Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stationary storage

Academic literature on the topic 'Stationary storage'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 9 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stationary storage"

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Sutherland, Brandon R. "Charging up Stationary Energy Storage." Joule 3, no. 1 (January 2019): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joule.2018.12.022.

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Marinelli, Matteo, and Massimo Santarelli. "Hydrogen storage alloys for stationary applications." Journal of Energy Storage 32 (December 2020): 101864. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101864.

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Dębicki, Krzysztof, and Peng Liu. "Extremes of stationary Gaussian storage models." Extremes 19, no. 2 (February 2, 2016): 273–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10687-016-0240-x.

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Guillemin, Fabrice, and Ravi Mazumdar. "The Beňes equations for the distribution of excursions for general storage processes." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 2 (June 1994): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215035.

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In this paper we obtain the Beňes equation for the evolution of the probability distribution of the excursion process associated with the level crossings of a general storage process. We then show that under stationarity and ergodicity assumptions on the process we can recover the well-known rate conservation law (RCL). Using the stationary solution we then show that the existence of an invariant solution can be studied in terms of an operator equation and we show how this characterization leads to a very simple explicit computation of the stationary distribution.
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Guillemin, Fabrice, and Ravi Mazumdar. "The Beňes equations for the distribution of excursions for general storage processes." Journal of Applied Probability 31, no. 02 (June 1994): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200044946.

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In this paper we obtain the Beňes equation for the evolution of the probability distribution of the excursion process associated with the level crossings of a general storage process. We then show that under stationarity and ergodicity assumptions on the process we can recover the well-known rate conservation law (RCL). Using the stationary solution we then show that the existence of an invariant solution can be studied in terms of an operator equation and we show how this characterization leads to a very simple explicit computation of the stationary distribution.
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VENTER, R. "Modelling of stationary bulk hydrogen storage systems." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 22, no. 8 (August 1997): 791–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3199(96)00210-8.

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Butler, P. C., J. F. Cole, and P. A. Taylor. "Test profiles for stationary energy-storage applications." Journal of Power Sources 78, no. 1-2 (March 1999): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-7753(99)00035-x.

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Xu, Terrence, Wei Wang, Mikhail L. Gordin, Donghai Wang, and Daiwon Choi. "Lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage." JOM 62, no. 9 (September 2010): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-010-0131-6.

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Kella, Offer. "Stochastic storage networks: stationarity and the feedforward case." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 2 (June 1997): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3215388.

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We show that for a certain storage network the backward content process is increasing, and when the net input process has stationary increments then, under natural stability conditions, the content process has a stationary version under which the cumulative lost capacities have stationary increments. Moreover, for the feedforward case, we show that under some minimal conditions, two content processes with net input processes which differ only by initial conditions can be coupled in finite time and that the difference of two content processes vanishes in the limit if the difference of the net input processes monotonically approaches a constant. As a consequence, it is shown that for the natural stability conditions, when the net input process has stationary increments, the distribution of the content process converges in total variation to a proper limit, independent of initial conditions.
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Kella, Offer. "Stochastic storage networks: stationarity and the feedforward case." Journal of Applied Probability 34, no. 02 (June 1997): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200101123.

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We show that for a certain storage network the backward content process is increasing, and when the net input process has stationary increments then, under natural stability conditions, the content process has a stationary version under which the cumulative lost capacities have stationary increments. Moreover, for the feedforward case, we show that under some minimal conditions, two content processes with net input processes which differ only by initial conditions can be coupled in finite time and that the difference of two content processes vanishes in the limit if the difference of the net input processes monotonically approaches a constant. As a consequence, it is shown that for the natural stability conditions, when the net input process has stationary increments, the distribution of the content process converges in total variation to a proper limit, independent of initial conditions.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stationary storage"

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Mistry, Priyen C. "Coated metal hydrides for stationary energy storage applications." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/38798/.

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This thesis explores suitable materials for energy stores for stationary applications, specifically a prototype hydrogen store, domestic thermal store operating between 25-100 C and a moderate thermal store for a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant operating at 400 C. The approach incorporated a unique coating technique to deliver prototype hydrogen and thermal storage media, where the coating could offer commercial advantages, for example, in the form of hydride activation and enhanced kinetics during successive cycling. The highly reversible Mg-MgH2 system is particularly promising for thermal storage, obtaining an enthalpy of reaction of 74.5 kJ/mol H2 that translates to a thermal energy capacity of approximately 2800 kJ/kg of MgH2. Nevertheless, magnesium is hindered by slow activation and poor kinetics of (de)hydrogenation, even when approaching temperatures ideal for concentrated solar power applications (in the region 400 C). Elevated temperature cycling studies were performed on commercial atomised Mg powder with magnetron sputtered catalysts (chromium, iron, vanadium and stainless steel) applied to their surfaces; the aim of which was to fabricate hydrogen storage materials that possess (de)hydrogenation characteristics equal to or even bettering their nanocrystalline equivalents, yet in a potentially economic and scalable manner. Following 50 cycles at 400 C, the coatings were found to have little to no positive impact on the behaviour of the atomised Mg powders. In addition, for both uncoated and coated samples the effects of an activation process at 400 C are matched by cycling the material 5 times from the outset, after which identical behaviour is observed during subsequent cycles. At 350 C, the benefits of catalyst coatings on the hydrogen storage properties of atomised Mg powders are evident during activation and successive cycling up to 90 times. The material undergoes different microstructural evolution during cycling when in the presence of a surface catalyst, causing an enhancement of the `nucleation and growth' stage of (de)hydrogenation. This was attributed to particle reorientation dominating particle sintering, whereas the opposite occurs for the uncoated material. For the domestic thermal and prototype hydrogen stores a selection of AB and AB2 intermetallic hydrides enhanced through catalysis or thermodynamic modification were investigated. TiFe produced via powder atomisation obtained thermodynamic properties (dehydrogenation H = 28.9 kJ/mol H2 and S = 105 J/K.mol H2) in line with published results. The minor substitution of Ni into TiFe1-xNix resulted in different hydrogenation characteristics to TiFe, for example, TiFe0:96Ni0:04 possessed a dehydrogenation of H = 29.9 kJ/mol H2 and S = 107 J/K.mol H2. Discrepancies between maximum achieved and theoretical capacities were observed for both atomised TiFe and TiFe0:96Ni0:04 and a range of possible contributing factors are discussed. A minor addition of Pd (1.17 wt.%) magnetron sputtered to the surface of TiFe0:96Ni0:04 enabled successful room temperature hydrogenation with no activation treatment required. Characterisation (SEM and TEM) confirmed it is not necessary to have complete Pd coverage in the form of a uniform coating and XPS was utilised to derive a theory for the activation mechanism. The AB2 alloy comparison between the commercially available Hydralloy C5 and in house fabricated Ti0:9Zr0:2Mn1:5V0:2Cr0:3 showed that Hydralloy C5 was the most promising alloy for the hydrogen store application with the higher working capacity (ca. 0.96 wt.%) in the pressure range of 4-15 bar at 22 C, despite Ti0:9Zr0:2Mn1:5V0:2Cr0:3 obtaining a higher maximum storage capacity (1.82 wt.%). The hydrogenation kinetics of both alloys were studied with corresponding activation energies and hydrogen diffusion coefficients determined. The kinetics of hydrogenation for both alloys is sufficiently fast that only the heat transfer of the storage system is the rate limiting parameter for hydrogen exchange for most technical applications.
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Persson, Fredrik. "Energy Storage for Stationary Applications – A Comparative, Techno-Economical Investigation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280016.

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Power outages, electric-grid deficiencies and renewable energies are all examples where stationary energy storages are useful. In this master thesis, two types of stationary electrochemical energy storages are examined; vent-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA) and lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), to find out the more beneficial one in stationary uses. The techniques are examined for a large range of electric-grid services in a techno-economical investigation. The cost per delivered kWh of the energy storage is the basis of comparison which is calculated using battery degradation data with respect to C-rate, SoC, DoD, temperature, storage time and cycle frequency to estimate calendar and cyclic aging. Modelling presents neither alternative as superior although LFP is the more versatile alternative. VRLA-batteries can be a more cost-beneficial alternative for applications demanding less than 1 cycle/day, at temperatures lower than 30C, short project lifetimes and when utilizing storages beyond 80% EoL. The investment cost is lower for VRLA at equal C-rates. Cost items neglected will decrease the chances of VRLA being the cheapest technique. From a sustainability point of view, LFP is under almost all circumstances the less energy and CO2-intense technology, however recyclability is in clear favor for VRLA.
Strömavbrott, underdimensionerade elnät och förnybar energi är tre exempel där ett stationärt energilager kan tillämpas. I den här masteruppsatsen undersöks två typer av stationära elektrokemiska energilager; ventilreglerade bly-syra-batterier och litium-järnfosfat-batterier (LFP), för att finna det mer fördelaktiga alternativet i stationära applikationer. De två teknikerna analyseras i ett stort antal elnätsapplikationer i en tekno-ekonomisk studie. Kostnaden per levererad kWh av energilagret används som jämförelsebas vilken beräknas utifrån batteridegraderingsdata med avseende på C-rate, SoC, DoD, temperatur, lagringstid och cykelfrekvens för att estimera kalender- och cyklisk åldring. Modellering visar att inget av batterialternativen är överlägset i alla situationer men LFP är det mångsidigare alternativet. Bly-syra-batterier kan vara mer kostnadseffektiva för applikationer som kräver mindre än 1 (full-ekvivalent) cykel/dag vid temperaturer lägre än 30C, korta projektlivstider samt när batterilagren används bortom 80% EoL. Investeringskostnaden är lägre för bly-syra-batterier när likadan C-rate appliceras. Negligerade kostnadsposter kommer minska chanserna att bly-syra-batterier är det billigaste alternativet. Från ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är LFP nästan uteslutande den mindre energikrävande och mindre CO2-intensiva tekniken. Bly-syra-batterier har dock en klar fördel när det kommer till återvinningsbarhet.
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Andersson, Joakim. "Lifetime estimation of lithium-ion batteries for stationary energy storage system." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemivetenskap (CHE), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212987.

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With the continuing transition to renewable inherently intermittent energy sources like solar- and wind power, electrical energy storage will become progressively more important to manage energy production and demand. A key technology in this area is Li-ion batteries. To operate these batteries efficiently, there is a need for monitoring of the current battery state, including parameters such as state of charge and state of health, to ensure that adequate safety and performance is maintained. Furthermore, such monitoring is a step towards the possibility of the optimization of battery usage such as to maximize battery lifetime and/or return on investment. Unfortunately, possible online measurements during actual operation of a lithium-ion battery are typically limited to current, voltage and possibly temperature, meaning that direct measurement of battery status is not feasible. To overcome this, battery modeling and various regression methods may be used. Several of the most common regression algorithms suggested for estimation of battery state of charge and state of health are based on Kalman filtering. While these methods have shown great promise, there currently exist no thorough analysis of the impact of so-called filter tuning on the effectiveness of these algorithms in Li-ion battery monitoring applications, particularly for state of health estimation. In addition, the effects of only adjusting the cell capacity model parameter for aging effects, a relatively common approach in the literature, on overall state of health estimation accuracy is also in need of investigation. In this work, two different Kalman filtering methods intended for state of charge estimation: the extended Kalman filter and the extended adaptive Kalman filter, as well as three intended for state of health estimation: the dual extended Kalman filer, the enhanced state vector extended Kalman filer, and the single weight dual extended Kalman filer, are compared from accuracy, performance, filter tuning and practical usability standpoints. All algorithms were used with the same simple one resistor-capacitor equivalent circuit battery model. The Li-ion battery data used for battery model development and simulations of filtering algorithm performance was the “Randomized Battery Usage Data Set” obtained from the NASA Prognostics Center of Excellence.  It is found that both state of charge estimators perform similarly in terms of accuracy of state of charge estimation with regards to reference values, easily outperforming the common Coulomb counting approach in terms of precision, robustness and flexibility. The adaptive filter, while computationally more demanding, required less tuning of filter parameters relative to the extended Kalman filter to achieve comparable performance and might therefore be advantageous from a robustness and usability perspective. Amongst the state of health estimators, the enhanced state vector approach was found to be most robust to initialization and was also least taxing computationally. The single weight filter could be made to achieve comparable results with careful, if time consuming, filter tuning. The full dual extended Kalman filter has the advantage of estimating not only the cell capacity but also the internal resistance parameters. This comes at the price of slow performance and time consuming filter tuning, involving 17 parameters. It is however shown that long-term state of health estimation is superior using this approach, likely due to the online adjustment of internal resistance parameters. This allows the dual extended Kalman filter to accurately estimate the SoH over a full test representing more than a full conventional battery lifetime. The viability of only adjusting the capacity in online monitoring approaches therefore appears questionable. Overall the importance of filter tuning is found to be substantial, especially for cases of very uncertain starting battery states and characteristics.
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PORRU, MARIO. "Management and control of energy storage systems for stationary and automotive applications." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266607.

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This PhD dissertation has presented a number of scenarios in which Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) can be usefully employed for increasing energy system performances. Particularly, after introducing the State-of-the-Art of ESS technologies (Chapter 1), reference has been made to some stationary and automotive applications. Stationary applications have regarded Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) exploitation issues and EV integration within micro-grids (Chapter 2). It has been shown that ESSs are particularly useful in compensating for RES forecasting errors, whereas they are much less effective as energy buffers. In addition, Vehicle to Grid (V2G) has also been revealed as an alternative and viable solution for increasing RES penetration level and micro-grid autonomy, even in presence of small EV fleets. The promising results obtained in the energy management of power systems by means of the use of V2G and G2V paradigm have suggested the integration of Electric Vehicles (EVs) into the power system. This requires that EV energy storage systems should satisfy both electric propulsion and power system requirements. With this aim, the design and management of a novel Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) for EVs has been considered (Chapter 3). Particularly, the proposed configuration allows the reduction of the peak current delivered by EV batteries, thus preserving their rated performances and increasing their lifetime. This goal has been achieved by means of a suitable management of the energy flows provided by the HESS, leading to a good exploitation of the proposed topology. The effectiveness of the proposed solutions has been verified through several extensive simulation studies, which have been carried out in the Matlab environment. In conclusion, it can be stated that all cases have revealed the need of carefully sizing and managing ESSs in order to achieve optimal results. In this context, it is worth noting that the employment of large ESS easily leads to enhanced performances but also to significant increased costs. This drawback cannot be sustained, especially in automotive applications, in which EV competitiveness is strictly related to a decrease of ESS size, weight and costs. On the other hand, small ESSs do not generally guarantee the same performances but they can be quite similar if optimal management and control strategies are employed. These last thus will cover a fundamental role in making ESS more widespread, enabling an optimal trade-off among increased performances, costs, management and control issues.
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Langmi, Henrietta Wakuna. "Zeolites as an alternative to carbons in hydrogen storage for large-scale stationary applications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.404468.

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This thesis describes an investigation into the hydrogen storage properties of zeolites and high surface area carbons. In particular, zeolite X, zeolite Y, zeolite A, zeolite Rho, carbon nanotubes and activated carbons materials were studied. The zeolites encompass a range of different pore geometries and compositions. The aim was to investigate the potential of zeolites as an alternative to carbons in low-cost, safe hydrogen stores, particularly for large-scale stationary applications. Zeolites were synthesised by hydrothermal methods, and different cation-exchanged forms were prepared. through ion exchange from aqueous metal nitrate solutions. All hydrogen storage capacities were measured at room temperature or 77 K and a pressure range of 0 to 15 bar, using a constant pressure thermogravimetric analyser. The results show that, zeolites exhibit diverse behaviour with respect to hydrogen uptake, dependent on both the framework structure and the nature of the cations present. A major factor influencing uptake is the available void space: in zeolites A and Rho, pore blocking by large extraframework cations is a prominent phenomenon restricting hydrogen uptake, but in zeolites X and Y, blocking of supercages by exchangeable cations does not occur. In general, gravimetric uptake is affected by the weight of the zeolite since hydrogen uptakes in heavier zeolites were relatively lower. Volumetric hydrogen storage capacities show that zeolites are roughly twice as efficient in binding hydrogen than activated carbons. This study also suggests that, extraframework cations act as binding sites for hydrogen molecules. In both zeolites and carbons, hydrogen adsorption occurs by physisorption, and the adsorption - desorption process is fast and completely reversible. Preliminary adsorption theory analysis shows that, the hydrogen adsorption isotherms conform reasonably well to the Langmuir equation. For carbons, zeolite X and zeolite Y, hydrogen uptake relates closely with the BET surface area. Suitably ion-exchanged zeolites offer great promise as low-cost, safe hydrogen storage media for stationary applications. Further work, involving detailed characterisation, needs to be carried out to fully explore the hydrogen storage and engineering properties of these materials.
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Bonora, Giulia. "Analysis of the impact of stationary energy storage systems in trolleybus grids using Simulink-based modelling." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/25832/.

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The voltage profile of the catenary between traction substations (TSSs) is affected by the trolleybus current intake and by its position with respect to the TSSs: the higher the current requested by the bus and the further the bus from the TSSs, the deeper the voltage drop. When the voltage drops below 500V, the trolleybus is forced to decrease its consumption by reducing its input current. This thesis deals with the analysis of the improvements that the installation of an BESS produces in the operation of a particularly loaded FS of the DC trolleybus network of the city of Bologna. The stationary BESS is charged by the TSSs during off-peak times and delivers the stored energy when the catenary is overloaded alleviating the load on the TSSs and reducing the voltage drops. Only IMC buses are considered in the prospect of a future disposal of all internal combustion engine vehicles. These trolleybuses cause deeper voltage drops because they absorb enough current to power their traction motor and recharge the on board battery. The control of the BESS aims to keep the catenary voltage within the admissible voltage range and makes sure that all physical limitations are met. A model of FS Marconi Trento Trieste is implemented in Simulink environment to simulate its daily operation and compare the behavior of the trolleybus network with and without BESS. From the simulation without BESS, the best location of the energy storage system is deduced, and the battery control is tuned. Furthermore, from the knowledge of the load curve and the battery control trans-characteristic, it is formulated a prediction of the voltage distribution at BESS connection point. The prediction is then compared with the simulation results to validate the Simulink model. The BESS allows to decrease the voltage drops along the catenary, the Joule losses and the current delivered by the TSSs, indicating that the BESS can be a solution to improve the operation of the trolleybus network.
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Chacón, Lisa, Benjamin Hornblow, Daniel Johnson, and Chris Walker. "Strategic Sustainable Development for the Stationary Power Sector : Is Carbon Capture and Storage a Strategic Investment for the Future?" Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Avdelningen för maskinteknik, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2382.

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An examination of the stationary power sector is performed using The Natural Step framework and Sustainability Principles (SP), in order to aid decision makers in developing policy to balance energy needs while reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in order to address climate change. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is evaluated for its sustainability aspects, and is found to be a potentially sustainable approach which can be a bridging technology to a more sustainable energy mix, as well as a remediation technology which can remove CO2 from the atmosphere when utilized in combination with biomass fuel. Initial actions for restructuring the stationary power sector should emphasise demand reduction and efficiency efforts, followed by switching to renewable energy sources. If the first two strategies can not provide sufficient CO2 reductions, then investments in CCS technology may be an appropriate choice. CCS with coal-fired power can be a means to decouple CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use, but other SP violations associated with coal use must also be fully addressed before this strategy can be considered a truly sustainable option.
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Truong, Cong Nam [Verfasser], Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] Jossen, Andreas [Gutachter] Jossen, and Thilo [Gutachter] Bocklisch. "Assessment and Optimization of Operating Stationary Battery Storage Systems / Cong Nam Truong ; Gutachter: Andreas Jossen, Thilo Bocklisch ; Betreuer: Andreas Jossen." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1201481503/34.

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McVicker, William D. "Mapping and Visualizing Ancient Water Storage Systems with an ROV -- An Approach Based on Fusing Stationary Scans within a Particle Filter." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/885.

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This paper presents a new method for constructing 2D maps of enclosed un- derwater structures using an underwater robot equipped with only a 2D scanning sonar, compass and depth sensor. In particular, no motion model or odometry is used. To accomplish this, a two step offline SLAM method is applied to a set of stationary sonar scans. In the first step, the change in position of the robot between each consecutive pair of stationary sonar scans is estimated using a particle filter. This set of pair wise relative scan positions is used to create an estimate of each scan’s position within a global coordinate frame using a weighted least squares fit that optimizes consistency between the relative positions of the entire set of scans. In the second step of the method, scans and their estimated positions act as inputs to a mapping algorithm that constructs 2D octree-based evidence grid maps of the site. This work is motivated by a multi-year archaeological project that aims to construct maps of ancient water storage systems, i.e. cisterns, on the islands of Malta and Gozo. Cisterns, wells, and water galleries within fortresses, churches and homes operated as water storage systems as far back as 2000 B.C. Using a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) these water storage systems located around the islands were explored while collecting video, still images, sonar, depth, and compass measurements. Data gathered from 5 different expeditions has produced maps of over 90 sites. Presented are results from applying the new mapping method to both a swimming pool of known size and to several of the previously unexplored water storage systems.
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Isaksson, Maja, and Ellen Stjerngren. "Opportunities, Barriers and Preconditions for Battery Energy Storage in Sweden : A Study Investigating the Possibilities of Grid Connected Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems in the Swedish Electricity Market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264270.

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The global energy system is under transformation. The energy transition from a centralized, fossil fuel based energy system to a more decentralized, renewable energy based system will challenge the balancing of electricity supply and demand. This stresses the importance of grid flexibility. In this challenge, energy storage will play a valuable role as it can provide flexibility and support the renewable energy integration. More specifically, lithium-ion battery energy storage systems (Li-ion BESS) demonstrate technological advantages and valuable application possibilities in the electricity grid. This thesis examines opportunities and barriers for deployment of grid-scale Li-ion BESS in the Swedish electricity market, and provides an overview of different perspectives of possibilities with BESS from several market actors. The purpose of the exploratory study is to gain an understanding of prospects for grid-scale BESS in Sweden. Through a comprehensive literature study and an empirical study, based on fourteen interviews with various actors in the electricity market, data was collected and analyzed. The analysis of the empirical findings resulted in two tables summarizing opportunities and barriers for implementation of BESS in Sweden. The opportunities and barriers are categorized into three hierarchical levels; contextual level, power system level and BESS level, referring to where in the system the benefits or hinders are localized. Also, key discussion points related to BESS (such as storage time perspective, ownership, grid services, cost, price signals and knowledge gap) are explored and evaluated. Furthermore, to understand the possibilities for grid-scale BESS in Sweden, a potential business setup for BESS is assessed and analyzed to identify preconditions for BESS to be attractive on the Swedish electricity market. The findings of the thesis indicate that grid flexibility is most likely going to be a considerable issue within 10-20 years. By the time of the potential nuclear phase out in Sweden, there will be major instabilities in the electricity grid if solutions are not in place. Therefore, keys to grid flexibility need to be evaluated and planned for well in advance, and the findings indicate that BESS could be a possible part of the solution. Until now, the regulatory framework has been perceived as rather unclear when it comes to energy storage, which has led to uncertainties among the market actors. These unclarities are about to be clarified with new laws and regulations, which will enable potential businesses for BESS. With the changes in the regulatory framework in place, we see an opportunity with new actors on the market. Our analysis shows that the BESS owner will most likely be a commercial actor, to enable utilization of a BESS for combined applications. An important factor, affecting the possibilities of implementing BESS on the Swedish electricity market, is the cost of BESS. We consider the cost aspect as vital for the likelihood of deploying BESS in Sweden. Based on our main findings, we conclude several preconditions for the deployment of BESS in Sweden. These are; decreased costs of BESS, acceptance from market actors, increased knowledge, a trading platform for grid services provided by a BESS, coordination between markets and electricity load forecasts. We believe that if these preconditions are fulfilled, Li-ion BESS has a chance to affect and have an impact on the Swedish electricity market.
Dagens energisystem är under förändring. Det sker en omvandling där energisystemet går från att vara centraliserat och fossilbaserat till att bli mer decentraliserat och baserat på förnybar energi. Detta kommer att utmana balanseringen av elproduktion och elkonsumtion, vilket betonar vikten av flexibilitet i elnätet. I den stundande utmaningen kommer energilagring att spela en viktig roll eftersom det kan bidra med flexibilitet och samtidigt stödja integrationen av mer förnybar elproduktion. Mer specifikt har energilagersystem med litiumjon-batterier flertalet tekniska fördelar och värdefulla användningsområden i elnätet. Det här examensarbetet utforskar möjligheter och hinder för en framtida implementering av nätanslutna litiumjonbatterilager på den svenska elmarknaden och ger en överblick över perspektiv på utsikter för batterilager från flertalet marknadsaktörer. Syftet med den utforskande studien är att få en ökad förståelse för framtidsutsikterna för storskaliga batterilager i Sverige. Genom en omfattande litteraturstudie och en empirisk studie, baserad på fjorton intervjuer med olika aktörer på elmarknaden, samlades data in och analyserades. Analysen av de empiriska resultaten resulterade i två tabeller som sammanfattar möjligheter och hinder för implementering av batterilager i Sverige. Möjligheterna och hindren kategoriseras i tre hierarkiska nivåer; kontextuell nivå, kraftsystemnivå och batterilagersystemnivå, med hänvisning till var i systemet fördelarna eller barriärerna är lokaliserade. Dessutom utvärderas flera betydande diskussionsteman relaterade till batterilager (såsom lagringstid, ägande, nättjänster, kostnad, prissignaler och kunskapsluckor). För att förstå möjligheterna för att etablera batterilager i Sverige har en möjlig affärsuppställning utvärderats och analyserats. Detta för att identifiera förutsättningar för att batterilager ska vara attraktivt på den svenska elmarknaden. Examensarbetets resultat tyder på att nätflexibilitet sannolikt kommer att bli ett betydande problem inom 10-20 år. Den troliga avvecklingen av den svenska kärnkraften kommer att resultera i instabilitet i elnätet om inte lösningar finns på plats. Därför behöver lösningar för att uppnå flexibilitet i elnätet utvärderas och planeras i god tid och uppsatsens resultat visar på att batterilager kan vara en möjlig del av lösningen. Fram till nu har det funnits oklarheter i regelverket gällande energilagring, vilket har lett till osäkerheter hos marknadsaktörerna. Nya lagar och förordningar kommer att klargöra flertalet osäkerheter och möjliggöra potentiella affärer med batterilager. När det förändrade regelverket är på plats, ser vi potential för nya aktörer på marknaden. Vår analys visar på att batterilager med största sannolikhet kommer att ägas av kommersiella aktörer för att möjliggöra kombinerade användningsområden av batterilager. Möjligheterna till implementering av batterilager på den svenska elmarknaden påverkas i hög grad av kostnaden för batterilager. Vi anser att kostnadsaspekten är avgörande för sannolikheten att utnyttja batterilager i Sverige. Vår slutsats är att det finns flertalet förutsättningar för att batterilager ska bli attraktivt och lönsamt i Sverige. Dessa är; minskade kostnader för batterilager, acceptans från marknadsaktörer, ökad kunskap, en handelsplattform för nättjänster som tillhandahålls av batterilager, samordning mellan marknader samt lastprognoser. Om dessa förutsättningar uppnås anser vi att litiumjon-batterilager har en chans att påverka den svenska elmarknaden.
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Books on the topic "Stationary storage"

1

R, Landgrebe Albert, Electrochemical Society Battery Division, and Electrochemical Society. Energy Technology Division., eds. Proceedings of the symposia on stationary energy storage: Load leveling and remote applications. Pennington, NJ (10 S. Main St., Pennington 08534-2896): Electrochemical Society, 1988.

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Association, Compressed Gas. Standard for small, stationary, insulated carbon dioxide supply systems. 3rd ed. Chantilly, VA: Compressed Gas Association, 2007.

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IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 29 on Stationary Batteries., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., and IEEE Standards Board, eds. IEEE guide for selection of valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries for stationary applications. New York, N.Y., USA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 1996.

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IEEE Power Engineering Society. PES Stationary Battery Committee., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., and IEEE-SA Standards Board, eds. IEEE recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of vented lead-acid batteries for stationary applications. New York, N.Y: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2003.

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IEEE Power Engineering Society. Stationary Battery Committee., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers., and IEEE-SA Standards Board, eds. IEEE recommended practice for installation design and installation of vented lead-acid batteries for stationary applications. New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2003.

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Pelzer, Dominik. A Modular Framework for Optimizing Grid Integration of Mobile and Stationary Energy Storage in Smart Grids. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27024-7.

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Symposium, on Batteries and Fuel Cells for Stationary and Electric Vehicle Applications (1993 Honolulu Hawaii). Proceedings of the Symposium on Batteries and Fuel Cells for Stationary and Electric Vehicle Applications. Pennington, NJ: Electrochemical Society, 1993.

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Energy storage technologies: State of development for stationary and vehicular applications : hearing before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, October 3, 2007. Washington, D.C: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Committee on Science and Techno (house), United States House of Representatives, and United States United States Congress. Energy Storage Technologies: State of Development for Stationary and Vehicular Applications. Independently Published, 2019.

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Institute Of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE Guide for Selection of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (Vrla) Batteries for Stationary........... Institute of Electrical & Electronics Enginee, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stationary storage"

1

Ortenberg, Eugene, and Christian van den Branden. "Overview of Storage Networking and Storage Networks." In Convergence of Mobile and Stationary Next-Generation Networks, 581–641. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470630976.ch19.

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Åberg, Bengt. "Pressure distribution around stationary gas bubbles in water-saturated rock fractures." In Storage of Gases in Rock Caverns, 77–86. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203738245-11.

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Noussan, Michel. "Economics of Electricity Battery Storage." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics, 235–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86884-0_14.

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AbstractThis chapter deals with the challenges and opportunities of energy storage, with a specific focus on the economics of batteries for storing electricity in the framework of the current energy transition. Storage technologies include a variety of solutions that have been used for different grid services, including frequency control, load following, and uninterrupted power supply. A recent interest is being triggered by the increasing grid balance requirements to integrate variable renewable sources and distributed generation. In parallel, lithium-ion batteries are experiencing a strong market expansion driven by an uptake of electric vehicles worldwide, which is leading to a strong decrease of production costs, making Li-ion batteries an attractive solution also for stationary storage applications.
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Dafedar, Aasim Akif, Shivam Sudarshan Verma, and Aman Yadav. "Hydrogen Storage Techniques for Stationary and Mobile Applications: A Review." In Recent Advances in Sustainable Technologies, 29–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0976-3_4.

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Hübner, M., and Felix Gottwald. "Integration of modularized battery technology into a stationary storage for electric vehicles." In Proceedings, 1283–94. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-08844-6_89.

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Koelch, Juergen. "Environmental Benefits of Used Batteries from E-Vehicles as Stationary Energy Storage." In Proceedings, 313–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-61515-7_27.

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Liu, Kailong, Yujie Wang, and Xin Lai. "Data Science-Based Battery Operation Management I." In Data Science-Based Full-Lifespan Management of Lithium-Ion Battery, 91–140. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01340-9_4.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the data science technologies for battery operation management, which is another key and intermediate process in the full-lifespan of battery. After manufacturing, battery would be operated in various applications such as transportation electrification, stationary energy storage, and smart grid to supply or absorb the power, where suitable management solutions are necessary to ensure its efficiency, safety, and sustainability. In this context, numerous state-of-the-art data science strategies have been developed to perform efficient management of battery operation.
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Pelzer, Dominik. "The Big Picture: Smart Grids, Electricity Markets, Energy Storage Systems and Electric Vehicles." In A Modular Framework for Optimizing Grid Integration of Mobile and Stationary Energy Storage in Smart Grids, 13–43. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-27024-7_2.

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Koelch, Juergen. "Batteries (also used ones from electric vehicles) as stationary energy storage in a smart environment." In Proceedings, 123–29. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-23393-8_12.

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Wieland, M., S. Gerhard, and A. Schmidt. "Model-based Lifetime Analysis of 2nd-life Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems for Stationary Applications." In NEIS Conference 2016, 175–81. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-15029-7_27.

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Conference papers on the topic "Stationary storage"

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Sagawa, D., K. Kaji, K. Tanaka, and R. Abe. "Life-cycle management of stationary storage batteries." In 3rd Renewable Power Generation Conference (RPG 2014). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0878.

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Radcliffe, Paul, James S. Wallace, and Lily H. Shu. "Stationary applications of energy storage technologies for transit systems." In Energy Conference (EPEC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epec.2010.5697222.

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Battistelli, L., F. Ciccarelli, D. Lauria, and D. Proto. "Optimal design of DC electrified railway stationary storage system." In 2009 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccep.2009.5211971.

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Jiang, Kai. "Low-cost liquid metal battery for stationary energy storage." In Photonics for Energy. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pfe.2015.pt3f.2.

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Yoshizumi, Keiichi, Syoji Goto, Hideaki Inoue, and Ryoichi Imanaka. "Fast Access Actuator For Optical Disk Memory." In Optical Data Storage. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ods.1985.thaa5.

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To apply the optical disk to data memory systems, faster random access is an essential requirement. We have developed a fast access actuator, the structure of which is fundamentally different from that of the conventional actuator. The optical head consists of a fast access actuator and a stationary optics as separate units, and the movable component weighs only 12 grams.
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Wang, Yanli, Zhili Feng, Fei Ren, Yong Chae Lim, Jian Chen, and Maan Jawad. "Steel-Concrete Composite Vessel for Stationary High-Pressure Hydrogen Storage." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63371.

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A novel Steel Concrete Composite Vessel (SCCV) was designed and engineered for stationary high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage applications. SCCV comprises four major innovations: (1) flexible modular design for storage stations for scalability to meet different storage pressure and capacity needs, flexibility for cost optimization, and system reliability and safety, (2) composite storage vessel design and construction with an inner steel vessel encased in a pre-stressed and reinforced outer concrete shellshell, (3) layered steel vessel wall and vent holes to address the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) problem by design, and (4) integrated sensor system to monitor the structural integrity and operation status of the storage system. Together, these innovations form an integrated approach to make the SCCV cost competitive and inherently safe for stationary high-pressure hydrogen storage services. A demonstration SCCV has been designed and fabricated to demonstrate its technical feasibility. Capable of storing approximately 89 kg of gaseous hydrogen at 6250 psi (430 bar), the demonstration vessel was designed to include all major features of SCCV design and fabricated with today’s manufacturing technologies and code/standard requirements. Two crucial tests have been performed on this demonstration vessel. A hydro-test was successfully carried out to 8950 psi per ASME VIII-2 requirements. The cyclic hydrogen pressure test between 2000 psi and 6000 psi is currently being performed to validate its use for high-pressure hydrogen storage. Multiple sensors, such as pressure sensors and strain gages, were incorporated in the demonstration SCCV to collect information to validate the design and operation of SCCV. Key design parameters and test data on its performance are summarized in this paper.
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Balaya, Palani. "Developing non-flammable sodium-ion battery for stationary applications (Conference Presentation)." In Energy Harvesting and Storage: Materials, Devices, and Applications VIII, edited by Nibir K. Dhar, Achyut K. Dutta, and Palani Balaya. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2305868.

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Benato, R., S. Dambone Sessa, G. Crugnola, M. Todeschini, and S. Zin. "Sodium nickel chloride cell model for stationary electrical energy storage." In 2015 AEIT International Annual Conference (AEIT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aeit.2015.7415241.

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Kraenzl, Jakob, Tam T. Nguyen, and Andreas Jossen. "Investigating Stationary Storage Applications and their Impact on Battery Aging." In 2019 Fourteenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ever.2019.8813636.

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Ginart, Antonio, Andres Salazar, Carlos Restrepo, Michael Geiger, and Hermann Schweizer. "Thermoelectrical Management System for Stationary Outdoor Lithium-Ion Energy Storage." In 2016 IEEE Green Technologies Conference (GreenTech). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/greentech.2016.22.

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Reports on the topic "Stationary storage"

1

Li, Liyu, Soowhan Kim, Guanguang Xia, Wei Wang, and Zhenguo Yang. Advanced Redox Flow Batteries for Stationary Electrical Energy Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1068654.

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Koenig, A., and J. Rasmussen. Sodium/sulfur battery engineering for stationary energy storage. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/227666.

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Elgqvist, Emma M. Economics of Solar PV and Stationary Storage for Electric Bus Charging in Missoula, Montana. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1573968.

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Feng, Zhili, Wei Zhang, Jy-An John Wang, and Fei Ren. Manufacturing Cost Analysis of Novel Steel/Concrete Composite Vessel for Stationary Storage of High-Pressure Hydrogen. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1072154.

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Curtis, Taylor, Ligia Smith, Heather Buchanan, and Garvin Heath. A Circular Economy for Lithium-Ion Batteries Used in Mobile and Stationary Energy Storage: Drivers, Barriers, Enablers, and U.S. Policy Considerations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1768315.

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Dutra, Lauren M., James Nonnemaker, Nathaniel Taylor, Ashley Feld, Brian Bradfield, John Holloway, Edward (Chip) Hill, and Annice Kim. Visual Attention to Tobacco-Related Stimuli in a 3D Virtual Store. RTI Press, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.rr.0036.2005.

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We used eye tracking to measure visual attention to tobacco products and pro- and anti-tobacco advertisements (pro-ads and anti-ads) during a shopping task in a three-dimensional virtual convenience store. We used eye-tracking hardware to track the percentage of fixations (number of times the eye was essentially stationary; F) and dwell time (time spent looking at an object; DT) for several categories of objects and ads for 30 adult current cigarette smokers. We used Wald F-tests to compare fixations and dwell time across categories, adjusting comparisons of ads by the number of each type of ad. Overall, unadjusted for the number of each object, participants focused significantly greater attention on snacks and drinks and tobacco products than ads (all P<0.005). Adjusting for the number of each type of ad viewed, participants devoted significantly greater visual attention to pro-ads than anti-ads or ads unrelated to tobacco (P<0.001). Visual attention for anti-ads was significantly greater when the ads were placed on the store’s external walls or hung from the ceiling than when placed on the gas pump or floor (P<0.005). In a cluttered convenience store environment, anti-ads at the point of sale have to compete with many other stimuli. Restrictions on tobacco product displays and advertisements at the point of sale could reduce the stimuli that attract smokers’ attention away from anti-ads.
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Sela, Shlomo, and Michael McClelland. Investigation of a new mechanism of desiccation-stress tolerance in Salmonella. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7598155.bard.

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Low-moisture foods (LMF) are increasingly involved in foodborne illness. While bacteria cannot grow in LMF due to the low water content, pathogens such as Salmonella can still survive in dry foods and pose health risks to consumer. We recently found that Salmonella secretes a proteinaceous compound during desiccation, which we identified as OsmY, an osmotic stress response protein of 177 amino acids. To elucidate the role of OsmY in conferring tolerance against desiccation and other stresses in Salmonella entericaserovarTyphimurium (STm), our specific objectives were: (1) Characterize the involvement of OsmY in desiccation tolerance; (2) Perform structure-function analysis of OsmY; (3) Study OsmY expression under various growth- and environmental conditions of relevance to agriculture; (4) Examine the involvement of OsmY in response to other stresses of relevance to agriculture; and (5) Elucidate regulatory pathways involved in controlling osmY expression. We demonstrated that an osmY-mutant strain is impaired in both desiccation tolerance (DT) and in long-term persistence during cold storage (LTP). Genetic complementation and addition of a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) restored the mutant survival back to that of the wild type (wt). To analyze the function of specific domains we have generated a recombinantOsmY (rOsmY) protein. A dose-response DT study showed that rOsmY has the highest protection at a concentration of 0.5 nM. This effect was protein- specific as a comparable amount of bovine serum albumin, an unrelated protein, had a three-time lower protection level. Further characterization of OsmY revealed that the protein has a surfactant activity and is involved in swarming motility. OsmY was shown to facilitate biofilm formation during dehydration but not during bacterial growth under optimal growth conditions. This finding suggests that expression and secretion of OsmY under stress conditions was potentially associated with facilitating biofilm production. OsmY contains two conserved BON domains. To better understand the role of the BON sites in OsmY-mediated dehydration tolerance, we have generated two additional rOsmY constructs, lacking either BON1 or BON2 sites. BON1-minus (but not BON2) protein has decreased dehydration tolerance compared to intact rOsmY, suggesting that BON1 is required for maximal OsmY-mediated activity. Addition of BON1-peptide at concentration below 0.4 µM did not affect STm survival. Interestingly, a toxic effect of BON1 peptide was observed in concentration as low as 0.4 µM. Higher concentrations resulted in complete abrogation of the rOsmY effect, supporting the notion that BON-mediated interaction is essential for rOsmY activity. We performed extensive analysis of RNA expression of STm undergoing desiccation after exponential and stationary growth, identifying all categories of genes that are differentially expressed during this process. We also performed massively in-parallel screening of all genes in which mutation caused changes in fitness during drying, identifying over 400 such genes, which are now undergoing confirmation. As expected OsmY is one of these genes. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify that OsmY protein secreted during dehydration contributes to desiccation tolerance in Salmonella by facilitating dehydration- mediated biofilm formation. Expression of OsmY also enhances swarming motility, apparently through its surfactant activity. The BON1 domain is required for full OsmY activity, demonstrating a potential intervention to reduce pathogen survival in food processing. Expression and fitness screens have begun to elucidate the processes of desiccation, with the potential to uncover additional specific targets for efforts to mitigate pathogen survival in desiccation.
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Stationary storage and purification of hydrogen using nickel-coated magnesium powder. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/760118.

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