Relevant bibliographies by topics / Statistics, etc., France, 1909

Academic literature on the topic 'Statistics, etc., France, 1909'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Statistics, etc., France, 1909"

1

Zyuzin, Konstantin, and Timur Valetov. "The Role of the Trans-Siberian Railway in Supplying of the Far Eastern Region in 1903-1913: a Comparative Analysis of Foreign Trade and Transport Statistics." Историческая информатика, no. 4 (April 2022): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2022.4.39097.

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The article is devoted to the role of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the freight supplying of the Russian Far East in 1903–1913 (since the commissioning of its last section through Manchuria along the CER). Methodologically, the article is based on a comparison of various sources: customs, port, railway statistics, reports of the Dobrovolny flot (Voluntary Fleet), etc. It is concluded that the sources do generally provide a possibility to conduct a study in the period under review, and it can be based on different tables from the foreign trade yearbooks and railway statistics on transportation to the Ussuri railroad. The statistics are considered in two ways: 1) "import - transportation from Russia" and "by sea - by the railroad". This allows us to draw conclusions about where the goods mainly came from and how they got to the local market. Comparative statistics are built for the most important categories of goods: cereals, sugar, fuel, timber, metals, textile, etc. A comparison of the freight transportation by the railroad and by sea showed that, at least until 1909, the railroad supply was not significant, but began to grow later, when the railway transportation to the region helped to reduce the share of imports, especially in terms of supplying textiles and some categories of metal goods.
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Dortet-Bernardet, Vincent, and Michaël Sicsic. "The effect of R&D subsidies and tax incentives on employment: an evaluation for small firms in France." Economie et Statistique / Economics and Statistics, no. 493 (July 7, 2017): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24187/ecostat.2017.493s.1909.

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Kacperska, Magdalena. "Influence of Family Benefits on Women’s Professional Activity. The cases of Poland, the United Kingdom, and France." Studia Historiae Oeconomicae 37, no. 1 (December 1, 2019): 222–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sho-2019-0011.

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Abstract Women show greater and greater activity on the job market, they obtain better positions, salaries, etc. However, the statistics concerning their professional activity differ from those of men. We should take into consideration the fact that women are the ones who give birth to children and, in majority, take care of their upbringing, especially in the first years of child’s life. Policies of particular states are different in terms of the amount and availability of family benefits, and that can be reflected in women’s willingness to return to work.
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Vidal, J. P., E. Martin, L. Franchistéguy, F. Habets, J. M. Soubeyroux, M. Blanchard, and M. Baillon. "Multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France with the Safran-Isba-Modcou hydrometeorological suite." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 22, 2009): 6455–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-6455-2009.

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Abstract. Physically-based droughts can be defined as a water deficit in at least one component of the land surface hydrological cycle. The reliance of different activity domains (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) on specific components of this cycle requires drought monitoring to be based on indices related to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts. This paper describes a high-resolution retrospective analysis of such droughts in France over the last fifty years, based on the Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite. The high-resolution 1958–2008 Safran atmospheric reanalysis was used to force the Isba land surface scheme and the hydrogeological model Modcou. Meteorological droughts are characterized with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scales varying from 1 to 24 months. Similar standardizing methods were applied to soil moisture and streamflow for identifying multiscale agricultural droughts – through the Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI) – and multiscale hydrological droughts, through the Standardized Flow Index (SFI). Based on a common threshold level for all indices, drought event statistics over the 50-yr period – number of events, duration, severity and magnitude – have been derived locally in order to highlight regional differences at multiple time scales and at multiple levels of the hydrological cycle. Independent spatio-temporal drought events have then been identified and described by combining local characteristics with the evolution of area under drought. Summary statistics have finally been used to compare past severe drought events, from multi-year precipitation deficits (1989–1990) to short hot and dry periods (2003). This multilevel and multiscale drought climatology will serve as a basis for assessing the impacts of climate change on droughts in France.
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Tombette, M., V. Mallet, and B. Sportisse. "PM<sub>10</sub> data assimilation over Europe with the optimal interpolation method." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 8, no. 3 (May 27, 2008): 9607–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-8-9607-2008.

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Abstract. This paper presents experiments of PM10 data assimilation with the optimal interpolation method. The observations are provided by BDQA (Base de Données sur la Qualité de l'Air), whose monitoring network covers France. Two other databases (EMEP and AirBase) are used to evaluate the improvements in the analyzed state over one month (January, 2001) and for several outputs (PM10, PM2.5 and chemical composition). Then, the method is applied in operational conditions. The results show that the assimilation of PM10 observations significantly improves the one-day forecast for total mass (PM10 and PM2.5). The errors on aerosol chemical composition are not reduced and are sometimes amplified by the assimilation procedure, which shows the need for chemical data. As the observations cover a limited part of the domain (France versus Europe) and as the method used for assimilation is sequential, we focus on the horizontal and temporal impacts of assimilation in the last part of this paper. To conclude, we discuss the perspectives, especially the use of a variational method for assimilation or the investigation of the sensitivity to a few choices (e.g., the error statistics, etc.).
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Boyko, Ivan I., Aleksey V. Karpov, and Olga V. Karpova. "EXPERT COMMUNITY’S OPINION ON SOME PROBLEMS OF NATIONAL POLICY IN CHUVASHIA." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 4 (December 25, 2021): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2021-4-5-14.

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The article presents the views of 30 experts on a number of national policy problems in the Chuvash Republic. According to experts, friendly, conflict-free interethnic and interconfessional relations prevail in Chuvashia, rare cases of negative interethnic contacts are characteristic of everyday situations, most often related to the use of native languages. The possibility of interethnic conflicts is considered as unlikely. They may be associated with potentially ill-conceived actions in the sphere of linguistic and other ethno-cultural interests of representatives of individual peoples. According to experts, preservation and improvement of good-neighborly relations between representatives of certain ethnic groups are greatly influenced by the verified national policy and successful economic development of the republic. Some experts support the opinion which prevails among the republic population on the negative impact of labor migrants on the labor market opportunities for the old-age population, although statistics data do not confirm such attitudes. From experts’ viewpoint, successful implementation of national policy in the republic could be facilitated by organization of a special state management structure (ministry, committee), active involvement of enthusiasts in national cultural associations in various management issues, regular ethnological monitoring, dissemination of positive practices in the field of interethnic relations, etc. In general, experts believe that there is no noticeable influence of the ethnic factor on real politics in Chuvashia.
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7

Vidal, J. P., E. Martin, L. Franchistéguy, F. Habets, J. M. Soubeyroux, M. Blanchard, and M. Baillon. "Multilevel and multiscale drought reanalysis over France with the Safran-Isba-Modcou hydrometeorological suite." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2010): 459–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-459-2010.

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Abstract. Physically-based droughts can be defined as a water deficit in at least one component of the land surface hydrological cycle. The reliance of different activity domains (water supply, irrigation, hydropower, etc.) on specific components of this cycle requires drought monitoring to be based on indices related to meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological droughts. This paper describes a high-resolution retrospective analysis of such droughts in France over the last fifty years, based on the Safran-Isba-Modcou (SIM) hydrometeorological suite. The high-resolution 1958–2008 Safran atmospheric reanalysis was used to force the Isba land surface scheme and the hydrogeological model Modcou. Meteorological droughts are characterized with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) at time scales varying from 1 to 24 months. Similar standardizing methods were applied to soil moisture and streamflow for identifying multiscale agricultural droughts – through the Standardized Soil Wetness Index (SSWI) – and multiscale hydrological droughts, through the Standardized Flow Index (SFI). Based on a common threshold level for all indices, drought event statistics over the 50-yr period – number of events, duration, severity and magnitude – have been derived locally in order to highlight regional differences at multiple time scales and at multiple levels of the hydrological cycle (precipitation, soil moisture, streamflow). Results show a substantial variety of temporal drought patterns over the country that are highly dependent on both the variable and time scale considered. Independent spatio-temporal drought events have then been identified and described by combining local characteristics with the evolution of area under drought. Summary statistics have finally been used to compare past severe drought events, from multi-year precipitation deficits (1989–1990) to short hot and dry periods (2003). Results show that the ranking of drought events depends highly on both the time scale and the variable considered. This multilevel and multiscale drought climatology will serve as a basis for assessing the impacts of climate change on droughts in France.
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8

Chikhachev, Aleksei. "The European Turn in France’s Arms Export." Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS 20, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220218592.

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This article analyzes a new trend in the arms export policy of modern France – an increasing share of European countries in the geographical structure of sales. Based on statistics and examples, regional priorities of French export before Emmanuel Macron’s presidency are identified; the reasons for the turn towards Europe at present stage and its possible limits are studied. The author draws attention to the fact that until recently, the Middle East and Asia have been key partners of France, providing two thirds of international demand for the products of French defense industry. However, today their role is declining in favor of the EU countries: Belgium, Romania, Greece, etc., with which Paris has signed a series of major contracts in 2018–2021. This development primarily stems from a difficult foreign policy context forcing the EU members to allocate more funds for defense needs, as well as from temporary difficulties in France’s relations with Middle Eastern clients. The author concludes that the «Europeanization» of sales is likely to continue but it is too early to talk about a full reorientation of French exports towards Europe. A more realistic task Paris de facto solves is to balance its export structure by diversifying the range of customers.
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Ahmadiev, Farit N. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE “BEGINNINGS” OF HISTORIOGRAPHY IN THE RUSSIAN SCIENCE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY." Vestnik Chuvashskogo universiteta, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/1810-1909-2022-2-15-20.

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The paper presents the results of the study on the importance of the historiographical component in the Russian science of universal history at the beginning of the second half of the XIX century. Special attention is paid to the study by Russian historians of the European science of universal history, which had a significant impact on the formation of the Russian science of universal history, starting with the university lecture courses by T.N. Granovsky and P.N. Kudryavtsev in the middle of the XIX – the beginning of the XX century. Special attention is paid to the first historiographical works by Mikhail Nazarovich Petrov (“The Latest National Historiography in Germany, England and France”) and Vladimir Ivanovich Guerrier (“Essay on the Development of Historical Science”), due to whom the European historiography of universal history turned into a research field. These two works, one of which was published in Kharkov in 1861, and the other – in 1865 in Moscow, laid the “beginnings” of historiography per se, i.e. historiography as an independent scientific discipline with its own research subject, methods, methodology, etc. In fact, there was rethinking of historiography as a historical phenomenon, and consequently, there was a need to find the “point” where knowledge about the history of science acquired its internal logic and thus turned from historiographical experience into systematized knowledge. The essence of this “point” (or moment) is that a system or organized knowledge (in other words, a concept) appeared in historiography, which turned knowledge about the history of science into a scientific discipline. The questions when and how this happened remain open. In any case, M.N. Petrov and V.I. Guerrier were the first Russian historians who sought to turn the “beginnings” of historiography into a scientific discipline. The question of the priority of the first Russian professional historiographer is still unresolved. V.E. Illeritsky expressed an opinion that it belongs to S.M. Solovyov, according to R.A. Kireeva – to M.O. Koyalovich.
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10

Karamanukyan, D. T. "Review of the Monograph: Cohen-Almagor R. The Republic, Secularism and Security: France versus the Burqa and the Niqab. Cham: Springer, 2022. 66 p." Siberian Law Review 19, no. 4 (January 8, 2023): 419–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19073/2658-7602-2022-19-4-419-427.

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On October 11, 2010, France became the first European country to ban the full-face Islamic veil – the burqa and niqab, in public places. After France becoming a “pioneer” in this area, by contrast to the United Stated and Russia, facial veil prohibition acts have been adopted in several other European countries and discussed in even more. These acts and political debates have generated a colossal number of research papers – mostly on legal issues by lawyer-scholars, critical analyses and, I’m sure, will produce many more. They have mainly focused on different aspects of the right to religious and cultural freedom, the right to gender equality. However, the novelty of Professor Raphael Cohen-Almagor’s monograph “The Republic, Secularism and Security: France versus the Burqa and the Niqab” lies in a non-standard approach to the veil-ban issue – he investigates using different methodological instruments not only the legal core the ban, but also (and mostly) the factors motivating the French legislator, what it symbolizes. Since the niqab and burqa wearers are extremely rare in France, as in almost all European Countries, one may agree that there surely isn’t an actual social problem, needing to be regulated by the government. Such disproportional This difference between practical importance and French legislative effort have urged Professor Cohen-Almagor to dwell on the reasons of such a high interest by the public administration to the religious facial veil. The study was carried out using various scientific methods: general scientific (analysis, synthesis, modeling, abstraction, etc.), empirical (observation, statistics), specifically legal (comparative legal, axiological, sociological, hermeneutics), historical (diachronic, ideographic). Huge practical experience, thorough, systemic knowledge of the regulatory material and practical aspects of its implementation allow the Author to analyze the symbolic and instrumental role of the facial veil in France’s pursuit for national identity building.
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Books on the topic "Statistics, etc., France, 1909"

1

Minard System: The Graphical Works of Charles-Joseph Minard. Princeton Architectural Press, 2018.

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Rendgen, Sandra. Minard System: The Complete Statistical Graphics of Charles-Joseph Minard. Princeton Architectural Press, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Statistics, etc., France, 1909"

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"The revised plan was adopted by ministerial decision in June 1979. A final version of the plan, very similar to the 1979 draft, was approved in April 1982, and came into effect on April 30, 1983 with the passing of the accounting law designed to incorporate the provisions of the EEC fourth directive into the national legislation. THE HERITAGE OF THE 1947 PLAN AND RECENT INNOVATIONS The basic characteristics and structure of the 1947 Account­ ing Plan remain in the 1982 Plan. However, some elements were added, the terminology was refined and augmented, the presenta­ tion of the Plan was improved, and a number of changes were made to the chart of accounts and the financial statements. To highlight what has been retained of the past experience in the 1982 Plan and what are its main new characteristics, a compara­ tive analysis with the 1947 Plan will be presented in the following paragraphs. The 1982 version of the Plan contains basically the same ele­ ments as the 1947 edition (refer to the previous presentation of the 1947 Plan). However, accounting principles, which were implied in the 1947 Plan, are now specified clearly in the first section of the Plan. The cost accounting section of the Plan was greatly ex­ panded. However, cost accounting remains independent from fi­ nancial accounting. Additional information provided in this sec­ tion includes the objectives of cost accounting, its uses for the management of operations, and a framework for the analysis of transactions in cost accounting. The 1982 chart of accounts uses only nine of the ten classes, the class for statistical accounts (number 10) having been elimi­ nated. Classes 1 to 5 are still reserved for balance sheet accounts and they retain the same titles. The operating accounts remain in classes 6 and 7. However, in each class, important reallocations were made in two-digits accounts in order that the chart more closely correspond to the new financial statement presentation of the classes’ elements. Class 8 is now used for special accounts, such as commitments and consolidation accounts. Former profit and loss accounts of class 8 were reallocated into other classes because there is now only one statement for income related opera­ tions. In fact, the fusion of the former trading account, and profit and loss account into one income statement is a major change that has been made to the 1947 Plan. However, the current/excep­." In Accounting in France (RLE Accounting), 355. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315871042-56.

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Whitehead, Mark, Rhys Jones, and Martin Jones. "Mapping the Land: Spatializing State Nature." In The Nature of the State. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199271894.003.0011.

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In 1965 it was estimated that Belgium had 607,142 hectares (ha) of forested land, while Finland had 21,800,000 ha (6,500,000 of which were swamp forest). France, meanwhile, had 111,800 ha of swamps and marshes (étang en rapport), compared with the Federal Republic of Germany’s 188,000 ha. Of its total land area of 24,402,000 ha, the UK had 7,541,400 ha of unimproved grazing land being grazed by a staggering 28,967,000 sheep. Further estimates revealed that the Netherlands had 7,990 ha of dunes and 50,700 ha of land designated as muddy flats. Perhaps what is most unusual about these figures is that they don’t appear at all unusual. What, after all, could seem more normal than knowing such detailed statistical facts about a series of modern European states? These figures are actually taken from a World Land Use Survey, which was conducted in collaboration by a series of states during the middle of the twentieth century. Despite their seemingly routine character, however, what interests us about these figures are the links they reveal between nature, the state, and space (or more specifically land). The figures presented above have two things in common: first, they are all statistics about the natural world, which have been organized through specific reference to nation-states (France, Belgium, the UK); and secondly, they all (with the exception of the statistics on British sheep) describe nature by making reference to its spatial form—or more accurately its extent (hectares of marsh, forest, dune, etc.). This association between nature and land is, we argue, a significant one. We claim that historically the idea of land has provided different nation-states with a mechanism for making sense of nature and for ordering it spatially. In light of the historical perspective on nature–state relationships provided by Chapter 3, this chapter analyses how state–nature interactions are mediated and played out within space. While recognizing the diverse range of ways in which state–nature relations have been spatialized over time, here we focus our attention on one crucial site of state nature—the land-use map.
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