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Journal articles on the topic 'Statistics and trade'

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Published: 26 July 2024

Last updated: 27 July 2024

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1

Brodie, Neil. "Statistics, damned statistics, and the antiquities trade." Antiquity 73, no. 280 (June 1999): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00088402.

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The antiquities trade is a rather shady business — and few facts are available. Here Neil Brodie of the Illicit Antiquities Research Centre at Cambridge reviews the facts and figures of the British trade in such goods.

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2

Eastin, Ivan, and John Perez-Garcia. "Discrepancies in forest products trade statistics." Forestry Chronicle 79, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc791084-6.

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This paper describes the factors that contribute to discrepancies in the trade statistics between partner countries and the extent to which discrepancies occur within the forest products sector. The analysis of the trade data demonstrates that the discrepancy ratio becomes smaller as the degree of processing increases. A statistical analysis found that there was a significant difference between the size of the trade statistics discrepancy ratios between developed and less-developed economies. Finally, the trade statistics were statistically analyzed to establish what might loosely be described as a "normal" range of trade statistics discrepancies. Key words: trade discrepancy, forest products, trade statistics, international trade, bi-lateral trade, trade flows, illegal smuggling

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3

Charles, Loïc, and Guillaume Daudin. "Eighteenth-Century International Trade Statistics." Revue de l'OFCE 140, no. 4 (2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.140.0007.

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4

El-Khoury, Gabi. "Arab trade statistics: selected indicators." Contemporary Arab Affairs 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2015.1024488.

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5

Lauer, Mark J. "Tools of the trade. Statistics." Performance Improvement 44, no. 4 (April 2005): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4140440411.

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6

Lam, Joy T. L., Heather J. Koldewey, Maï Yasué, and Amanda C. J. Vincent. "Comparing interview and trade data in assessing changes in the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade following CITES listing." Oryx 50, no. 1 (October 21, 2014): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605314000246.

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AbstractConcerns regarding the sustainability of the seahorse Hippocampus spp. trade led to their listing on CITES Appendix II in 2002, with implementation in 2004. In 2007 we interviewed wholesale traders of seahorses in Hong Kong, China, seeking indications of the effects of the CITES listing on the seahorse trade. We cross-validated traders’ perspectives with government trade statistics (1998–2007) from Hong Kong and Taiwan. We also compared these data with trade statistics for pipefish, which are related species with similar medicinal uses but are not CITES-listed. Both the interviews and government statistics indicated reduced volumes of seahorses traded through Hong Kong, changes in source countries, and price increases post-implementation. Traders suggested that these changes were largely a result of the CITES listing. However, data indicate that other factors such as shifts in domestic policies and local demand may also have affected the trade. By cross-validating the perspectives of local stakeholders with trade statistics in a wildlife trading hub we were able to explore hypotheses on the local and global impacts of CITES. Such approaches are especially important for CITES-listed species because often there is no single data source that is complete and wholly reliable.

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7

Mukherjee, Deeparghya. "Services traded for intermediate and final usage." Journal of Economic Studies 45, no. 3 (August 13, 2018): 459–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-11-2016-0237.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate and assess the trends of bilateral services trade in the world segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage across several service sectors. The differential trends, if any, are studied while examining the role of free trade agreements which have a chapter on services trade as well as the role of services trade restrictions. The study unravels differences across service sectors in this respect. Design/methodology/approach The author uses an augmented gravity model to address the above using OECD- World Trade Organization (WTO) TiVA data for bilateral trade in intermediates and final products (October 2015 release) and World Bank Services Trade Restrictions Index (STRI). The poisson pseudo maximum likelihood estimation technique is used in light of the structure of the data. Trade creating and diverting effects are identified controlling for time and country-time specific effects. The following sectors are specifically looked at: total business sector services, computer and related services, financial intermediation, post and telecommunication, transport and storage, R&D and other business services, hotels and restaurants, construction, and wholesale and retail trade. Findings First, services free trade agreements (FTAs) have had a trade creating impact with no trade diverting impact for services trade in aggregate with stronger effects on services traded for intermediate usage. Second, financial intermediation and post and telecommunication have been left unaffected by services FTAs. While no trade diversion is concluded for any sector, R&D and other business services, transport and storage and wholesale retail trade show maximum trade creation effects in response to FTAs. Third, trade restrictions of mainly OECD countries are responsible for lowering exports for most sectors. Finally, in terms of policy implications, at a general level, the author does not find a significant difference in the author’s results for services traded for intermediate usage or final consumption except for a stronger effect of FTAs on intermediate services trade. Hence, the policies to foster services trade on both counts are concluded to be the same and deal with behind-the-border policies of domestic industrial policy reforms like national treatment of foreign firms, licensing requirements, FDI policies, etc. Research limitations/implications Statistics for services trade are limited. The data are only available for the years 1995, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011. Additionally, the conclusions on services trade restrictions are based on statistics for 2011 alone, since this is the only year for which the statistics are available. A complete time series for the entire sample period would increase robustness of the study with a better time variant version of the trade restrictiveness variable. Finally, in the construction of the OECD-WTO-TiVA database of a world IO table, there may have been approximations in constructing statistics for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption. The results remain sensitive to the same but this is the best possible statistics available for the purposes. Originality/value This is the first study which looks at services trade segmented by trade for final consumption and intermediate usage taking advantage of the available data for a number of service sectors. The role of restrictions is also studied for the first time segmented by trade in intermediates and final consumption. The stronger effects of FTAs on intermediate services trade as well as financial intermediation and post and telecommunication services being insulated from effects of FTAs are important findings, especially since services are mainly thought to be traded for final consumption. Similar trends of results for services traded for intermediate usage and final consumption and restrictions affecting exports from exporter countries and imports by importer countries highlight the importance of behind-the-border domestic policies in facilitating or inhibiting services trade on both counts and more importantly for intermediate usage which, in turn, would improve goods tradability.

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8

Ico, Ronaldo, and Aiken Tafgar. "The World Ranking of Trade Statistics Accuracy." Global Trade and Customs Journal 11, Issue 2 (February 1, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2016009.

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In this paper, we construct an accuracy index of trade statistics compiled by customs offices worldwide, based on established methodology from studies. The score or ranking of trade statistics accuracy is interesting for trade and customs officials. In addition, the accuracy of trade statistics can be viewed as a proxy to the quality of trade or customs governance. Therefore, we believe our indicators hold the potential to improve both policy and research on trade and customs. First, the trade statistics accuracy score can be a useful tool in assessing the progress of trade and customs reform because it reflects the ‘real’ status of trade and customs governance – unlike some surveys which tend to suffer perception problems. Second, with our new indicators, we are able to assess the true impact of trade and customs governance on economic and trade performance.

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9

Fertő, Imre, and Attila Károly Soós. "Treating trade statistics inaccuracies: the case of intra-industry trade." Applied Economics Letters 16, no. 18 (December 17, 2009): 1861–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504850701719512.

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10

Yasui, Tadashi. "The Unreliability of Merchandise Trade Statistics." Global Trade and Customs Journal 13, Issue 6 (June 1, 2018): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2018027.

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This article contends that merchandise trade statistics are insufficiently reliable for accurate economic analysis and informed trade policy decisions. The official trade figures analysed for this article appear to be significantly overvalued. Re-exports combined with re-imports caused both world import and export data to be exaggerated by as much as 20%. Import data was further inflated, and bilateral export data was unreliable even between developed countries. Compared with official figures, the article’s case study estimates that the US merchandise trade deficit is nearly 20% less with China, nearly double with Mexico, and over triple with Canada.

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11

Sweig, Donald M., Walter Minchinton, Celia King, and Peter Waite. "Virginia Slave-Trade Statistics, 1698-1775." William and Mary Quarterly 42, no. 4 (October 1985): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1919037.

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12

Hoffmeister, Onno, Barbara D’Andrea Adrian, Mark Assaf, Nour Barnat, Dominique Chantrel, Tomasz Kulaga, and Markie Muryawan. "Trade statistics capacity building beyond borders." Statistical Journal of the IAOS 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 997–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sji-210854.

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We report on five years of capacity building designed to improve the skills of producers and users of international trade statistics all over the world, with a particular focus on developing countries. This training programme is a joint activity between UNCTAD, UNSD and WTO, based on an innovative (Blended Learning) approach, combining e-learning and face-to-face workshops. It is adapted to local needs, uses the pool of experts working at international organisations, and ensures continuous review and enhancement of the applied methods and tools. The results reviewed in this paper confirm that the program has reached the target population. Furthermore, it has global coverage and is gender-balanced. During the five years since the programme has begun, participation in the courses has increased considerably; success rates have risen from 72% to 79% and satisfaction rates from 77% to 88%. Plans for the future include delivering training in additional languages, increasing interactivity, and adding new components addressing specific training needs.

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13

Curtin, Philip D., Walter Minchinton, Seger Daget, Jean Mettas, and Michel Daget. "Virginia Slave-Trade Statistics, 1698-1775." American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (February 1986): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867242.

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14

Wyszkowska-Kuna, Joanna. "Creative products in international trade statistics." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 13, no. 3 (December 16, 2010): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10103-009-0038-z.

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The products generated by the “creative industries” consist of creative goods and creative services. The goal of this publication is to show that most creative products that are classified in international transactions as creative goods are, in fact, creative services embodied in goods. In practice it means that in international trade in creative products it is the service products that dominate and international trade in creative services is highly underestimated. Changes in international statistics relating to the methods of classifying trade transactions in goods and services are analyzed in the further part of this paper. The author of the study makes also an attempt to evaluate if these changes are aimed at increasing the inclusion of embodied services and services delivered electronically into the value of international trade in services.

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15

Wardle, Philip. "Statistics on resources, production and trade." Journal of Bamboo and Rattan 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156915903322700395.

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16

Melitz, Marc J., and Stephen J. Redding. "New Trade Models, New Welfare Implications." American Economic Review 105, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 1105–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130351.

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We show that endogenous firm selection provides a new welfare margin for heterogeneous firm models of trade (relative to homo geneous firm models). Under some parameter restrictions, the trade elasticity is constant and is a sufficient statistic for welfare, along with the domestic trade share. However, even small deviations from these restrictions imply that trade elasticities are variable and differ across markets and levels of trade costs. In this more general setting, the domestic trade share and endogenous trade elasticity are no longer sufficient statistics for welfare. Additional empirically observable moments of the micro structure also matter for welfare. (JEL F12, F13, F41)

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17

Grigoruk, N. E., and S. A. Galkin. "Implementation of International Standards in Russia's Foreign Trade Statistics." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 1(40) (February 28, 2015): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-1-40-121-127.

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The article analyzes the basic documents of international organizations in recent years, which have become the global standard for the development and improvement of statistics of foreign economic relations of most countries, including the Russian Federation. The article describes the key features of the theory and practice of modern foreign trade statistics in Russia and abroad, with an emphasis on the methodological problems of its main parts - the external trade statistics. It shows their interpretation in the most recent recommendations by UN statistical apparatus and other international organizations; considers a range of problems associated with the implementation of the national statistical practices of countries, including Russia and the countries of the Customs Union, the main international standard of foreign trade statistics - UN document "International Merchandise Trade Statistics". The main attention is paid to methodological issues such as: the criteria for selecting the objects of statistical accounting in accordance with international standards, quantitative and cost parameters of foreign trade statistics, statistical methods and estimates of commodity exports and imports, the problems of comparability of data; to a comparison of international standards in 2010 with documents on key precursor methodology of foreign trade statistics, characterized by the practice of introducing these standards in the foreign trade statistics of Russia and the countries of the Customs Union. The article analyzes the content given in the official statistical manuals of Russia foreign trade and foreign countries, covers the main methodological problems of World Trade in conjunction with the major current international statistical standards - System of National Accounts, Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services and other documents; provides specific data describing the current structure of Russian foreign trade and especially its position in international trade in goods and services.

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18

MAURER, ANDREAS, and CHRISTOPHE DEGAIN. "GLOBALIZATION AND TRADE FLOWS: WHAT YOU SEE IS NOT WHAT YOU GET!" Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 03, no. 03 (August 14, 2012): 1250019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993312500196.

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The trade collapse that followed the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 has led to a renewed interest in measurement issues affecting international merchandise trade statistics in the new globalized economy. The international fragmentation of industrial production blurs the concept of country of origin and calls for the production of new statistics on the domestic content of exports, with a view of estimating trade in value added. In 2010, the international statistical community revised the concepts and definitions on both international merchandise trade and trade in services statistics. This paper discusses the various issues related to the concepts of "goods for processing" and "intra-firm trade" in trade statistics, and provides an overview of the method of analyzing the impact of the fragmentation of production in international value chains.

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19

El-Khoury, Gabi. "Foreign trade statistics of Arab countries: selected indicators." Contemporary Arab Affairs 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2017): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550912.2017.1399656.

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This statistical file is mainly concerned with the external merchandise trade of Arab countries, which accounts for approximately 77% of the total trade of Arab goods and services due to the large share of oil and gas in the Arab foreign trade.

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20

Blundell, Arthur G. "Tracking sequestered carbon in the timber trade." Environmental Conservation 29, no. 4 (December 2002): 407–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892902000292.

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The most recent meeting discussing the Kyoto Protocol focused on market-based mechanisms to reduce greenhouse gases. This could pave the way for initiatives that allow polluters to offset their emissions if they buy carbon sequestered through reforestation (Sandalow & Bowles 2001). But rather than lose credit when the trees are harvested, investors must continue to track the sequestered carbon once trees become timber. I examined trade statistics for the best-tracked timber species, namely mahogany, Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae). Although mahogany is regulated by one of the most restrictive trade agreements, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), I found discrepancies in USA trade statistics of c. 30%, representing c. US$ 100 million over the last 4 years. For comparison, I also calculated differences in trade data for all sawnwood, according to the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO); discrepancies between USA and exporter reports were c. 38%. Large accounting problems must be solved before sequestered carbon should become a globally traded commodity.

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21

Escaith, Hubert. "Past and present issues in trade statistics." Revue de l'OFCE 140, no. 4 (2015): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.140.0037.

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Dedinger, Béatrice. "Trade statistics of the Zollverein, 1834-1871." Revue de l'OFCE 140, no. 4 (2015): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.140.0067.

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23

Marini, Marco, Robert Dippelsman, and Michael Stanger. "New Estimates for Direction of Trade Statistics." IMF Working Papers 18, no. 16 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484338629.001.

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24

Chilambe, P. E. "The Malawi foreign trade statistics information system." Information Technology for Development 2, no. 3 (September 1987): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02681102.1987.9627098.

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25

Makhoul, Basim, and Samuel M. Otterstrom. "Exploring the accuracy of international trade statistics." Applied Economics 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1998): 1603–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/000368498324689.

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26

Woodward, Donald. "Irish Trade and Customs Statistics, 1614–1641." Irish Economic and Social History 26, no. 1 (June 1999): 54–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/033248939902600104.

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27

Monty, Vivienne. "Handbook of International Trade and Development Statistics." Journal of Government Information 23, no. 4 (July 1996): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1352-0237(96)83727-0.

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28

Tabata, Shinichiro. "The Anatomy of Russian Foreign Trade Statistics." Post-Soviet Geography 35, no. 8 (October 1994): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10605851.1994.10640968.

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29

Anderson, Sven. "Market analysis by means of trade statistics." Competitive Intelligence Review 6, no. 2 (1995): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cir.3880060216.

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30

Benita, Francisco, and Carlos M. Urzúa. "Mirror trade statistics between China and Latin America." Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 9, no. 3 (October 3, 2016): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-10-2016-032.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the accuracy of the trade statistics between the People’s Republic of China and 20 Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Design/methodology/approach This paper contrasts the mirror trade statistics between China and 20 Latin American countries during 2009-2014, after adding to the Chinese side the trade figures corresponding to Hong Kong and adjusting for some valuation issues. Using the resulting panel data, the paper then explores some of the possible explanatory variables, in the case of Latin America, which can account for the significant trade misinvoicing that is found among most of the countries involved. Findings Trade misinvoicing, be that from the part of China or of its partners, varies substantially across Latin America. It is quite large in the case of some countries such as Bolivia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama and Paraguay, and, on the opposite side, relatively small in the case of other countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guatemala and Venezuela. It is found that, from a Latin American perspective, trade misinvoicing is positively related to the countries’ lack of statistical capacity and their degree of financial openness. Originality/value This is the first empirical paper that examines the mirror trade statistics between China and Latin American.

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31

Liu, Fei, Kent Wheiler, Indroneil Ganguly, and Mingxing Hu. "Sustainable Timber Trade: A Study on Discrepancies in Chinese Logs and Lumber Trade Statistics." Forests 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020205.

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Discrepancies in trade statistics can be normal or benign and attributed to a wide variety of unintentional factors, or in some instances within the timber products sector, such discrepancies can be associated with “systemic” factors that distort trade statistics, including (i) measurement and shipment issues, (ii) misreporting of product volumes, (iii) misclassification of timber product types, and (iv) government regulations concerned about trade. This study measured trade discrepancies in logs and lumber trade statistics for China and its trading partner countries from 2002 to 2018 using a time-lagged function, based on the customs data available from Global Trade Information Services (GTIS), with the aim of exploring a more nuanced understanding of trade discrepancies and their “systemic” factors. The results showed that the range of overall discrepancies in logs and lumber trade statistics shrunk over time, from [−0.069, 1.207] in 2002–2007 to [−0.120, 0.408] in 2013–2018. The larger trade flows of logs and lumber from Russia, New Zealand, and the U.S. (each above 10% of total China’s import) showed small trade statistics discrepancy ratios, which were less than ± 0.06. However, trade discrepancies still remained large at the disaggregated level, and significant differences of trade discrepancies between tropical and non-tropical countries. The range of trade discrepancies in hardwood logs increased from 2002 to 2018 and appeared to be attributed to misclassification and misreporting in tropical countries such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Ghana. However, these countries’ trade flows are becoming relatively minor over time. Government policies are suggested to play an important role in influencing both the occurrence and resolution of trade discrepancies.

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32

Grigoruk, N. E., and G. A. Galkin. "International trade through the prism of statistics: problems of accounting, evaluation and analysis." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 4 (September 4, 2020): 232–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-4-73-232-257.

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In economic research, much attention is traditionally paid to the issues of trade and economic cooperation between states and the development of international trade. This kind of research is based on the materials of official statistics of countries and international organizations, which are not always published on a comparable basis, making it difficult, and sometimes impossible to do an objective analysis of processes taking place both in bilateral economic relations and in international trade in general. The article deals with this important problem of comparability of statistical sources.Using a large amount of factual and statistical material, the authors trace the changes that have occurred in world trade relations of the 21st century, paying special attention to the post-crisis period, they reveal the main features of the geographical and commodity structure of trade, they present a comparative analysis of the rates of development of world exports and imports by groups of countries, assess Russia's participation in international trade, and also demonstrate the methodological content of the main statistical indicators that are used to characterize foreign economic relations.For many decades, international cooperation in the field of statistics has focused on the problem of unifying information on the foreign economic activity of countries. Solving this problem, the UN Statistical Commission has drawn up methodological documents, which are usually called "international statistical standards". Based on the study of these documents, as well as materials of official statistics of countries and other primary sources, the authors characterize the process of international standardization of information on foreign economic relations of countries. The article presents a critical analysis of the key provisions of the latest methodological standards of statistics, considers the practice of their application in countries, including the Russian Federation, identifies the main achievements and problems in this area.

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Ciccone, Alice, Ole Rogeberg, and Ragnhild Braaten. "Fairness Preferences in a Bilateral Trade Experiment." Games 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g11010008.

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Is the willingness to make trades influenced by how the total gains from trade are split between the trading partners? We present results from a bilateral trade game (n = 128) where all participants were price-takers and trading pairs faced one of three exogenously imposed trading prices. The fixed prices divided the gains either symmetrically in the reference treatment or asymmetrically in treatments favoring either the buyer or seller. Price treatments generating asymmetric gains from trade reduced desired transaction levels on both sides of the market, but more strongly by the disfavored party. The data weakly indicated a larger reduction when the disfavored party was a seller.

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HAMANAKA, SHINTARO, and ROMANA DOMINGO. "MEASURING LONG-TERM COMMODITY-LEVEL TRADE COSTS: THE CASE OF ASIA." Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy 03, no. 02 (May 16, 2012): 1250014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793993312500147.

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Despite its several inherent weaknesses, Doing Business compiled by the World Bank is still the most widely used assessment of the trade facilitation status among developing country policymakers as well as economists. In this paper, we suggest that the use of trade costs calculated based on trade statistics in conjunction with Doing Business data is helpful in drawing up sector-specific trade facilitation policies. Unlike Doing Business, we can obtain long-term commodity-level trade costs if trade statistics are used.

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35

South, Leah F., Marina Riabiz, Onur Teymur, and Chris J. Oates. "Postprocessing of MCMC." Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2022): 529–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-statistics-040220-091727.

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Markov chain Monte Carlo is the engine of modern Bayesian statistics, being used to approximate the posterior and derived quantities of interest. Despite this, the issue of how the output from a Markov chain is postprocessed and reported is often overlooked. Convergence diagnostics can be used to control bias via burn-in removal, but these do not account for (common) situations where a limited computational budget engenders a bias-variance trade-off. The aim of this article is to review state-of-the-art techniques for postprocessing Markov chain output. Our review covers methods based on discrepancy minimization, which directly address the bias-variance trade-off, as well as general-purpose control variate methods for approximating expected quantities of interest.

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36

Hoke, Eva, Jan Marada, and Romana Heinzová. "International trade risks." MATEC Web of Conferences 292 (2019): 01047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929201047.

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There are a number of risks in the international trade associated with differences in the regulatory environment, logistics, geographical distance and the common misunderstanding among business partners. It would not be possible to comprehensively cover all risks because of the scale of the contribution. The paper deals the characteristics and mapping of international trade risks in the area of protection of intellectual property rights and consumer protection, as well as the processing of statistics on the occurrence of counterfeit frequency in the Czech Republic. The authors briefly described the basic concepts such as counterfeit, dangerous product, dangerous food, intellectual property rights, and international trade risks. The main part of the contribution already contains the interpretation of the achieved results. Based on the analysis and controlled interviews with practitioners, the customs procedure is described and the statistics of goods detained in the customs market both on the national market and on the EU market are processed and compared. The conclusion of the work summarizes the results and outlines possible future development of the Customs Administration of the Czech Republic.

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37

Baqaee, David Rezza, and Emmanuel Farhi. "Networks, Barriers, and Trade." Econometrica 92, no. 2 (2024): 505–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta17513.

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We study a flexible class of trade models with international production networks and arbitrary wedge‐like distortions like markups, tariffs, or nominal rigidities. We characterize the general equilibrium response of variables to shocks in terms of microeconomic statistics. Our results are useful for decomposing the sources of real GDP and welfare growth, and for computing counterfactuals. Using the same set of microeconomic sufficient statistics, we also characterize societal losses from increases in tariffs and iceberg trade costs and dissect the qualitative and quantitative importance of accounting for disaggregated details. Our results, which can be used to compute approximate and exact counterfactuals, provide an analytical toolbox for studying large‐scale trade models and help to bridge the gap between computation and theory.

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Liu, Qing, Yaping Liu, and Jun Zhang. "The Tourism Service Trade Network: Statistics from China and ASEAN Countries." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 9950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169950.

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This study uses the social network analysis method to explore the structural changes of the China–ASEAN tourism services trade network and its influencing factors based on tourism services trade data of China and ASEAN countries in 2015 and 2018. The findings show that (i) the network density of the tourism services trade network increased by 30% in 2018 compared with 2015. (ii) China, Thailand, Singapore, and Malaysia rank highly in terms of degree, betweenness, and closeness centrality. (iii) The distance between countries and differences in GDP per capita significantly affect the tourism services trade network. The recommendation is that tourism services trade be developed in a vigorous and systematic manner in the China–ASEAN region. This approach would enhance overall stability and cooperation in the tourism services trade network and create a win–win situation for trade in tourism services between China and ASEAN countries.

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Hong, Keejae P., and Simon J. Pak. "Estimating Trade Misinvoicing from Bilateral Trade Statistics: The Devil is in the Details." International Trade Journal 31, no. 1 (July 29, 2016): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08853908.2016.1202160.

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Lee, Min-Kyu. "The Impact of USA-China Trade War on Seaborne Trade Volume." Korean Academy Of International Commerce 38, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18104/kalc.2023.38.1.177.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of trade conflicts between China and the U.S.A. on Korean seaborne export and import volumes. Research design, data, and methodology: This study employs input-output analysis (i.e. value-added and maritime volume inducing effects) that combined ADB multi-regional input-output tables with port management information system (Port-MIS) statistics from the year 2021. Results: Analysis results reveal that the China-US trade conflict induced a large drop in seaborne trade volumes of electrical and optical equipment, chemicals and chemical products, and other nonmetallic minerals. From perspectives on the impact of the USChina trade war, the variable of seaborne trade volume has more elasticity than value-added variables. Conclusions: C ombination o f A DB m ulti-regional i nput-output t ables w ith P ort-MIS statistics will expand the scope of trade research. It is expected that the formulated model will contribute to helping forecast seaborne trade volumes according to varying global trade conditions.

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Cheong, Sun-Tae. "A Study on the Paradigm Shift in Regional Trade Agreements: A Comparative Analysis of Traditional RTAs and 21st Century RTAs." Korea International Trade Research Institute 19, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 333–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.19.1.202302.333.

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Purpose – This study aims to analyze the paradigm shift of regional trade agreements in the 21st century. In addition, it analyzes the limitations of WTO RTA statistics and the problems of classification criteria, and suggests alternatives. Design/Methodology/Approach – This paper uses a literature review to examine new issues related to the paradigm shift of regional trade agreements. To support the analysis, statistical techniques are used to count the number of regional trade agreements by type, provision, and coverage, using the WTO RTA database. Findings – The results of this study show that the nature and content of regional trade agreements are changing. Traditional regional trade agreements and 21st century regional trade agreements show that there is a significant difference based on the time of integration, trade pattern, trade barriers, and type of integration. It also finds that there are problems with the WTO's RTA statistics and classification of types. Research Implications – This paper analyzes the paradigm shift of new regional trade agreements by comparing them with traditional regional trade agreements. At the same time, in order to support the systematic analysis of regional trade agreements, the limitations of WTO statistics and problems of classification criteria were analyzed, and alternatives were suggested.

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Bannister, Geoffrey, Manuk Ghazanchyan, and Theodore Bikoi. "LAO P.D.R.: Assessing the Quality of Trade Statistics." IMF Working Papers 17, no. 251 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484325742.001.

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Lund, P. J., and R. D. S. Price. "UK OVERSEAS TRADE STATISTICS: FOOD, FEED AND DRINK." Journal of Agricultural Economics 46, no. 2 (May 1995): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1995.tb00771.x.

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YEATS, ALEXANDER J. "ON THE ACCURACY OF PARTNER COUNTRY TRADE STATISTICS." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 40, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 341–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0084.1978.mp40004004.x.

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Tsigas, Marinos E., Thomas W. Hertel, and James K. Binkley. "Estimates of Systematic Reporting Biases in Trade Statistics." Economic Systems Research 4, no. 4 (January 1992): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09535319200000028.

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ADAMENKO, Viktor, Viktoriia ANDRIEIEVA, and Eleonora TERESHCHENKO. "Gross operating rate of trade entities." Economics. Finances. Law 5/3, no. - (May 30, 2022): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37634/efp.2022.5(3).7.

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Introduction. In connection with the harmonization of Ukrainian official statistics according to European Union standards, "value added at production costs" included to enterprises economic indicators. However, the accepted monetary dimension limits its analytical significance. Analysis of recent research and publications. The EU practice, unlike Ukraine, supplements the main indicators of enterprises structural statistics with a relative indicatorthat based on value added at production costs – the indicator "gross operating rate". The purpose of the paper is to substantiate the feasibility of determining the gross operating rate of trade entities in Ukraine to ensure further harmonization and unification of Ukraine and the EU official statistics to obtain relevant information on the impact of internal and external business environment. Results. The analysis showed that the gross operating rate of trade entities in Ukraine is unstable and heterogeneous; this is due to a set of influencing factors. In addition, this indicator is characterized by abnormally high values: close to the values of processing industry and almost twice the values observed in the EU. Conclusions. The gross operating rate indicator is more analytical for effective monitoring of national economic and development of state economic policy, macroeconomic analysis and international comparisons, calculation and analysis of which allows determining the main directions of improving the relevance of statistics and optimizing domestic enterprises.

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Kuntz-Ficker, Sandra. "LATIN AMERICAN FOREIGN TRADE STATISTICS FOR THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 36, no. 1 (February 6, 2018): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610917000179.

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AbstractThis essay aims to introduce an issue of the RHE-JILAEH dedicated to the reconstruction of historical trade statistics of Latin American countries. It comments on the early perceptions of the quality and utility of historical trade statistics and on the way in which more recent analyses have overcome the distrust that prevailed until the last third of the 20th century. It then summarises the different criteria and methodologies that have been used to assess the accuracy and reliability of trade statistics in order to make them useful for the purpose of reconstructing new, more complete and precise trade series or re-estimating those available. The introduction ends with a brief description of the contents of this volume.

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Candra, Cliford Septian, Jason Adrian, and Varren Christian Lim. "Indonesian Trade Deficit with China: Background and Grey Forecasting." International Journal of Grey Systems 1, no. 2 (December 27, 2021): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.52812/ijgs.15.

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Indonesia's trade balance with China has remained negative since 2010. The current study forecasts Indonesia's trade deficit with China for five years using the Even Grey Forecasting model EGM (1,1,α,θ). The sample was conducted by collecting the data of traded deficits for the past ten years. Data were collected from the official websites of Indonesia's Central Bureau of Statistics of (BPS), Ministry of Trade, among others. By building upon the literature, the study argues that trade deficits might have occurred from internal and external factors, such as the lack of infrastructure, the depreciation of the Rupiah (Indonesian currency) against the U.S. dollar, and the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement. Comparative analysis with Linear Regression (LR), Exponential Regression (ER), and Exponential Triple Smoothing (ETS) revealed the superiority of the grey forecasting model for trade deficit prediction. The study found that the trade deficit was minimum during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also showed an increasing trade deficit in the post-COVID period. The study concludes with some recommendations for Indonesia to minimize the trade deficit.

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Gurgul, Henryk, and Artur Machno. "TRADE PATTERN ON WARSAW STOCK EXCHANGE AND PREDICTION OF NUMBER OF TRADES." Statistics in Transition new series 18, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.59170/stattrans-2017-005.

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The main goal of this paper is to present the method for describing and predicting trade intensity on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The approach is based on generalized linear models, the variable selection is performed using shrinkage methods such as the Lasso or Ridge regression. The variable under investigation is the number of trades of a particular stock 5-minute interval. The main conclusion is that the number of trades during short intervals is predictable in the sense that the prediction, even based on relatively simple models, is with respect to statistical properties better than the prediction based on the random walk, which is used as a benchmark model.

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Peter, Justin R., Michael J. Manton, Rodney J. Potts, Peter T. May, Scott M. Collis, and Louise Wilson. "Radar-Derived Statistics of Convective Storms in Southeast Queensland." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54, no. 10 (October 2015): 1985–2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0347.1.

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AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the statistics of convective storms and their concomitant changes with thermodynamic variability. The thermodynamic variability is analyzed by performing a cluster analysis on variables derived from radiosonde releases at Brisbane Airport in Australia. Three objectively defined regimes are found: a dry, stable regime with mainly westerly surface winds, a moist northerly regime, and a moist trade wind regime. S-band radar data are analyzed and storms are identified using objective tracking software [Thunderstorm Identification, Tracking, Analysis, and Nowcasting (TITAN)]. Storm statistics are then investigated, stratified by the regime subperiods. Convective storms are found to form and maintain along elevated topography. Probability distributions of convective storm size and rain rate are found to follow lognormal distributions with differing mean and variance among the regimes. There was some evidence of trimodal storm-top heights, located at the trade inversion (1.5–2 km), freezing level (3.6–4 km), and near 6 km, but it was dependent on the presence of the trade inversion. On average, storm volume and height are smallest in the trade regime and rain rate is largest in the westerly regime. However, westerly regime storms occur less frequently and have shorter lifetimes, which were attributed to the enhanced stability and decreased humidity profiles. Furthermore, time series of diurnal rain rate exhibited early morning and midafternoon maxima for the northerly and trade regimes but were absent for the westerly regime. The observations indicate that westerly regime storms are primarily driven by large-scale forcing, whereas northerly and trade wind regime storms are more responsive to surface characteristics.

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