Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Statistical equivalence'
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Park, Sung Min S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "On the equivalence of sparse statistical problems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107375.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 43-47).
Sparsity is a widely used and theoretically well understood notion that has allowed inference to be statistically and computationally possible in the high-dimensional setting. Sparse Principal Component Analysis (SPCA) and Sparse Linear Regression (SLR) are two problems that have a wide range of applications and have attracted a tremendous amount of attention in the last two decades as canonical examples of statistical problems in high dimension. A variety of algorithms have been proposed for both SPCA and SLR, but their literature has been disjoint for the most part. We have a fairly good understanding of conditions and regimes under which these algorithms succeed. But is there be a deeper connection between computational structure of SPCA and SLR? In this paper we show how to efficiently transform a blackbox solver for SLR into an algorithm for SPCA. Assuming the SLR solver satisfies prediction error guarantees achieved by existing efficient algorithms such as those based on the Lasso, we show that the SPCA algorithm derived from it achieves state of the art performance, matching guarantees for testing and for support recovery under the single spiked covariance model as obtained by the current best polynomial-time algorithms. Our reduction not only highlights the inherent similarity between the two problems, but also, from a practical standpoint, it allows one to obtain a collection of algorithms for SPCA directly from known algorithms for SLR. Experiments on simulated data show that these algorithms perform well.
by Sung Min Park.
S.M.
Yang, Jun. "Statistical Implementation of Toxicity Equivalence Approach in Wet Test." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1187035422.
Wang, Hui. "Error equivalence theory for manufacturing process control." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002252.
Luo, Yingchun. "Nonparametric statistical procedures for therapeutic clinical trials with survival endpoints." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/492.
Ntantiso, Mzamo. "Exploring the statistical equivalence of the English and Xhosa versions of the Woodcock-Munõz Language Survey." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018620.
Olivier, G. J. F. (Gerrit Jacobus Francois). "Statistical thermodynamics of long-range quantum spin systems." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT:In this thesis we discuss some of the anomalies present in systems with long-range interactions, for instance negative speci c heat and negative magnetic susceptibility, and show how they can be related to the convexity properties of the thermodynamic potentials and nonequivalence of ensembles. We also discuss the possibility of engineering long-range quantum spin systems with cold atoms in optical lattices to experimentally verify the existence of nonequivalence of ensembles. We then formulate an expression for the density of states when the energy and magnetisation correspond to a pair of non-commuting operators. Finally we analytically compute the entropy s( ;m) as a function of energy, , and magnetisation, m, for the anisotropic Heisenberg model with Curie-Weiss type interactions. The results show that the entropy is non-concave in terms of magnetisation under certain circumstances which in turn indicates that the microcanonical and canonical ensembles are not equivalent and that the magnetic susceptibility is negative. After making an appropriate change of variables we show that a second-order phase transition can be present at negative temperatures in the microcanonical ensemble which cannot be represented in the canonical ensemble.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis bespreek ons van die onverwagte eienskappe wat sisteme met lang afstand wisselwerkings kan openbaar, byvoorbeeld negatiewe spesi eke warmte en negatiewe magnetiese suseptibiliteit. Ons dui ook die ooreenkoms tussen hierdie gedrag en die konveksiteit van die termodinamiese potensiale en nie-ekwivalente ensembles aan. Hierna bespreek ons die moontlikheid om lang afstand kwantum spin sisteme te realiseer met koue atome in 'n optiese rooster. Daarna wys ons hoe dit moontlik is om 'n uitdrukking vir die digtheid van toestande te formuleer vir sisteme waar die energie en magnetisasie ooreenstem met operatore wat nie met mekaar kommuteer nie. Uiteindelik bepaal ons die entropie, s( ;m), in terme van die energie, , en magnetisasie, m, vir die anisotropiese Heisenberg model met Curie-Weiss tipe interaksies. Die resultate wys dat die entropie onder sekere omstandighede nie konkaaf in terme van magnetisasie is nie. Dit, op sy beurt, dui aan dat die mikrokanoniese en kanoniese ensembles nie ekwivalent is nie en dat die magnetiese suseptibiliteit negatief kan wees. Nadat ons 'n toepaslike transformasie van veranderlikes maak, wys ons dat 'n tweede orde fase-oorgang by negatiewe temperature kan plaasvind in die mikrokanoniese ensemble wat nie verteenwoordig kan word in die kanoniese ensemble nie.
Shen, Emily (Emily Huei-Yi). "Pattern matching encryption, strategic equivalence of range voting and approval voting, and statistical robustness of voting rules." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79224.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 119-123).
We present new results in the areas of cryptography and voting systems. 1. Pattern matching encryption: We present new, general definitions for queryable encryption schemes - encryption schemes that allow evaluation of private queries on encrypted data without performing full decryption. We construct an efficient queryable encryption scheme supporting pattern matching queries, based on suffix trees. Storage and communication complexity are comparable to those for (unencrypted) suffix trees. The construction is based only on symmetric-key primitives, so it is practical. 2. Strategic equivalence of range voting and approval voting: We study strategic voting in the context of range voting in a formal model. We show that under general conditions, as the number of voters becomes large, strategic range-voting becomes equivalent to approval voting. We propose beta distributions as a new and interesting way to model voter's subjective information about other votes. 3. Statistical robustness of voting rules: We introduce a new notion called "statistical robustness" for voting rules: a voting rule is statistically robust if, for any profile of votes, the most likely winner of a sample of the profile is the winner of the complete profile. We show that plurality is the only interesting voting rule that is statistically robust; approval voting (perhaps surprisingly) and other common voting rules are not statistically robust.
by Emily Shen.
Ph.D.
Chen, Shaoqiang. "Manufacturing process design and control based on error equivalence methodology." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002511.
Ikeda, Mitsuru, Kazuhiro Shimamoto, Takeo Ishigaki, Kazunobu Yamauchi, 充. 池田, and 一信 山内. "Statistical method in a comparative study in which the standard treatment is superior to others." Nagoya University School of Medicine, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5385.
Nguyen, Diep Thi. "Statistical Models to Test Measurement Invariance with Paired and Partially Nested Data: A Monte Carlo Study." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7869.
Werndl, Charlotte. "Philosophical aspects of chaos : definitions in mathematics, unpredictability, and the observational equivalence of deterministic and indeterministic descriptions." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/226754.
Ganti, Satyakala. "DEVELOPMENT OF HPLC METHODS FOR PHARMACEUTICALLY RELEVANT MOLECULES; METHOD TRANSFER TO UPLC: COMPARING METHODS STATISTICALLY FOR EQUIVALENCE." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/118587.
Ph.D.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is a well-known and widely used analytical technique which is prevalent throughout the pharmaceutical industry as a research tool. Despite its prominence HPLC possesses some disadvantages, most notably slow analysis time and large consumption of organic solvents. Ultra Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) is a relatively new technique which offers the same separation capabilities of HPLC with the added benefits of reduced run time and lower solvent consumption. One of the key developments which facilitate the new UPLC technology is sub 2-µm particles used as column packing material. These particles allow for higher operating pressures and increased flow rates while still providing strong separation. Although UPLC technology has been available since early 2000, few laboratories have embraced the new technology as an alternative to HPLC. Besides the resistance to investing in new capital, another major roadblock is converting existing HPLC methodology to UPLC without disruption. This research provides a framework for converting existing HPLC methods to UPLC. An existing HPLC method for analysis of Galantamine hydrobromide was converted to UPLC and validated according to ICH guidelines. A series of statistical evaluations on the validation data were performed to prove the equivalency between the original HPLC and the new UPLC method. This research presents this novel statistical strategy which can be applied to any two methodologies to determine parity.
Temple University--Theses
Santos, Carlos Eduardo Fiore dos. "\"Sistemas fora do equilíbrio termodinâmico: Um estudo em diferentes abordagens\"." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-11042007-140207/.
In this PHD thesis, we have presented a study about several nonequilibrium systems with absorbing states by means of different approaches, such as mean-field analysis, usual numerical simulations, analysis in another ensemble and perturbative series expansions. In a specific part of this thesis, we have shown that the approach proposed here for describing nonequilibrium systems in the constant particle number ensemble can also be used to caracterize equilibrium systems, described by Gibbs probability distribution. Finally, we have shown open problems for future researchs.
Crampton, Raymond J. "A nonlinear statistical MESFET model using low order statistics of equivalent circuit model parameter sets." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040420/.
Clark, James Byron. "Fractional factorial designs-equivalence and augmenting /." The Ohio State University, 1998. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487949836206266.
Lafont, Thibault. "Statistical vibroacoustics : study of SEA assumptions." Thesis, Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ECDL0003/document.
Statistical energy analysis is a statistical approach of vibroacoustics which allows to describe complex systems in terms of vibrational or acoustical energies. ln the high frequency range, this method constitutes an alternative to bypass the problems which can occur when applying deterministic methods (computation cost due to the large number of modes, the large number of degrees of freedom and the unicity of the solution). But SEA has numerous assumptions which are sometimes forgotten or misunderstood ln this thesis, foundations of SEA have been examined in order to discuss each assumption. Diffuse field, modal energy equipartition, weak coupling, the influence of non-resonant modes and the rain on the roof excitation are the five look up hypotheses. Based on simple examples (coupled oscillators, coupled plates), the possible equivalences and their influence on the quality of the results have been discussed to contribute to the clarification of the useful SEA assumptions and to mark out it's the validity domain
Murthi, Mamta. "Food Engel curves and equivalence scales in Sri Lanka." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336116.
Odei, James Beguah. "Statistical Modeling, Exploration, and Visualization of Snow Water Equivalent Data." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/3871.
Yang, Peiling. "Practical equivalence inference as a model building strategy, with applications in multiple comparisons /." The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487947908400878.
Ngeacharernkul, Pratak. "Particle size distribution (PSD) equivalency using novel statistical comparators and PBPK input models." Diss., University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5973.
Guyader, Andrew Charles Iwan W. D. "A statistical approach to equivalent linearization with application to performance-based engineering /." Diss., Pasadena, Calif. : California Institute of Technology, 2003. http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd-06012003-123539.
Guyader, Andrew C. "A statistical approach to equivalent linearization with application to performance-based engineering /." Pasadena : California Institute of Technology, Earthquake Engineering Research Laboratory, 2004. http://caltecheerl.library.caltech.edu.
Flodin, Mikael, and Shadi Khatibi. "Betyg och kön : likvärdighet eller diskriminering?" Thesis, KTH, Lärande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-227802.
National and international assessments in mathematics show similar results for girls and boys. Despite this, statistics show that girls receive systematically higher final grades. This study examines whether grades serve as an equivalent measure of knowledge of girls and boys in high school mathematics. This is done partly on the basis of a quantitative approach and partly on the basis of a survey. Based on national register data (Statistics Sweden) for final grades and results of national tests, using four different methods of analysis, gender differences with respect to course, school form and county, are examined. The study shows that girls generally get a higher final grade than boys in relation to their results on the national test, confirming previous research. Furthermore, the analysis shows particularly large discrepancies at grade C and higher; in mathematics courses on vocational programs; in later courses within all programs; in V¨asternorrland, V¨astmanland, Gotland and Kalmar County; as well as in independent schools. Correlation analysis clarifies how the national test constitutes a smaller part of the assessment basis for girls compared to boys. The analysis also reveals an inverse relationship between gender dependent relative performance on the national test and the final grade deviation. The survey examines the assessment practice among mathematics teachers. Filtering on the teacher’s gender, age, program and school form has been applied. The result suggests systematic differences in assessment practice between different teacher categories, implying that grades can break in equality. Differences have been shown between, primarily, teachers in vocational programs and science programs, as well as between teachers in municipal and independent schools. Also the teacher’s gender and age seems to be of some importance. The study concludes with a discussion about possible solutions.
Parvathaneni, Keerthi Krishna. "Characterization and multiscale modeling of textile reinforced composite materials considering manufacturing defects." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0016.
The influence of void-type manufacturing defects on the mechanical properties of textile composites was investigated both by experimental characterization and by multiscale modeling. In particular, voids characteristics such as not only void volume fraction but also its size, shape, and distribution have been characterized for textile composites and their effect on the mechanical properties have been analyzed. Several textile composite plates were fabricated by the resin transfer molding (RTM) process where 3D interlock glass textile reinforcement was impregnated by epoxy resin under a constant injection pressure to generate different types of voids. A series of mechanical tests were performed to examine the dependency of tensile modulus and strength of composites on the total void volume fraction, intra & inter-yarn void volume fraction, and their geometrical characteristics. Microscopy observations were performed to obtain the local information about fibers (diameter and distribution), and intra-yarn voids (radius, aspect ratio and distribution). Based on these results, a novel algorithm was proposed to generate the statistically equivalent representative volume element (RVE) containing voids. Moreover, the effect of void morphology, diameter and spatial distribution (homogeneous, random and clustering) on the homogenized properties of the yarns was also investigated by the finite element method. X-ray micro-computed tomography was employed to extract the real meso-scale geometry and inter-yarn voids. Subsequently, this data was utilized to create a numerical model at meso-scale RVE and used to predict the elastic properties of composites containing voids. A parametric study using a multiscale numerical method was proposed to investigate the effect of each void characteristic, i.e. volume fraction, size, shape, distribution, and location on the elastic properties of composites. Thus, the proposed multiscale method allows establishing a correlation between the void defects at different scales and the mechanical properties of textile composites
Cai, Weixing. "Multiple decision rules for equivalence among k populations and their applications in signal processing, clinical trials and classification." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
Sansivieri, Valentina <1984>. "Item Response Theory Equating with the Non-Equivalent Groups with Covariates Design." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7779/1/Sansivieri_Valentina_tesi.pdf.
Wang, Jie Stamey James D. "Sample size determination for Emax model, equivalence / non-inferiority test and drug combination in fixed dose trials." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5182.
ROSATI, ROSSANA. "Testing cross-national construct equivalence in international surveys. Applications on international civic and citizenship education survey data." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/95793.
Katsaounis, Parthena I. "Equivalence of symmetric factorial designs and characterization and ranking of two-level Split-lot designs." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1164176825.
CASTELLETTI, FEDERICO. "Learning Markov Equivalence Classes of Gaussian DAGs via Observational and Interventional Data: an Objective Bayes Approach." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/199179.
Graphical models based on Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) are a very common tool in many scientific areas for the investigation of dependencies among variables. Typically, the objective is to infer models from the data or measuring dependence relationships between variables. The set of all (marginal and) conditional independencies encoded by a DAG determines its Markov property. However, it is well known that we cannot distinguish between DAGs encoding the same set of conditional independencies (Markov equivalent DAGs) using observational data. Markov equivalent DAGs are then collected in equivalence classes each one represented by an Essential Graph (EG), also called Completed Partially Directed Graph (CPDAG). When the interest is in model selection it is then convenient to explore the EG space, rather than the whole DAG space, even if the number of EGs increases super-exponentially with the number of vertices. An exhaustive enumeration of all EGs is not feasible and so structural learning in the EG space has been confined to small dimensional problems. However, to avoid such limit, several methods based on Markov chains have been proposed in recent years. In many applications (such as biology and genomics) we have both observational and interventional data produced after an exogenous perturbation of some variables or from randomized intervention experiments. The concept of intervention is strictly related to the causal interpretation of a DAG. Interventions destroy the original causal dependency on the intervened variables and modify the Markov property of a DAG. This results in a finer partition of DAGs into equivalence classes, each one represented by an Interventional Essential Graph (I-EG). Hence, model selection of DAGs in the presence of observational and interventional data can be performed over the I-EG space, thus improving the identifiability of the true data generating model. In this work we deal with the problem of Gaussian DAG model selection from a Bayesian perspective. In particular, we adopt an objective Bayes approach based on the notion of fractional Bayes factor. We then obtain a closed formula to compute the marginal likelihood of an I-EG given a collection of observational and interventional data. Next, we construct a Markov chain to explore the I-EG space possibly accounting for sparsity constraints. Hence, we propose an MCMC algorithm to approximate the posterior distribution of I-EGs and provide a quanti_cation of inferential uncertainty by measuring some features of interest, such as probabilities of edge inclusion. We apply our methodology, that we name Objective Bayesian Interventional Essential graph Search (OBIES) to simulation settings and to the analysis of protein-signaling data, where interventional data consists in a collection of observations measured under different experimental conditions.
Fomicheva, Marina. "The Role of human reference translation in machine translation evaluation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/404987.
Tanto los métodos manuales como los automáticos para la evaluación de la Traducción Automática (TA) dependen en gran medida de la traducción humana profesional. En la evaluación manual, la traducción humana se utiliza a menudo en lugar del texto original para evitar la necesidad de hablantes bilingües, mientras que la mayoría de las técnicas de evaluación automática miden la similitud entre la TA y una traducción humana (comúnmente llamadas traducción candidato y traducción de referencia), asumiendo que cuanto más cerca están, mayor es la calidad de la TA. A pesar del papel fundamental que juega la traducción de referencia en la evaluación de la calidad de la TA, sus características han sido en gran parte ignoradas. Una propiedad inherente de la traducción profesional es la adaptación del texto original a las expectativas del lector. Como consecuencia, la traducción humana puede ser bastante diferente del texto original, lo cual, como se demostrará a lo largo de este trabajo, tiene un fuerte impacto en los resultados de la evaluación de la TA. El primer objetivo de nuestra investigación fue evaluar los efectos del uso de la traducción humana como punto de referencia para la evaluación de la TA. Para lograr este objetivo, comenzamos con una discusión teórica sobre la relación entre textos originales y traducidos. Se identificó la presencia de cambios de traducción opcionales como una de las características fundamentales de la traducción humana. Se analizó el impacto de estos cambios en la evaluación automática y manual de la TA demostrándose en ambos casos que la evaluación está fuertemente sesgada por la referencia proporcionada. El segundo objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue mejorar la precisión de la evaluación automática medida en términos de correlación con los juicios humanos. Dadas las limitaciones de la evaluación basada en la referencia discutidas en la primera parte del trabajo, en lugar de enfocarnos en la similitud, nos concentramos en el impacto de las diferencias entre la TA y la traducción de referencia buscando criterios que permitiesen distinguir entre variación lingüística aceptable y desviaciones inducidas por los errores de TA. En primer lugar, exploramos el uso del contexto sintáctico local para validar las coincidencias entre palabras candidato y de referencia. En segundo lugar, para compensar la falta de información sobre los segmentos de la TA para los cuales no se encontró ninguna relación con la traducción de referencia, introdujimos características orientadas a la fluidez de la TA en la evaluación basada en la referencia. Implementamos nuestro enfoque como una familia de métricas de evaluación automática que mostraron un rendimiento altamente competitivo en una serie de conocidas campañas de evaluación de la TA.
Scott, Heather Marie. "Parent Involvement in Children's Schooling: An Investigation of Measurement Equivalence across Ethnic Groups." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3339.
Campbell, Kathlleen. "Extension of Kendall's tau Using Rank-Adapted SVD to Identify Correlation and Factions Among Rankers and Equivalence Classes Among Ranked Elements." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/284578.
Ph.D.
The practice of ranking objects, events, and people to determine relevance, importance, or competitive edge is ancient. Recently, the use of rankings has permeated into daily usage, especially in the fields of business and education. When determining the association among those creating the ranks (herein called sources), the traditional assumption is that all sources compare a list of the same items (herein called elements). In the twenty-first century, it is rare that any two sources choose identical elements to rank. Adding to this difficulty, the number of credible sources creating and releasing rankings is increasing. In statistical literature, there is no current methodology that adequately assesses the association among multiple sources. We introduce rank-adapted singular value decomposition (R-A SVD), a new method that uses Kendall's tau as the underlying correlation method. We begin with (P), a matrix of data ranks. The first step is to factor the covariance matrix (K) as follows: K = cov(P) = V D^2 V Here, (V) is an orthonormal basis for the rows that is useful in identifying when sources agree as to the rank order and specifically which sources. D is a diagonal of eigenvalues. By analogy with singular value decomposition (SVD), we define U^* as U^* = PVD^(-1) The diagonal matrix, D, provides the factored eigenvalues in decreasing order. The largest eigenvalue is used to assess the overall association among the sources and is a conservative unbiased method comparable to Kendall's W. Anderson's test determines whether this association is significant and also identifies other significant eigenvalues produced by the covariance matrix.. Using Anderson's test (1963) we identify the a significantly large eigenvalues from D. When one or more eigenvalues is significant, there is evidence that the association among the sources is significant. Focusing on the a corresponding vectors of V specifically identifies which sources agree. In cases where more than one eigenvalue is significant, the $a$ significant vectors of V provide insight into factions. When more than one set of sources is in agreement, each group of agreeing sources is considered a faction. In many cases, more than one set of sources will be in agreement with one another but not necessarily with another set of sources; each group that is in agreement would be considered a faction. Using the a significant vectors of U^* provides different but equally important results. In many cases, the elements that are being ranked can be subdivided into equivalence classes. An equivalence class is defined as subpopulations of ranked elements that are similar to one another but dissimilar from other classes. When these classes exist, U^* provides insight as to how many classes and which elements belong in each class. In summary, the R-A SVD method gives the user the ability to assess whether there is any underlying association among multiple rank sources. It then identifies when sources agree and allows for more useful and careful interpretation when analyzing rank data.
Temple University--Theses
Chang, Yu-Wei. "Sample Size Determination for a Three-arm Biosimilar Trial." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/298932.
Ph.D.
The equivalence assessment usually consists of three tests and is often conducted through a three-arm clinical trial. The first two tests are to demonstrate the superiority of the test treatment and the reference treatment to placebo, and they are followed by the equivalence test between the test treatment and the reference treatment. The equivalence is commonly defined in terms of mean difference, mean ratio or ratio of mean differences, i.e. the ratio of the mean difference of the test and placebo to the mean difference of the reference and placebo. In this dissertation, the equivalence assessment for both continuous data and discrete data are discussed. For the continuous case, the test of the ratio of mean differences is applied. The advantage of this test is that it combines a superiority test of the test treatment over the placebo and an equivalence test through one hypothesis. For the discrete case, the two-step equivalence assessment approach is studied for both Poisson and negative binomial data. While a Poisson distribution implies that population mean and variance are the same, the advantage of applying a negative binomial model is that it accounts for overdispersion, which is a common phenomenon of count medical endpoints. The test statistics, power function, and required sample size examples for a three-arm equivalence trial are given for both continuous and discrete cases. In addition, discussions on power comparisons are complemented with numerical results.
Temple University--Theses
Karaliūtė, Asta. "Statistiniai kolokacijų nustatymo metodai ir vertimo atitikmenys lygiagrečiajame grožinės literatūros tekstyne." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100617_111239-72584.
The main objective of the Master thesis is collocations and collocation extraction methods. The aim of the research is to analyze collocation lists extracted by statistical methods from the parallel corpus of fiction and determine the collocation equivalents. Relevance of the thesis – collocation analysis can help linguists and other language specialists choose the right collocaton extraction methods in both, English and Lithuanian, languages. What is more, understanding of collocation translation process is very important for the translation analysis and interpreters. Research consists of 5 parts. Chapter 2 presents the concept of collocation and possible collocation translation problems. The theoretical part also includes the characteristics of the four selected statistical methods: Mutual Information (MI), T-score, Dice and Log-likelihood ratio (LLR). In chapter 3, collocation lists for each language, English and Lithuanian, are extracted. The analysis reveal that T-score and LLR methods extract grammatical collocations, while MI and Dice – lexical ones. Futher in this chapter, collocation boundaries and the coefficients of each method are defined. Chapter 4 presents a list of top 200 collocations of each language and method. The methods with new collocation lists are compared in pairs according to similarity criteria - Dice with MI (lexical collocations) and T-score with LLR (grammatical). Another distribution of bigrams according to frequency is identified, and both... [to full text]
Holtz, Sebastian. "High-frequency statistics for Gaussian processes from a Le Cam perspective." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/21123.
This work studies inference on scaling parameters of a conditionally Gaussian process under discrete noisy observations in a high-frequency regime. Our aim is to find an asymptotic characterisation of efficient estimation for a general Gaussian framework. For a parametric basic case model a Hájek-Le Cam convolution theorem is derived, yielding an exact asymptotic lower bound for estimators. Matching upper bounds are constructed and the importance of the theorem is illustrated by various examples of interest such as the (fractional) Brownian motion, the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process or integrated processes. The derivation of the efficiency result is based on asymptotic equivalences and can be employed for several generalisations of the parametric basic case model. As such an extension we consider estimation of the quadratic covariation of a continuous martingale from noisy asynchronous observations, which is a fundamental estimation problem in econometrics. For this model, a semi-parametric convolution theorem is obtained which generalises existing results in terms of multidimensionality, asynchronicity and assumptions. Based on the previous derivations, we develop statistical tests on the Hurst parameter of a fractional Brownian motion. A score test and a likelihood ratio type test are implemented as well as analysed and first empirical impressions are given.
BAJNI, GRETA. "STATISTICAL METHODS TO ASSESS ROCKFALL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN AN ALPINE ENVIRONMENT: A FOCUS ON CLIMATIC FORCING AND GEOMECHANICAL VARIABLES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/913511.
Marshall, Scott. "An Empirical Approach to Evaluating Sufficient Similarity: Utilization of Euclidean Distance As A Similarity Measure." VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/102.
GIACHIN, RICCA ELENA. "Essays in economics of happiness." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/207782.
Chapter 1 focuses on the relation between social leisure and subjective well-being. In the empirical literature it is generally found that social leisure is positively correlated with life satisfaction. We ask if this association captures a genuine causal effect of the consumption of a social leisure time index on subjective well-being by using panel data from the German Socio Economic Panel (GSOEP) 1984 - 2007. The availability of multiple observations per individual allows us to use the fixed effect estimation technique which takes care of time invariant personal traits and omitted variables. This strategy of estimation solves only a part of the endogeneity issues which bias our coefficient for social leisure. We then adopt an Instrumental-Variables estimation. Our identification strategy exploits the change in social leisure brought about by retirement. However, individual retirement directly influences subjective well-being. Therefore, we instrument social leisure with the ratio of retired people in the sample by year and geographic location. Our results show a gendered difference in the impact of this ratio on social life. Exploiting the gender heterogeneity brings us to a successful instrumentation of social leisure. We can therefore conclude that social leisure has a positive causal effect on life satisfaction. Chapter 2 addresses the issue of subjective well-being of migrants and diplomatic relation. In particular, the paper represents an attempt to establish the value of good relationships between countries by considering their effects on a group of individuals who are arguably intimately affected by them: immigrants. We appeal to an index of conflict/cooperation constructed by experts in International Relations Sciences and currently used to carry out quantitative analysis on events data. Such index is an annual weighted sum of news items occurring between countries according to their content of conflict and cooperation, as established by a panel of experts in the field. This index is matched to a sample of immigrants in Germany who belong to the GSOEP data. The index of bilateral relations thus exhibits both time-series and cross-section variation and allows us to use a linear fixed effect estimation method. We find that good relations are positively and significantly correlated with immigrant life satisfaction, especially when we downplay low-value news events. This significant effect is much stronger for immigrants who have been in Germany longer, and who expect to stay there forever. This is consistent with good relations directly affecting the quality of immigrants’ lives in the host country, but is not consistent with assimilation. In order to evaluate the economic significance of our finding we finally compute the compensating surplus of the index of international relations. There is thus a significant value to diplomacy: good relationships between home and host countries generate significant well-being externalities for those who live abroad. Chapter 3 addresses the issue not enough explored by the happiness literature of the relation between children and life satisfaction. Indeed, the empirical analyses on the determinants of life satisfaction often include the number of children living in the household in the standard set of socio demographic explanatory variables together with household disposable income (often not corrected for household size). In this way, the estimation of the children’s coefficient does not fully discriminate between the monetary and non-monetary impact of children in the household. In our paper, we compare results obtained by correcting income for different equivalence scales. Indeed, equivalence scales are intended to measure the variation in income needed to bring households of different compositions to the same welfare level. The main arguments revolve around economies of scale in household formation. Our empirical analysis is based on the West and East subsamples of the GSOEP 1984 – 2007. We find that when economies of scale are assumed to be perfects (i.e. the household size and composition does not reduce the fruition of available income) children living in the household affect negatively the life satisfaction of adults. Adopting less perfect economies of scale in the household brings the children’s coefficient to shift from negative to positive and significant. We further reject slope homogeneity as we find strong differences between gender and regions of the impact of children living in the household. We show that the positive “non pecuniary” effect of children is stronger for men, below or equal to median income households and, most of all, for East Germans. We interpret these subsample split results as driven by heterogeneous opportunity costs and cultural traits.
CARNEIRO, JANETE C. G. G. "Contribuicao para avaliacao critica da radioprotecao por meio da analise retrospectiva das doses associadas ao trabalho com fontes nao seladas de iodo-131." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 1998. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10724.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
Glenn, L. Lee, and Jeff R. Knisley. "Use of Eigenslope to Estimate Fourier Coefficients for Passive Cable Models of the Neuron." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1997. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7540.
Harlé, Flore. "Détection de ruptures multiples dans des séries temporelles multivariées : application à l'inférence de réseaux de dépendance." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAT043/document.
This thesis presents a method for the multiple change-points detection in multivariate time series, and exploits the results to estimate the relationships between the components of the system. The originality of the model, called the Bernoulli Detector, relies on the combination of a local statistics from a robust test, based on the computation of ranks, with a global Bayesian framework. This non parametric model does not require strong hypothesis on the distribution of the observations. It is applicable without modification on gaussian data as well as data corrupted by outliers. The detection of a single change-point is controlled even for small samples. In a multivariate context, a term is introduced to model the dependencies between the changes, assuming that if two components are connected, the events occurring in the first one tend to affect the second one instantaneously. Thanks to this flexible model, the segmentation is sensitive to common changes shared by several signals but also to isolated changes occurring in a single signal. The method is compared with other solutions of the literature, especially on real datasets of electrical household consumption and genomic measurements. These experiments enhance the interest of the model for the detection of change-points in independent, conditionally independent or fully connected signals. The synchronization of the change-points within the time series is finally exploited in order to estimate the relationships between the variables, with the Bayesian network formalism. By adapting the score function of a structure learning method, it is checked that the independency model that describes the system can be partly retrieved through the information given by the change-points, estimated by the Bernoulli Detector
Maggis, M. "ON QUASICONVEX CONDITIONAL MAPS. DUALITY RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS TO FINANCE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/150201.
Kassir, Wafaa. "Approche probabiliste non gaussienne des charges statiques équivalentes des effets du vent en dynamique des structures à partir de mesures en soufflerie." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1116/document.
In order to estimate the equivalent static wind loads, which produce the extreme quasi-static and dynamical responses of structures submitted to random unsteady pressure field induced by the wind effects, a new probabilistic method is proposed. This method allows for computing the equivalent static wind loads for structures with complex aerodynamic flows such as stadium roofs, for which the pressure field is non-Gaussian, and for which the dynamical response of the structure cannot simply be described by using only the first elastic modes (but require a good representation of the quasi-static responses). Usually, the wind tunnel measurements of the unsteady pressure field applied to a structure with complex geometry are not sufficient for constructing a statistically converged estimation of the extreme values of the dynamical responses. Such a convergence is necessary for the estimation of the equivalent static loads in order to reproduce the extreme dynamical responses induced by the wind effects taking into account the non-Gaussianity of the random unsteady pressure field. In this work, (1) a generator of realizations of the non-Gaussian unsteady pressure field is constructed by using the realizations that are measured in the boundary layer wind tunnel; this generator based on a polynomial chaos representation allows for generating a large number of independent realizations in order to obtain the convergence of the extreme value statistics of the dynamical responses, (2) a reduced-order model with quasi-static acceleration terms is constructed, which allows for accelerating the convergence of the structural dynamical responses by using only a small number of elastic modes of the structure, (3) a novel probabilistic method is proposed for estimating the equivalent static wind loads induced by the wind effects on complex structures that are described by finite element models, preserving the non-Gaussian property and without introducing the concept of responses envelopes. The proposed approach is experimentally validated with a relatively simple application and is then applied to a stadium roof structure for which experimental measurements of unsteady pressures have been performed in boundary layer wind tunnel
Шмирьов, Володимир Федорович, and Volodymyr Fedorovych Shmyrov. "Наукові основи проектування та створення енергозалежних систем літаків транспортної категорії." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. https://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/44724.
Диссертационная работа посвящена разработке научных основ проектирования и создания энергозависимых систем и комплексов современных самолетов транспортной категории с оптимизацией по эквивалентной массе, включая воздухозаборники. В работе заложены научные основы проектирования систем противообледенения самолетов, начиная от определения зон защиты, необходимых энергетических затрат и заканчивая проектированием противообледенителей и воздушных трубопроводов для всего эксплуатационного диапазона применения самолета. Проведен анализ современного состояния научных основ проектирования и создания энергозависимых систем и комплексов современных самолетов транспортной категории. Показано, что для обеспечения конкурентоспособности создаваемых самолетов энергозависимые систем и комплексы должны иметь высокие показатели топливной эффективности, экологичности, надежности, обеспечивать повышенный комфорт и безопасность для пассажиров, а также иметь низкие эксплуатационные расходы. Приведены примеры использования разработанных научных основ проектирования при выполнении структурного анализа модификаций самолетов, связанных с заменой двигателя. Показано, что для современной авиации характерны тенденции на создание более экономичных и безопасных систем самолета, сбалансированных с энергетикой самолета, что обусловливает их сильное усложнение. Важным этапом после выбора двигателя является поиск путей сохранения его мощности, связанных с созданием мотогондолы на достижение минимальных потерь энергетики на внешнюю аэродинамику и по газодинамическому тракту. Важнейшими системами самолета, энергетически связанными с двигателем, являются система подготовки и распределения воздуха, система кондиционирования, система защиты от обледенения, система энергоснабжения и гидравлические системы. Рассмотренные в данной работе системы и процессы характеризуются как сложные, при изучении которых требуется системный подход, включающий многокритериальность, многофакторность, адекватный метод описания, эффективность применяемых моделей. Получение математических моделей сложных систем базируется на принятых предпосылках множественного регрессионного анализа, которые должны выполняться по отношению к моделируемой реальной действительности. Принятые предпосылки многофакторного регрессионного анализа обусловливают обоснованность полученных результатов и параметров моделей, обеспечивающих решение реальной задачи. Создание методов построения математических моделей по результатам проведения многофакторного численного эксперимента позволяет систематизировать и формализовать протекающие процессы. Полученный при проектировании и изученный в процессе испытаний и эксплуатации энергетический баланс самолета позволяет обоснованно рассматривать модификацию самолета как при замене силовой установки, так и при замене ее основных элементов энергозависимых систем самолета. Оценка сводится к анализу аэродинамических особенностей модификации, связанных с особенностями конструкции мотогондол, изменением элементов защиты от обледенения, появлением новых воздухозаборников в воздушных системах, так как для конкретного самолета топография трасс систем остается неизменной и энергетические затраты на самолете потребности, как правило, не меняются.
The dissertation is devoted to the development of Scientific basis for the designing and development of energy-dependent systems and complexes of modern transport aircraft with equivalent mass optimization, including air intakes. It establishes a scientific basis for the designing of aircraft anti-icing systems, starting with determining the protection areas, required power consumption and ending with designing of anti-icers and air ducts for the entire aircraft operating envelope. Examples of implementation of the developed scientific basis for designing during performance of the structural analysis of aircraft modifications related to engine replacement have been given. The energy balance of the aircraft obtained during the design and studied during testing and operation allows to reasonably consider the aircraft modification both when replacing the power plant and when replacing its main elements of energy-dependent aircraft systems. The assessment is reduced to the analysis of aerodynamic features of the modification associated with the design features of nacelles, changes in ice protection elements, adding of new air intakes in air systems.
Hseih, Tzung-Cheng, and 謝宗成. "Statistical Assessment of Therapeutic Equivalence Based on Paired Binary Data." Thesis, 1997. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/05292647589635046705.
國立成功大學
統計學系
85
We consider statistical inference for assessment of therapeutic equivalencebetween two diagnostic procedures based on the paired binary clinical endpointsfor the comparison of diagnostic efficacy with respect to the gold standard indiagnosis of a certain disease. The hypothesis of therapeutic equivalence isformulated as the interval hypothesis based on the difference between correlatedproportions of the correct diagnosis. We propose an asymptotic two one- sidedtests procedure for the interval hypothesis which is also shown to be operation-ally equivalent to the asymptotic confidence interval approach. In addition, anapproximate formula for sample size determination is also suggested. Also, wepropose an exact tests procedure by the method for small sample, and provide alist of critical values for a symmetric equivalence limit of 0.2. A simulationstudy was conducted to empirically examine the size and power of proposedasymptotic tests procedures. Also, we conducted additional simulation study forverifying whether the critical values for exact tests can adequately control thesize. A numerical example will be provided for illustration of the proposedprocedures. We make some final remarks about the critical values for the exacttest and other formulation of the equivalence limits for the interval hypothesis. In addition, the procedure for summarization of the equivalence results overstrata will be also suggested.
Fan, Hsin-Yi, and 范欣怡. "Statistical Evaluation of Equivalence and Non-inferiority for Binary Data." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25785189410927575993.
國立成功大學
統計學系碩博士班
92
In recent years, equivalence or non-inferiority studies have been applied to clinical trial. For equivalence or non-inferiority trials, the goal is to show that the new treatment can maintain similar treatment effects as compared to that of standard treatment by a pre-specified margin. New treatments have been developed because they offer better safety, less toxic, easier to administer or less expensive. Parallel designs and matched-pair designs generate independent and paired binary endpoints. Based on binary endpoints three difference criteria were proposed to evaluate equivalence or non-inferiority. They are difference in proportion, ratio of proportion, and odds ratio. We conducted a simulation to compare the performance of different methods based on these three measures in terms of size and power. In addition, we derived a new test based on restricted maximum likelihood estimator (RMLE) for the odds ratio. Its properties are also investigated by simulation. A numerical method illustrates the proposed method.
Wang, Hui-Hsuan, and 王慧喧. "Evaluation of Statistical Methods for Equivalence and Non-inferiority Based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Statistics." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57452532513592457512.
國立成功大學
統計學系碩博士班
93
In recent years, for ROC curve index, more and more issues have focused on the equivalence or non-inferiority test. For example, in comparing diagnostic efficacy of a non-invasive alternative diagnostic procedure to an invasive method. If the non-invasive alternative procedure is equivalent to the invasive method, we may use the non-invasive alternative diagnostic procedure because of its easy administration, its better safety profile or its reduced cost. In this paper, the equivalence/non-inferiority tests based on four methods, the non-parametric method, method based on the standardized difference, method based on the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic, and bootstrap method are compared. A simulation study was conducted to empirically investigate the size and power of four methods for various combinations of distributions.
Balasubramanian, Vijay. "Equivalence and Reduction of Hidden Markov Models." 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6801.
Yu-Hunghsieh and 謝裕弘. "Statistical Evaluation of Equivalence Test Based on the Genetic Diversity Index." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98314974235622502544.
國立成功大學
統計學系碩博士班
98
The United Nations marked 2010 as the International Year of Biodiversity - the variety of life on Earth 2010. Biologists often define biodiversity as the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". It is clear that the importance of biodiversity. This study is concerned with the equivalence for multi-categorical data and focuses on gene comparison by some genetic diversity index, especially in nucleotide diversity index. The traditional estimator of diversity ignores the missing gene types result in to underestimate the gene diversity, when there is a non-negligible number of unseen genetic sequence. Therefore we combine the concept of Horvitz-Thompson and sample coverage to obtain the better genetic diversity estimator. Then we use the estimator and two one-sided test method to test the equivalence. A simulation study was conducted to empirically investigate the size and power of the proposed methods. Besides, a bootstrap-based approach is also proposed in small sample size and compared with the two one-sided test by the size and power.