Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Statistique du nombre'
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Fillatre, Lionel. "Détection et localisation d'anomalies à partir d'un nombre limité de projections tomographiques." Troyes, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TROY0020.
Full textThe problem of anomaly detection in a linearly parameterized environment from a few number of noisy projections has been stated as a composite hypotheses testing problem. An unknown two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, scene composed of an environment, considered as a nuisance parameter, with a possibly hidden anomaly is studied. To counterbalance the lack of observations, a parametric-based approach, which describes the partly unknown environment by using a linear parametric parsimonious model, is proposed. First, an invariant binary test is designed to detect a non-specified anomaly by eliminating the environment. However, anomalies can be hidden by the environment and erased by this elimination. Several new results are proposed to warrant their detectability with respect to specific assumptions on the environment. Next, a new decision rule is proposed to detect and localize a size-limited anomaly without nuisance parameters. When an unknown environment is present, the statistical qualities of the test are modified but this loss of optimality becomes negligible as the number of measurements by projections becomes arbitrarily large. Finally, the theoretical developments are confirmed by many numerical experiments. The validity of the methods is studied on real data resulting from the non-destructive testing of solid rocket motors. A new measurement model, which is non-linear with respect to nuisance parameters, is proposed. The curvature of this model is relatively small and the awaited properties of optimality of the test are confirmed
Oukili, Ahmed. "Reconstruction statistique 3D à partir d’un faible nombre de projections : application : coronarographie RX rotationnelle." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S109/document.
Full textThe problematic of this thesis concerns the statistical iterative 3D reconstruction of coronary tree from a very few number of coronary angiograms (5 images). During RX rotational angiographic exam, only projections corresponding to the same cardiac phase are selected in order to check the condition of space and time non-variability of the object to reconstruct (static reconstruction). The limited number of projections complicates the reconstruction, considered then as an illness inverse problem. The answer to a similar problem needs a regularization process. To do so, we choose baysian formalism considering the reconstruction as a random field maximizing the posterior probability (MAP), composed by quadratic likelihood terms (attached to data) and Gibbs prior (prior markovian based on a partial interpretation of the object to reconstruct). The MAP maximizing allowed us using a numerical optimization algorithm, to introduce a smoothing constraint and preserve the edges on the reconstruction while choosing wisely the potential functions associated to prior energy. In this paper, we have discussed in details the three components of efficient statistical reconstruction MAP, which are : 1- the construction of precise physical model of acquisition process; 2- the selection of an appropriate prior model; and 3- the definition of an efficient iterative optimization algorithm. This discussion lead us to propose two iterative algorithms MAP, MAP-MNR and MAP-ARTUR-GC, which we have tested and evaluated on realistic simulated data (Patient data from 64-slice CT)
El, Matouat Abdelaziz. "Sélection du nombre de paramètres d'un modèle comparaison avec le critère d'Akaike." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUES054.
Full textCoiffet, Francois. "Etude statistique du champ de pression à proximité des jets axisymétriques turbulents à haut nombre de Reynolds." Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00144345.
Full textCoiffet, François. "Etude statistique du champ de pression à proximité des jets axisymétriques turbulents à haut nombre de Reynolds." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2345.
Full textCouris, Chantal Marie. "Les bases de données médico-administratives hospitalières comme source d'information permanente pour l'épidémiologie descriptive du cancer : méthodes d'estimation et de correction du nombre de cancers du sein incidents à l'hôpital." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T234.
Full textIllayk, Abbas. "Évolution du nombre de composants en panne pour un système réparable non-Markovien." Lille 1, 2003. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8a4c0b86-722d-4ea2-8464-13200e65618f.
Full textNeuvial, Pierre. "Contributions à l'analyse statistique des données de puces à ADN." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433045.
Full textLoyau, Hugues. "Etude numérique et modélisation algébrique des phénomènes d'anisotropie en turbulence statistique." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUES067.
Full textVrigneau, Baptiste. "Systèmes MIMO précodés optimisant la distance minimale : étude des performances et extension du nombre de voies." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00481141.
Full textSenasli, Moussa. "Reconstruction tridimensionnelle des structures vasculaires à partir d'un nombre restreint d'angiographies numérisées à l'aide des modèles déformables : utilisation d'approches stochastiques." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA11T007.
Full textDigital subtraction angiography is a technique that produce pictures "angiograms" of blood vessels by subtracting projection images recorded before and after the injection of a radioopaque contrast agent. The 3D luminal vessel geometry description and visualization is important for the diagnosis and the prognosis of heart attack and stroke. To retrieve the 3D information, it is necessary to take several projections around the patient. However, in clinical situations, due to the dynamics of the process and the limited dose that can be injected, only a few projections can be obtained. Ln this thesis, we developed an original method for reconstructing the 3D morphological vessel wall from a very low number of angiograms. In fact by supposing a homogenous mixing of the contrast agent inside the luminal region, the object to be reconstructed may be considered to be binary. Lnstead of searching the absorption coefficient at every pixel of the vessel lumen, we propose to estimate the boundary of the vessel. A general mathematical framework is then proposed. Regularization is introduced by modeling the vessel boundary slices by smooth contours to get the reconstruction problem well posed. A Bayesian approach is applied to optimize the shape of the contour according to the recorded angiograms and the internal smoothness constraints. The proposed method consist in retrieving the optimal position of the control points that define the shape of the searched vessel contour. The maximum a posteriori solution is given by the minimization of a non convex energy function attributed to the contour and is performed by a simulated annealing algorithm. The energy consists of a data attachment term (the projection of the final solution must fit the recorded angiograms and a regularization term that guides the reconstruction of realistic, diseased or healthy, vessels). Preliminary simulations on noisy and truncated synthetic images show promising results. With only three projections, the method reproduces quite satisfactorily the forms of the different stenosis, at the vessel segment or the branching level. Validation of the method on hardware vessel phantoms is presented
Lashermes, Bruno. "Analyse multifractale pratique : coefficients dominants et ordres critiques : Applications à la turbulence pleinement développée : Effets de nombre de Reynolds fini." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011012.
Full textKosolapova, Natalia. "Recontruction des spectres microturbulence en nombre d'ondes à partir des données de la réflectométrie de corrélation radiale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0132/document.
Full textTurbulence is supposed to be the main source of anomalous transport in tokamaks which leads to loss of heat much faster than as it is predicted by neoclassical theory. Development of plasma turbulence diagnostics is one of the key issues of nuclear fusion to control turbulent particles and energy transport in a future fusion power station. Diagnostics based on microwaves scattered from plasma attract attention of researchers as non-disturbing and requiring just a single access to plasma. The phase of the reflected wave contains information on the position of the cut-off layer and density fluctuations. Correlation reflectometry is now a routinely used technique providing information on plasma microturbulence. Although the diagnostics is widely spread data interpretation remains quite a complicated task. Thus, it was supposed that the distance at which the correlation of two signals received from plasma is suppressed is equal to the turbulence correlation length. However this approach is incorrect and introduces huge errors to determined plasma microturbulence parameters. The aim of this thesis is to develop an analytical theory, to give a correct interpretation of radial correlation reflectometry (RCR) data and to provide researchers with simple formulae for extracting information on microturbulence parameters from RCR experiments. Numerical simulations based on the theory prove applicability of this theoretical method and give an insight for experimentalists on its capability and on optimized diagnostic parameters to use. Furthermore the results obtained on three different machines are carefully analyzed and compared with theoretical predictions and numerical simulations as well
Marcel, Thibaud. "Simulation numérique et modélisation de la turbulence statistique et hybride dans un écoulement de faisceau de tubes à nombre de Reynolds élevé dans le contexte de l'interaction fluide-structure." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011INPT0109/document.
Full textThe prediction of fluid-elastic instabilities that develop in a tube bundle is of major importance for the design of modern heat exchangers in nuclear reactors, to prevent accidents associated with such instabilities. The fluid-elastic instabilities, or flutter, cause material fatigue, shocks between beams and damage to the solid walls. These issues are very complex for scientific applications involving the nuclear industry. This work is a collaboration between EDF, CEA and IMFT. It aims to improve the numerical simulation of the fluid-structure interaction in the tube bundle, in particular in the range of critical parameters contribute to the onset of damping negative system and the fluid-elastic instability
Salloum, Zahraa. "Maximum de vraisemblance empirique pour la détection de changements dans un modèle avec un nombre faible ou très grand de variables." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1008/document.
Full textIn this PHD thesis, we propose a nonparametric method based on the empirical likelihood for detecting the change in the parameters of nonlinear regression models and the change in the coefficient of linear regression models, when the number of model variables may increase as the sample size increases. Firstly, we test the null hypothesis of no-change against the alternative of one change in the regression parameters. Under null hypothesis, the consistency and the convergence rate of the regression parameter estimators are proved. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic under the null hypothesis is obtained, which allows to find the asymptotic critical value. On the other hand, we prove that the proposed test statistic has the asymptotic power equal to 1. The epidemic model, a particular case of model with two change-points, under the alternative hypothesis, is also studied. Afterwards, we use the empirical likelihood method for constructing the confidence regions for the difference between the parameters of a two-phases nonlinear model with random design. We show that the empirical likelihood ratio has an asymptotic χ2 distribu- tion. Empirical likelihood method is also used to construct the confidence regions for the difference between the parameters of a two-phases nonlinear model with response variables missing at randoms (MAR). In order to construct the confidence regions of the parameter in question, we propose three empirical likelihood statistics : empirical likelihood based on complete-case data, weighted empirical likelihood and empirical likelihood with imputed va- lues. We prove that all three empirical likelihood ratios have asymptotically χ2 distributions. An another aim for this thesis is to test the change in the coefficient of linear regres- sion models for high-dimensional model. This amounts to testing the null hypothesis of no change against the alternative of one change in the regression coefficients. Based on the theoretical asymptotic behaviour of the empirical likelihood ratio statistic, we propose, for a deterministic design, a simpler test statistic, easier to use in practice. The asymptotic normality of the proposed test statistic under the null hypothesis is proved, a result which is different from the χ2 law for a model with a fixed variable number. Under alternative hypothesis, the test statistic diverges
Rolland, Julien Yves. "Etude statistique des chemins de premier retour aux nombres de Knudsen intermédiaires : de la simulation par méthode de Monte Carlo à l'utilisation de l'approximation de diffusion." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT027G/document.
Full textFor multiple scattering, Monte-Carlo algorithms are computationally too demanding for use in image reconstruction of 3D realistic geometries. In the study of first return path, the diffusion approximation is commonly used to represent their statistical behaviour when the Knudsen number tends to zero. With the formulation of equivalent problems for first passage path, the use of the approximation is extended in a theoretical development. The new model provides a good level of accuracy, for a wide distribution of Knudsen numbers when evaluating the moments distribution of the first return paths length. Numerical application of the model is confronted to Monte-Carlo simulations on one dimension geometries and a simple three-dimension case opening perspectives for the generalization to practical applications
Giguelay, Jade. "Estimation des moindres carrés d'une densité discrète sous contrainte de k-monotonie et bornes de risque. Application à l'estimation du nombre d'espèces dans une population." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS248/document.
Full textThis thesis belongs to the field of nonparametric density estimation under shape constraint. The densities are discrete and the form is k-monotonicity, k>1, which is a generalization of convexity. The integer k is an indicator for the hollow's degree of a convex function. This thesis is composed of three parts, an introduction, a conclusion and an appendix.Introduction :The introduction is structured in three chapters. First Chapter is a state of the art of the topic of density estimation under shape constraint. The second chapter of the introduction is a synthesis of the thesis, available in French and in English. Finally Chapter 3 is a short chapter which summarizes the notations and the classical mathematical results used in the manuscript.Part I : Estimation of a discrete distribution under k-monotonicityconstraintTwo least-square estimators of a discrete distribution p* under constraint of k-monotonicity are proposed. Their characterisation is based on the decomposition on a spline basis of k-monotone sequences, and on the properties of their primitives. Their statistical properties are studied, and in particular their quality of estimation is measured in terms of the quadratic error. They are proved to converge at the parametric rate. An algorithm derived from the support reduction algorithm is implemented in the R-package pkmon. A simulation study illustrates the properties of the estimators. This piece of works, which constitutes Part I of the manuscript, has been published in ElectronicJournal of Statistics (Giguelay, 2017).Part II : Calculation of risks boundsIn the first chapter of Part II, a methodology for calculating riskbounds of the least-square estimator is given. These bounds are adaptive in that they depend on a compromise between the distance of p* on the frontier of the set of k-monotone densities with finite support, and the complexity (linked to the spline decomposition) of densities belonging to this set that are closed to p*. The methodology based on the variational formula of the risk proposed by Chatterjee (2014) is generalized to the framework of discrete k-monotone densities. Then the bracketting entropies of the relevant functionnal space are calculating, leading to control the empirical process involved in the quadratic risk. Optimality of the risk bound is discussed in comparaison with the results previously obtained in the continuous case and for the gaussian regression framework. In the second chapter of Part II, several results concerningbracketting entropies of spaces of k-monotone sequences are presented.Part III : Estimating the number of species in a population and tests of k-monotonicityThe last part deals with the problem of estimating the number ofpresent species in a given area at a given time, based on theabundances of species that have been observed. A definition of ak-monotone abundance distribution is proposed. It allows to relatethe probability of observing zero species to the truncated abundancedistribution. Two approaches are proposed. The first one is based on the Least-Squares estimator under constraint of k-monotonicity, the second oneis based on the empirical distribution. Both estimators are comparedusing a simulation study. Because the estimator of the number ofspecies depends on the value of the degree of monotonicity k, we proposea procedure for choosing this parameter, based on nested testingprocedures. The asymptotic levels and power of the testing procedureare calculated, and the behaviour of the method in practical cases isassessed on the basis of a simulation study
Edeling, Wouter Nico. "Quantification of modelling uncertainties in turbulent flow simulations." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENAM0007/document.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to make predictive simulations with Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models, i.e. simulations with a systematic treatment of model and data uncertainties and their propagation through a computational model to produce predictions of quantities of interest with quantified uncertainty. To do so, we make use of the robust Bayesian statistical framework.The first step toward our goal concerned obtaining estimates for the error in RANS simulations based on the Launder-Sharma k-e turbulence closure model, for a limited class of flows. In particular we searched for estimates grounded in uncertainties in the space of model closure coefficients, for wall-bounded flows at a variety of favourable and adverse pressure gradients. In order to estimate the spread of closure coefficients which reproduces these flows accurately, we performed 13 separate Bayesian calibrations. Each calibration was at a different pressure gradient, using measured boundary-layer velocity profiles, and a statistical model containing a multiplicative model inadequacy term in the solution space. The results are 13 joint posterior distributions over coefficients and hyper-parameters. To summarize this information we compute Highest Posterior-Density (HPD) intervals, and subsequently represent the total solution uncertainty with a probability box (p-box). This p-box represents both parameter variability across flows, and epistemic uncertainty within each calibration. A prediction of a new boundary-layer flow is made with uncertainty bars generated from this uncertainty information, and the resulting error estimate is shown to be consistent with measurement data.However, although consistent with the data, the obtained error estimates were very large. This is due to the fact that a p-box constitutes a unweighted prediction. To improve upon this, we developed another approach still based on variability in model closure coefficients across multiple flow scenarios, but also across multiple closure models. The variability is again estimated using Bayesian calibration against experimental data for each scenario, but now Bayesian Model-Scenario Averaging (BMSA) is used to collate the resulting posteriors in an unmeasured (prediction) scenario. Unlike the p-boxes, this is a weighted approach involving turbulence model probabilities which are determined from the calibration data. The methodology was applied to the class of turbulent boundary-layers subject to various pressure gradients. For all considered prediction scenarios the standard-deviation of the stochastic estimate is consistent with the measurement ground truth.The BMSA approach results in reasonable error bars, which can also be decomposed into separate contributions. However, to apply it to more complex topologies outside the class of boundary-layer flows, surrogate modelling techniques must be applied. The Simplex-Stochastic Collocation (SSC) method is a robust surrogate modelling technique used to propagate uncertain input distributions through a computer code. However, its use of the Delaunay triangulation can become prohibitively expensive for problems with dimensions higher than 5. We therefore investigated means to improve upon this bad scalability. In order to do so, we first proposed an alternative interpolation stencil technique based upon the Set-Covering problem, which resulted in a significant speed up when sampling the full-dimensional stochastic space. Secondly, we integrated the SSC method into the High-Dimensional Model-Reduction framework in order to avoid sampling high-dimensional spaces all together.Finally, with the use of our efficient surrogate modelling technique, we applied the BMSA framework to the transonic flow over an airfoil. With this we are able to make predictive simulations of computationally expensive flow problems with quantified uncertainty due to various imperfections in the turbulence models
Vincent, Matthieu. "Interaction entre défaut de surface et taille de grain en fatigue à grand nombre de cycles : approche expérimentale et numérique sur un fer pur Armco." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ESMA0018/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the influence of the ratio between the defect size and themicrostructure characteristic length on the fatigue limit (for a fixed fatigue life) of a metallic material, under highcycle fatigue (HCF). Pure Armco iron is chosen because its simple microstructure has a single characteristic lengthat the mesoscopic scale (grain scale) : the grain size. The aim of the study is thus to study the competition betweena structural effect (surface defect) and a material effect (grain size) in the context of mechanical stresses in HCF.In order to obtain a comparable different grain size, a thermomechanical protocol has been developed. HCF tests,using specimens from both microstructure sizes (initial material and processed hardened material) in which hemisphericaldefects of different sizes were introduced, were performed to estimate the fatigue limits for different defectsize / grain size ratios. When Kitagawa diagrams are presented in relative values (fatigue limit / fatigue limit ofdefect free material versus defect size / grain size), there is a single curve that combines the two microstructures.This dimensionless Kitagawa diagram thus makes it possible to analyze the reduction of the fatigue limit inducedby a defect. The use of the relative size of the defect with respect to the characteristic microstructural dimensionappears to be more relevant than the use of the physical size of the defect.These experimental results are used to reproduce the HCF tests with Finite Element simulations on 3D microstructuresrepresentative of Armco iron. The competition existing between the stress concentration induced by thegeometrical defect and the highly stressed regions of the microstructure generated by the anisotropy of the mechanicalbehavior of the grains is studied. A mesoscopic criterion (involving mechanical quantities averaged by grain)based on a statistical approach allows to find the evolution of the dimensionless Kitagawa diagram, ie the relativesize of the critical defect from which it predominates over the response heterogeneity of the microstructure and thusgoverns the fatigue behavior of the polycrystal. The modification of the mesoscopic criterion by taking into accountintragranular heterogeneities (with the standard deviation per grain of mechanical quantities) is discussed
Magnanensi, Jérémy. "Amélioration et développement de méthodes de sélection du nombre de composantes et de prédicteurs significatifs pour une régression PLS et certaines de ses extensions à l'aide du bootstrap." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ082/document.
Full textThe Partial Least Squares (PLS) regression, through its properties, has become a versatile statistic methodology for the analysis of genomic datasets.The reliability of the PLS regression and some of its extensions relies on a robust determination of a tuning parameter, the number of components. Such a determination is still a major aim since no existing criterion could be considered as a global benchmark one in the state-of-art literature. We developed a new bootstrap based stopping criterion in PLS components construction that guarantee a high level of stability. We then adapted and used it to develop and improve variable selection processes, allowing a more reliable and robust determination of significant probe sets related to the studied feature of a pathology
El, Haje Hussein Fida. "Tests statistiques sur les générateurs physiques de nombres aléatoires (TRNGs)." Aix-Marseille 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX11018.
Full textStatistical tests related to the entropy estimation of a random source are widely used in testing of true random number generators (TRNGs,True Random Number Generators) intended for cryptographic applications. Namely, Maurer’s universal statistical test is nowadays viewed as a standard in this domain. Therefore, from a statistical viewpoint, this thesis is focused on further developments of entropy tests. It consists in three main parts : The design of a generic software tool called Genstar, Generic Statistical Test Architecture. Genstar consists in a collection of statistical tests for random number generators. This software is developed with the help of the objet oriented programming, thus providing a common interface enabling easy integration of new statistical tests in Genstar. The second important characteristic of Genstar is related to the problem of comparison of statistical tests. To compute the power of a given statistical test, Genstar is equipped with a family of statistical models of TRNGs. Improvements of Maurer’s test. To improve statistical characteristics of this test, we propose several approaches such as the m-spacing and the p-leave out methods. In the very core of these methods is a new interpretation of the Maurer test related to the maximum likelihood tests for the problem of uniformity testing. It’s well known that the standard Maurer test cannot detect long memory dependencies in the data. In order to overcome this difficulty, we propose two approaches. The first one, called (SD test), computes the distribution of distances between motifs in the data. The second approach called MaurerPP is based on the idea of the equivalence of motifs. This equivalence permits to reduce multiple motifs testing to one generic motif testing and resolves efficiently the problem of large blocks in the Maurer test. Standard normality of m-spacings entropy estimators under weaker assumptions on the probability density. The improvements of the Maurer test proposed in this thesis are essentially based on the m - spacing method in the entropy estimation. In this thesis, we show that under mild conditions on the probability density, i. E. For vanishing densities, the m-spacings entropy estimators have the standard Gaussian limit
Cadiou, Anne. "Contribution a l'etude de modeles de turbulence au second ordre." Phd thesis, Ecole centrale de nantes - ECN, 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086507.
Full textDans un premier temps, l'etude du comportement de modeles homogenes classiques de type Rij-epsilon a ete effectuee pour des ecoulements soumis a des effets de rotation. Cette etude a permis de s'interesser plus particulierement a la modelisation du tenseur des correlations pression-deformation et de discuter des contraintes d'objectivite, de realisabilite, et de verification des etats limites de distorsions rapides. Les modeles choisis ont ete testes sur des ecoulements homogenes classiques et compares a des resultats de simulation directe. Les difficultes de prediction des
ecoulements fortement rotationnels par ces formulations classiques ont conduit au developpement d'un modele homogene base sur l'equation de transport du tenseur des correlations pression-deformation, dont l'expression est deduite d'une description spectrale de la turbulence. Ce modele necessite la fermeture de trois termes, correspondant au tenseur des taux de dissipation et aux termes lent et rapide de l'equation d'evolution du tenseur de Reynolds. Ses performances ont ete comparees aux modeles classiques dans les cas homogenes precedents et pour des ecoulements de distorsions rapides. Les comparaisons ont montre notamment un meilleur comportement du terme rapide de ce modele par rapport aux formulations classiques.
La prise en compte des effets de paroi constitue la deuxieme partie du travail de these. Trois modeles du second ordre bas-Reynolds ont ete appliques au cas du canal plan etabli. Les comportements asymptotiques des modeles ont ete compares a l'aide de developpements de Taylor au voisinage des parois et de resultats de simulation directe. L'extension du modele developpe precedemment pour
des ecoulements homogenes a egalement ete effectuee dans le cas du canal plan.
Le niveau inhabituel de la fermeture proposee rend difficile son application a des configurations tridimensionnelles. La derniere partie de ce travail est par consequent consacree a la validation de fermetures bas-Reynolds classiques, dans le cas d'ecoulements en geometrie complexe. Le comportement de l'un des modeles du second ordre etudie precedemment dans le cas du canal plan est valide sur un cas test tridimensionnel caracterise par un tourbillon longitudinal intense.
Emond, David. "Regroupement optimal d'objets à l'intérieur d'un nombre imposé de classes de taille égale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29891/29891.pdf.
Full textThis master's thesis is structured around the case in which we want to classify objects into a specific number of clusters of the same size. The choice of clusters to form is determined by minimizing the within-cluster variance or maximizing the within-cluster similarity. Three methods were developed to obtain the optimal clustering according to these two criterions. The first two approaches consist in splitting up the clustering problem in several sub-problems, one in a quantitative way and the other in a probabilistic way. The third method uses properties of the Markov chain limiting probabilities. The three methods are used to try to find the optimal geographic clustering to class the thirty National hockey league teams into six divisions of five teams. The efficiency of those approaches is assessed with simulations.
Bureik, Jan-Philipp. "Number statistics and momentum correlations in interacting Bose gases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASP014.
Full textThis thesis work is dedicated to the study of number statistics and momentum correlations in interacting lattice Bose gases. The Bose-Hubbard model is simulated by loading Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of metastable Helium-4 atoms into a three-dimensional (3D) optical lattice. This model exhibits a quantum phase transition from a superfluid to a Mott insulator that is driven by interaction-induced quantum fluctuations. The objective of this work is to comprehend the role of these quantum fluctuations by analyzing their signatures in momentum space. The original detection scheme employed towards this aim provides the single-particle resolved momentum distribution of the atoms in 3D. From such datasets made up of thousands of individual atoms, the number statistics of occupation of different sub-volumes of momentum space yield information about correlation or coherence properties of the interacting Bose gas. At close-by momenta these occupation probabilities permit the identification of underlying pure-state statistics in the case of textbook many-body states such as lattice superfluids and Mott insulators. In the weakly-interacting regime, well-established correlations between pairs of atoms at opposite momenta are observed. Furthermore, these pair correlations are found to decrease in favor of more intricate correlations between more than two particles as interactions are increased. A direct observation of non-Gaussian correlations encapsulates the complex statistical nature of strongly-interacting superfluids well before the Mott insulator phase transition. Finally, at the phase transition, fluctuations of the occupation number of the BEC mode are found to be enhanced, constituting a direct signature of the quantum fluctuations driving the transition. System-size independent quantities such as the Binder cumulant are shown to exhibit distinctive sharp features even in a finite-size system, and hold promise for constituting suitable observables for determining universal behavior when measured in a homogeneous system
Thiébaud, Marine. "Quelques aspects de la physique des interfaces cisaillées : Hydrodynamique et Fluctuations." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769006.
Full textMarchand, Muriel. "Propriétés statistiques des petites structures dans les écoulements turbulents : influence du nombre de Reynolds sur l'intermittence." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG0138.
Full textOon, Shea Ming. "Construction des suites binaires pseudo-aléatoires." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0017_OON.pdf.
Full textThis thesis presents some constructions of pseudo-random sequences inspired by natural questions in number theory. We use two measures introduced by A. Sárközy et C. Mauduit to discuss some aspects of a priori testing of these sequences. They are the well-distribution measure and correlation measure of order k. On the one hand, thanks to a work of A. Weil, some Dirichlet characters give a large family of interesting examples of constructions. On the other hand, our study on a construction based on the distribution of the greatest prime factors do not supply any sufficiently exploitable estimate. However, we observe the bias on some congruence classes of prime factors. We also discuss some probability aspects of both measures. A brief history on the randomness is presented to help better comprehension, as well as some subjects in cryptology which are given in an appendix
Hupe, Philippe. "Algorithmes biostatistiques pour les données omiques en oncologie : application à l'étude du nombre de copies d'ADN à partir des expériences de microarray." Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0069.
Full textSaussay, Gabriel. "Statistiques de cyclicité des variétés Jacobiennes de dimension 2, définies sur Fp : étude pour quelques valeurs du nombre premier P." Antilles-Guyane, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGUY0176.
Full textLn this thesîs we interested ourselves to the following problematic : to prove, from a degree 4 polynomial the existence of an associated Abellan variety and the existence of an associated Jacobian variety and finally study the cyclicity of such a variety. Let q be 2 power of a prime number p and A an Abelian varîety of dimension 2 over the finite field with p elements k. The main idea is to caracterize. A by a couple (a1,a2) and to split the study in 3 groups, (M), (0) and(SS), We give a necessary and sufficient condition to be a Jacobian variety in the case (0) and a very effective sufficient condition in the case (M). We show that the case (SS) is unable to solve such a problem. However, the study of cyclicity in this case is solved. We conclude by solving our problematic for several values of p, Keywords : simple Abelian surface, absolutely simple Abelian surface, Jacobian Variety, finite field
Santoro, Renaud. "Vers des générateurs de nombres aléatoires uniformes et gaussiens à très haut débit." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00438600.
Full textBenaid, Brahim. "Convergence en loi d'intégrales stochastiques et estimateurs des moindres carrés de certains modèles statistiques instables." Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0030.
Full textIn many recent applications, statistics are under the form of discrete stochastic integrals. In this work, we establish a basic theorem on the convergence in distribution of a sequence of discrete stochastic integrals. This result extends earlier corresponding theorems in Chan & Wei (1988) and in Truong-van & Larramendy (1996). Its proof is not based on the classical martingale approximation technique, but from a derivation of Kurtz & Protter's theorem (1991) on the convergence in distribution of sequences of Itô stochastic integrals relative to two semi-martigales and another approximation technique. Furthermore, various applications to asymptotic statistics are also given, mainly those concerning least squares estimators for ARMAX(p,r,q) models and purely unstable integrated ARCH models
Bin, Fazail Muhammad Najib. "Caractérisation de l’amortissement des structures complexes par la méthode de corrélation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Compiègne, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COMP2718.
Full textThe thesis presents inverse correlation techniques able to measure accurately the damping loss factor of complex plane structures. In the first chapter, the state of the art gathering numerous local and global characterization methods is presented. In the second part of the chapter, various topics of direct interest to the thesis such as classical damping loss factor measurement techniques and the analytical solution based on the discrete general laminate model (GLM) are briefly discussed. In the second chapter, the inhomogeneous wave correlation (IWC) method based on the maximization of the correlation between an inhomogeneous wave and the measured displacement field as a function of the wave heading angle is revisited. A new variant that considers the exponential decay with distance from the excitation point in the inhomogeneous wave formulation is introduced. The purpose of introducing this variant is to improve the estimation of the damping loss factor. The validity of the proposed method is investigated numerically on flat thin structures and sandwich damped structures. The performance of the method related to the excitation point location and the size of the observation window are also investigated. A new Green’s function-based model correlation (GFC) method able to estimate the equivalent elastic parameters of complex structures at different propagation angles is detailed in the third chapter. Contrary to the IWC method, the measured displacement field is correlated with a Green’s function-based model. This approach is more adapted to describe the field near the excitation point and offers more stability in estimating the damping loss factor compared to previous methods. Several results, with simulated and measured data, are compared with an analytical discrete laminate model and show the accuracy of this technique to recover the damping loss factor of complex structures as function of the frequency and the heading angle. In the second part of the chapter, the impact of different excitation location on the estimation of the wavenumber and the damping loss factor is investigated. A spatial angular filter to rectify the estimation of the damping loss factor is introduced. In the fourth chapter, the image source method with an objective of improving the previous GFC method in the low frequency range and for lightly damped structures is introduced. The proposed method takes into account the reflection at boundaries which is, ignored in the free field Green’s function used in the previous chapter. The performance of the method is investigated for two types of boundary conditions: simply supported and free edges. The identified parameters of the numerical simulations are compared to the previous GFC method and to the analytical discrete laminate model
Soucarros, Mathilde. "Analyse des générateurs de nombres aléatoires dans des conditions anormales d'utilisation." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759976.
Full textAuriault, Claire. "Intermittence en turbulence 3D : statistiques de la température et de son transfert." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10112.
Full textBenarafa, Younes. "Application du couplage RANS / LES aux écoulements turbulents à haut nombre de Reynolds de l'industrie nucléaire." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011371.
Full textMammasse, Nadra. "Le nombre de sujets dans les panels d'analyse sensorielle : une approche base de données." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764952.
Full textAnsart, Séverine. "La réévaluation de la pandémie grippale de 1918." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066725.
Full textNaert, Antoine. "Turbulence dans un jet d'hélium gazeux à basse température." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10009.
Full textPrieur, Clementine. "APPLICATIONS STATISTIQUES DE SUITES FAIBLEMENT DEPENDANTES ET DE SYSTEMES DYNAMIQUES." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001436.
Full textd'applications statistiques de suites dépendantes et
stationnaires. Nous étudions deux classes de suites
dépendantes. Nous nous intéressons d'une part à des suites
faiblement dépendantes, où notre notion de dépendance faible est
une variante de la notion introduite par Doukhan \& Louhichi, d'autre part à certains systèmes dynamiques
présentant une propriété de décroissance des
corrélations. Nous traitons du comportement asymptotique du
processus empirique, fondamental en statistiques. Nous étudions
aussi un estimateur à noyau de la densité dans nos deux cadres de
dépendance. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à un problème de
rupture d'une fonction de régression en dépendance faible. A ces
fins, nous développons des idées de Rio pour montrer un
théorème limite centrale en dépendance faible, ainsi que des
nouvelles inégalités de moments qui étendent celles de Louhichi. Enfin, nous illustrons certains de nos résultats par des
simulations.
Shawket, Zaid Esmat. "Propriétés arithmétiques et statistiques des fonctions digitales restreintes." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22059.
Full textIn this work we study the arithmetic and statistic properties of a new class of digital counting functions called restricted digital functions. We first present the main properties of sequences generated by a substitution or a $q$-automate followed by presenting the famous Thue-Morse sequence and its generalizations, then we compare these notions with the one of the restricted digital function.We then study the exponential sums associated with these restricted digital function and their implementation on the one hand to the study of uniform distribution modulo 1 of these restricted digital functions and on the other, to the study of the statistical properties of the arithmetic sequences defined by restricted digital functions.In the last part of this work we study the geometric representation of these exponential sums in the light of previous works of Dekking and Mendès-France which leads us to announce several open problems
Dimby, Solohaja Faniaha. "Détection d'outliers : modéllsation et prédiction : application aux données de véhicules d'occasion." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010025/document.
Full textAutobiz publishes information on the automotive sector. The subject of this the-sis is to give more tools for best understanding the used cars market by proposing modeling the price and the sale duration of vehicles. In our disposal we have a dataset consisted of used car advertisements automatically collected from the most popular website in France. Such data records often include outlying values. So, we need to start our analysis by considering outliers problem and we propose an outliers detector for univariate case for which we study asymptotic properties. Next, we develop a predicting model for used cars price. Although enumerable amount of works are stored in the literature we see that each of them lacks rigorous statistical foundations. We investigate the relationships between the price, the mileage, the age and others vehicle characteristics. More precisely we discuss how incorporate these variables in a model and compare different modeling approaches with the object to find the one best fitting the dataset and easy to implement. Expert’s opinions are minded at different stages of the model-building process. Next, we identify variables and how they affect the probability of a used vehicle’s sale from a list of explanatory variables related to price, mileage and age. In the sequel, we build a model allowing predicting the sale duration. Finally, we discuss about modeling sales of used cars by using the negative binomial distribution
Malécot, Yann. "Intermittence en turbulence 3D : statistiques de la vitesse et de la vorticité." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998GRE10177.
Full textTranchita, Rativa Leidy Carolina. "Evaluation du risque pour la sécurité des réseaux électrique face aux événements intentionnels." Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0168.
Full textPower systems are critical infrastructures which highly interconnected and interdependent on other basic infrastructures on which human activities depend. Because of this relevance, the electricity sector is a target of terrorist groups. Contingencies resulting from terrorism must be taken into consideration when assessing security. This thesis presents a method based on the evaluation of risk, which enables operators and planners to assess the power system security with regard to possible terrorist acts. By using probabilistic inference and theory of possibilities, we consider the uncertainty associated with the dynamic of terrorism and the uncertainty associated to load and generation forecasting. We take into account potential cyberattacks on the communication system of the power system, which can affect the security as a whole
Gelineau, Yoann. "Études combinatoires des nombres de Jacobi-Stirling et d’Entringer." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10156/document.
Full textThis thesis is constructed in two main independant parts ; the first one dealing with the numbers of Jacobi-Stirling, the second one tackling the numbers of Entringer. The first part introduces the numbers of Jacobi-Stirling of the second kind and of the first kind, as algebraic coefficients in some polynomial relations. We give some combinatorial interpretations of these numbers, in terms of set partitions and quasi-permutations for the numbers of the second kind, and in terms of permutations for the numbers of the first kind. We also study the diagonal generating functions of these sequences of numbers, and one of their generalization based on the model of r-Stirling numbers. The second part introduces the numbers of Entringer with their interpretation in terms of alternating permutations. We study the different recurrences formulas satisfied by these numbers, and refine these results with a q-analogue using the inversion statistic. We also note that these results can be extend to permutations with any fixed shape. Finally, we define the notion of Entringer family, and provide bijections between some of these families. In particular, we establish a bijection between the alternating permutations with fixed given value, and the binary increasing trees such that the end-point of the minimal path is fixed
Bernard, Damien. "Statistique des zéros non-triviaux de fonctions L de formes modulaires." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922713.
Full textBen, Romdhane Molka. "Modélisation, implémentation et caractérisation de circuits générateurs de nombres aléatoires vrais pour la certification de crypto-processeurs." Thesis, Paris, ENST, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENST0055/document.
Full textRandom numbers are required in numerous applications namely in cryptography where randomness is used in security protocols. There are two main classes of Random Number Generators (RNG) : The Pseudo RNG (PRNG) which have a deterministic sequence, and the True RNG (TRNG) which generates unpredictable random numbers. Cryptographic applications use both TRNG and PRNG. The PRNG needs an initial value, or seed, which can be the output of a TRNG. In digital technologies, like FPGAs, TRNG are commonly based on oscillators which have the drawback of being biased by harmonic coupling. In order to assess the entropic quality of TRNGs, standards based on statistical tests have been elaborated by certification organisms namely the NIST and the BSI. However, it is recommended to formalize the stochastic behaviour of the randomness generation process. In this Ph.D, we address the design and quality evaluation of TRNGs in digital circuits. We study of a low-cost digital TRNG without oscillators, hence robust against harmonics attacks. The proposed TRNG exploits both the metastability phenomenon and the jitter noise in CMOS digital flip-flops to generate the random numbers. A stochastic model of this TRNG has been formalized. This model describes the random generation process regardless of the targeted technology. The characterization and evaluation on a prototype circuit, in FPGA and ASIC technologies, has shown that the proposed TRNG architecture generates randomness of good quality and is robust against environmental variations
Mourier, Karine. "Réponse dynamique de structures mécaniques à paramètres imprécis." Valenciennes, 2008. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/44095298-c83f-4ec5-9732-f888d5b193bf.
Full textNumerical simulations are more and more efficient but many sources of uncertainties distort structures behaviour prediction. Uncertainties are due to a lack of knowledge of the endogenous or exogenous parameters. Consequently, different methods are developed in order to model and propagate imprecision, maintaining reasonable numeric costs and limited overestimation. The fuzzy set theory is thus exploited in order to treat two problems with growing complexity. In the first part, a mixed approach is developed to calculate the fuzzy harmonic response of a mechanical system with uncertain modal parameters and forces. A functional analysis allows to define the useful combinations for the calculation by modal superposition principle. Computational costs are also reduced significantly. The second part of this work is concerned with the evaluation of the transient response of structures in contact (e. G. Braking systems). Uncertainties deal with the contact law and structural parameters. An approach based on an approximation of the modified solutions by projection techniques, is studied. Costs are limited due to the reduction of parameters’ combination and the computation of solutions in a reduced basis. A numerical application on a normal contact test case shows the efficiency of the methodology. These prospective works allow to draw different investigation fields to consider
Amri, Anis. "Autour de quelques statistiques sur les arbres binaires de recherche et sur les automates déterministes." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0301.
Full textThis Phd thesis is divided into two independent parts. In the first part, we provide an asymptotic analysis of some statistics on the binary search tree. In the second part, we study the coupon collector problem with a constraint. In the first part, following the model introduced by Aguech, Lasmar and Mahmoud [Probab. Engrg. Inform. Sci. 21 (2007) 133—141], the weighted depth of a node in a labelled rooted tree is the sum of all labels on the path connecting the node to the root. We analyze the following statistics : the weighted depths of nodes with given labels, the last inserted node, nodes ordered as visited by the depth first search procees, the weighted path length, the weighted Wiener index and the weighted depths of nodes with at most one child in a random binary search tree. In the second part, we study the asymptotic shape of the completion curve of the collection conditioned to T_n≤ (1+Λ), Λ>0, where T_n≃n lnn is the time needed to complete accessible automata, we provide a new derivation of a formula due to Korsunov [Kor78, Kor86]
Kasraoui, Anisse. "Études combinatoires sur les permutations et partitions d'ensemble." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00393631.
Full textGenetay, Edouard. "Quelques problématiques autour du clustering : robustesse, grande dimension et détection d'intrusion." Thesis, Rennes, École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Analyse de l'Information, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022NSAIM001.
Full textClustering aims at grouping observed data into different subsets sharing similar properties. Most often this clustering is done through the optimization of a criterion chosen in advance. In this CIFRE thesis, we have studied clustering under three different aspects.In a first part, we propose a robust estimation method of K centroids based on the so-called "K-means" criterion. We also propose a robust initialization method for the procedure. On the one hand, the robustness of the proposed procedures has been tested by numerous numerical simulations. On the other hand, we have shown a theorem giving the rate of convergence of an idealized estimator in the presence of outliers and a theorem giving the breakdown point of the method.In a second part, we place ourselves in the framework of a balanced mixture of two isotropic Gaussians, centered at the origin, in order to provide the first theoretical analysis of a clustering estimator based on a conditional entropy criterion. We show that the criterion is locally convex, offering on the one hand fast learning rates and on the other hand an oracle inequality in high dimension when the mean separation vector is sparse.In a third part, more practical and devoted to graphs in cybersecurity, we investigate whether the evolution of the number of clusters obtained by a modularity optimization method can reveal anomalies caused by an intrusion in a computer system