical Engineering Science 50, no. 9 (May 1995): 1373–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(95)00002-m.

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35

Benedikt, Florian, Josef Fuchs, Johannes Christian Schmid, Stefan Müller, and Hermann Hofbauer. "Advanced dual fluidized bed steam gasification of wood and lignite with calcite as bed material." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34, no. 9 (July 1, 2017): 2548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-017-0141-y.

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36

Weidenthaler, C., R. X. Fischer, and L. Abrams. "Zeolite Rho Loaded with Methylamines. II. Dimethylamine Loadings." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 53, no. 3 (June 1, 1997): 440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768196012530.

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Samples of two differently prepared zeolite rho loaded with different amounts of dimethylamine (DMA) were studied in their hydrated forms by X-ray diffraction. Both zeolites are partially dealuminated, as indicated by nonframework A1 which is assumed to be Al2O3 or AlOOH. Series I was prepared from dry-calcined NHn-rho at 873 K, series II from steam-calcined NHn-rho at 773 K. The samples were loaded with different amounts of DMA. Rietveld refinements yielded the following results for series I: (1) H3.8(H-DMA)5Cs0.2Al9Si39O96.Al2O3.21H2O, X-ray data collection at room temperature, Im\overline 3m, a = 15.0590 (2) Å, R wp = 0.089; (2) (H-DMA)8.8Cs0.2Al9Si39O96.Al2O3.18H2O, X-ray data collection at room temperature, Im\overline 3m, a = 15.0680 (2) Å, R wp = 0.091. Series II: (3) H0.3(H-DMA)5Cs0.7Al6Si42O96.2.5Al2O3.24H2O, X-ray data collection at room temperature, Im\overline 3m, a = 15.0596 (2) Å, R wp = 0.120. DMA resides on the center axis through the \alpha-cage with the N atoms pointing to the single eight-ring and the two methyl groups oriented towards the center of the \alpha-cage.

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37

Palma, Vincenzo, Eugenio Meloni, Simona Renda, and Marco Martino. "Catalysts for Methane Steam Reforming Reaction: Evaluation of CeO2 Addition to Alumina-Based Washcoat Slurry Formulation." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 3 (August 3, 2020): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6030052.

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The effect of the addition of CeO2 to alumina-based washcoat slurry formulation on the methane steam reforming (MSR) reaction was investigated. Five Al2O3-CeO2-based washcoat slurries, differing from each other in the Al2O3/CeO2 ratio (nominal ratio equal to ∞, 0.042, 0.087, 0.250, 0.667) were prepared, dried and calcined; the resulting powders were loaded with nickel as an active metal and the obtained catalysts were tested in MSR reaction. Five cylindrical silicon carbide (SiC) monoliths were washcoated with the prepared slurries and their mechanical resistance was evaluated through the ultrasound adherence test. The activity tests results highlighted the best performance in terms of methane conversion and hydrogen selectivity of the powder catalyst, with the Al2O3/CeO2 percentage nominal ratio equal to 0.042. A structured catalyst was finally prepared by loading a SiC monolith with the most active catalytic formulation and tested in MSR reaction. The performance of the structured catalyst was evaluated in terms of methane conversion and its stability was verified in a time-on-stream test, which allowed for the evaluation of the carbon formation rate; furthermore, its activity was characterized by the estimation of the kinetic parameters. The results highlighted the beneficial effect of ceria addition on the catalytic activity; moreover, compared with data of the literature, the calculated carbon formation rate demonstrated a good resistance of the catalyst to coke formation.

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38

Ramli, Anita, Siti Eda Eliana Misi, Mas Fatiha Mohamad, and Suzana Yusup. "Bimetallic Fe-Ni/Zeolite β Catalysts for Hydrogen Generation from Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell." Advanced Materials Research 925 (April 2014): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.925.313.

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In this study, the potential usage of PKS as a direct source for hydrogen production is being explored in the presence of bimetallic Fe-Ni/Zeolite β (BEA) catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation method and calcined at temperatures between 500-700 oC to study the effect of calcination temperatures on the gas compositions from steam gasification of PKS. The textural properties and crystalline phase present were characterized using BET and X-Ray Diffraction. The catalysts were tested in steam gasification of PKS in a fixed-bed microreactor at 700 oC using 0.3 g catalyst and 0.9 g PKS. The steam to PKS ratio was 4:1 (vol) while steam to Ar ratio was 1:6 (vol.). The Fe-Ni/BEA catalysts possess lower surface area, higher pore volume and larger pore diameter as compared to the bare BEACalcination temperature is found to contribute to the crystallization of the prepared catalysts where high crystallization of Fe and Ni was observed in Fe-Ni/BEA (700) catalyst with the formation of NiO and NiFe2O4 phase. Fe-Ni/BEA (700) shows the highest composition of H2 gas produced with 76.32 vol% H2, 18.72 vol% CO2, 4.96 vol% CO and the absence of CH4. This shows that the steam gasification of PKS in the presence of Fe-Ni/BEA (700) has a potential to replace the commercial H2 production via methane reforming process.

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39

Fischer, R. X., W. H. Baur, R. D. Shannon, R. H. Staley, L. Abrams, A. J. Vega, and J. D. Jorgensen. "Neutron powder diffraction study and physical characterization of zeolite D-Rho shallow-bed calcined in steam at 773 K." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 44, no. 4 (August 1, 1988): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768188000916.

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40

Asimakopoulou, Akrivi, Ioannis Gkekas, Georgia Kastrinaki, Alessandro Prigione, Vasileios T. Zaspalis, and Spyros Petrakis. "Biocompatibility of α-Al2O3 Ceramic Substrates with Human Neural Precursor Cells." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 11, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb11030065.

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Background: Biocompatible materials-topography could be used for the construction of scaffolds allowing the three-dimensional (3D) organization of human stem cells into functional tissue-like structures with a defined architecture. Methods: Structural characterization of an alumina-based substrate was performed through XRD, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and wettability measurements. Biocompatibility of the substrate was assessed by measuring the proliferation and differentiation of human neural precursor stem cells (NPCs). Results: α-Al2O3 is a ceramic material with crystallite size of 40 nm; its surface consists of aggregates in the range of 8–22 μm which forms a rough surface in the microscale with 1–8 μm cavities. The non-calcined material has a surface area of 5.5 m2/gr and pore size distribution of 20 nm, which is eliminated in the calcined structure. Thus, the pore network on the surface and the body of the ceramic becomes more water proof, as indicated by wettability measurements. The alumina-based substrate supported the proliferation of human NPCs and their differentiation into functional neurons. Conclusions: Our work indicates the potential use of alumina for the construction of 3D engineered biosystems utilizing human neurons. Such systems may be useful for diagnostic purposes, drug testing, or biotechnological applications.

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41

Wu, Jintao, Na Li, Yuan Fan, Yanqiu Wang, Yongchun Gu, Zehan Li, Yin Pan, Gobin Romila, Zuomin Zhou, and Jinhua Yu. "The Conditioned Medium of Calcined Tooth Powder Promotes the Osteogenic and Odontogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells via MAPK Signaling Pathways." Stem Cells International 2019 (March 19, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4793518.

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The calcined tooth powder (CTP), a type of allogeneic biomimetic mineralized material, has been confirmed that can promote new bone formation when obtained at high temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of the conditioned medium of calcined tooth powder (CTP-CM) on the osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) and the underlying mechanisms involved. First, ALP activity assay determined that 200 μg/mL was the optimal concentration of CTP-CM for the following experiments. CTP-CM had no significant effect on the proliferation of hDPSCs as indicated by CCK-8 and FCM analysis. Both the gene and protein (DSPP/DSPP, RUNX2/RUNX2, OCN/OCN, OSX/OSX, OPN/OPN, ALP/ALP, and COL-1/COL-1) expression levels increased in the CTP-CM-induced hDPSC group as compared with those in the control group at day 3 or 7, showing the positive regulation of CTP-CM on the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of hDPSCs. Mechanistically, MAPK signaling pathways were activated after the CTP-CM treatment, and the inhibitors targeting MAPK were identified which weakened the effects of CTM-CM on the committed differentiation of hDPSCs. These findings could lead to the creation of stem cell therapies for dental regeneration.

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42

Guan, Guoqing, Malinee Kaewpanha, Xiaogang Hao, Ai-min Zhu, Yutaka Kasai, Seiji Kakuta, Katsuki Kusakabe, and Abuliti Abudula. "Steam reforming of tar derived from lignin over pompom-like potassium-promoted iron-based catalysts formed on calcined scallop shell." Bioresource Technology 139 (July 2013): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.007.

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43

Pan, M., J. M. Cowley, and I. Y. Chan. "The structure of Pt particles on γ-Al2O3 support." Journal of Applied Crystallography 20, no. 4 (August 1, 1987): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0021889887086631.

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Samples of the catalyst Pt/γ-Al2O3 have been examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and microdiffraction techniques. An epitaxic relationship of metallic Pt crystals on the γ-Al2O3 has been established. In both calcined and reduced samples, the crystalline oxide α-PtO2 was found along with metallic Pt. The oxide has a hexagonal lattice with unit-cell dimensions about 6% smaller than those previously reported. Microdiffraction from areas less than 20 Å in diameter, combined with HRTEM, STEM and secondary electron microscopy (SEM), has proved to be a very powerful technique for the study of the structures of particles less than 50 Å in size.

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44

Feng, Yu, Bo Xiao, Klaus Goerner, and Ravi Naidu. "Influence of Particle Size and Temperature on Gasification Performance." Advanced Materials Research 281 (July 2011): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.281.78.

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In the present study the catalytic steam gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas with calcined dolomite as catalyst in an externally heated fixed bed reactor was investigated. The influence of the reactor temperature and particle size on yield and product composition was studied at the temperature range of 700°C-900°C. Over the ranges of experimental conditions examined, tar was completely decomposed as temperature increases from 800°C to 900°C. Higher temperature and smaller particle size resulted in more H2 and CO2 production, and dry gas yield. The highest H2 content of 58.27 V%, and the highest H2 yield of 2.23 Nm3/ kg biomass were observed at the highest temperature level of 900°C when the particle size was below 0.125mm.

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45

Lopez-Ortiz, A., V. Collins-Martinez, and D. P. Harrison. "SER Process Variable Evaluation for the Production of Hydrogen using Calcined Dolomite." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 14, no. 2 (April 7, 2011): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v14i2.120.

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Reaction performance of the sorption enhanced reforming (SER) process for the production of hydrogen was studied using commercial dolomite as inexpensive solid CO2 absorbent. The combined reforming, shift, and CO2 separation reactions were studied using a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor as a function of temperature, feed gas composition, dolomite type, and dolomite and catalyst particle sizes. Reactor was loaded with a mixture of calcined dolomite (≈ 23g) and a commercial reforming catalyst (NiO/Al2O3, ≈ 10g). Temperature was varied from 550 to 650°C at 15 atm. Feed gas composition was varied from 6 to 20% CH4/balance N2 and steam, with a feed H2O/CH4 ratio = 4. Two sources of dolomite were used; Rockwell and Stonelite. Particle sizes of dolomite and catalyst were 75>dp>150 μm and 300>dp>425 μm, respectively and were inversely varied. Results show that at 550°C Ca(OH)2 formation is possible, thus reducing the available CaO for carbonation, negatively affecting the performance of the SER system, while 650°C reached the SER thermodynamic equilibrium (TE). The use of dolomite approached the TE of the feed gas compositions studied, disregarding of its source. Kinetic effects observed in the tests suggest that small dolomite and large catalyst particles favor the decrease of CO2 diffusion effects.

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46

Košová, Gabriela, and Jiří Čejka. "Incorporation of Aluminum and Iron Into the ZSM-12 Zeolite: Synthesis and Characterization of Acid Sites." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 12 (2002): 1760–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20021760.

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Zeolite ZSM-12 with aluminum and iron in the framework was synthesized in a broad range of Si/Al (Si/Fe) ratios using triethylmethylammonium bromide as structure-directing agent with the aim to characterize the type and concentration of acid sites in dependence on the Si/Al (Si/Fe) ratio and calcination procedure. It was shown that the minimum Si/Al ratio achieved for (Al)ZSM-12 is around 35, which is very close to the minimum Si/Fe ratio ca 37 for (Fe)ZSM-12. The rate of crystallization of (Al)ZSM-12 and (Fe)ZSM-12 depends on the concentration of Al and Fe in the reaction mixture. The higher was the concentration of these trivalent cations, the slower was the apparent crystallization rate. It is suggested that the crystallization rate is controlled by the number of nucleation centers, which depends on the amount of trivalent cations (Al, Fe) in the reaction mixture. Zeolites (Al)ZSM-12 and (Fe)ZSM-12 were calcined under a variety of carefully controlled conditions to investigate the resulting concentration of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites. FTIR spectroscopy used to study the adsorption of acetonitrile-d3 and pyridine on Brønsted and Lewis acid sites revealed that both sites are present in significant concentrations in all calcined (Al)ZSM-12 and (Fe)ZSM-12 zeolites. The highest concentrations of Brønsted sites especially at low Si/Al or Si/Fe ratios were achieved via calcination of the zeolites in a stream of ammonia followed by a repeated sodium ion exchange and further calcination in a stream of air.

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47

Saab, Roba, Kyriaki Polychronopoulou, Nikolaos Charisiou, Maria A. Goula, and Andreas Schiffer. "Graphene Nanoplatelets-Based Ni-Zeolite Composite Catalysts for Heptane Hydrocracking." C — Journal of Carbon Research 6, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/c6020031.

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This paper examines the effect of incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in an Ni-based/Zeolite-Y catalyst on the hydrocracking of heptane fuel at two temperatures, 350 and 400 °C. Specifically, reduced GNP/NiO-ZY and NiO-ZY catalysts, each with a 5 wt. % Ni loading, were compared in this study. The results show that the reduced GNP/NiO-ZY enhanced the conversion percentage by 31% at 350 °C and by 6% at 400 °C as compared with the reduced NiO-ZY, and the GNP/NiO-ZY also showed superior stability, reporting a less than 2% drop in conversion over 20 h of time-on-stream. The enhancement in performance is linked to the surface and texture characteristics of both catalysts. Although the calcined GNP/NiO-ZY possessed a lower Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 458 m2/g compared with 536 m2/g for the calcined NiO-ZY, it showed a more hydrophobic nature, as deduced from the water adsorption profiles, which corroborates the hypothesis that the increased affinity between the catalyst surface and heptane molecules during the reaction leads to an improved catalytic activity.

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48

Pérez, P., P. M. Aznar, M. A. Caballero, J. Gil, J. A. Martín, and J. Corella. "Hot Gas Cleaning and Upgrading with a Calcined Dolomite Located Downstream a Biomass Fluidized Bed Gasifier Operating with Steam−Oxygen Mixtures." Energy & Fuels 11, no. 6 (November 1997): 1194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef970046m.

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49

Obalová, Lucie, František Kovanda, Květuše Jirátová, Kateřina Pacultová, and Zdenek Lacný. "Application of Calcined Layered Double Hydroxides as Catalysts for Abatement of N2O Emissions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 73, no. 8-9 (2008): 1045–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20081045.

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The results of catalytic decomposition of N2O over mixed oxide catalysts obtained by calcination of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are summarized. Mixed oxides were prepared by thermal treatment (500 °C) of coprecipitated LDH precursors with general chemical composition of MII1-xMIIIx(OH)2(CO3)x/2·yH2O, where MII was Ni, Co, Cu and/or Mg, MIII was Mn, Fe and/or Al, and the MII/MIII molar ratio was adjusted to 2. The influence of chemical composition of the MII-MIII mixed oxide catalysts on their activity and stability in N2O decomposition was examined. The highest N2O conversion was reached over Ni-Al (4:2) and Co-Mn-Al (4:1:1) catalysts. Their suitability for practical application was proved in simulated process stream in the presence of O2, NO, NO2 and H2O. It was found that N2O conversion decreased with increasing amount of oxygen in the feed. The presence of NO in the feed caused a slight decrease in N2O conversion. A strong decrease in the reaction rate was observed over the Ni-Al catalyst in the presence of NO2 while no N2O conversion decrease was observed over the Co-Mn-Al catalyst. Water vapor inhibited the N2O decomposition over all tested catalysts. The obtained kinetic data for N2O decomposition in a simulated process stream over the Co-Mn-Al catalyst were used for a preliminary reactor design. The packed bed volume necessary for N2O emission abatement in a HNO3 production plant was calculated as 35 m3 for waste gas flow rate of 30 000 m3 h-1.

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50

Lo Faro, Massimiliano, Giuseppe Monforte, Alessandro Stassi, Maurizio Minutoli, Vincenzo Antonucci, Vincenza Modafferi, Pierluigi Antonucci, and Antonino Salvatore Arico’. "A Novel Anode Based on Ni-Modified Perovskite for Direct Alcohol Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." Advances in Science and Technology 72 (October 2010): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.72.255.

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A Ni-modified La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 / Ce0.9Gd0.1O2 catalyst was prepared by incipient wetness. The product thus obtained was calcined at 1100°C for 2 h in static air. After thermal activation, Ni was mainly present as highly dispersed La2NiO4 on the surface of perovskite surface. The thermal reduction at 800 °C caused the occurrence of metallic Ni on the surface. Surface area was determined by BET measurement. The catalyst was used as anode in IT-SOFCs fed with methanol. Studies under steam reforming, partial oxidation and autothermal reforming of methanol were carried out at 800°C. A comparison was made between the performance of SOFCs fed with syngas or methanol. The results with methanol are promising both in terms of energy density as well as suitable performance for portable power sources.

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