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Journal articles on the topic 'Statistical copolymer'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Yang, Lei, Cheng Jie Hu, Hai Yang, and Dong Ming Qi. "Synthesis of Polystyrene-b-poly(n-butyl acrylate)-b-Polystyrene Triblock Copolymers as Binder for Pigment Dyeing." Advanced Materials Research 441 (January 2012): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.441.473.

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Well-controlled polystyrene-b-poly (n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (PSt-b-PnBA-b-PSt) triblock copolymers were prepared by RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer) emulsion polymerization process. The mechanical properties of the triblock copolymers were investigated in comparison to the P(nBA-co-St) statistical copolymers. When the PSt content is 20%, the ultimate tensile strength of triblock copolymer is nearly six times the strength of statistical copolymer, while their modulus are all around 3.0×103 Pa. The triblock copolymer films feel smooth and non-tacky as the PSt content is higher than 20%. It indicates that PSt-b-PnBA-b-PSt triblock copolymers can be used as binders in pigment dyeing, providing the dyed fabrics with soft non-tacky handle and good fastness properties.

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2

Kotsuchibashi, Y., M. Ebara, A. S. Hoffman, R. Narain, and T. Aoyagi. "Temperature-responsive mixed core nanoparticle properties determined by the composition of statistical and block copolymers in the core." Polymer Chemistry 6, no. 10 (2015): 1693–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py01794c.

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Mixed core nanoparticles were prepared from self-assembled statistical and block copolymers by controlling the solution temperature. Interestingly, an equal mass of specific statistical copolymers was successfully loaded into block copolymer micelle cores.

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3

Garcia-Rubio, L. H., and N. Ro. "Detailed copolymer characterization using ultraviolet spectroscopy." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 1 (1985): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-042.

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A method is demonstrated for the interpretation of the ultraviolet spectra of styrene-containing copolymers. This method is based on the use of model molecules to approximate the absorption behaviour of the known chromophores and on the statistical estimation of the average spectra of the unknown chromophores. The analysis yields directly the copolymer composition and an estimate of the background spectra which arise from the different arrangements of the styril units along the polymer chains. It is shown that reliable composition estimates are obtained for styrene – methyl methacrylate and styrene–acrylonitrile copolymers. The results from the interpretation of the spectra are discussed and compared with results obtained from the statistical copolymerization models.

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4

Crist, Buckley. "Thermodynamics of statistical copolymer melting." Polymer 44, no. 16 (2003): 4563–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(03)00331-8.

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5

Gikarakis, Theodoros, Ioannis Pappas, Pothiti Arvanitaki, et al. "Thermal Stability and Kinetics of Thermal Decomposition of Statistical Copolymers of N-Vinylpyrrolidone and Alkyl Methacrylates Synthesized via RAFT Polymerization." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (March 19, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6633052.

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The thermal stability and the kinetics of thermal decomposition of statistical copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) with the alkyl methacrylates, hexyl methacrylate (HMA) and stearyl methacrylate (SMA), were studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermogravimetry (DTG). Statistical copolymers of different compositions were studied, and their thermal decomposition behavior was compared to the corresponding homopolymers. The activation energies of the thermal decomposition were calculated using the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, the Kissinger, and the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose methodologies. The effects of the nature of the methacrylate monomer, the copolymer composition, and the rate of heating are discussed.

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6

Lokitz, Brad S., Jonathan E. Stempka, Adam W. York, et al. "Chiroptical Properties of Homopolymers and Block Copolymers Synthesized from the Enantiomeric Monomers N-Acryloyl-L-Alanine and N-Acryloyl-D-Alanine Using Aqueous RAFT Polymerization." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 10 (2006): 749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06264.

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Chiral homo- and block copolymers based on the enantiomeric monomers N-acryloyl-l-alanine (ALAL) and N-acryloyl-d-alanine (ADAL) were prepared directly in water using controlled reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The polymerization of the chiral monomers proceeded in a controlled fashion producing the respective homopolymers, block copolymers, and a statistical copolymer with targeted molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distributions. The chiroptical activity of these biomimetic polymers and their analogous model compounds was investigated using circular dichroism (CD). P(ALAL) and P(ADAL) were shown to be optically active exhibiting mirror image CD spectra. In addition, statistical and enantiomeric block copolymers prepared at 1:1 stochiometric ratios exhibited virtually no optical activity.

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7

Mahudeswaran, A., J. Vivekanandan, P. S. Vijayanand, T. Kojima, and S. Kato. "A facile synthesis of poly(aniline-co-o-bromoaniline) copolymer: Characterization and application as semiconducting material." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 05 (2016): 1650008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216500089.

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Poly(aniline-co-o-bromoaniline) (p(an-co-o-BrAn)) copolymer has been synthesized using chemical oxidation method in the hydrochloric acid medium. Copolymerization of aniline with o-bromoaniline of different compositions, such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:1, 1:3 and 3:1 molar ratios were prepared. The synthesized copolymer is soluble in polar solvents like dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formamide (DMF), Tetrahydrofuran (THF) and 1-methyl 2-pyrrolidone (NMP). The copolymer is analyzed by various characterization techniques, such as FTIR, UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), conductivity, Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR spectrum confirms the characteristic peaks of the copolymer containing benzenoid and quinoid ring stretching. UV spectrum reveals the formation of [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transition and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] transition between the energy levels. XRD peaks reveal that the copolymer possesses amorphous nature. Morphological study reveals that the agglomerated particles form globular structure and size of the each particle is about 100 nm. The electrical conductivity of the copolymers is found in the range of [Formula: see text]. These organic semiconductor materials can be used to fabricate thinner and cheaper environmental friendly optoelectronic devices that will replace the conventional inorganic semiconductors.

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8

Abbasova, L. Sh. "Preparation of copolymer of allyl ester of salicylic acid with styrene and study of its antifungal properties." Perspektivnye Materialy 4 (2022): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2022-4-34-39.

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The reactions of radical copolymerization of the allyl ester of salicylic acid with styrene were carried out and their patterns and products were studied. The Feinemann-Ross method was used to determine the constants of the relative activity of the copolymers (r1 = 0.02 and r2 = 9.6) and the parameters of the microstructure of the obtained copolymers. It was found that with an increase in the styrene content from 10 to 90 mol. % in the initial mixture of monomers, the average length of microblocks consisting of styrene units increases from 2.07 to 87.4, the length of microblocks of allylsalicylate units practically does not change, and the Harvurd constants decrease from 61.60 to 2.26. The results of studying the composition and structure of styrene and allyl salicylate copolymer samples under various conditions, as well as the values of the copolymerization constants and microstructure parameters, show that the copolymer macromolecules have a statistical structure, include allylsalicylate fragments and styrene microblocks. Studying the antifungal properties, it was found that the investigated copolymer of allyl ester of salicylic acid with styrene possesses such properties. Micromycetes such as Aspergillus niger, A.ochraseus, Penicillium cuclopium, Cladosporium herbarium, Fusarium moniliforme and F.oxysporium were used as test cultures.

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9

Chowdhury, Tanaka, Nakayama, and Shiono. "Copolymerization of Norbornene and Styrene with Anilinonaphthoquinone-Ligated Nickel Complexes." Polymers 11, no. 7 (2019): 1100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071100.

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Poly(norbornene-co-styrene)s were synthesized by the use of anilinonaphthoquinone-ligated nickel complexes [Ni(C10H5O2NAr)(Ph)(PPh3): 1a, Ar = C6H3-2,6-iPr; 1b, Ar = C6H2-2,4,6-Me; 1c, Ar = C6H5] activated with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) or B(C6F5)3 in toluene. The effects of the cocatalysts were more significant than those of the nickel complexes, and MMAO gave higher activity than B(C6F5)3. The structural characterizations of the products indicated the formation of statistical norbornene copolymers. An increase of the styrene ratio in feed led to an increase in the incorporated styrene (S) content of the resulting copolymer. The molecular weight of the copolymer decreased with increasing the S ratio in feed at 70 °C. The copolymerization activity, using MMAO as a cocatalyst, decreased with lowering of the temperature from 70 to 0 °C, accompanied by an increase in the molecular weight of the copolymer. The S incorporation up to 59% with Mn of 78,000 was achieved by the 1b-B(C6F5)3 catalytic system. The glass transition temperatures of the norbornene (N)/S copolymers determined by differential scanning calorimetry, decreased from 329 to 128 °C according to the S content.

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10

MA, HUI-RU, JIAN-GUO GUAN, and RUN-ZHANG YUAN. "SELF-ASSEMBLY MORPHOLOGIES AND ELECTRORHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE-POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL)- POLYANILINE TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 28n29 (2007): 4961–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797920704589x.

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The self-assembly properties and ER effects of the Polyaniline-Poly(ethylene glycol)-Polyaniline (PAn-PEG-PAn) triblock copolymers were studied in this paper. The results indicate that with the increase of solubility parameter of the solvent, PAn-PEG-PAn copolymers form into different morphologies of spheriods, vesicles and rods. PAn-PEG-PAn copolymers with vesicles morphology show the highest polarization strength, while those with rods have the most rapid polarization rate. Among the PAn-PEG-PAn copolymers of different morphologies, the PAn-PEG-PAn copolymer vesicles show the strongest ER effect.

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11

Nguyen, Thi Lien, Yuuki Kawata, Kazuhiko Ishihara, and Shin-ichi Yusa. "Synthesis of Amphiphilic Statistical Copolymers Bearing Methoxyethyl and Phosphorylcholine Groups and Their Self-Association Behavior in Water." Polymers 12, no. 8 (2020): 1808. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081808.

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Biocompatible amphiphilic statistical copolymers P(MEA/MPCm) composed of 2-methoxyethyl acrylate (MEA) and 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) were prepared with three different mol% of the hydrophilic unit MPC (m = 6, 12 and 46 mol%). The monomer reactivity ratios of MEA (rMEA) and MPC (rMPC) were 0.53 and 2.21, respectively. The rMEA × rMPC value of 1.17 demonstrated that statistical copolymerization was successful. P(MEA/MPC12) and P(MEA/MPC46) copolymers did not undergo aggregation in water, whereas the P(MEA/MPC6) copolymer formed micelles in water with a hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of 96.9 nm and a critical aggregation concentration, which was determined using pyrene fluorescence, at 0.0082 g/L. The restricted motion of the protons in the hydrophobic MEA units in the micelles’ cores provided additional evidence of self-association in P(MEA/MPC6).

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12

Xiao, Jiangang, and Jianzhong Du. "A multifunctional statistical copolymer vesicle for water remediation." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 28 (2016): 4647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00763e.

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13

SHI, ZHONG-TAO, MIN HAN, SHI-FENG ZHAO, et al. "SELF-ASSEMBLY OF SILVER NANOCLUSTERS ON TRIBLOCK COPOLYMER TEMPLATES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, no. 15n17 (2005): 2792–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031717.

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Poly (styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) (SBS) triblock copolymer templates have been prepared by solvent-induced order-disorder phase transition method. Silver nanoclusters have been deposited onto the SBS copolymer templates by low energy clusters beam deposition (LECBD) method. The microstructures of the template and cluster deposits have been characterized by AFM with tapping-mode. It is shown that the triblock copolymers are self-assembled to form an in-plane cylinder ordered microstructure. In the case of low coverage (<50%), silver nanaoclusters deposited on the template tend to aggregate along with the pattern of the template and coalesce into larger nanoparticles. Optical absorption spectra reveal that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of silver nanoclusters deposited on the template occurs at 545nm, being a red shift of ~75nm compared to that silver nanoclusters deposited on the fused quartz substrate.

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14

Qureshi, Benjamin, Jordan Juritz, Jenny M. Poulton, Adrian Beersing-Vasquez, and Thomas E. Ouldridge. "A universal method for analyzing copolymer growth." Journal of Chemical Physics 158, no. 10 (2023): 104906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133489.

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Polymers consisting of more than one type of monomer, known as copolymers, are vital to both living and synthetic systems. Copolymerization has been studied theoretically in a number of contexts, often by considering a Markov process in which monomers are added or removed from the growing tip of a long copolymer. To date, the analysis of the most general models of this class has necessitated simulation. We present a general method for analyzing such processes without resorting to simulation. Our method can be applied to models with an arbitrary network of sub-steps prior to addition or removal of a monomer, including non-equilibrium kinetic proofreading cycles. Moreover, the approach allows for a dependency of addition and removal reactions on the neighboring site in the copolymer and thermodynamically self-consistent models in which all steps are assumed to be microscopically reversible. Using our approach, thermodynamic quantities such as chemical work; kinetic quantities such as time taken to grow; and statistical quantities such as the distribution of monomer types in the growing copolymer can be directly derived either analytically or numerically from the model definition.

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15

Casas-Soto, Carlos Rafael, Alain Salvador Conejo-Dávila, Velia Osuna, et al. "Dibutyl Itaconate and Lauryl Methacrylate Copolymers by Emulsion Polymerization for Development of Sustainable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives." Polymers 14, no. 3 (2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030632.

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Renewable polymers possess the potential to replace monomers from petrochemical sources. The design and development of polymeric materials from sustainable materials are a technological challenge. The main objectives of this study were to study the microstructure of copolymers based on itaconic acid (IA), di-n-butyl itaconate (DBI), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA); and to explore and to evaluate these copolymers as pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA). The copolymer synthesis was carried out through batch emulsion radical polymerization, an environmentally friendly process. IA was used in a small fixed amount as a functional comonomer, and LMA was selected due to low glass transition temperature (Tg). The structure of synthesized copolymers was studied by FTIR, 1H-NMR, Soxhlet extraction, and molecular weight analyses by GPC. Furthermore, the viscoelastic and thermal properties of copolymer films were characterized by DMA, DSC, and TGA. The single Tg displayed by the poly(DBI-LMA-IA) terpolymers indicates that statistical random composition copolymers were obtained. Moreover, FTIR and NMR spectra confirm the chemical structure and composition. It was found that a cross-linked microstructure and higher molecular weight are observed with an increase of LMA in the feed led. The Tg and modulus (G′) of the copolymers film can be tuned with the ratio of DBI:LMA providing a platform for a wide range of applications as a biobased alternative to produce waterborne PSA.

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16

SUN, PINGCHUAN, YUHUA YIN, BAOHUI LI, QINGHUA JIN, and DATONG DING. "MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF SELF-ASSEMBLED AMPHIPHILIC DIBLOCK COPOLYMER IN SOLUTION." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 01n02 (2003): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203017424.

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In this paper, Monte Carlo method is applied to simulate the process of the self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymer with a series of block lengths of the insoluble and soluble blocks. Under the given simulation conditions, the diblock copolymers form spherical micelles in solution. The dependence of the core radii of spherical micelles on both block lengths is obtained and compared with experimental results of Eisenberg and coworkers.

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17

Ma, Jun, Chong Cheng, and Karen L. Wooley. "The Power of RAFT for Creating Polymers Having Imbedded Side-Chain Functionalities: Norbornenyl-Functionalized Polymers and their Transformations via ROMP and Thiol-ene Reactions." Australian Journal of Chemistry 62, no. 11 (2009): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch09243.

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Robust, efficient and orthogonal chemistries are becoming increasingly important tools for the construction of increasingly sophisticated materials. In this article, the selectivity of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-based radical polymerization of bifunctional monomers is exploited for the preparation of statistical and block copolymers that contain imbedded side-chain functionalities, which are then shown to exhibit two different orthogonal types of chemical reactivity to afford discrete nanoscale objects and functional derivative structures. Based on the radical reactivity ratios calculated from Alfrey–Price theory, a bifunctional monomer 4-(5′-norbornene-2′-methoxy)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorostyrene (1) was designed and synthesized, for its highly reactive tetrafluorostyrenyl group relative to its norbornene (Nb) group. Selective RAFT copolymerization of 1 with styrene (St) afforded copolymers with over 50 mol-% structural units having a pendent norbornenyl functionality while maintaining narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) = 1.23). Diblock copolymers (PDI = 1.09–1.23) with Nb side-chain substituents regioselectively placed along one segment of the block copolymer structure were also prepared by RAFT copolymerizations of 1 with St or 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene, using either polystyrene or poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride)-based macro chain-transfer agents. A well-defined star block copolymer (PDI = 1.23) having a poly(norbornene)-based core and polystyrene arms was obtained by ring-opening metathesis polymerization using the regioselective diblock copolymer PSt-b-P(1-co-St) as the multifunctional macromonomer and Grubbs’ catalyst (first generation) as the initiator. Photo-induced thiol-ene reactions of Nb-functionalized polymers with thiols were fast and efficient, yielding polymers with new side-chain structures.

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18

Kakhramanov, N. T., V. S. Osipchik, N. B. Arzumanova, et al. "The Effect of Mineral Fillers on the Main Physicomechanical Properties of Random Polypropylene Copolymers." International Polymer Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (2018): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1804500206.

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The effect of quartz four, whiting, and cement on the physicomechanical properties of filled polymer composites based on a statistical polypropylene copolymer – random polypropylene copolymer – was investigated.

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19

Chalykh, Anatoly E., Valentina Y. Stepanenko, Tatiana F. Petrova, and Anna A. Shcherbina. "The Energy Characteristics of the Surface of Statistical Copolymers." Polymers 15, no. 8 (2023): 1939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15081939.

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The results of systematic studies on the surface energy γ and its polar γP and dispersion γD components of statistical copolymers of styrene and butadiene, acrylonitrile and butadiene, and butyl acrylate and vinyl acetate, with regard to their thermal prehistory, are generalized. Along with copolymers, the surfaces of their composing homopolymers were examined. We obtained the energy characteristics of the adhesive surfaces of copolymers that contacted with air, high-energy aluminium Al (γ = 160 mJ/m2), and the low-energy substrate surface of polytetrafluoroethylene F4 (PTFE) (γ = 18 mJ/m2). The surfaces of copolymers in contact with air, aluminium, and PTFE were investigated for the first time. It was found that the surface energy of these copolymers tended to occupy an intermediate value between the surface energy of the homopolymers. The additive nature of the change in the surface energy of the copolymers with their composition, as previously established in the works of Wu, extends to the dispersive component of the free surface energy γD and the critical surface energy γcr, according to Zisman. It was shown that a significant influence on the adhesive activity of copolymers was exerted by the substrate surface upon which the adhesive was formed. Thus, for the butadiene–nitrile copolymer (BNC) samples formed in contact with a high-energy substrate, their surface energy growth was associated with a significant increase in the polar component of the surface energy γP from 2 mJ/m2 for the samples formed in contact with air, to an increase from 10 to 11 mJ/m2 for the samples formed in contact with Al. The reason why the interface influenced the change in the energy characteristics of the adhesives was the selective interaction of each macromolecule fragment with the active centres of the substrate surface. As a result, the composition of the boundary layer changed and it became enriched with one of the components. The structure of such layers is nonequilibrium. The thermal annealing of copolymers in the mode of a stepwise temperature increase led to a convergence in the values of γ, asymptotically tending to the value characteristic of the surface of the copolymers formed in air. The activation energies for the processes of the conformational rearrangements of the macromolecules in the surface layers of the copolymers were calculated. It was found that the conformational rearrangements of the macromolecules in the surface layers occurred as a result of the internal rotation of the functional groups that determined the polar component of the surface energy.

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20

SHAO, XI, KAI YANG, and YU-QIANG MA. "A DISSIPATIVE PARTICLE DYNAMICS STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGIES OF H-SHAPED BLOCK COPOLYMERS IN SOLVENT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 25, no. 06 (2011): 843–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979211100709.

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Multicompartment micelles have advanced applications in biological and pharmaceutical fields. The self-assembly of the block copolymers with different chain architectures provides versatile and powerful routes to obtain multicompartment micelles in water. Here we apply the dissipative particle dynamics method to study the self-assembly of H-shaped triblock copolymers in a selective solvent. It is found that the H-shaped triblock copolymers can form micelles with different morphologies, such as worm-like micelles, hamburger micelles, core-shell-corona micelles, and cylinder micelles, etc. Among them, the cylinder micelles have not been reported before in the case of the copolymers with similar chain architecture (e.g., Y-shaped copolymer). We demonstrate a convenient approach to obtain different morphologies by only adjusting the arrangement of the copolymers' blocks. These results may be helpful for the design of multicompartment micelles for various application purposes.

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21

Evers, O. A., J. M. H. M. Scheutjens, and G. J. Fleer. "Statistical thermodynamics of block copolymer adsorption. 3. Interaction between adsorbed layers of block copolymers." Macromolecules 24, no. 20 (1991): 5558–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00020a013.

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22

Sherif, M. H., E. Klemm, W. Günther, and D. Stadermann. "Photopolymerization of Exo-Methylene-1,3-Dioxolane with Bisphenol-A-Diglycidylether and Methyl Methacrylate Using Photoinitiators." Polymers and Polymer Composites 9, no. 5 (2001): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110100900503.

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The copolymerization of 2-exo-methylene-4-phenyl, 3-dioxolane with bisphenol-A-diglycidylether and methyl methacrylate using a cationic and a radical initiator is described. The structure of the polymers is elucidated by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Using a cationic photoinitiator the dioxolane structure is maintained in the copolymer and remaining oxirane structures from the bisphenol-A-diglycidylether can be proved. Surprisingly, no complete ring-opening of the dioxolane takes place in the presence of a radical initiator leading to statistical copolymers with methyl methacrylate.

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23

Mohammed, Ameen Hadi, Tamador Ali Mahmood, Selvana Adwar Yousif, Aminu Musa, and Nerodh Nasser Dally. "Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity Ratios of Poly Phenyl Acrylamide-Co-Methyl Methacrylate." Materials Science Forum 1002 (July 2020): 66–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1002.66.

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The monomer phenyl acrylamide was synthesized by reacting acrylamide with chloro benzene in the presence of pyridine. Copolymer of phenyl acrylamide (PAM) with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by free radical technique using dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The overall conversion was kept low (≤ 15% wt/wt) for all studies copolymers samples. The synthesized copolymers were characterized using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and their thermal properties were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The copolymers compositions were determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios have been calculated by linearization methods proposed by Kelen-Tudos and Fineman-Ross. The derived reactivity ratios (r1, r2) for (PAM-co-MMA) are: (0.03, 0.593). The microstructure of copolymers and sequence distribution of monomers in the copolymers were calculated by statistical method based on the average reactivity ratios and found that these values are in agreement with the derived reactivity ratios. Copolymers of PAM with MMA formed alternating copolymers.

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24

Koňák, Čestmír, and Gerald Fleischer. "Dynamics of Composition Fluctuations in Statistical Copolymer Solutions." Macromolecules 30, no. 5 (1997): 1457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9605309.

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25

Kashparova, Vera P., Victor A. Klushin, Veronika E. Andreeva, Nina V. Smirnova, Irina Yu Zhukova, and Ivan I. Kashparov. "2,5–FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID DICINAMIL ETHER AND NEW COPOLYMERS ON ITS BASIS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 63, no. 9 (2020): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20206309.6246.

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A method for the synthesis of dicinamyl ester of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (DCF) a new unsaturated compound of the furan series and potential monomer for producing copolymers with various vinyl compounds and based on them a new generation of construction and ion-exchange materials has been developed. DCF does not form homopolymers as in bulk as in solution (toluene solvent). However, DCF is actively copolymerized with styrene, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic and acrylic acids to form cross-linked polymers with varying degrees of crosslinking. The copolymerization constants of DCF with all investigated vinyl compounds were determined. The DCF copolymers are enriched with comonomer units for all ratios of the components in the initial reaction mixture. They are statistical, and the comonomer units in the macromolecule are randomly arranged. Copolymers with styrene or methyl methacrylate have higher mechanical strength compared to polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate. Copolymers containing carboxyl groups and 10-20 % wt. crosslinking agent exhibit good ion-exchange properties with respect to heavy metals. The equilibrium adsorption amount of Cu2+ onto ion-exchange сopolymers (221-234 mg/g) was almost twice as large as that onto Amberlite IRC-748 (120.0 mg/g). Materials with a crosslinking agent content of 2.5-5% wt. form polymer gels with high water absorption. Materials containing 2.5 % wt. crosslinking agent (≥ 1400 % for copolymer DCF /acrylic acid and ≥ 1700 for copolymer DCF/methacrylic acid) are showed maximum swelling. These materials can be recommended as water absorbers.

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Chattopadhyay, Amit Kumar, and Nimai Panja. "New oil modified acrylic polymer for pH sensitive drug release: Experimental results and statistical analysis." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 3, no. 1 (2015): 178–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v3i1.5013.

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We report results of an experimental study, complemented by detailed statistical analysis of the experimental data, on the development of a more effective control method of drug delivery using a pH sensitive acrylic polymer. New copolymers based on acrylic acid and fatty acid are constructed from dodecyl castor oil and a tercopolymer based on methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid and acryl amide were prepared using this new approach. Water swelling characteristics of fatty acid, acrylic acid copolymer and tercopolymer respectively in acid and alkali solutions have been studied by a step-change method. The antibiotic drug cephalosporin and paracetamol have also been incorporated into the polymer blend through dissolution with the release of the antibiotic drug being evaluated in bacterial stain media and buffer solution. Our results show that the rate of release of paracetamol getss affected by the pH factor and also by the nature of polymer blend. Our experimental data have later been statistically analyzed to quantify the precise nature of polymer decay rates on the pH density of the relevant polymer solvents. The time evolution of the polymer decay rates indicate a marked transition from a linear to a strictly non-linear regime depending on the whether the chosen sample is a general copolymer (linear) or a tercopolymer (non-linear). Non-linear data extrapolation techniques have been used to make probabilistic predictions about the variation in weight percentages of retained polymers at all future times, thereby quantifying the degree of efficacy of the new method of drug delivery.

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27

Hadi Mohammed, Ameen, Mansor Bin Ahmad, and Kamyar Shameli. "Copolymerization of Tris(methoxyethoxy)vinyl Silane with N-Vinyl Pyrrolidone: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Relationships." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/219898.

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Copolymer of tris(methoxyethoxy)vinyl silane (TMEVS) with N-vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) was synthesized by free radical polymerization in dry benzene at 70°C using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator. The copolymer was characterized by viscometer, FTIR, and1H-NMR and its thermal properties were studied by DSC and TGA. The copolymer composition was determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity ratios were calculated by linearization methods proposed by Fineman-Ross and Kelen-Tudos. The intersection method was proposed by Mayo-Lewis and nonlinear method was proposed by curve-fitting procedure. The microstructure of copolymer and sequence distribution of monomers in the copolymer were calculated by statistical method.

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28

Xie, Hankun, Yili Liu, Ming Jiang, and Tongyin Yu. "Phase separation in polymer blends comprising copolymers: 7. Statistical theory of block copolymer-homopolymer systems." Polymer 27, no. 12 (1986): 1928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(86)90184-9.

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29

Kanhakeaw, Patcharin, Boonjira Rutnakornpituk, Uthai Wichai, and Metha Rutnakornpituk. "Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Magnetite Nanoparticles with Statistical Poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) Copolymers." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/121369.

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This work presented the surface modification of magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) with poly[(t-butyl acrylate)-stat-(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)] copolymers (P[(t-BA)-stat-PEGMA])viaa surface-initiated “grafting from” atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Loading molar ratio oft-BA to PEGMA was systematically varied (100 : 0, 75 : 25, 50 : 50, and 25 : 75, resp.) such that the degree of hydrophilicity of the copolymers, affecting the particle dispersibility in water, can be fine-tuned. The reaction progress in each step of the synthesis was monitoredviaFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The studies in the reaction kinetics indicated that PEGMA had higher reactivity than that oft-BA in the copolymerizations. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) indicated that the molecular weights of the copolymers increased with the increase of the monomer conversion. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the particles were spherical with averaged size of 8.1 nm in diameter. Dispersibility of the particles in water was apparently improved when the copolymers were coated as compared to P(t-BA) homopolymer coating. The percentages of MNP and the copolymer in the composites were determinedviathermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and their magnetic properties were investigatedviavibrating sample magnetometry (VSM).

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30

Xiao, Wenhao, Liguo Xu, Pan Liu, Yang Chen, Jie Zhang, and Jinbao Xu. "Hybrid Copolymerization of Ethylene Oxide and tert-Butyl Methacrylate with Organocatalyst." Polymers 13, no. 15 (2021): 2546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152546.

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Hybrid copolymerization of structurally different, reactivity and mechanism distinct monomers (e.g., cyclic and vinyl type monomers) is of great interest and challenge for both academic research and practical application. Herein, ethylene oxide-co-tert-butyl methacrylate-co-poly(ethylene glycol) benzyl methacrylate (EO-co-BMA-co-bPEO), a statistical copolymer was synthesized via hybrid copolymerization of EO and BMA using an uncharged, non-nucleophilic organobase t-BuP4 as the catalyst. Detailed characterizations indicate that hybrid copolymerization of ethylene oxide and vinyl monomer forms a statistical copolymer concurrently with the transesterification of tert-butyl group and oligomer PEO anions. The application of the copolymer as all solid lithium-ion battery polymer electrolyte was investigated by detecting the ionic conductivity (σ) with electrical impedance spectrum measurement.

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31

Cunningham, V. J., L. P. D. Ratcliffe, A. Blanazs, et al. "Tuning the critical gelation temperature of thermo-responsive diblock copolymer worm gels." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 21 (2014): 6307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00856a.

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32

Bonda, Lorand, Janita Müller, Lukas Fischer, et al. "Facile Synthesis of Catechol-Containing Polyacrylamide Copolymers: Synergistic Effects of Amine, Amide and Catechol Residues in Mussel-Inspired Adhesives." Polymers 15, no. 18 (2023): 3663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183663.

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The straightforward synthesis of polyamide-derived statistical copolymers with catechol, amine, amide and hydroxy residues via free radical polymerization is presented. In particular, catechol, amine and amide residues are present in natural mussel foot proteins, enabling strong underwater adhesion due to synergistic effects where cationic residues displace hydration and ion layers, followed by strong short-rang hydrogen bonding between the catechol or primary amides and SiO2 surfaces. The present study is aimed at investigating whether such synergistic effects also exist for statistical copolymer systems that lack the sequence-defined positioning of functional groups in mussel foot proteins. A series of copolymers is established and the adsorption in saline solutions on SiO2 is determined by quartz crystal microbalance measurements and ellipsometry. These studies confirm a synergy between cationic amine groups with catechol units and primary amide groups via an increased adsorptivity and increased polymer layer thicknesses. Therefore, the free radical polymerization of catechol, amine and amide monomers as shown here may lead to simplified mussel-inspired adhesives that can be prepared with the readily scalable methods required for large-scale applications.

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33

Lowack, K., H. Ahrens, N. Detzer, J. Krägel, and C. A. Helm. "Characterizing the Glassy Phase of a Statistical Copolymer Monolayer." Langmuir 15, no. 5 (1999): 1777–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la980920j.

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34

Lee, Sang-Ho, Bruce M. Hasch, and Mark A. McHugh. "Calculating copolymer solution behavior with statistical associating fluid theory." Fluid Phase Equilibria 117, no. 1-2 (1996): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(95)02937-0.

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35

Kozlov, A. V., I. Yu Gorbunova, M. L. Kerber, S. N. Filatov, and V. V. Kireev. "Investigating the Tensile Behaviour of Blends of Polypropylene and a Statistical Copolymer of Propylene and Ethylene." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 1 (2017): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704400106.

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36

Saby-Dubreuil, A. C., B. Guerrier, C. Allain, and D. Johannsmann. "Glass transition induced by solvent desorption for statistical MMA/ n BMA copolymers — Influence of copolymer composition." Polymer 42, no. 4 (2001): 1383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(00)00539-5.

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37

Paulsen, Bryan D., Joshua C. Speros, Megan S. Claflin, Marc A. Hillmyer, and C. Daniel Frisbie. "Tuning of HOMO energy levels and open circuit voltages in solar cells based on statistical copolymers prepared by ADMET polymerization." Polym. Chem. 5, no. 21 (2014): 6287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4py00832d.

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38

Scamporrino, Andrea A., Concetto Puglisi, Angela Spina, et al. "Synthesis and Characterization of Copoly(Ether Sulfone)s with Different Percentages of Diphenolic Acid Units." Polymers 12, no. 8 (2020): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081817.

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New functionalized Poly(ether sulfone)s having different molar ratio (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 100 mol%) of 4,4-bis phenoxy pentanoic acid unit (diphenolic acid; DPA) units were synthesized and characterized by (1H and 13C)-NMR, MALDI-TOF MS, FT-IR, DSC and DMA analyses. The microstructural analysis of the copolymers, obtained by 13C-NMR using an appropriate statistical model, shows a random distribution of copolymer sequences, as expected. The presence of different amount of DPA units along the polymer chains affects the chemical and physical properties of the copolymers. The Tg and the contact angle values decrease as the molar fraction of DPA units increases, whereas the hydrophilicity increases. NMR and MALDI-TOF MS analyses show that all polymer chains are almost terminated with hydroxyl and chlorine as end groups. The presence of cyclic oligomers was also observed by MALDI-TOF MS analysis.

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39

Lee, Donghui, Yunji Jung, Myeongjin Ha, Hyungju Ahn, Keun Hyung Lee, and Myungeun Seo. "High-conductivity electrolyte gate dielectrics based on poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate)/ionic liquid." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 23 (2019): 6950–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01610d.

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40

Lapp, A., J. P. Cotton, and G. Jannink. "Synthesis and test of a statistical copolymer — the furtive chain." Polymer 34, no. 15 (1993): 3302–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(93)90406-z.

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41

Bakauova, Z. H., E. A. Bekturov, and S. V. Bereza. "Properties of vinylpyrrolidone-methyl methacrylate statistical copolymer in mixed solvents." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 39, no. 1 (2007): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070390114.

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42

Kavaliauskaite, Marija, Medeina Steponaviciute, Justina Kievisaite, Arturas Katelnikovas, and Vaidas Klimkevicius. "Synthesis and Study of Thermoresponsive Amphiphilic Copolymers via RAFT Polymerization." Polymers 14, no. 2 (2022): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14020229.

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Synthesis and study of well-defined thermoresponsive amphiphilic copolymers with various compositions were reported. Kinetics of the reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (co)polymerization of styrene (St) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEO5MEMA) was studied by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and 1H NMR spectroscopy, which allows calculating not only (co)polymerization parameters but also gives valuable information on RAFT (co)polymerization kinetics, process control, and chain propagation. Molecular weight Mn and dispersity Đ of the copolymers were determined by SEC with triple detection. The detailed investigation of styrene and PEO5MEMA (co)polymerization showed that both monomers prefer cross-polymerization due to their low reactivity ratios (r1 < 1, r2 < 1); therefore, the distribution of monomeric units across the copolymer chain of p(St-co-PEO5MEMA) with various compositions is almost ideally statistical or azeotropic. The thermoresponsive properties of p(St-co-PEO5MEMA) copolymers in aqueous solutions as a function of different hydrophilic/hydrophobic substituent ratios were evaluated by measuring the changes in hydrodynamic parameters under applied temperature using the dynamic light scattering method (DLS).

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43

Brun, Y. "THE MECHANISM OF COPOLYMER RETENTION IN INTERACTIVE POLYMER CHROMATOGRAPHY. I. CRITICAL POINT OF ADSORPTION FOR STATISTICAL COPOLYMERS." Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies 22, no. 20 (1999): 3027–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/jlc-100102075.

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44

Koňák, Čestmír, Zdeněk Tuzar, Pavla Kopečková, Joseph D. Andrade та Jindřich Kopeček. "Association of Graft Copolymers of Alkyl Methacrylates with α-Methyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxyethylene) ethacrylates". Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 60, № 11 (1995): 1971–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19951971.

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Solution properties of the statistical copolymers of alkyl methacrylates (AMA) with α-methyl-ω-hydroxy-poly(oxyethylene) methacrylates (MPOEMA) (nonionic polysoaps) were studied using static and dynamic ligh scattering as a function of monomer composition and concentration in aqueous and methyl cellosolve solutions. The solubility of the copolymers in water was found to be dependent on molar contant of AMA. While copolymers with low content of hexyl methacrylate (HMA) (0 and 20 mole %) were directly soluble in water, forming true solutions with a low content of large swollen aggregates, copolymers with a higher content of HMA or lauryl methacrylate (LMA) were not directly dispersable in water. A special procedure, the stepwise dialysis from methyl cellosolve solutions against water, had to be used to prepare them in the pseudomicellar form. The copolymers were directly soluble in methyl cellosolve and its water solution containing up to 60 vol.% of water. Nevertheless, the light scattering experiments were dominated by light scattering of swollen particles of aggregated copolymer molecules. The copolymers were not soluble in the mixtures containing 70-100 vol.% of water. Paramaters of aggregates in the mixture with 60 vol.% of water and in pure water were found to be very similar.

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45

Huang, Dong-Lin, Bei Zhang, and Jun Zhang. "Morphological transformations of AB diblock copolymer particles in soft confinement." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 12 (2020): 2050118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979220501180.

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The morphologies of diblock copolymers self-assembled under selected solvent have been investigated systematically using a simulated annealing method. Various categories of internal morphologies are observed. The morphology transform can be modulated by three important factors: softness of confinement, volume fraction of A/B monomers ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) and selectivity of solvent. With increase in [Formula: see text], the selectivity of solvent can determine the type and number of cores. The softness of confinement can greatly influence the shape of copolymer which prefers to be sphere or nonsphere. Stacked lamella morphology is an efficient method to reduce the contact number between A-B blocks in softer confinement. Core–shell morphologies usually have large curly degree with small end-to-end distance of AB complex chain. The nucleation condition is that the ratio of end-to-end distance of AB complex chain to the length of whole chain is lower than 0.28. The simulation results can provide theoretical guidance for experiment in synthesis of nanoparticles.

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46

Borase, T., E. K. Fox, Fadwa El Haddassi, S. A. Cryan, D. F. Brougham, and A. Heise. "Glyco-copolypeptide grafted magnetic nanoparticles: the interplay between particle dispersion and RNA loading." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 19 (2016): 3221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00250a.

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Lysine-glyco-copolypeptide grafted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared through N-carboxyanhydride (NCA) copolymerization. Statistical and block copolymer arrangements were obtained while keeping the overal composition constant.

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47

Dorsman, Isabella R., Matthew J. Derry, Victoria J. Cunningham, Steven L. Brown, Clive N. Williams, and Steven P. Armes. "Tuning the vesicle-to-worm transition for thermoresponsive block copolymer vesicles prepared via polymerisation-induced self-assembly." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 9 (2021): 1224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0py01713b.

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Does statistical copolymerization of n-butyl methacrylate with benzyl methacrylate lower the critical temperature required for vesicle-to-worm and worm-to-sphere transitions for diblock copolymer nano-objects in mineral oil?

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48

Stejskal, Jaroslav, Pavel Kratochvil, Dagmar Strakova, and Ondrej Prochazka. "Distribution of chemical composition of statistical copolymers from the conversion dependences of copolymer or residual monomer mixture composition." Macromolecules 19, no. 6 (1986): 1575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00160a016.

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49

Mori, Takuya, Akihito Hashidzume, and Takahiro Sato. "Micellization Behavior of an Amphiphilic Statistical Copolymer in Water-Methanol Mixtures." Polymer Journal 41, no. 3 (2009): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/polymj.pj2008223.

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50

Minkler, Michael J., Jihyuk Kim, Katherine E. Lawson, et al. "Solution processible statistical poly(3-methoxythiophene)-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene) copolymer." Materials Letters 256 (December 2019): 126563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126563.

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