Academic literature on the topic 'Statue'

Im Zentrum der Arbeit steht die nichtkönigliche ("private") Grabstatue des Alten Reiches (3. bis 6. Dynastie). Das schließt die Beschäftigung mit der baulichen Struktur und den funktionalen Komponenten von Grabanlagen ein. Außerdem werden Belege des Flachbildes und inschriftliches Material zur Klärung bestimmter Sachverhalte herangezogen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es, anhand der Grabstatue die Funktion eines kulturellen Objektes in der gesellschaftlichen Praxis zu untersuchen, wobei der räumliche Rahmen auf die Residenz und der zeitliche Rahmen auf das Alte Reich beschränkt ist. Anhand der Grabstatue kann nachvollzogen werden, wie ein kulturelles Objekt auf der Basis habitueller Konzepte und Handlungsmuster im Rahmen der funerären Praxis von einer spezifischen sozialen Gruppe (Residenzbewohnerschaft) in einer spezifischen historischen Situation (Etablierung eines Machtzentrums in einem frühen Staatswesen) aktiviert und entwickelt wird. Durch die Einbeziehung weiterer Quellengruppen läßt sich so das Bild der funerären Praxis einer bestimmten Epoche entwerfen. Die Arbeit setzt sich aus fünf aufeinander aufbauenden Teilen zusammen. Die entsprechenden Belege sind in Tabellen zusammengestellt, auf die jeweils verwiesen wird. Teil I setzt die Grundlagen der Arbeit. Die beiden wesentlichen Statuentypen - die Sitzfigur und die Standfigur - werden vorgestellt. Durch die anschließende Diskussion von Aufstellungsort und kultischer Funktion wird die Bedeutung des Objektes "Statue" im funerären Kult beleuchtet. Davon ausgehend können erste Schlüsse zur sozialen Implikation der funerären Praxis gezogen werden. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Statuen mit bestimmten Informationen "indiziert" sind (stehend = Bewegungsfähigkeit; sitzend = Existenz im Grab; ausgestreckte Hand = Fähigkeit zum Opferempfang), die im Rahmen der Kultpraxis aktiviert werden. Durch die gezielte Entwicklung bestimmter Indizes können individuelle soziale Positionen beschrieben und in die kulturelle Kommunikation eingeführt werden (Namens- und Titelbeischrift, naturalistische Gestaltung). Dem in Teil I. für die Belege der 1. bis 3. Dynastie vorgegebenen Prinzip wird in den folgenden Teilen gefolgt, wobei aufgrund des umfangreichen Belegmaterials eine Trennung der Schwerpunkte (Statuentyp, Kontext der Grabanlage, Funktion im Kult) vorgenommen wird. Teil II behandelt die einzelnen Statuentypen, die seit der Mitte der 4. Dynastie dem Korpus der Grabstatuen hinzugefügt werden. Schwerpunkt der Betrachtung ist hier die individuelle Aktivierung der in den Statuen vorhandenen kommunikativen Potenzen (Indizes). Es wird gezeigt, daß die Entwicklung von neuen Statuentypen (Schreiberfigur, Standfigur mit Vorbauschurz, Gruppenfigur, Dienerfigur) mit der Etablierung neuartiger sozialer Positionen an der Residenz verbunden werden kann. Daneben führt die Entwicklung spezifischer Handlungsvorgänge und Konzepte der funerären Praxis zur Etablierung von Sonderformen (Ersatzkopf, Büste, Nacktfigur, Pseudo-Gruppe). Teil III untersucht den archäologischen Kontext der Statuenbelege. Dabei werden die Quellen verschiedener sozialer Gruppierungen der Residenz (Elite vs. dependents) getrennt untersucht, um Gemeinsamkeiten und Differenzen der funerären Praxis innerhalb der Residenz herauszuarbeiten. Wie auch für die in Teil I behandelte Epoche läßt sich eine zeitliche Entwicklung und Veränderung der funerären Praxis erkennen. Abschließend werden Belege für Felsstatuen und verwandte Objekte betrachtet, für die in besonderer Weise gilt, daß Statuentyp und Aufstellungsort eine Einheit bilden. Im Zentrum dieses Abschnittes steht die Aktivierung des Mediums Statue im Rahmen kollektiver Kulthandlungen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden auch die verschiedenen Kultbezüge einer funerären Anlage untersucht, die sich im archäologischen Befund ablesen lassen. In Teil IV werden Belege der Flachbild- und Textdekoration von funerären Anlagen in die Betrachtung einbezogen. Im Mittelpunkt stehen solche Flachbilddarstellungen, in denen die Verwendung von Statuen thematisiert wird. Anhand von Texten und Darstellungen von Kulthandlungen werden außerdem Rekonstruktionen des Opferrituals, des Festrituals und des Bestattungsrituals vorgeschlagen. So wird die funeräre Praxis als ein Komplex real vollzogener Handlungen beschrieben und der Rahmen der Aktivierung ihrer individuellen und kollektiven Aspekte genauer untersucht. In diesem Zusammenhang wird auch auf die Bedeutung verwiesen, die die "Konzeptualisierung" (sprachlich / schriftliche Formulierung und Ausdeutung) von Phänomenen für die Entwicklung der funerären Praxis besitzt. Anhand der Belege sich entwickelnder Konventionen der Darstellung und Formulierung von praktischen Handlungen in Bild und Text (hier als Phänomen der "Verschriftlichung" bezeichnet) wird gezeigt, daß die funeräre Praxis ein dynamischer, ständiger Veränderung unterworfener Prozeß ist. Die Veränderung betrifft sowohl den Bereich der Handlungen - also die vollzogenen Zeremonien - als auch den Bereich der verwendeten Objekte (Statue, Grabanlage, Leiche) und die Konzeptualisierung des Prozesses in einer "funerären Religion". In Teil V werden die wesentlichen Ergebnisse zusammengefaßt. Dabei wird auf die innerkulturelle Konzeptualisierung des Objektes "Grabstatue" eingegangen. Weiterhin werden die Kriterien zusammengestellt, die eine Periodisierung der Entwicklung der funerären Praxis an der Residenz zulassen. Abschließend wird auf die Bedeutung eingegangen, die die funeräre Praxis in der gesellschaftlichen Praxis im pharaonischen Ägypten im 3. Jt. v.u.Z. insgesamt besaß.
The focus of the study is the non-royal ("private") tomb statue of the Old Kingdom (3rd to 6th dynasties). Observations on the actual position of statues within the tomb are included, followed by a discussion of architectural and functional components of a residential funerary complex. Further a certain number of two-dimensional representations and inscriptions are consulted for the discussion of special topics. The aim of the study is to investigate the function of a cultural object within the frame of social practice. By using the tomb statue as an example and by restricting the topic spatially to the residence and temporally to the Old Kingdom, it is possible to detect how - on the basis of habitual concepts and patterns of action - a cultural object has been developed and activated by a specific social group (inhabitants of the residence) in the frame of funerary practice in a specific historical situation (consolidation of the centre of an early state). Using a wider score of sources it is thus possible to sketch the reality of funerary practice of a specific period. This study is divided into five parts. The sources referred to in the different chapters are gathered in sets of tables. Part I sets the main principles of the study. The two most important statue types - the sitting and the striding figure - are introduced. The following discussion of its place in the funerary complex and its function shows the importance of the object "statue" within the funerary cult. Preliminary observations on social implications of funerary practice are formulated. It is shown that statues are marked by some indexical information (striding = possibility of movement; sitting = existence in the tomb; raised hand = possibility of receiving offerings) which will be activated in the course of funerary practice. By developing certain of these indices it became possible to describe individual positions and to introduce them into the cultural communication (inscription of name and titles, naturalistic elements of representation). The principles used in part I for the sources from dyn. 1 to 3 will also be observed in the following parts, dividing due to the amount of material the investigation into a number of subtopics (statue types, context of the funerary complex, function in the cult). In part II statue types added to the corpus of tomb statues during dyn. 4 are investigated. Focal point is the individual activation of the communicative potencies inherent in the statues (indices). It is shown that the development of new statue types (scribe, striding figure with protruding kilt, group figure, servant figure) can be correlated to the establishment of new social positions at the residence. Additionally the development of specific patterns of behaviour and of concepts of funerary practice leads to the creation of peculiar types of statues (reserve head, bust, naked figure, pseudo group). Part III deals with the archaeological context of statues. In order to investigate communities and differences within the funerary practice of the residence, sources of different social groups (elite vs. dependants) are treated separately. As in the period dealt with in part I, it is possible to observe the development and the transformation of the funerary practice in time. Additionally with rock-cut statues and related objects, a group of sources is investigated linking in a specific manner statue type and its position in the funerary complex. Main topic of this part is the activation of the medium "statue" in the course of collective cult action. In this context the different references of religious action in a funerary complex observable in the archaeological record are described. Part IV adds the evidence of inscriptions and two-dimensional depictions. The main focus is on two-dimensional representations showing the employment of statues. Using textual and pictorial evidence, reconstructions of the offering ritual, the festival ritual and the burial ritual are proposed. Funerary practice is described as a complex of actual behaviour. The circumstances of the activation of its individual and collective potencies are detected. The importance of the process of "conceptualisation" (oral / written formulation and explanation) of phenomenons for the development of funerary practice is stressed. Using sources showing the formation of patterns of representation of practical actions in picture and text (called "scriptualization") it is shown that funerary practice is a dynamic, constantly changing process. Those changes refer not only to the realm of actions - i.e. the actual ceremonies - but also to the objects used (statue, funerary monument, deceased body) and to the conceptualisation of the whole process in a "funerary religion". Part V summarises the main conclusions. Additionally it deals with the emic conceptualisation of the object "tomb statue". Further a number of criteria allowing a periodization of funerary practice at the residence are listed. Finally the overall importance of funerary practice within the frame of social practice in pharaonic Egypt during the 3rd millennium B.C.E. is highlighted.

In April 2015, the bronze statue of Cecil John Rhodes- notorious mining magnate, archimperialist and champion of a global Anglo-Saxon empire- was removed from its concrete plinth overlooking Cape Town, South Africa. This came as a result of the #RhodesMustFall (#RMF) movement, a movement that would see statues questioned and vandalised across the country. Two years later, fierce contestation over the hegemonic narrative told through the American South’s symbolic landscape erupted over the proposed removal of a statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee, resulting in the deaths of multiple people in Charlottesville, Virginia. Increasing research on the removal of Rhodes and the removal of Confederate statuary has emerged in recent years. However, previous scholarship has failed to compare the wider phenomena of the calls for removal, from the memorialised figures to their change in symbolic capital, the movements’ inception and its outcomes. There is subsequently a gap in the literature understanding what the politics of statue removal tell us about not only the American and South African commemorative landscapes, but the nations’ interpretations of the past and societies themselves. Therefore, this thesis uses descriptive comparative analysis to compare two case studies where the debate over statue removal has surfaced most vehemently: Rhodes’ statue at the University of Cape Town and Lee’s statue in Charlottesville. Ultimately, this dissertation finds that the calls for the removal of statues are part of a wider change in tenor towards understanding and disrupting prevailing hegemonic narratives of white supremacy, in both society and its symbolic landscape. The phenomena demonstrates that heterogeneous societies with pasts marred by segregation and racism are moving to reject and re-negotiate these histories and their symbols, a move that has elicited deeply divided, emotional responses. Despite waning attention to monument removals, the issue remains unresolved, contentious, and capable of re-igniting.

The Aphrodite of Cnidus (Knidia) dates from the mid-fourth century BC and is the first over life-size female nude in western art. Shown with attributes of a vessel and drapery, the goddess apparently shields her nudity by drawing her right hand across her groin. The original no longer survives, destroyed by fire in the fifth century AD; nevertheless the Knidia is one of the foremost works from antiquity, as a similar image is unknown on this scale in marble before and because of the notoriety of its sculptor Praxiteles. Its emergence should be viewed against the representation of Aphrodite and other female figures earlier and also other works by Praxiteles. A replica (the Jenkins Venus) was sold at Christie's auction house for a record sum in 2002, reflecting not only its quality and beauty, but also the Knidia 's ongoing ability to inspire interest. Reception of the figure occurs almost without interruption during and post antiquity in both literature and art, indicated by the numerous copies and replicas of the work and the reaction they provoke, not through the general presentation of AphroditeN enus. Central to this examination is the longevity of the work and its manifestation in different periods, places and contexts, not only because of its nakedness, but also its ambiguity, unclear whether Aphrodite attempts to hide her undress, or draw attention to the source of her power and sexuality, making the image equally appropriate as one of shame or veneration.

Les statues comptent parmi les plus remarquables témoignages matériels de l’Antiquité qu’il nous est donné de contempler. Si chacun d’entre nous voit ce qu’elles sont, leur réelle signification nous échappe cependant dans l’ensemble. Délaissant la démarche du catalogage et de la classification typologique, ce travail se propose de les replonger dans une atmosphère sociale parfaitement révisée, reconstituée et interrogée. À quoi cela servait-il d’ériger une statue dans la Rome antique ? À quoi cela sert-il de les étudier présentement ? À cela nous répondons que derrière ces vestiges, c’est la motivation de retrouver une conception du monde différente de la nôtre, mais capable de l’éclairer sous un jour nouveau qui fut pour nous déterminante. Derrière les statues, c’est retrouver l’Homme qu’il soit d’hier ou d’aujourd’hui. C’est surtout dépasser l’inertie apparente pour repenser une vie communautaire dans laquelle l’honneur prévalait et dont la réception s’avère encore à notre temps des plus vivaces
Statues are the most noticeable tangible testimonies from Antiquity that we are given to contemplate. If each of us can see what they are, yet we can not get their true meaning in their whole. Abandoning the approach of cataloguing and typological classification, this work intends to throw us back to the statues’ social atmosphere that is perfectly revised, reconstituted and questioned. What is the use of erecting a statue in Ancient Rome? What is the use of studying them so far? To answer this question, we can say that beyond these ruins, it is the drive to find again a conception of a world that is different from ours, but a world that is capable of shedding a new light into the meaning of the Statues, which is essential for us. Behind the statues, it is to find again the Man, either the old type or the new type. It is above all to transcend the seeming inertia to think again a community life, in which the honour prevailed and whom reception turns out to be the most vivid in our modern world

<p>The magnificent statue of Lord Buddha installed on Gibraltar Rock in Hussain Sagar Lake in Hyderabad City of India is an engineering marvel. It attracts not only attention of international tourists, but has become great symbol of Buddhism culture and faith born in India. The project involving stages of sculpting the statue, its transportation to the city, then to the pedestal in the lake had to face challenging situations which are brought out in the paper. While transporting it in the lake, there was mishap drowning the statue to the lake bed. Salvaging the statue and its subsequent erection on the pedestal added to the complexity of engineering operations and are covered in the article.</p>

Abstract. Monuments and museums contents in the Mediterranean area have revealed a poor dynamic behavior and suffered large damages during past severe seismic events. Their protection deserved great research efforts due to their inestimable values and high cultural significance. From an analytic point of view, art and museum objects, statues and displays are generally modelled as rigid blocks and have been extensively studied in the non-linear dynamic context. On the other hand, only limited experimental researches have been carried out. Base isolation devices have proven to be highly effective in control the dynamic behavior of for statue-like items. This work presents an analytical and experimental study for the dynamical characterization of a bidirectional base-isolation device. The ability of the device in reducing the dynamic response of statue-like objects has been investigated by means of full-scale shaking table tests carried out at L.E.D.A. Research Institute at the “Kore” University of Enna. Experimental results are then used to calibrate an analytical model of the device. The Goddess of Morgantina statue has been selected as case-study due to its significance and since it is equipped with a base-isolating device in its present placement.