Relevant bibliographies by topics / Stationary obstacles

Academic literature on the topic 'Stationary obstacles'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Stationary obstacles"

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Burnett, Nicholas P., Marc A. Badger, and Stacey A. Combes. "Wind and obstacle motion affect honeybee flight strategies in cluttered environments." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 14 (June 19, 2020): jeb222471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.222471.

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ABSTRACTBees often forage in habitats with cluttered vegetation and unpredictable winds. Navigating obstacles in wind presents a challenge that may be exacerbated by wind-induced motions of vegetation. Although wind-blown vegetation is common in natural habitats, we know little about how the strategies of bees for flying through clutter are affected by obstacle motion and wind. We filmed honeybees Apis mellifera flying through obstacles in a flight tunnel with still air, headwinds or tailwinds. We tested how their ground speeds and centering behavior (trajectory relative to the midline between obstacles) changed when obstacles were moving versus stationary, and how their approach strategies affected flight outcome (successful transit versus collision). We found that obstacle motion affects ground speed: bees flew slower when approaching moving versus stationary obstacles in still air but tended to fly faster when approaching moving obstacles in headwinds or tailwinds. Bees in still air reduced their chances of colliding with obstacles (whether moving or stationary) by reducing ground speed, whereas flight outcomes in wind were not associated with ground speed, but rather with improvement in centering behavior during the approach. We hypothesize that in challenging flight situations (e.g. navigating moving obstacles in wind), bees may speed up to reduce the number of wing collisions that occur if they pass too close to an obstacle. Our results show that wind and obstacle motion can interact to affect flight strategies in unexpected ways, suggesting that wind-blown vegetation may have important effects on foraging behaviors and flight performance of bees in natural habitats.
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Haug, E. J., F. A. Adkins, and D. Coroian. "Domains of Mobility for a Planar Body Moving Among Obstacles." Journal of Mechanical Design 120, no. 3 (September 1, 1998): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829174.

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A formulation is presented for defining domains of mobility for a planar convex body moving with three degrees-of-freedom among convex planar obstacles. Applications included are determination of areas of a factory floor or material storage facility in which objects can he manipulated without impacting fixed obstacles. Mobility of the moving body is defined to encompass (1) dexterous mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by a reference point on the body and at which the body can be rotated through a specified range of admissible orientations without penetrating any stationary obstacle, and (2) limited mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by the reference point and at which the body does not penetrate any stationary obstacle, for some admissible orientation. Analytical criteria for points on boundaries of domains of mobility are derived and numerical methods suitable for mapping these boundaries are summarized. An elementary example involving a moving and a stationary ellipse, with and without orientation restrictions, is solved analytically to illustrate the method. A more general application with one moving body and three stationary obstacles is solved numerically.
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Wu, Chia-Pin, Tsu-Tian Lee, and Chau-Ren Tsai. "Obstacle avoidance motion planning for mobile robots in a dynamic environment with moving obstacles." Robotica 15, no. 5 (September 1997): 493–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574797000593.

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A new real-time obstacle avoidance method for mobile robots has been developed. This method, namely the vector-distance function method, permits the detection of obstacles (both moving and stationary) and generates a path that can avoid collisions. The proposed approach expresses the distance information in a vector form. Then the notion of weighting is introduced to describe relationship between sensors of mobile robots and the target to be reached. Furthermore, R-mode, L-mode and T-mode are introduced to generate a safe path for the mobile robot in a dynamic environment filled with both stationary and moving obstacles. The algorithm can deal with a complicated obstacle environment, such as multiple concave and convex obstacles. Simulation results are included to demonstrate the applicability and effectiveness of the developed algorithm.
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Finaev, V. I., M. Yu Medvedev, V. Kh Pshikhopov, V. A. Pereverzev, and V. V. Soloviev. "Unmanned Powerboat Motion Terminal Control in an Environment with Moving Obstacles." Mekhatronika, Avtomatizatsiya, Upravlenie 22, no. 3 (March 2, 2021): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/mau.22.145-154.

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The major point for consideration throughout this paper is controlling the motion of an unmanned powerboat in an obstructed environment with stationary and moving objects. It offers a procedure for the terminal control law development based on the powerboat programmed motion trajectory in a polynomial form and proposes position-trajectory-based control algorithms. A hybrid method based on virtual fields and unstable driving modes, taking into account powerboat speeds and obstacles, is used to plan motion trajectories for obstacle avoidance. There were experiments carried out to test the developed methods and algorithms meanwhile estimating the energy consumption for control, the length of the trajectory and the safety indicator for obstacle avoidance. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in the method used to develop a local movement trajectory in the field with obstacles and in the hybridization of trajectory scheduling methods. This approach allows us to achieve a given safe distance when avoiding obstacles and virtually eliminate the chances of an emergency collision. The presented results can be used in systems of boats autonomous motion control and allow safe stationary and dynamic obstacles avoidance.
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Das, Subir Kumar, Ajoy Kumar Dutta, and Subir Kumar Debnath. "OperativeCriticalPointBug algorithm-local path planning of mobile robot avoiding obstacles." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i3.pp1646-1656.

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<span>For Autonomous Mobile Robot one of the biggest and interesting issues is path planning. An autonomous mobile robot should be able determine its own path to reach destination. This paper offers a new algorithm for mobile robot to plan a path in local environments with stationary as well as moving obstacles. For movable robots’ path planning OperativeCriticalPointBug (OCPB) algorithm, is a new Bug algorithm. This algorithm is carried out by the robot throughout the movement from source to goal, hence allowing the robot to rectify its way if a new obstacle comes into the route or any existing obstacle changes its route. According as, not only the robot tries to avoid clash with other obstacle but also tries a series of run time adjustment in its way to produce roughly a best possible path. During journey the robot is believed to be capable to act in an unknown location by acquiring information perceived locally. Using this algorithm the robot can avoid obstacle by considering its own as well as the obstacle’s dimension. The obstacle may be static or dynamic. The algorithm belongs to bug family.</span>
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Fahimi, Farbod, C. Nataraj, and Hashem Ashrafiuon. "Real-time obstacle avoidance for multiple mobile robots." Robotica 27, no. 2 (March 2009): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574708004438.

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SUMMARYAn efficient, simple, and practical real time path planning method for multiple mobile robots in dynamic environments is introduced. Harmonic potential functions are utilized along with the panel method known in fluid mechanics. First, a complement to the traditional panel method is introduced to generate a more effective harmonic potential field for obstacle avoidance in dynamically changing environments. Second, a group of mobile robots working in an environment containing stationary and moving obstacles is considered. Each robot is assigned to move from its current position to a goal position. The group is not forced to maintain a formation during the motion. Every robot considers the other robots of the group as moving obstacles and hence the physical dimensions of the robots are also taken into account. The path of each robot is planned based on the changing position of the other robots and the position of stationary and moving obstacles. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is shown by modeling an arbitrary number of mobile robots and the theory is validated by several computer simulations and hardware experiments.
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Soltan, Reza A., Hashem Ashrafiuon, and Kenneth R. Muske. "ODE-based obstacle avoidance and trajectory planning for unmanned surface vessels." Robotica 29, no. 5 (October 4, 2010): 691–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574710000585.

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SUMMARYA new method for real-time obstacle avoidance and trajectory planning of underactuated unmanned surface vessels is presented. In this method, ordinary differential equations (ODEs) are used to define transitional trajectories that can avoid obstacles and reach a final desired target trajectory using a robust tracking control law. The obstacles are approximated and enclosed by elliptical shapes. A transitional trajectory is then defined by a set of ordinary differential equations whose solution is a stable elliptical limit cycle defining the nearest obstacle on the vessel's path to the target. When no obstacle blocks the vessel's path to its target, the transitional trajectory is defined by exponentially stable ODE whose solution is the target trajectory. The planned trajectories are tracked by the vessel through a sliding mode control law that is robust to environmental disturbances and modeling uncertainties and can be computed in real time. The method is illustrated using a complex simulation example with a moving target and multiple moving and rotating obstacles and a simpler experimental example with stationary obstacles.
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Zamirian, M., and A. V. Kamyad. "Fuzzy Path Planning In A Plane With Stationary Obstacles." Journal of Mathematics and Computer Science 02, no. 03 (April 10, 2011): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22436/jmcs.02.03.03.

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Foux, G., M. Heymann, and A. Bruckstein. "Two-dimensional robot navigation among unknown stationary polygonal obstacles." IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation 9, no. 1 (1993): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/70.210800.

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Boukari, D., R. Djouadi, and D. Teniou. "Free surface flow over an obstacle. Theoretical study of the fluvial case." Abstract and Applied Analysis 6, no. 7 (2001): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1085337501000677.

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The two-dimensional stationary flow of a fluid over an obstacle lying on the bottom of a stream is discussed. We take into account the gravity and we neglect the effects of the surface tension. An existence theory for the solution of this problem is established by the implicit function theorem, for small obstacles and Froude numbers in an interval included in]0,1[.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Stationary obstacles"

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Higaki, Mitsuo. "Analysis of the planar exterior Navier-Stokes problem with effects related to rotation of the obstacle." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/236605.

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Tang, Lan 1980. "Random homogenization of p-Laplacian with obstacles on perforated domain and related topics." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3455.

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Book chapters on the topic "Stationary obstacles"

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Dahalan, A’qilah Ahmad, and Azali Saudi. "Rotated TOR-5P Laplacian Iteration Path Navigation for Obstacle Avoidance in Stationary Indoor Simulation." In Advances in Robotics, Automation and Data Analytics, 285–95. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70917-4_27.

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"STATIONARY SCATTERING PROBLEMS WITH BOUNDED OBSTACLES." In Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences, 71–166. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447157_0003.

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"STATIONARY SCATTERING PROBLEMS ON UNBOUNDED OBSTACLES." In Series on Advances in Mathematics for Applied Sciences, 187–250. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814447157_0005.

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Droste-Franke, Bert, Jörg Krüger, Stephan Lingner, and Thomas H. W. Ziesemer. "Explaining the Lack of Dynamics in the Diffusion of Small Stationary Fuel Cells." In Industrial Dynamics, Innovation Policy, and Economic Growth through Technological Advancements, 259–77. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1978-4.ch013.

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Fuel cell technology is using the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to water in order to produce electricity and heat. It promises a high electrical efficiency even in small devices, which can be installed close to the consumer. This approach seems to be an impressive idea to contribute to a viable future energy supply under the restrictions of climate change policy. Major reasons currently hampering the diffusion of such technology for home energy supply in Germany are analyzed in this chapter. The barriers revealed include high production costs as well as economic and legal obstacles for installing the devices so that they can be operated in competition to central power plants and beside others in tenancies.
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Lei, Tingjun, Chaomin Luo, John E. Ball, and Zhuming Bi. "A Hybrid Fireworks Algorithm to Navigation and Mapping." In Handbook of Research on Fireworks Algorithms and Swarm Intelligence, 213–32. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1659-1.ch010.

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In recent years, computer technology and artificial intelligence have developed rapidly, and research in the field of mobile robots has continued to deepen with development of artificial intelligence. Path planning is an essential content of mobile robot navigation of computing a collision-free path between a starting point and a goal. It is necessary for mobile robots to move and maneuver in different kinds of environment with objects and obstacles. The main goal of path planning is to find the optimal path between the starting point and the target position in the minimal possible time. A new firework algorithm (FWA) integrated with a graph theory, Dijkstra's algorithm developed for autonomous robot navigation, is proposed in this chapter. The firework algorithm is improved by a local search procedure that a LIDAR-based local navigator algorithm is implemented for local navigation and obstacle avoidance. The grid map is utilized for real-time intelligent robot mapping and navigation. In this chapter, both simulation and comparison studies of an autonomous robot navigation demonstrate that the proposed model is capable of planning more reasonable and shorter, collision-free paths in non-stationary and unstructured environments compared with other approaches.
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Winkler, Kevin. "City of Women." In Everything is Choreography, 71–96. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190090739.003.0005.

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Two consecutive projects confirmed Tommy Tune’s vision and versatility. In 1981, Tune directed the American premiere of Caryl Churchill’s Cloud 9, his first non-musical. This “comedy of multiple orgasms,” as it was billed, featured a first act set in colonial Africa in 1880 and a second act in contemporary London a century later. Tune staged the first act with sketch-comedy speed and vaudeville humor, as the characters played out their sexual frustrations and transgressed boundaries of race and class. Once again, he used performance tropes of earlier eras to communicate a contemporary viewpoint. His direction of the second act was more somber and thoughtful as the characters, liberated from patriarchal oppression and allowed to express their sexuality freely, search for meaningful connections. While Cloud 9 was enjoying a long and successful run off-Broadway, Tune embarked on Nine, based on Federico Fellini’s film 8½, about a celebrated but creatively stalled Italian filmmaker. Tune insisted that the show be peopled by an all-female cast surrounding the filmmaker. On a stunning white-tiled spa setting made up of stationary boxes, the women—each dressed in black—were summoned from his mind and memories to comment upon and take part in the action. With Nine, Tune established a pattern of staging an entire show around a stationary obstacle (in this case, the boxes)––an obstacle he consistently overcame through imagination and daring. Nine was a stunning directorial achievement that solidified Tune’s stature as a creative mastermind of the Broadway musical.
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Conference papers on the topic "Stationary obstacles"

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Javid, Ghasem Amini, Mohammad Durali, and Alireza Kasaaizadeh. "Overtaking Stationary and Moving Obstacles for Autonomous Ground Vehicles." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95437.

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In this paper, a method for overtaking stationary and moving obstacles will be introduced. The method consists of designing a desired trajectory for lateral motion of the vehicle and then using a lateral motion controller for tracking this desired trajectory. The desired trajectory is a sigmoid exponential function of relative distance between the vehicle and the obstacle and guarantees overtaking the obstacle, if tracked exactly, despite of lateral and longitudinal motions of the obstacle. Lateral acceleration of the vehicle should not exceed safety limits during tracking desired trajectory. This matter has been used as a decision criterion for determining feasible and unfeasible desired trajectories. A neural network has been trained for predicting maximum lateral acceleration (MLA) during overtaking maneuver. The lateral motion controller is a sliding mode controller which has been designed to be robust to uncertainties existing in lateral dynamic model of the vehicle. A virtual test environment has been developed as a design tool for developing new control strategies for autonomous vehicles. The lateral controller has been tested extensively using this virtual test environment and has shown satisfactory performance in controlling the vehicle, even in existence of noises and disturbances.
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Haug, Edward J., Frederick A. Adkins, and Dan I. Coroian. "Domains of Mobility for a Planar Body Moving Among Obstacles." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1602.

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Abstract A formulation is presented for defining domains of mobility for a planar convex body moving with three degrees-of-freedom among convex planar obstacles. Applications included are determination of areas of a factory floor or material storage facility in which objects can be manipulated without impacting fixed obstacles. Mobility of the moving body is defined to encompass (1) dextrous mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by a reference point on the body and at which the body can be rotated through its full range of admissible orientations without penetrating any stationary obstacle, and (2) limited mobility of the body; i.e., points that can be reached by the reference point and at which the body does not penetrate any stationary obstacle, for some admissible orientation. Analytical criteria for points on boundaries of domains of mobility are derived and numerical methods suitable for mapping these boundaries are summarized. An elementary example involving a moving and a stationary ellipse, with and without orientation restrictions, is solved analytically to illustrate the method. A more general application with one moving body and three stationary obstacles is solved numerically.
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Bis, Rachael, Huei Peng, and Galip Ulsoy. "Velocity Occupancy Space: Robot Navigation and Moving Obstacle Avoidance With Sensor Uncertainty." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2570.

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In order to autonomously navigate in an unknown environment, a robotic vehicle must be able to sense obstacles, determine their velocities, and follow a clear path to a goal. However, the perceived location and motion of the obstacles will be uncertain due to the limited accuracy of the robot’s sensors. Thus, it is necessary to develop a system that can avoid moving obstacles using uncertain sensor data. The method proposed here is based on a certainty occupancy grid—which has been used to avoid stationary obstacles in an uncertain environment—in conjunction with the velocity obstacle concept—which allows a robot to avoid well-known moving obstacles. The combination of these two techniques leads to velocity occupancy space: a search space which allows the robot to avoid moving obstacles and navigate efficiently to a goal using uncertain sensor data.
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Rajashekaraiah, Gangadhar, Hakki Erhan Sevil, and Atilla Dogan. "PTEM Based Moving Obstacle Detection and Avoidance for an Unmanned Ground Vehicle." In ASME 2017 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2017-5330.

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This study presents the development and implementation of an autonomous obstacle avoidance algorithm for an UGV (Unmanned Ground Vehicle). This research improves the prior work by enhancing the obstacle avoidance capability to handle moving obstacles as well as stationary obstacles. A mathematical representation of the area of operation with obstacles is formulated by PTEM (Probabilistic Threat Exposure Map). The PTEM quantifies the risk in being at a position in an area with different types of obstacles. A LRF (Laser Range Finder) sensor is mounted on the UGV for obstacle data in the area that is used to construct the PTEM. A guidance algorithm processes the PTEM and generates the speed and heading commands to steer the UGV to assigned waypoints while avoiding obstacles. The main contribution of this research is to improve the PTEM framework by updating it continuously as new LRF readings are obtained, on the contrary to the prior work with fixed PTEM. The improved PTEM construction algorithm is implemented in a MATLAB/Simulink simulation environment that includes models of the UGV, LRF, all the sensors and actuators needed for the control of the UGV. The performance of the algorithm is also demonstrated in real time experiments with an actual UGV system.
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Fahimi, F., C. Nataraj, and H. Ashrafiuon. "Obstacle Avoidance for Groups of Mobile Robots Using Potential Field Technique." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-60525.

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An efficient real time path planning method for groups of mobile robots in dynamic environments is introduced. Harmonic potential functions are utilized along with the panel method known in fluid mechanics. First, a complement to the traditional panel method is introduced to generate a more effective harmonic potential field for obstacle avoidance in dynamically changing environments. Second, a group of mobile robots working in an environment containing stationary and moving obstacles is considered. Each robot is assigned to move from its current position to a goal position. The group is not forced to maintain a formation during the motion. Every robot considers the other robots of the group as moving obstacles and hence the physical dimensions of the robots are also taken into account. The path of each robot is planned based on the changing position of the other robots and the position of stationary and moving obstacles. Finally, the effectiveness of the scheme is shown by modeling groups of an arbitrary number of mobile robots and the theory is validated by several computer simulations and hardware experiments.
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Grigoryev, A. M., and O. L. Tashlykov. "Route optimization during works in non-stationary radiation fields with obstacles." In PHYSICS, TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATION (PTI-2019): Proceedings of the VI International Young Researchers’ Conference. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5134367.

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Oyadiji, S. Olutunde, and Eugene Lai. "Predicting the Traction Force Requirements of Wheeled Mobile Robots Traversing Obstacles." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35664.

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The analytical models of a wheeled mobile robot (WMR) are often derived based on the assumption that the surface on which it manoeuvres is free from any irregularities. However, the wheels of a WMR are likely to encounter small but unavoidable obstacles. The interaction between stationary obstacles and the wheels of the mobile robot can adversely affect the stability of the payload as well as the robot’s handling control. The limited understanding of the mechanism of wheel-obstacle interaction and its implication on the overall dynamics of a WMR has hindered the development of control tools that may be used to limit the adverse effects of traversing surface irregularities. In this paper, vectorial mechanics approach is used to model the dynamics of wheeled mobile robots (WMRs) travelling over localised surface irregularities. This model is employed in conjunction with temporal trajectory functions to compute the traction force requirements of WMRs traversing obstacles of specified profiles. The obstacles are in the form of sinusoidal humps which are decomposed into positive and negative sinusoidal ramps. It is shown that a compromise can be obtained between the minimum times requirement for obstacle traversing, the traction force requirements, and the geometrical properties of the obstacles. The traction force can become negative which implies the need to switch to a braking action. This switch between the traction mode and braking mode of the actuators can be prevented if an optimal time for the obstacle traversing is selected a-priori. It is also shown that the relationship between the traction or breaking force magnitude and the manoeuvre time is non-linear and that the traction force requirements are much greater at small manoeuvre times than at big manoeuvre times. In addition, it is shown that the grade of an obstacle, which depend on its length and height, affect the traction requirements.
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Fakhfakh, N., L. Khoudour, E. M. El-Koursi, J. L. Bruyelle, A. Dufaux, and J. Jacot. "Background subtraction and 3D localization of moving and stationary obstacles at level crossings." In 2010 2nd International Conference on Image Processing Theory, Tools and Applications (IPTA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ipta.2010.5586765.

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Ousingsawat, Jarurat. "Cooperative Reconnaissance for Stationary and Moving Targets Using Mixed Integer Linear Programming." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-80558.

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This work focuses on the use of cooperative multi-vehicle systems in reconnaissance. A team of vehicles travels to collect information of targets such that their uncertainties are reduced. An approach is developed and employed to effectively plan paths of the vehicles. The high-level of a hierarchical control structure is considered. In prior works, the path optimization is generally constructed so that it can be used at any circumstances. While it offers many benefits, it is computationally intensive. It is proposed here to decompose the planning into 1)strategy planning and 2)task/path planning. Unlike other works, the two elements are separated. The paths are planned under the policy given by the strategy planning. The separation allows the policy to be adjusted based on the current environmental status. Therefore, the planner becomes more flexible and is able to tackle more complex situations such as moving targets and obstacles. The knowledge from an optimal planner is employed to provide an insight on the best policy. The simulations show the vehicles successfully observe multiple moving and stationary targets using relatively short run time.
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Tang, Lei, Kuang-Ching Wang, Yong Huang, and Fangming Gu. "Radio Channel Characteristics of Zigbee Wireless Sensors in Machine Shop for Plant Floor Process Monitoring." In ASME 2006 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2006-21115.

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Wireless sensors are envisioned to be useful for plant floor process monitoring with unprecedented flexibility and low costs, where data can be relayed via a wireless network formed among the sensors. Factory environments, however, are known harsh for radio communications. For sensor radios engineered with extremely low power and simple circuitry, the sensor radio channel characteristics must be identified for optimal network design and reliability assessment. In this paper, a preliminary radio channel measurement study was performed based on the wireless sensor pairs in normal communication at the 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band to assess the sensor radio channel properties in a university machine workshop. The effect of both stationary and moving (forklift) obstacles on the radio propagation in terms of the received signal power, bit error and packet error rates was studied. The effect of stationary obstacles was further analyzed against a simple path loss model to find the path loss exponent. A spectrum analyzer was also used to capture the noise backgrounds in free space and the machine shop, which shows significantly different radio activities among the investigated scenarios. The proposed channel measurement methodology through directly utilizing the sensor platforms will help future radio channel characterization studies in manufacturing plant floor environments.
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