Journal articles: 'Stationary set preserving'

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Claverie, Benjamin, and Ralf Schindler. "Increasing u2 by a stationary set preserving forcing." Journal of Symbolic Logic 74, no. 1 (March 2009): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1231082308.

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AbstractWe show that if I is a precipitous ideal on ω1 and if θ > ω1 is a regular cardinal, then there is a forcing ℙ = ℙ(I, θ) which preserves the stationarity of all I-positive sets such that in Vℙ, ⟨Hθ; ∈, I⟩ is a generic iterate of a countable structure ⟨M; ∈, Ī⟩. This shows that if the nonstationary ideal on ω1 is precipitous and exists, then there is a stationary set preserving forcing which increases . Moreover, if Bounded Martin's Maximum holds and the nonstationary ideal on ω1 is precipitous, then .

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Friedman, Sy D. "Cardinal-preserving extensions." Journal of Symbolic Logic 68, no. 4 (December 2003): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1067620178.

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AbstractA classic result of Baumgartner-Harrington-Kleinberg [1] implies that assuming CH a stationary subset of ω1 has a CUB subset in a cardinal-perserving generic extension of V, via a forcing of cardinality ω1. Therefore, assuming that ω2L is countable: {X ∈ L ∣ X ⊆ ω1L and X has a CUB subset in a cardinal-preserving extension of L} is constructive, as it equals the set of constructible subsets of ω1L which in L are stationary. Is there a similar such result for subsets of ω2L? Building on work of M. Stanley [9], we show that there is not. We shall also consider a number of related problems, examining the extent to which they are “solvable” in the above sense, as well as denning a notion of reduction between them.

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Audrito, Giorgio, and Matteo Viale. "Absoluteness via resurrection." Journal of Mathematical Logic 17, no. 02 (November 27, 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061317500052.

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The resurrection axioms are forcing axioms introduced recently by Hamkins and Johnstone, developing on ideas of Chalons and Veličković. We introduce a stronger form of resurrection axioms (the iterated resurrection axioms [Formula: see text] for a class of forcings [Formula: see text] and a given ordinal [Formula: see text]), and show that [Formula: see text] implies generic absoluteness for the first-order theory of [Formula: see text] with respect to forcings in [Formula: see text] preserving the axiom, where [Formula: see text] is a cardinal which depends on [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is any among the classes of countably closed, proper, semiproper, stationary set preserving forcings). We also prove that the consistency strength of these axioms is below that of a Mahlo cardinal for most forcing classes, and below that of a stationary limit of supercompact cardinals for the class of stationary set preserving posets. Moreover, we outline that simultaneous generic absoluteness for [Formula: see text] with respect to [Formula: see text] and for [Formula: see text] with respect to [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text] is in principle possible, and we present several natural models of the Morse–Kelley set theory where this phenomenon occurs (even for all [Formula: see text] simultaneously). Finally, we compare the iterated resurrection axioms (and the generic absoluteness results we can draw from them) with a variety of other forcing axioms, and also with the generic absoluteness results by Woodin and the second author.

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DOEBLER, PHILIPP. "RADO'S CONJECTURE IMPLIES THAT ALL STATIONARY SET PRESERVING FORCINGS ARE SEMIPROPER." Journal of Mathematical Logic 13, no. 01 (May 28, 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061313500013.

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Todorčević showed that Rado's Conjecture (RC) implies CC*, a strengthening of Chang's Conjecture. We generalize this by showing that also CC**, a global version of CC*, follows from RC. As a corollary we obtain that RC implies Semistationary Reflection and (†), i.e. the statement that all forcings that preserve the stationarity of subsets of ω1 are semiproper.

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Fu, Weihua, Cheng Wang, and Jianwei Chen. "Operational Modal Analysis for Vibration Control Following Moving Window Locality Preserving Projections for Linear Slow-Time-Varying Structures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020791.

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Modal parameters can reflect the dynamic characteristics of the structure and can be used to control vibration. To identify the operational modal parameters of linear slow-time-varying structures only from non-stationary vibration response signals, a method based on moving window locality preserving projections (MWLPP) algorithm is proposed. Based on the theory of “time freeze”, the method selects a fixed length window and takes the displacement response signal in each window as a stationary random sequence. The locality preserving projections algorithm is used to identify the transient modal frequency and modal shape of the structure at this window. The low-dimensional embedding of the displacement response data set calculated by locality preserving projections (LPP) corresponds to the modal coordinate response matrix, and the transformation matrix corresponds to the modal shape matrix. The simulation results of the mass slow-time-varying three degree of freedom (DOF) and the density slow-time-varying cantilever beam show that the new method can effectively identify the modal shape and modal natural frequency of the linear slow-time-varying only from the non-stationary vibration response signal, and the performance is better than the moving window principal component analysis (MWPCA).

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Onyshkevych, Sofiya, and Martin Siebenborn. "Mesh Quality Preserving Shape Optimization Using Nonlinear Extension Operators." Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 189, no. 1 (March 9, 2021): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10957-021-01837-8.

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AbstractIn this article, we propose a shape optimization algorithm which is able to handle large deformations while maintaining a high level of mesh quality. Based on the method of mappings, we introduce a nonlinear extension operator, which links a boundary control to domain deformations, ensuring admissibility of resulting shapes. The major focus is on comparisons between well-established approaches involving linear-elliptic operators for the extension and the effect of additional nonlinear advection on the set of reachable shapes. It is moreover discussed how the computational complexity of the proposed algorithm can be reduced. The benefit of the nonlinearity in the extension operator is substantiated by several numerical test cases of stationary, incompressible Navier–Stokes flows in 2d and 3d.

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Friedman, Sy D. "Generic Σ31 absoluteness." Journal of Symbolic Logic 69, no. 1 (March 2004): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1080938826.

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In this article we study the strength of absoluteness (with real parameters) in various types of generic extensions, correcting and improving some results from [3]. (In particular, see Theorem 3 below.) We shall also make some comments relating this work to the bounded forcing axioms BMM, BPFA and BSPFA.The statement “ absoluteness holds for ccc forcing” means that if a formula with real parameters has a solution in a ccc set-forcing extension of the universe V, then it already has a solution in V. The analogous definition applies when ccc is replaced by other set-forcing notions, or by class-forcing.Theorem 1. [1] absoluteness for ccc has no strength; i.e., if ZFC is consistent then so is ZFC + absoluteness for ccc.The following results concerning (arbitrary) set-forcing and class-forcing can be found in [3].Theorem 2 (Feng-Magidor-Woodin). (a) absoluteness for arbitrary set-forcing is equiconsistent with the existence of a reflecting cardinal, i.e., a regular cardinal κ such that H(κ) is ∑2-elementary in V.(b) absoluteness for class-forcing is inconsistent.We consider next the following set-forcing notions, which lie strictly between ccc and arbitrary set-forcing: proper, semiproper, stationary-preserving and ω1-preserving. We refer the reader to [8] for the definitions of these forcing notions.Using a variant of an argument due to Goldstern-Shelah (see [6]), we show the following. This result corrects Theorem 2 of [3] (whose proof only shows that if absoluteness holds in a certain proper forcing extension, then in L either ω1 is Mahlo or ω2 is inaccessible).

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Doebler, Philipp, and Ralf Schindler. "$\Pi_2$ Consequences of $\mathsf{BMM}$ $+$ $NS_{\omega_1}$ is precipitous and the semiproperness of stationary set preserving forcings." Mathematical Research Letters 16, no. 5 (2009): 797–815. http://dx.doi.org/10.4310/mrl.2009.v16.n5.a4.

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Dhaouadi, Firas, and Michael Dumbser. "A Structure-Preserving Finite Volume Scheme for a Hyperbolic Reformulation of the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg Equations." Mathematics 11, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11040876.

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In this paper, we present a new explicit second-order accurate structure-preserving finite volume scheme for the first-order hyperbolic reformulation of the Navier–Stokes–Korteweg equations. The model combines the unified Godunov-Peshkov-Romenski model of continuum mechanics with a recently proposed hyperbolic reformulation of the Euler–Korteweg system. The considered PDE system includes an evolution equation for a gradient field that is by construction endowed with a curl-free constraint. The new numerical scheme presented here relies on the use of vertex-based staggered grids and is proven to preserve the curl constraint exactly at the discrete level, up to machine precision. Besides a theoretical proof, we also show evidence of this property via a set of numerical tests, including a stationary droplet, non-condensing bubbles as well as non-stationary Ostwald ripening test cases with several bubbles. We present quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the numerical solution, both, when the new structure-preserving discretization is applied and when it is not. In particular for under-resolved simulations on coarse grids we show that some numerical solutions tend to blow up when the curl-free constraint is not respected.

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Kaushal, Pauroosh, and Rohini Mudhalwadkar. "Stationary wavelet singular entropy based electronic tongue for classification of milk." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 4 (January 7, 2020): 870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219893895.

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Electronic tongue mimics human gustatory sensation and is used to characterize and discriminate beverages and foods. Feature extraction plays a key role in improving the classification accuracy by preserving the distinct characteristics while reducing high dimensionality of data generated from electronic tongue. This paper presents a new feature extraction method based on stationary wavelet singular entropy for a developed electronic tongue system to classify pasteurized cow milk. The electronic tongue consists of an array of five working electrodes along with a reference and a counter electrode to characterize milk sample. The feature extraction of acquired data is done by computing stationary wavelet transform to obtain detail and approximate coefficients at different level of decomposition. These coefficients are processed using singular value decomposition followed by calculation of entropy to obtain stationary wavelet singular entropy values. These values form the feature set and feed to two classifiers, k-nearest neighbor and back propagation artificial neural network, and their classification accuracy is evaluated with variation in their model parameters. The proposed method is compared with other wavelet transform-entropy methods in terms of classification accuracy, which indicates that the proposed method is more effective in discriminating milk samples.

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Popov, Vladimir A. "Analytic Extension of Locally Given Riеmannian Manifold to Global Space." UNIVERSITY NEWS. NORTH-CAUCASIAN REGION. NATURAL SCIENCES SERIES, no. 2 (214) (June 30, 2022): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1026-2237-2022-2-21-27.

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Let’s consider the Lie algebra 𝔤 of all Killing vector fields of a Riemannian analytic manifold, its stationary subalgebra 𝔥, the simply connected Lie group 𝐺 corresponding to the Lie algebra 𝔤 and the subgroup 𝐻 corresponding to the Lie subalgebra 𝔥. The set of left adjacent classes 𝐺𝐻⁄ forms a homogeneous manifold if and only If 𝐻 is closed in 𝐺. We study the properties of the Lie algebra 𝔤 and its subalgebra 𝔥 under which 𝐻 is closed in 𝐺. The following category of Riemannian analytic manifolds is also studied. The objects of this category are oriented Riemannian analytic manifolds having open subsets isometric to each other and, consequently, the same algebra 𝔤 of Killing vector fields. It is assumed that the algebra 𝔤 has no center. Morphisms of this category are locally isometric maps 𝑓:𝑀⟶𝑁 preserving orientation and Killing vector fields. Moreover, the maps 𝑓 are defined on the entire manifold 𝑀 with the exception of the set 𝑆 of codimension at least two, consisting of fixed points of orientation-preserving isometries between open subsets of the manifold 𝑀. This category has a univer-sally attractive object. This is a so-called quasi-complete manifold, which by definition is unextendable manifold that does not admit nontrivial orientation-preserving and vector Killing fields isometries between its open subsets. For an arbitrary Riemannian analytic metric, a pseudo-field Riemannian analytic manifold is defined. This is a simply connected manifold 𝑀 for which there is no locally isometric map 𝑓:𝑀⟶𝑁 define on the whole 𝑀 and preserving orientation and killing vector fields. Where 𝑁 is a simply connected Riemannian analytic manifold other than 𝑀.

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Coskun, Sevgi. "Technology Shocks and Non-stationary Hours in Emerging Countries and DSVAR." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 14, no. 2 (May 2020): 129–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0973801020911587.

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We test a standard DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) model on impulse responses of hours worked and real GDP after technology and non-technology shocks in emerging market economies (EMEs). Most dynamic macroeconomic models assume that hours worked are stationary. However, in the data, we observe apparent changes in hours worked from 1970 to 2013 in these economies. Motivated by this fact, we first estimate a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model with a specification of hours in difference (DSVAR) and then set up a DSGE model by incorporating permanent labour supply (LS) shocks that can generate a unit root in hours worked, while preserving the property of a balanced growth path. These LS shocks could be associated with very dramatic changes in LS which look permanent in these economies. Hence, the identification restriction in our models comes from the fact that both technology and LS shocks have a permanent effect on GDP yet only the latter shocks have a long-run impact on hours worked. For inference purposes, we compare empirical impulse responses based on the EMEs data to impulse responses from DSVARs run on the simulated data from the model. The results show that a DSGE model with permanent LS shocks that can generate a unit root in hours worked is required to properly evaluate the DSVAR in EMEs as this model is able to replicate indirectly impulse responses obtained from a DSVAR on the actual data. JEL Classification: C32, E32

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Asperó, David. "A maximal bounded forcing axiom." Journal of Symbolic Logic 67, no. 1 (March 2002): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2178/jsl/1190150034.

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AbstractAfter presenting a general setting in which to look at forcing axioms, we give a hierarchy of generalized bounded forcing axioms that correspond level by level, in consistency strength, with the members of a natural hierarchy of large cardinals below a Mahlo. We give a general construction of models of generalized bounded forcing axioms. Then we consider the bounded forcing axiom for a class of partially ordered sets Γ1 such that, letting Γ0 be the class of all stationary-set-preserving partially ordered sets, one can prove the following:(a) Γ0 ⊆ Γ1,(b) Γ0 = Γ1 if and only if NSω1 is ℵ1-dense.(c) If P ∉ Γ1, then BFA({P}) fails.We call the bounded forcing axiom for Γ1Maximal Bounded Forcing Axiom (MBFA). Finally we prove MBFA consistent relative to the consistency of an inaccessible Σ2-correct cardinal which is a limit of strongly compact cardinals.

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SOTIROPOULOS, FOTIS, YIANNIS VENTIKOS, and TAHIRIH C. LACKEY. "Chaotic advection in three-dimensional stationary vortex-breakdown bubbles: šil'nikov's chaos and the devil's staircase." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 444 (September 25, 2001): 257–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001005286.

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We study the motion of non-diffusive, passive particles within steady, three-dimensional vortex breakdown bubbles in a closed cylindrical container with a rotating bottom. The velocity fields are obtained by solving numerically the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations. We clarify the relationship between the manifold structure of axisymmetric (ideal) vortex breakdown bubbles and those of the three-dimensional real-life (laboratory) flow fields, which exhibit chaotic particle paths. We show that the upstream and downstream fixed hyperbolic points in the former are transformed into spiral-out and spiral-in saddles, respectively, in the latter. Material elements passing repeatedly through the two saddle foci undergo intense stretching and folding, leading to the growth of infinitely many Smale horseshoes and sensitive dependence on initial conditions via the mechanism discovered by šil'nikov (1965). Chaotic šil'nikov orbits spiral upward (from the spiral-in to the spiral-out saddle) around the axis and then downward near the surface, wrapping around the toroidal region in the interior of the bubble. Poincaré maps reveal that the dynamics of this region is rich and consistent with what we would generically anticipate for a mildly perturbed, volume-preserving, three-dimensional dynamical system (MacKay 1994; Mezić & Wiggins 1994a). Nested KAM-tori, cantori, and periodic islands are found embedded within stochastic regions. We calculate residence times of upstream-originating non-diffusive particles and show that when mapped to initial release locations the resulting maps exhibit fractal properties. We argue that there exists a Cantor set of initial conditions that leads to arbitrarily long residence times within the breakdown region. We also show that the emptying of the bubble does not take place in a continuous manner but rather in a sequence of discrete bursting events during which clusters of particles exit the bubble at once. A remarkable finding in this regard is that the rate at which an initial population of particles exits the breakdown region is described by the devil's staircase distribution, a fractal curve that has been already shown to describe a number of other chaotic physical systems.

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Rabaute, Alain, Michel H. Garcia, and Jens Becker. "Identification of log units in clay rock formations based on local and spatial statistics of well-log properties: application to the Opalinus claystone in the Benken borehole." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 482, no. 1 (November 30, 2018): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp482-2018-22.

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AbstractDue to their particularly good mechanical and self-healing properties combined with exceptionally efficient cation adsorbents and exchanger capacities, clay minerals and clay rock formations are considered as suitable geological barriers for radioactive waste disposal. The Middle Jurassic Opalinus Clay Formation has been identified as a potential host rock. Logging data were measured at the Benken borehole drilled through this formation in northern Switzerland. This paper presents a statistical methodology to improve the description of the physical properties of the clay rock based on the well-log data. The methodology involves the classification of a set of local statistics, calculated from a reduced number of principal components computed from well-log properties. The use of a kernel-based method to calculate local statistics allows an analysis of spatial variability to be carried out at different scales, and with different scale effects. The first-order layering was found to be robust and independent of kernel size (i.e. observation scale), while preserving small-scale heterogeneities that are useful for further interpretation. The log units can be more clearly interpreted in terms of stationary or transitional log units, depending on the behaviour of local statistics. Finally, the derived spatial variability of the log-units properties are compared with earlier lithological descriptions and stratigraphic data.

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Ma, Ting, Bo Qian, Dunbiao Niu, Enbin Song, and Qingjiang Shi. "A Gradient-Based Method for Robust Sensor Selection in Hypothesis Testing." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 27, 2020): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030697.

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This paper considers the binary Gaussian distribution robust hypothesis testing under a Bayesian optimal criterion in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The distribution covariance matrix under each hypothesis is known, while the distribution mean vector under each hypothesis drifts in an ellipsoidal uncertainty set. Because of the limited bandwidth and energy, we aim at seeking a subset of p out of m sensors such that the best detection performance is achieved. In this setup, the minimax robust sensor selection problem is proposed to deal with the uncertainties of distribution means. Following a popular method, minimizing the maximum overall error probability with respect to the selection matrix can be approximated by maximizing the minimum Chernoff distance between the distributions of the selected measurements under null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis to be detected. Then, we utilize Danskin’s theorem to compute the gradient of the objective function of the converted maximization problem, and apply the orthogonal constraint-preserving gradient algorithm (OCPGA) to solve the relaxed maximization problem without 0/1 constraints. It is shown that the OCPGA can obtain a stationary point of the relaxed problem. Meanwhile, we provide the computational complexity of the OCPGA, which is much lower than that of the existing greedy algorithm. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate that, after the same projection and refinement phases, the OCPGA-based method can obtain better solutions than the greedy algorithm-based method but with up to 48.72 % shorter runtimes. Particularly, for small-scale problems, the OCPGA -based method is able to attain the globally optimal solution.

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Dong, X. T., Y. Li, and B. J. Yang. "Desert low-frequency noise suppression by using adaptive DnCNNs based on the determination of high-order statistic." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 1281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz363.

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SUMMARY The importance of low-frequency seismic data has been already recognized by geophysicists. However, there are still a number of obstacles that must be overcome for events recovery and noise suppression in low-frequency seismic data. The most difficult one is how to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at low frequencies. Desert seismic data are a kind of typical low-frequency seismic data. In desert seismic data, the energy of low-frequency noise (including surface wave and random noise) is strong, which largely reduces the SNR of desert seismic data. Moreover, the low-frequency noise is non-stationary and non-Gaussian. In addition, compared with seismic data in other regions, the spectrum overlaps between effective signals and noise is more serious in desert seismic data. These all bring enormous difficulties to the denoising of desert seismic data and subsequent exploration work including geological structure interpretation and forecast of reservoir fluid. In order to solve this technological issue, feed-forward denoising convolutional neural networks (DnCNNs) are introduced into desert seismic data denoising. The local perception and weight sharing of DnCNNs make it very suitable for signal processing. However, this network is initially used to suppress Gaussian white noise in noisy image. For the sake of making DnCNNs suitable for desert seismic data denoising, comprehensive corrections including network parameter optimization and adaptive noise set construction are made to DnCNNs. On the one hand, through the optimization of denoising parameters, the most suitable network parameters (convolution kernel、patch size and network depth) for desert seismic denoising are selected; on the other hand, based on the judgement of high-order statistic, the low-frequency noise of processed desert seismic data is used to construct the adaptive noise set, so as to achieve the adaptive and automatic noise reduction. Several synthetic and actual data examples with different levels of noise demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the adaptive DnCNNs in suppressing low-frequency noise and preserving effective signals.

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Cordesse, Pierre, Ruben Di Battista, Quentin Chevalier, Lionel Matuszewski, Thibaut Ménard, Samuel Kokh, and Marc Massot. "A diffuse interface approach for disperse two-phase flows involving dual-scale kinematics of droplet deformation based on geometrical variables." ESAIM: Proceedings and Surveys 69 (2020): 24–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/proc/202069024.

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The purpose of this contribution is to derive a reduced-order two-phase flow model in- cluding interface subscale modeling through geometrical variables based on Stationary Action Principle (SAP) and Second Principle of Thermodynamics in the spirit of [6, 14]. The derivation is conducted in the disperse phase regime for the sake of clarity but the resulting paradigm can be used in a more general framework. One key issue is the definition of the proper potential and kinetic energies in the Lagrangian of the system based on geometrical variables (Interface area density, mean and Gauss curvatures...), which will drive the subscale kinematics and dissipation, and their coupling with large scales of the flow. While [14] relied on bubble pulsation, that is normal deformation of the interface with shape preservation related to pressure changes, we aim here at tackling inclusion deformation at constant volume, thus describing self-sustained oscillations. In order to identify the proper energies, we use Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of oscillating droplets using ARCHER code and recently devel- oped library, Mercur(v)e, for mean geometrical variable evaluation and analysis preserving topological invariants. This study is combined with historical analytical studies conducted in the small perturba- tion regime and shows that the proper potential energy is related to the surface difference compared to the spherical minimal surface. A geometrical quasi-invariant is also identified and a natural definition of subscale momentum is proposed. The set of Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) including the conservation equations as well as dissipation source terms are eventually derived leading to an original two-scale diffuse interface model involving geometrical variables.

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Gitik, Moti. "On generic elementary embeddings." Journal of Symbolic Logic 54, no. 3 (September 1989): 700–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274734.

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Suppose that I is a precipitous ideal over a cardinal κ and j is a generic embedding of I. What is the nature of j? If we assume the existence of a supercompact cardinal then, by Foreman, Magidor and Shelah [FMS], it is quite unclear where some of such j's are coming from. On the other hand, if ¬∃κ0(κ) = κ++, then, by Mitchell [Mi], the restriction of j to the core model is its iterated ultrapower by measures of it. A natural question arising here is if each iterated ultrapower of can be obtained as the restriction of a generic embedding of a precipitous ideal. Notice that there are obvious limitations. Thus the ultrapower of by a measure over λ cannot be obtained as a generic embedding by a precipitous ideal over κ ≠ λ. But if we fix κ and use iterated ultrapowers of which are based on κ, then the answer is positive. Namely a stronger statement is true:Theorem. Let τ be an ordinal and κ a measurable cardinal. There exists a generic extension V* of V so that NSℵ1 (the nonstationary ideal on ℵ1) is precipitous and, for every iterated ultrapower i of V of length ≤ τ by measures of V based on κ, there exists a stationary set forcing “the generic ultrapower restricted to V is i”.Our aim will be to prove this theorem. We assume that the reader is familiar with the paper [JMMiP] by Jech, Magidor, Mitchell and Prikry. We shall use the method of that paper for constructing precipitous ideals. Ideas of Levinski [L] for blowing up 2ℵ1 preserving precipitousness and of our own earlier paper [Gi] for linking together indiscernibles will be used also.

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Denis, David J., and Stephen B. McKeon. "Proactive Leverage Increases and The Value of Financial Flexibility." Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 28, no. 4 (December 2016): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jacf.12204.

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Traditional tradeoff models of corporate capital structure, although still featured prominently in finance textbooks and widely accepted by practitioners, have been criticized by financial economists for doing a poor job of explaining observed debt ratios. Moreover, the observed ratios are far less stable than what would be predicted by the standard tradeoff models.In a study published several years ago in the Review of Financial Studies, the authors of this article aimed to shed more light on the underlying forces governing capital structure decisions by analyzing a set of major changes in capital structure in which companies initiated large increases in leverage through substantial new borrowings. They then attempted to explain why these companies chose to increase leverage and how their capital structures changed during the years after the large debt issues.As summarized in this article, the authors' findings indicate, first of all, that the large debt financings were used primarily to fund major corporate investments—and not, for example, to make large distributions to shareholders. And the changes in leverage ratios that came after the debt offerings were driven far more by the evolution of the companies' realized cash flows and their investment opportunities than by deliberate or decisive attempts to rebalance their capital structures toward a stationary target. In fact, many of the companies chose to take on even more debt when faced with cash‐flow deficits, despite operating with leverage that was already well above any reasonable estimate of their estimated target leverage. At the same time, companies that generated financial surpluses used them to reduce debt, even when their leverage had fallen well below their estimated targets.Taken as a whole, the findings of the authors' study support the idea that unused debt capacity represents an important source of financial flexibility, and that preserving such flexibility—and making use of it when valuable investment opportunities materialize—may well be the critical missing link in connecting capital structure theory with observed corporate behavior.

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Shydlovskyi, P. S., and M. H. Chornyi. "Scientific substantiation of Mezhyrich settlement transfer to T. Shevchenko National Reserve." VITA ANTIQUA, no. 13 (2021): 157–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.37098/va-2021-13-157-168.

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The Mezhyrich settlement is a unique vestige of prehistoric archaeology, dating back from 18 to 13 ka BP. This site is of worldwide importance due to its archaeological, anthropological, cultural value and which is an important source for revealing the issues of nature and society relationships in prehistoric times. A striking feature of the Mezhyrich settlement is the discovery of the remains of mammoth bone dwelling structures and a good state of preservation of cultural layers with faunal remains, bone, tusk and lithic artifacts. Since the discovery of the site in 1965, archaeological excavations have uncovered the remains of four Palaeolithic dwellings and a number of pits, workshops and plots of cultural layers around them. In the settlement are the remains of a fourth mammoth bone dwelling, which was discovered and partially explored by Prof. Mykhailo I. Gladkikh from the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. In order to preserve the settlement and avoid its further destruction, it is necessary to carry out a number of site protection measures. Namely: 1) to take legal and organizational measures to address the issue of establishing a museum on the site as a subdivision of the T. Shevchenko National Reserve; 2) museification of the remains of the fourth mammoth bone dwelling, as a central element of the ‘Archaeopark of prehistoric culture’; 3) continuation of archaeological and restoration works on the remains of dwelling. The final solution to the problem of preserving the remains of Palaeolithic housing should be the construction of a stationary museum building over the dwelling and surrounding cultural layers, which would have the necessary temperature and humidity and would meet the standards of museum building. It will be problematic to preserve the Mezhyrich assemblage without further efforts in the direction of museification. After all, the exposure of a mammoth bone dwelling in the open state requires a whole set of actions, which involves the restoration of bone remains on site with a parallel archaeological study of the interior and the surrounding area. The T. Shevchenko National Reserve can realize the application of the whole complex of site protection measures and the museification of the Mezhyrich assemblage through the including of this outstanding archeological monument to its territory. Keywords: archeological monument of national value, Upper Palaeolithic, museification, reserve, site protection studies

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Giovanni, Giardiello, de Nola Francesco, Ghezzi Giuliana, Gimelli Alfredo, Iossa Raffaele, Langella Giuseppe, and Sessa Bernardo. "Model and transient Control strategy design of an Organic Rankine Cycle Plant for waste heat recovery of an Internal Combustion Engine." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2385, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2385/1/012118.

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Abstract The multi-sources hybrid polygeneration energy systems are of great interest and topicality as they are one of the most promising technologies in the European’s Green Deal panorama, with the aim of serving users with electrical and thermal energy using a single plant powered by one or more energy sources. In the waste heat recovery field Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plants are becoming increasingly popular, especially for exploiting medium and low temperature heat sources as a micro-small scale power plant. However, the development and diffusion of this technology is still limited due to the high costs and consequently prototype development and experimental assessment of performance is very poor, especially for non-stationary systems. In this work the modelling and validation of a micro-scale waste heat recovery (WHR) plant coupled with a control system is presented. An ORC plant has been modelled through a map-based model approach for the piston pump and the scroll expander while the pipes and the heat exchangers through a 1D thermo-fluid dynamic approach. A preliminary comparison was made between some numerical quantities of the modelled plant and the same experimental quantities in 61 different operating conditions, showing an average error of 50.1%. The model has been calibrated using a vector optimization technique: two calibration parameters of the heat exchangers were calibrated with a genetic algorithm (MOGA II) by reducing the error of 5 quantities obtained from the model with the respective experimental quantities in 15 different operating conditions. The remaining 46 operating conditions were used to evaluate the calibrated model, showing an average error of 3%. Furthermore, in order to provide for the use of the system coupled to highly variable heat sources, such as the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, a control strategy has been designed to perform two tasks: leading the ORC performance where the efficiency is higher, acting on the pump speed through a map-based control, implemented by a look-up table control, and protecting the organic fluid from damage caused by high working temperatures through a bypass control system with a PI control, depending on the proportional and integral gains. In order to verify the control strategy behaviour at different thermal transient inputs, a set of simulations has been run, showing a robust and stable manner preserving the organic fluid properties and limiting the superheated steam at expander inlet.

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LIU, YONG, and HUAIZHONG ZHAO. "REPRESENTATION OF PATHWISE STATIONARY SOLUTIONS OF STOCHASTIC BURGERS' EQUATIONS." Stochastics and Dynamics 09, no. 04 (December 2009): 613–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219493709002798.

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In this paper, we show that the stationary solution u(t, ω) of the differentiable random dynamical system U: ℝ+ × L2[0, 1] × Ω → L2[0, 1] generated by the stochastic Burgers' equation with large viscosity, denoted by ν, driven by a Brownian motion in L2[0, 1], is given by: u(t, ω) = U(t, Y(ω), ω) = Y(θ(t, ω)), where Y(ω) can be represented by the following integral equation: [Formula: see text] Here θ is the group of P-preserving ergodic transformations on the canonical probability space [Formula: see text] such that θ(t, ω)(s) = W(t + s) - W(t), where W is the L2[0, 1]-valued Brownian motion on the probability space [Formula: see text], Tν is the linear operator semigroup on L2[0, 1] generated by νΔ.

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Masiuk, D. M., O. I. Sosnitsky, V. S. Nedzvetsky, A. V. Kokarev, and S. G. Koliada. "Endemic course of epidemic diarrhea of pigs in the stabilized focus of infection." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 8, no. 3 (August 17, 2017): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021764.

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Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been circulating in Ukraine since 2014 and induces an especially dangerous viral infection with a lethal diarrheal syndrome in newborn piglets, with the initial appearance at the focus of infection. The number of infected cases and lethality among diseased piglets of 1–5 days of age can reach 100%, which together with the forced anti-epizootic measures brings significant economic losses. PED can spread to all pigs, but the emergent quality of infectious pathology appears in newborn piglets. No effective and biologically safe means of specific antiviral prophylaxis, which substantially halts the epizootic process is registered, and etiopathogenetic therapy is not developed, therefore PED is an emergent infection which is difficult tocontrol. Over time there appear stationary foci of infection, where evolutionary changes in relationships in the host-parasite system take place fairly rapidly, since pigs are prolific and fast maturing animals able to replace each generation up to three times each year. This leads to a significant variability in interpopulation relationships and the induction of biodiversity in the molecular mechanisms of adaptation and processing of the viral genome. Clinically, genetic modifications of local variants of PEDV – populations are manifested in the form of changes in epizootic peculiarities in the course of infectious pathology in different age groups of animals. Modifications of PEDV may be accompanied by a slight weakening of the intensity of the infectious process, a decrease in mortality and a decrease in the severity of the pathogenesis of diarrheal syndrome. At the same time, the age range of severe abdominal lesions expands from newborn piglets to fattening animals of older age groups of 28, 32, 70 days. Using a set of measures to combat the PED, including “reverse feeding” recycled infected biomaterial from convalescent pigs, eradication of the pathogen from the environment of the host macroorganisms through a total disinfection regime and strict compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules of animal husbandry provide temporary positive results, but in theory this approach is incorrect, since contamination of animals leads to the dispersal of the virus and the formation of endemic foci of infection. The persistence of the virus in convalescent organisms is not fixed, the external inanimate environment can only be a mechanical factor in transmission of the pathogen preserving the viability of PEDV over time. Stabilization of the epizootic foci of infection is possible due to three factors: a) dissemination of the virus in “reverse feeding”; b) preservation of the virus in the external environment as a result of poor-quality disinfection; c) occurrence of a non-immune element among the convalescent young gilts, who as a result of juvenile insufficiency of the immune system have a low titer accumulation of colostral antibodies to the virus received in the biomaterial through reverse feeding. Due to the lack of “lactogenic immunity”, neonatal pigs as biological indicators for the presence of PEDV in the environment begin reproducing the virus in the enterocytes and develop a typical diarrheal syndrome PED.

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EL MACHKOURI, MOHAMED, and DALIBOR VOLNÝ. "ON THE CENTRAL AND LOCAL LIMIT THEOREM FOR MARTINGALE DIFFERENCE SEQUENCES." Stochastics and Dynamics 04, no. 02 (June 2004): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021949370400105x.

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Let [Formula: see text] be a Lebesgue space and T: Ω→Ω an ergodic measure-preserving automorphism with positive entropy. We show that there is a bounded and strictly stationary martingale difference sequence defined on Ω with a common nondegenerate lattice distribution satisfying the central limit theorem with an arbitrarily slow rate of convergence and not satisfying the local limit theorem. A similar result is established for martingale difference sequences with densities provided the entropy is infinite. In addition, the martingale difference sequence may be chosen to be strongly mixing.

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Pham, M. T., W. J. Vanhaute, S. Vandenberghe, B. De Baets, and N. E. C. Verhoest. "A copula-based assessment of Bartlett–Lewis type of rainfall models for preserving drought statistics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 13, 2013): 7469–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-7469-2013.

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Abstract. Of all natural disasters, the economic and environmental consequences of droughts are among the highest because of their longevity and widespread spatial extent. Because of their extreme behaviour, studying droughts generally requires long time series of historical climate data. Rainfall is a very important variable for calculating drought statistics, for quantifying historical droughts or for assessing the impact on other hydrological (e.g. water stage in rivers) or agricultural (e.g. irrigation requirements) variables. Unfortunately, time series of historical observations are often too short for such assessments. To circumvent this, one may rely on the synthetic rainfall time series from stochastic point process rainfall models, such as Bartlett–Lewis models. The present study investigates whether drought statistics are preserved when simulating rainfall with Bartlett–Lewis models. Therefore, a 105 yr 10 min rainfall time series obtained at Uccle, Belgium is used as test case. First, drought events were identified on the basis of the Effective Drought Index (EDI), and each event was characterized by two variables, i.e. drought duration (D) and drought severity (S). As both parameters are interdependent, a multivariate distribution function, which makes use of a copula, was fitted. Based on the copula, four types of drought return periods are calculated for observed as well as simulated droughts and are used to evaluate the ability of the rainfall models to simulate drought events with the appropriate characteristics. Overall, all Bartlett–Lewis type of models studied fail in preserving extreme drought statistics, which is attributed to the model structure and to the model stationarity caused by maintaining the same parameter set during the whole simulation period.

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Liu, Guochang, Xiaohong Chen, Jing Du, and Kailong Wu. "Random noise attenuation using f-x regularized nonstationary autoregression." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 2 (March 2012): V61—V69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0117.1.

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We have developed a novel method for random noise attenuation in seismic data by applying regularized nonstationary autoregression (RNA) in the frequency-space ([Formula: see text]) domain. The method adaptively predicts the signal with spatial changes in dip or amplitude using [Formula: see text] RNA. The key idea is to overcome the assumption of linearity and stationarity of the signal in conventional [Formula: see text] domain prediction technique. The conventional [Formula: see text] domain prediction technique uses short temporal and spatial analysis windows to cope with the nonstationary of the seismic data. The new method does not require windowing strategies in spatial direction. We implement the algorithm by an iterated scheme using the conjugate-gradient method. We constrain the coefficients of nonstationary autoregression (NA) to be smooth along space and frequency in the [Formula: see text] domain. The shaping regularization in least-square inversion controls the smoothness of the coefficients of [Formula: see text] RNA. There are two key parameters in the proposed method: filter length and radius of shaping operator. Tests on synthetic and field data examples showed that, compared with [Formula: see text] domain and time-space domain prediction methods, [Formula: see text] RNA can be more effective in suppressing random noise and preserving the signals, especially for complex geological structure.

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Sun, Chengfa, Hui Cui, Weidong Zhou, Weiwei Nie, Xiuying Wang, and Qi Yuan. "Epileptic Seizure Detection with EEG Textural Features and Imbalanced Classification Based on EasyEnsemble Learning." International Journal of Neural Systems 29, no. 10 (December 2019): 1950021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129065719500217.

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Imbalance data classification is a challenging task in automatic seizure detection from electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings when the durations of non-seizure periods are much longer than those of seizure activities. An imbalanced learning model is proposed in this paper to improve the identification of seizure events in long-term EEG signals. To better represent the underlying microstructure distributions of EEG signals while preserving the non-stationary nature, discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and uniform 1D-LBP feature extraction procedure are introduced. A learning framework is then designed by the ensemble of weakly trained support vector machines (SVMs). Under-sampling is employed to split the imbalanced seizure and non-seizure samples into multiple balanced subsets where each of them is utilized to train an individual SVM classifier. The weak SVMs are incorporated to build a strong classifier which emphasizes seizure samples and in the meantime analyzing the imbalanced class distribution of EEG data. Final seizure detection results are obtained in a multi-level decision fusion process by considering temporal and frequency factors. The model was validated over two long-term and one short-term public EEG databases. The model achieved a [Formula: see text]-mean of 97.14% with respect to epoch-level assessment, an event-level sensitivity of 96.67%, and a false detection rate of 0.86/h on the long-term intracranial database. An epoch-level [Formula: see text]-mean of 95.28% and event-level false detection rate of 0.81/h were yielded over the long-term scalp database. The comparisons with 14 published methods demonstrated the improved detection performance for imbalanced EEG signals and the generalizability of the proposed model.

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Collazos-Huertas, Diego Fabian, Andrés Marino Álvarez-Meza, David Augusto Cárdenas-Peña, Germán Albeiro Castaño-Duque, and César Germán Castellanos-Domínguez. "Posthoc Interpretability of Neural Responses by Grouping Subject Motor Imagery Skills Using CNN-Based Connectivity." Sensors 23, no. 5 (March 2, 2023): 2750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052750.

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Motor Imagery (MI) refers to imagining the mental representation of motor movements without overt motor activity, enhancing physical action execution and neural plasticity with potential applications in medical and professional fields like rehabilitation and education. Currently, the most promising approach for implementing the MI paradigm is the Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), which uses Electroencephalogram (EEG) sensors to detect brain activity. However, MI-BCI control depends on a synergy between user skills and EEG signal analysis. Thus, decoding brain neural responses recorded by scalp electrodes poses still challenging due to substantial limitations, such as non-stationarity and poor spatial resolution. Also, an estimated third of people need more skills to accurately perform MI tasks, leading to underperforming MI-BCI systems. As a strategy to deal with BCI-Inefficiency, this study identifies subjects with poor motor performance at the early stages of BCI training by assessing and interpreting the neural responses elicited by MI across the evaluated subject set. Using connectivity features extracted from class activation maps, we propose a Convolutional Neural Network-based framework for learning relevant information from high-dimensional dynamical data to distinguish between MI tasks while preserving the post-hoc interpretability of neural responses. Two approaches deal with inter/intra-subject variability of MI EEG data: (a) Extracting functional connectivity from spatiotemporal class activation maps through a novel kernel-based cross-spectral distribution estimator, (b) Clustering the subjects according to their achieved classifier accuracy, aiming to find common and discriminative patterns of motor skills. According to the validation results obtained on a bi-class database, an average accuracy enhancement of 10% is achieved compared to the baseline EEGNet approach, reducing the number of “poor skill” subjects from 40% to 20%. Overall, the proposed method can be used to help explain brain neural responses even in subjects with deficient MI skills, who have neural responses with high variability and poor EEG-BCI performance.

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Nisamudeen, Jasmin, R. Rejeesh Kumar, K. S. Sharad, and Arjun R. Krishnan. "Effectiveness of retro walking on knee proprioception after knee injury." BOHR International Journal of General and Internal Medicine 2, no. 1 (2023): 34–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijgim.2023.16.

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Background: Knee injuries are frequent and can significantly affect a person’s functionality and capacity to carry out regular tasks. Only two of the many components that support the equilibrium of the knee joint are ligaments and supporting structures. Direct or indirect trauma can cause ligament injuries that result in instability, and sports and physical activity put the knee joint at a higher risk for injury. Proprioception, the body’s ability to recognize its location in space, is crucial for preserving balance and coordinating motions. Walking is a fundamental action that may be employed for rehabilitation, both forward and backward. The aim of the study is to investigate how retro walking after a knee injury affects knee proprioception. Finding out how retro walking impacts knee health is one of the objectives. The objectives include comparing the experimental group’s findings to those of a control group and determining how retro walking affects knee proprioception. Retro walking increases knee proprioception as well as the neuromuscular and muscular systems, which may make rehabilitation programs for those with knee injuries more effective. Objective: The study’s objective is to evaluate how retro walking after a knee injury affects knee proprioception. The objectives include comparing the experimental group’s findings to those of a control group and determining how retro walking affects knee proprioception. Retro walking increases knee proprioception as well as the neuromuscular and muscular systems, which may make rehabilitation programs for those with knee injuries more effective. Method: 24 injured individuals (men and women) participated in this experimental investigation. They were split into two groups of 14, the control group, and the experimental group, obtaining everyone’s approval after having informed them. The knee injury and osteoarthritis scale (KOOS), star excursion balancing test, and joint position sense are employed as outcome measures. Prior to the intervention, baseline measurements were collected. After 6 weeks of interventions, the final grade was determined. While stationary cycling and strengthening exercises for the quadriceps, calf muscles, and hamstrings are part of traditional therapy among the control group, retro walking was also offered to the experimental group. Results were collected, and the data were examined after 6 weeks. Result: The experiment group of knee injury patients who performed retro walking demonstrated a substantial increase in knee function and proprioception ratings, according to the study’s findings. According to the analysis of the KOOS scale, scores for proprioception and knee function after retro walking were significantly different, with a mean change of −19.833 units. Retro walking’s ability to enhance knee proprioception was further supported by the SEBT score, which showed a mean change of −37.167 units. A substantial mean change of −4.583 units was also seen when the JPS score was evaluated, showing the beneficial effects of retro walking on knee proprioception in knee injury patients. These results imply that retro walking is a viable option for enhancing proprioception and knee functionality in knee injury patients. 34 Conclusion: It has been found that retro walking on a treadmill for 15 min, up to 6 weeks at 3 times each week, with a 10◦ inclination and a speed of 1–2 m/s, significantly improves knee proprioception following injury. The statistical study supports this observation. Considering the study’s results, one may assert that retro walking helps knee injury patients raise their total level of physical activity. It has been demonstrated that retro walking enhances knee function and proprioception. Analysis of differences between both the test and control groups, the joint position awareness, star excursion balance test, and KOOS score all show greater progress. Retro walking is therefore more successful in the rehabilitation of post-knee injury in the current investigation.

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Barsukow, Wasilij, Mario Ricchiuto, and Davide Torlo. "Structure Preserving Nodal Continuous Finite Elements via Global Flux Quadrature." Numerical Methods for Partial Differential Equations 41, no. 1 (January 2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/num.23167.

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ABSTRACTNumerical methods for hyperbolic PDEs require stabilization. For linear acoustics, divergence‐free vector fields should remain stationary, but classical Finite Difference methods add incompatible diffusion that dramatically restricts the set of discrete stationary states of the numerical method. Compatible diffusion should vanish on stationary states, e.g., there should be a gradient of the divergence. Some Finite Element methods allow the natural embedding of this grad‐div structure, e.g., the SUPG method or OSS. We prove here that the particular discretization associated with them still fails to be stationarity preserving. We then introduce a new framework on Cartesian grids based on surface (volume in 3D) integrated operators inspired by Global Flux quadrature and related to mimetic approaches. We can construct constraint‐compatible stabilization operators (e.g., of SUPG‐type) and show that the resulting methods are stationarity and vorticity preserving. We show that the Global Flux approach is even super‐convergent on stationary states; we characterize the kernels of the discrete operators and provide projections onto them.

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Fuchs, Gunter. "Canonical fragments of the strong reflection principle." Journal of Mathematical Logic, April 12, 2021, 2150023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219061321500239.

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For an arbitrary forcing class [Formula: see text], the [Formula: see text]-fragment of Todorčević’s strong reflection principle SRP is isolated in such a way that (1) the forcing axiom for [Formula: see text] implies the [Formula: see text]-fragment of SRP , (2) the stationary set preserving fragment of SRP is the full principle SRP , and (3) the subcomplete fragment of SRP implies the major consequences of the subcomplete forcing axiom. This fragment of SRP is consistent with CH , and even with Jensen’s principle [Formula: see text]. Along the way, some hitherto unknown effects of (the subcomplete fragment of) SRP on mutual stationarity are explored, and some limitations to the extent to which fragments of SRP may capture the effects of their corresponding forcing axioms are established.

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Akbari, Majid, and Bahareh Pirzadeh. "Preserving stationary discontinuities in two-layer shallow water equations with a novel well-balanced approach." Journal of Hydroinformatics, August 30, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2023.312.

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Abstract This paper proposes a novel energy-balanced numerical scheme for the two-layer shallow water equations (2LSWEs) that accurately captures internal hydraulic jumps without introducing spurious oscillations. The proposed scheme overcomes the problem of post-shock oscillations in the 2LSWE, a phenomenon commonly observed in numerical solutions of non-linear hyperbolic systems when shock-capturing schemes are used. The approach involves reconstructing the internal momentum equation of 2LSWEs using the correct Hugoniot curve via a set of shock wave fixes originally developed for single-layer shallow water equations. The scheme successfully preserves all stationary solutions, making it highly suitable for simulations of real-life scenarios involving small perturbations of these conditions.

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Sun, Cong, and Patrick Gaydecki. "A Visual Tracking System for Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) 3D Flight Trajectory Reconstruction and Analysis." Journal of Insect Science 21, no. 2 (March 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieab023.

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Abstract We describe the development, field testing, and results from an automated 3D insect flight detection and tracking system for honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) that is capable of providing remarkable insights into airborne behavior. It comprises two orthogonally mounted video cameras with an observing volume of over 200 m3 and an offline analysis software system that outputs 3D space trajectories and inflight statistics of the target honey bees. The imaging devices require no human intervention once set up and are waterproof, providing high resolution and framerate videos. The software module uses several forms of modern image processing techniques with GPU-enabled acceleration to remove both stationary and moving artifact while preserving flight track information. The analysis system has thus far provided information not only on flight statistics (such as speeds and accelerations), but also on subtleties associated with flight behavior by generating heat maps of density and classifying flight patterns according to patrol and foraging behavior. Although the results presented here focus on behavior in the locale of a beehive, the system could be adapted to study a wide range of airborne insect activity.

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Bevan, Jonathan J., and Jonathan H. B. Deane. "A continuously perturbed Dirichlet energy with area-preserving stationary points that ‘buckle’ and occur in equal-energy pairs." Nonlinear Differential Equations and Applications NoDEA 28, no. 1 (December 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00030-020-00667-3.

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AbstractWe exhibit a family of convex functionals with infinitely many equal-energy $$C^1$$ C 1 stationary points that (i) occur in pairs $$v_{\pm }$$ v ± satisfying $$\det \nabla v_{\pm }=1$$ det ∇ v ± = 1 on the unit ball B in $${\mathbb {R}}^2$$ R 2 and (ii) obey the boundary condition $$v_{\pm }=\text {id}$$ v ± = id on $$ \partial B$$ ∂ B . When the parameter $$\epsilon $$ ϵ upon which the family of functionals depends exceeds $$\sqrt{2}$$ 2 , the stationary points appear to ‘buckle’ near the centre of B and their energies increase monotonically with the amount of buckling to which B is subjected. We also find Lagrange multipliers associated with the maps $$v_{\pm }(x)$$ v ± ( x ) and prove that they are proportional to $$(\epsilon -1/\epsilon )\ln |x|$$ ( ϵ - 1 / ϵ ) ln | x | as $$x \rightarrow 0$$ x → 0 in B. The lowest-energy pairs $$v_{\pm }$$ v ± are energy minimizers within the class of twist maps (see Taheri in Topol Methods Nonlinear Anal 33(1):179–204, 2009 or Sivaloganathan and Spector in Arch Ration Mech Anal 196:363–394, 2010), which, for each $$0\le r\le 1$$ 0 ≤ r ≤ 1 , take the circle $$\{x\in B: \ |x|=r\}$$ { x ∈ B : | x | = r } to itself; a fortiori, all $$v_{\pm }$$ v ± are stationary in the class of $$W^{1,2}(B;{\mathbb {R}}^2)$$ W 1 , 2 ( B ; R 2 ) maps w obeying $$w=\text {id}$$ w = id on $$\partial B$$ ∂ B and $$\det \nabla w=1$$ det ∇ w = 1 in B.

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Li, Jin, Ya Ping Wang, and Shu Gao. "In situ hydrodynamic observations on three reef flats in the Nansha Islands, South China Sea." Frontiers in Marine Science 11 (March 21, 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1375301.

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Waves and currents are responsible for sediment movement around and off coral reefs, affecting reef growth at both geological and modern timescales. Given the wide distribution and limited hydrodynamic information of reefs in the South China Sea, we carried out observations on tidal-cycle hydrodynamics in the Nansha Islands with tripod stationary instruments on the seafloor in order to fill the gap in our understanding of these processes. It was found that the magnitudes of near-bed orbital velocity were comparable with that of the mean tidal current, despite generally calm wave conditions. Waves dominated the combined wave-current skin-friction shear velocities acting on reef sediment, which were significantly higher than those generated by currents alone. Due to the large physical roughness of reef, drag coefficient and hydrodynamic roughness length estimated from logarithmic velocity profiles were two orders of magnitude higher than that in macro-tidal-estuary or inner shelf areas covered with siliceous muds or sands. The combined sinusoidal wave and asymmetric tidal current, along with the physical reef roughness, shaped velocity profile structures in the bottom boundary layer, which exhibited a logarithmic profile during the flood tide and a potential flow during the ebb. In absence of wave breaking, strong turbulence dissipation was observed across the rough reef, promoting strong mixing of water, which is crucial for delivering nutrients for coral growth. These findings imply the need to consider the unique characteristics of rough reef structure and combined effects of waves and currents to model the hydrodynamics in reef environment correctly. This understanding is critical for predicting energy and material transport in reef environments, which is essential for maintaining healthy coral ecosystems, and opens new paths for managing and preserving coral reefs in the face of environmental change.

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Brien, Donna Lee. "A Taste of Singapore: Singapore Food Writing and Culinary Tourism." M/C Journal 17, no. 1 (March 16, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.767.

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Introduction Many destinations promote culinary encounters. Foods and beverages, and especially how these will taste in situ, are being marketed as niche travel motivators and used in destination brand building across the globe. While initial usage of the term culinary tourism focused on experiencing exotic cultures of foreign destinations by sampling unfamiliar food and drinks, the term has expanded to embrace a range of leisure travel experiences where the aim is to locate and taste local specialities as part of a pleasurable, and hopefully notable, culinary encounter (Wolf). Long’s foundational work was central in developing the idea of culinary tourism as an active endeavor, suggesting that via consumption, individuals construct unique experiences. Ignatov and Smith’s literature review-inspired definition confirms the nature of activity as participatory, and adds consuming food production skills—from observing agriculture and local processors to visiting food markets and attending cooking schools—to culinary purchases. Despite importing almost all of its foodstuffs and beverages, including some of its water, Singapore is an acknowledged global leader in culinary tourism. Horng and Tsai note that culinary tourism conceptually implies that a transferal of “local or special knowledge and information that represent local culture and identities” (41) occurs via these experiences. This article adds the act of reading to these participatory activities and suggests that, because food writing forms an important component of Singapore’s suite of culinary tourism offerings, taste contributes to the cultural experience offered to both visitors and locals. While Singapore foodways have attracted significant scholarship (see, for instance, work by Bishop; Duruz; Huat & Rajah; Tarulevicz, Eating), Singapore food writing, like many artefacts of popular culture, has attracted less notice. Yet, this writing is an increasingly visible component of cultural production of, and about, Singapore, and performs a range of functions for locals, tourists and visitors before they arrive. Although many languages are spoken in Singapore, English is the national language (Alsagoff) and this study focuses on food writing in English. Background Tourism comprises a major part of Singapore’s economy, with recent figures detailing that food and beverage sales contribute over 10 per cent of this revenue, with spend on culinary tours and cookery classes, home wares such as tea-sets and cookbooks, food magazines and food memoirs additional to this (Singapore Government). This may be related to the fact that Singapore not only promotes food as a tourist attraction, but also actively promotes itself as an exceptional culinary destination. The Singapore Tourism Board (STB) includes food in its general information brochures and websites, and its print, television and cinema commercials (Huat and Rajah). It also mounts information-rich campaigns both abroad and inside Singapore. The 2007 ‘Singapore Seasons’ campaign, for instance, promoted Singaporean cuisine alongside films, design, books and other cultural products in London, New York and Beijing. Touring cities identified as key tourist markets in 2011, the ‘Singapore Takeout’ pop-up restaurant brought the taste of Singaporean foods into closer focus. Singaporean chefs worked with high profile locals in its kitchen in a custom-fabricated shipping container to create and demonstrate Singaporean dishes, attracting public and media interest. In country, the STB similarly actively promotes the tastes of Singaporean foods, hosting the annual World Gourmet Summit (Chaney and Ryan) and Pacific Food Expo, both attracting international culinary professionals to work alongside local leaders. The Singapore Food Festival each July is marketed to both locals and visitors. In these ways, the STB, as well as providing events for visitors, is actively urging Singaporeans to proud of their food culture and heritage, so that each Singaporean becomes a proactive ambassador of their cuisine. Singapore Food Writing Popular print guidebooks and online guides to Singapore pay significantly more attention to Singaporean food than they do for many other destinations. Sections on food in such publications discuss at relative length the taste of Singaporean food (always delicious) as well as how varied, authentic, hygienic and suited-to-all-budgets it is. These texts also recommend hawker stalls and food courts alongside cafés and restaurants (Henderson et al.), and a range of other culinary experiences such as city and farm food tours and cookery classes. This writing describes not only what can be seen or learned during these experiences, but also what foods can be sampled, and how these might taste. This focus on taste is reflected in the printed materials that greet the in-bound tourist at the airport. On a visit in October 2013, arrival banners featuring mouth-watering images of local specialities such as chicken rice and chilli crab marked the route from arrival to immigration and baggage collection. Even advertising for a bank was illustrated with photographs of luscious-looking fruits. The free maps and guidebooks available featured food-focused tours and restaurant locations, and there were also substantial free booklets dedicated solely to discussing local delicacies and their flavours, plus recommended locations to sample them. A website and free mobile app were available that contain practical information about dishes, ingredients, cookery methods, and places to eat, as well as historical and cultural information. These resources are also freely distributed to many hotels and popular tourist destinations. Alongside organising food walks, bus tours and cookery classes, the STB also recommends the work of a number of Singaporean food writers—principally prominent Singapore food bloggers, reviewers and a number of memoirists—as authentic guides to what are described as unique Singaporean flavours. The strategies at the heart of this promotion are linking advertising to useful information. At a number of food centres, for instance, STB information panels provide details about both specific dishes and Singapore’s food culture more generally (Henderson et al.). This focus is apparent at many tourist destinations, many of which are also popular local attractions. In historic Fort Canning Park, for instance, there is a recreation of Raffles’ experimental garden, established in 1822, where he grew the nutmeg, clove and other plants that were intended to form the foundation for spice plantations but were largely unsuccessful (Reisz). Today, information panels not only indicate the food plants’ names and how to grow them, but also their culinary and medicinal uses, recipes featuring them and the related food memories of famous Singaporeans. The Singapore Botanic Gardens similarly houses the Ginger Garden displaying several hundred species of ginger and information, and an Eco(-nomic/logical) Garden featuring many food plants and their stories. In Chinatown, panels mounted outside prominent heritage brands (often still quite small shops) add content to the shopping experience. A number of museums profile Singapore’s food culture in more depth. The National Museum of Singapore has a permanent Living History gallery that focuses on Singapore’s street food from the 1950s to 1970s. This display includes food-related artefacts, interactive aromatic displays of spices, films of dishes being made and eaten, and oral histories about food vendors, all supported by text panels and booklets. Here food is used to convey messages about the value of Singapore’s ethnic diversity and cross-cultural exchanges. Versions of some of these dishes can then be sampled in the museum café (Time Out Singapore). The Peranakan Museum—which profiles the unique hybrid culture of the descendants of the Chinese and South Indian traders who married local Malay women—shares this focus, with reconstructed kitchens and dining rooms, exhibits of cooking and eating utensils and displays on food’s ceremonial role in weddings and funerals all supported with significant textual information. The Chinatown Heritage Centre not only recreates food preparation areas as a vivid indicator of poor Chinese immigrants’ living conditions, but also houses The National Restaurant of Singapore, which translates this research directly into meals that recreate the heritage kopi tiam (traditional coffee shop) cuisine of Singapore in the 1930s, purposefully bringing taste into the service of education, as its descriptive menu states, “educationally delighting the palate” (Chinatown Heritage Centre). These museums recognise that shopping is a core tourist activity in Singapore (Chang; Yeung et al.). Their gift- and bookshops cater to the culinary tourist by featuring quality culinary products for sale (including, for instance, teapots and cups, teas, spices and traditional sweets, and other foods) many of which are accompanied by informative tags or brochures. At the centre of these curated, purchasable collections are a range written materials: culinary magazines, cookbooks, food histories and memoirs, as well as postcards and stationery printed with recipes. Food Magazines Locally produced food magazines cater to a range of readerships and serve to extend the culinary experience both in, and outside, Singapore. These include high-end gourmet, luxury lifestyle publications like venerable monthly Wine & Dine: The Art of Good Living, which, in in print for almost thirty years, targets an affluent readership (Wine & Dine). The magazine runs features on local dining, gourmet products and trends, as well as international epicurean locations and products. Beautifully illustrated recipes also feature, as the magazine declares, “we’ve recognised that sharing more recipes should be in the DNA of Wine & Dine’s editorial” (Wine & Dine). Appetite magazine, launched in 2006, targets the “new and emerging generation of gourmets—foodies with a discerning and cosmopolitan outlook, broad horizons and a insatiable appetite” (Edipresse Asia) and is reminiscent in much of its styling of New Zealand’s award-winning Cuisine magazine. Its focus is to present a fresh approach to both cooking at home and dining out, as readers are invited to “Whip up the perfect soufflé or feast with us at the finest restaurants in Singapore and around the region” (Edipresse Asia). Chefs from leading local restaurants are interviewed, and the voices of “fellow foodies and industry watchers” offer an “insider track” on food-related news: “what’s good and what’s new” (Edipresse Asia). In between these publications sits Epicure: Life’s Refinements, which features local dishes, chefs, and restaurants as well as an overseas travel section and a food memories column by a featured author. Locally available ingredients are also highlighted, such as abalone (Cheng) and an interesting range of mushrooms (Epicure). While there is a focus on an epicurean experience, this is presented slightly more casually than in Wine & Dine. Food & Travel focuses more on home cookery, but each issue also includes reviews of Singapore restaurants. The bimonthly bilingual (Chinese and English) Gourmet Living features recipes alongside a notable focus on food culture—with food history columns, restaurant reviews and profiles of celebrated chefs. An extensive range of imported international food magazines are also available, with those from nearby Malaysia and Indonesia regularly including articles on Singapore. Cookbooks These magazines all include reviews of cookery books including Singaporean examples – and some feature other food writing such as food histories, memoirs and blogs. These reviews draw attention to how many Singaporean cookbooks include a focus on food history alongside recipes. Cookery teacher Yee Soo Leong’s 1976 Singaporean Cooking was an early example of cookbook as heritage preservation. This 1976 book takes an unusual view of ‘Singaporean’ flavours. Beginning with sweet foods—Nonya/Singaporean and western cakes, biscuits, pies, pastries, bread, desserts and icings—it also focuses on both Singaporean and Western dishes. This text is also unusual as there are only 6 lines of direct authorial address in the author’s acknowledgements section. Expatriate food writer Wendy Hutton’s Singapore Food, first published in 1979, reprinted many times after and revised in 2007, has long been recognised as one of the most authoritative titles on Singapore’s food heritage. Providing an socio-historical map of Singapore’s culinary traditions, some one third of the first edition was devoted to information about Singaporean multi-cultural food history, including detailed profiles of a number of home cooks alongside its recipes. Published in 1980, Kenneth Mitchell’s A Taste of Singapore is clearly aimed at a foreign readership, noting the variety of foods available due to the racial origins of its inhabitants. The more modest, but equally educational in intent, Hawkers Flavour: A Guide to Hawkers Gourmet in Malaysia and Singapore (in its fourth printing in 1998) contains a detailed introductory essay outlining local food culture, favourite foods and drinks and times these might be served, festivals and festive foods, Indian, Indian Muslim, Chinese, Nyonya (Chinese-Malay), Malay and Halal foods and customs, followed with a selection of recipes from each. More contemporary examples of such information-rich cookbooks, such as those published in the frequently reprinted Periplus Mini Cookbook series, are sold at tourist attractions. Each of these modestly priced, 64-page, mouthwateringly illustrated booklets offer framing information, such as about a specific food culture as in the Nonya kitchen in Nonya Favourites (Boi), and explanatory glossaries of ingredients, as in Homestyle Malay Cooking (Jelani). Most recipes include a boxed paragraph detailing cookery or ingredient information that adds cultural nuance, as well as trying to describe tastes that the (obviously foreign) intended reader may not have encountered. Malaysian-born Violet Oon, who has been called the Julia Child of Singapore (Bergman), writes for both local and visiting readers. The FOOD Paper, published monthly for a decade from January 1987 was, she has stated, then “Singapore’s only monthly publication dedicated to the CSF—Certified Singapore Foodie” (Oon, Violet Oon Cooks 7). Under its auspices, Oon promoted her version of Singaporean cuisine to both locals and visitors, as well as running cookery classes and culinary events, hosting her own television cooking series on the Singapore Broadcasting Corporation, and touring internationally for the STB as a ‘Singapore Food Ambassador’ (Ahmad; Kraal). Taking this representation of flavor further, Oon has also produced a branded range of curry powders, spices, and biscuits, and set up a number of food outlets. Her first cookbook, World Peranakan Cookbook, was published in 1978. Her Singapore: 101 Meals of 1986 was commissioned by the STB, then known as the Singapore Tourist Promotion Board. Violet Oon Cooks, a compilation of recipes from The FOOD Paper, published in 1992, attracted a range of major international as well as Singaporean food sponsors, and her Timeless Recipes, published in 1997, similarly aimed to show how manufactured products could be incorporated into classic Singaporean dishes cooked at home. In 1998, Oon produced A Singapore Family Cookbook featuring 100 dishes. Many were from Nonya cuisine and her following books continued to focus on preserving heritage Singaporean recipes, as do a number of other nationally-cuisine focused collections such as Joyceline Tully and Christopher Tan’s Heritage Feasts: A Collection of Singapore Family Recipes. Sylvia Tan’s Singapore Heritage Food: Yesterday’s Recipes for Today’s Cooks, published in 2004, provides “a tentative account of Singapore’s food history” (5). It does this by mapping the various taste profiles of six thematically-arranged chronologically-overlapping sections, from the heritage of British colonialism, to the uptake of American and Russia foods in the Snackbar era of the 1960s and the use of convenience flavoring ingredients such as curry pastes, sauces, dried and frozen supermarket products from the 1970s. Other Volumes Other food-themed volumes focus on specific historical periods. Cecilia Leong-Salobir’s Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire discusses the “unique hybrid” (1) cuisine of British expatriates in Singapore from 1858 to 1963. In 2009, the National Museum of Singapore produced the moving Wong Hong Suen’s Wartime Kitchen: Food and Eating in Singapore 1942–1950. This details the resilience and adaptability of both diners and cooks during the Japanese Occupation and in post-war Singapore, when shortages stimulated creativity. There is a centenary history of the Cold Storage company which shipped frozen foods all over south east Asia (Boon) and location-based studies such as Annette Tan’s Savour Chinatown: Stories Memories & Recipes. Tan interviewed hawkers, chefs and restaurant owners, working from this information to write both the book’s recipes and reflect on Chinatown’s culinary history. Food culture also features in (although it is not the main focus) more general book-length studies such as educational texts such as Chew Yen Fook’s The Magic of Singapore and Melanie Guile’s Culture in Singapore (2000). Works that navigate both spaces (of Singaporean culture more generally and its foodways) such Lily Kong’s Singapore Hawker Centres: People, Places, Food, provide an consistent narrative of food in Singapore, stressing its multicultural flavours that can be enjoyed from eateries ranging from hawker stalls to high-end restaurants that, interestingly, that agrees with that promulgated in the food writing discussed above. Food Memoirs and Blogs Many of these narratives include personal material, drawing on the author’s own food experiences and taste memories. This approach is fully developed in the food memoir, a growing sub-genre of Singapore food writing. While memoirs by expatriate Singaporeans such as Cheryl Lu-Lien Tan’s A Tiger in the Kitchen: A Memoir of Food and Family, produced by major publisher Hyperion in New York, has attracted considerable international attention, it presents a story of Singapore cuisine that agrees with such locally produced texts as television chef and food writer Terry Tan’s Stir-fried and Not Shaken: A Nostalgic Trip Down Singapore’s Memory Lane and the food memoir of the Singaporean chef credited with introducing fine Malay dining to Singapore, Aziza Ali’s Sambal Days, Kampong Cuisine, published in Singapore in 2013 with the support of the National Heritage Board. All these memoirs are currently available in Singapore in both bookshops and a number of museums and other attractions. While underscoring the historical and cultural value of these foods, all describe the unique flavours of Singaporean cuisine and its deliciousness. A number of prominent Singapore food bloggers are featured in general guidebooks and promoted by the STB as useful resources to dining out in Singapore. One of the most prominent of these is Leslie Tay, a medical doctor and “passionate foodie” (Knipp) whose awardwinning ieatishootipost is currently attracting some 90,000 unique visitors every month and has had over 20,000 million hits since its launch in 2006. An online diary of Tay’s visits to hundreds of Singaporean hawker stalls, it includes descriptions and photographs of meals consumed, creating accumulative oral culinary histories of these dishes and those who prepared them. These narratives have been reorganised and reshaped in Tay’s first book The End of Char Kway Teow and Other Hawker Mysteries, where each chapter tells the story of one particular dish, including recommended hawker stalls where it can be enjoyed. Ladyironchef.com is a popular food and travel site that began as a blog in 2007. An edited collection of reviews of eateries and travel information, many by the editor himself, the site features lists of, for example, the best cafes (LadyIronChef “Best Cafes”), eateries at the airport (LadyIronChef “Guide to Dining”), and hawker stalls (Lim). While attesting to the cultural value of these foods, many articles also discuss flavour, as in Lim’s musings on: ‘how good can chicken on rice taste? … The glistening grains of rice perfumed by fresh chicken stock and a whiff of ginger is so good you can even eat it on its own’. Conclusion Recent Singapore food publishing reflects this focus on taste. Tay’s publisher, Epigram, growing Singaporean food list includes the recently released Heritage Cookbooks Series. This highlights specialist Singaporean recipes and cookery techniques, with the stated aim of preserving tastes and foodways that continue to influence Singaporean food culture today. Volumes published to date on Peranakan, South Indian, Cantonese, Eurasian, and Teochew (from the Chaoshan region in the east of China’s Guangdong province) cuisines offer both cultural and practical guides to the quintessential dishes and flavours of each cuisine, featuring simple family dishes alongside more elaborate special occasion meals. In common with the food writing discussed above, the books in this series, although dealing with very different styles of cookery, contribute to an overall impression of the taste of Singapore food that is highly consistent and extremely persuasive. This food writing narrates that Singapore has a delicious as well as distinctive and interesting food culture that plays a significant role in Singaporean life both currently and historically. It also posits that this food culture is, at the same time, easily accessible and also worthy of detailed consideration and discussion. In this way, this food writing makes a contribution to both local and visitors’ appreciation of Singaporean food culture. References Ahmad, Nureza. “Violet Oon.” Singapore Infopedia: An Electronic Encyclopedia on Singapore’s History, Culture, People and Events (2004). 22 Nov. 2013 ‹http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_459_2005-01-14.html?s=Violet%20Oon›.Ali, Aziza. Sambal Days, Kampong Cuisine. Singapore: Ate Ideas, 2013. Alsagoff, Lubna. “English in Singapore: Culture, capital and identity in linguistic variation”. World Englishes 29.3 (2010): 336–48.Bergman, Justin. “Restaurant Report: Violet Oon’s Kitchen in Singapore.” New York Times (13 March 2013). 21 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/travel/violet-oons-kitchen-singapore-restaurant-report.html?_r=0›. Bishop, Peter. “Eating in the Contact Zone: Singapore Foodscape and Cosmopolitan Timespace.” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 25.5 (2011): 637–652. Boi, Lee Geok. Nonya Favourites. Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2001. Boon, Goh Chor. Serving Singapore: A Hundred Years of Cold Storage 1903-2003. Singapore: Cold Storage Pty. Ltd., 2003. Chaney, Stephen, and Chris Ryan. “Analyzing the Evolution of Singapore’s World Gourmet Summit: An Example of Gastronomic Tourism.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 31.2 (2012): 309–18. Chang, T. C. “Local Uniqueness in the Global Village: Heritage Tourism in Singapore.” The Professional Geographer 51.1 (1999): 91–103. Cheng, Tiong Li. “Royal Repast.” Epicure: Life’s Refinements January (2012): 94–6. Chinatown Heritage Centre. National Restaurant of Singapore. (12 Nov. 2012). 21 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.yoursingapore.com›.Duruz, Jean. “Living in Singapore, Travelling to Hong Kong, Remembering Australia …: Intersections of Food and Place.” Journal of Australian Studies 87 (2006): 101–15. -----. “From Malacca to Adelaide: Fragments Towards a Biography of Cooking, Yearning and Laksa.” Food and Foodways in Asia: Resource, Tradition and Cooking. Eds. Sidney C.H. Cheung, and Tan Chee-Beng. London: Routledge, 2007: 183–200. -----. “Tastes of Hybrid Belonging: Following the Laksa Trail in Katong, Singapore.” Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies 25.5 (2011): 605–18. Edipresse Asia Appetite (2013). 22 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.edipresseasia.com/magazines.php?MagID=SGAPPETITE›. Epicure. “Mushroom Goodness.” Epicure: Life’s Refinements January (2012): 72–4. Epicure: Life’s Refinements. (2013) 1 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.epicureasia.com›. Food & Travel. Singapore: Regent Media. 1 Jan. 2014 ‹http://www.regentmedia.sg/publications_food&travel.shtml›. 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Ignatov, Elena, and Stephen Smith. “Segmenting Canadian Culinary Tourists.” Current Issues in Tourism 9.3 (2006): 235–55. Jelani, Rohani. Homestyle Malay Cooking. Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2003. Knipp, Peter A. “Foreword: An Amazing Labour of Love.” The End of Char Kway Teow and Other Hawker Mysteries. Leslie Tay. Singapore: Epigram Books, 2010. viii–ix. Kong, Lily. Singapore Hawker Centres: People, Places, Food. Singapore: National Environment Agency, 2007 Kraal, David. “One and Only Violet Oon.” The Straits Times 20 January (1999). 1 Nov 2012 ‹http://www.straitstimes.com› LadyIronChef. “Best Cafes in Singapore.” ladyironchef.com (31 Mar. 2011). 21 Feb. 2014 ‹http://www.ladyironchef.com/2011/03/best-cafes-singapore› -----. “Guide to Dining at Changi Airport: 20 Places to Eat.” ladyironchef.com (10 Mar. 2014) 10 Mar. 2014 ‹http://www.ladyironchef.com/author/ladyironchef› Leong-Salobir, Cecilia. Food Culture in Colonial Asia: A Taste of Empire. Abingdon UK: Routledge, 2011. Lim, Sarah. “10 of the Best Singapore Hawker Food.” (14 Oct. 2013). 21 Feb. 2014 ‹http://www.ladyironchef.com/2013/10/best-singapore-hawker-food›. Long, Lucy M. “Culinary Tourism: A Folkloristic Perspective of Eating and Otherness.” Southern Folklore 55.2 (1998): 181–204. Mitchell, Kenneth, ed. A Taste of Singapore. Hong Kong: Four Corners Publishing Co. (Far East) Ltd. in association with South China Morning Post, 1980. Oon, Violet. World Peranakan Cookbook. Singapore: Times Periodicals, 1978. -----. Singapore: 101 Meals. Singapore: Singapore Tourist Promotion Board, 1986. -----. Violet Oon Cooks. Singapore: Ultra Violet, 1992. -----. Timeless Recipes. Singapore: International Enterprise Singapore, 1997. -----. A Singapore Family Cookbook. Singapore: Pen International, 1998. Reisz, Emma. “City as Garden: Shared Space in the Urban Botanic Gardens of Singapore and Malaysia, 1786–2000.” Postcolonial Urbanism: Southeast Asian Cities and Global Processes. Eds. Ryan Bishop, John Phillips, and Yeo Wei Wei. New York: Routledge, 2003: 123–48. Singapore Government. Singapore Annual Report on Tourism Statistics. Singapore: Singapore Government, 2012. Suen, Wong Hong. Wartime Kitchen: Food and Eating in Singapore 1942-1950. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet & National Museum of Singapore, 2009. Tan, Annette. Savour Chinatown: Stories, Memories & Recipes. Singapore: Ate Ideas, 2012. Tan, Cheryl Lu-Lien. A Tiger in the Kitchen: A Memoir of Food and Family. New York: Hyperion, 2011. Tan, Sylvia. Singapore Heritage Food: Yesterday’s Recipes for Today’s Cooks. Singapore: Landmark Books, 2004. Tan, Terry. Stir-Fried and Not Shaken: A Nostalgic Trip Down Singapore’s Memory Lane. Singapore: Monsoon, 2009. Tarulevicz, Nicole. Eating Her Curries and Kway: A Cultural History of Food in Singapore. Champaign, IL: U of Illinois P, 2013. Tay, Leslie. ieat·ishoot·ipost [blog] (2013) 21 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.ieatishootipost.sg›. ---. The End of Char Kway Teow and Other Hawker Mysteries. Singapore: Epigram Books, 2010. Time Out Singapore. “Food for Thought (National Museum).” Time Out Singapore 8 July (2013). 11 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.timeoutsingapore.com/restaurants/asian/food-for-thought-national-museum›. Tully, Joyceline, and Tan, Christopher. Heritage Feasts: A Collection of Singapore Family Recipes. Singapore: Miele/Ate Media, 2010. Wine & Dine: The Art of Good Living (Nov. 2013). 19 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.wineanddine.com.sg›. Wine & Dine. “About Us: The Living Legacy.” Wine & Dine (Nov. 2013). 19 Nov. 2013 ‹http://www.wineanddine.com.sg/about-us› Wolf, E. “Culinary Tourism: A Tasty Economic Proposition.” (2002) 23 Nov. 2011 ‹http://www.culinary tourism.org›.Yeong, Yee Soo. Singapore Cooking. Singapore: Eastern Universities P, c.1976. Yeung, Sylvester, James Wong, and Edmond Ko. “Preferred Shopping Destination: Hong Kong Versus Singapore.” International Journal of Tourism Research 6.2 (2004): 85–96. Acknowledgements Research to complete this article was supported by Central Queensland University, Australia, under its Outside Studies Program (OSPRO) and Learning and Teaching Education Research Centre (LTERC). An earlier version of part of this article was presented at the 2nd Australasian Regional Food Networks and Cultures Conference, in the Barossa Valley in South Australia, Australia, 11–14 November 2012. The delegates of that conference and expert reviewers of this article offered some excellent suggestions regarding strengthening this article and their advice was much appreciated. All errors are, of course, my own.

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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. IV. Anthony, R. E., Aster, R. C., Wiens, D., Nyblade, Andr., Anandakrishnan, Sr., Huerta, Audr., Winberry, J. P., Wilson, T., and Rowe, Ch. The Seismic Noise Environment of Antarctica. Seismological Research Letters. 2015; 86(1): 89-100. DOI: 10.1785/0220150005 V. Brincker, R., Lago, T. L., Andersen, P., and Ventura, C. Improving the Classical Geophone Sensor Element by Digital Correction. In Conference Proceedings: IMAC-XXIII: A Conference & Exposition on Structural Dynamics Society for Experimental Mechanics, 2005. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242452637_Improving_the_Classical_Geophone_Sensor_Element_by_Digital_Correction(Date of access September 2, 2019). VI. Bylaw 164 of the State Committee for Construction of the Russian Federation “On adopting amendments to SNiP 31-01-99 “Construction climatology”. URL: https://base.garant.ru/2322381/(Date of access September 2, 2019). VII. Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. URL: https://www.gubkin.ru/faculty/geology_and_geophysics/chairs_and_departments/exploration_geophysics_and_computers_systems/files/2013_SPb_Frolov.pdf. (Date of access September 2, 2019). XII. Gibbons, S. J., Asming, V., Fedorov, A., Fyen, J., Kero, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Kværna, T., Liszka, L., Näsholm, S.P., Raita, T., Roth, M., Tiira, T., Vinogradov, Yu. The European Arctic: A laboratory for seismoacoustic studies. Seism. Res. Letters. 2015; 86 (3): 917–928. XIII. GOST 8.395-80. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference conditions of measurements while calibrating. General requirements [Gosudarstvennayasistemaobespecheniyaedinstvaizmereniy. Normal’nyyeusloviyaizmereniypripoverke. Obshchiyetrebovaniya]. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. URL: http://gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294821/4294821960.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XIV. Guralp 6TD. Operators’ Guide. Document Number: MAN-T60-0002, Issue J: April, 2017. Guralp Systems Limited. 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F., Chirkin, I. A., Rizanov, E. G., LeRoy, S. D., Koligaev, S. O. Long-term monitoring of microseismic emissions: Earth tides, fracture distribution, and fluid content. SEG, APPG Interpretation. 2016: 4 (2): T191–T204. XIX. Laverov, N. P., Bogoyavlenskiy, V. I., Bogoyavlenskiy, I. V. Fundamental Aspects of Rational Management of the Petroleum and Gas Resources of the Arctic and the Russian Continental Shelf: Strategy, Prospects, and Problems [Fundamental’nyyeaspektyratsional’nogoosvoyeniyaresursovneftiigazaArktiki I shel’faRossii: strategiya, perspektivyi problem].Arktika: ekologiya I ekonomika [Arctic: Ecology and Economy]. 2016; 2 (22): 4-13. XX. Lee, P. Low Noise Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimal Noise Performance, Analog Devices, Inc., AN-940 Application Note. Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/AN-940.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXI. Markatis, N., Polychronopoulou, K., Tselentis, Ak. Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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