Journal articles: 'Static switch'

1

Cooper, Ronald C., and Evan C. Cooper. "400Hz High Speed Static Transfer Switch." SAE International Journal of Aerospace 1, no. 1 (November 11, 2008): 946–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-2877.

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Kleban, Janusz, and Jaroslaw Warczyński. "SMM Clos-Network Switches under SD Algorithm." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology 1 (March 28, 2018): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2018.123017.

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This paper is devoted to evaluating the performance of Space-Memory-Memory (SMM) Clos-network switches under a packet dispatching scheme employing static connection patterns, referred to as Static Dispatching (SD). The control algorithm with static connection patterns can be easily implemented in the SMM fabric due to bufferless switches in the first stage. Stability is one of the very important performance factors of packet switching nodes. In general, a switch is stable for a particular arrival process if the expected length of the packet queues does not increase without limitation. To prove the stability of the SMM Clos-network switches considered under the SD packet dispatching scheme the discrete Markov chain model of the switch is used and Foster’s criteria to extend Lyapunov’s second (direct) method of stability investigation of discrete time stochastic systems are used. The results of simulation experiments, in terms of average cell delay and packet queue lengths, are shown as well.

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Dequesnes, Marc, Zhi Tang, and N. R. Aluru. "Static and Dynamic Analysis of Carbon Nanotube-Based Switches." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 126, no. 3 (June 29, 2004): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1751180.

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In this paper, we report on molecular dynamics (MD), continuum (based on linear and nonlinear beam theories) and combined molecular dynamics/continuum simulation of carbon nanotube based nanoelectromechanical switches. As a prototype device, we study the pull-in voltage characteristics of a nanoelectromechanical switch made of a suspended single wall nanotube over a ground plane. The various simulations (MD, continuum and combined MD/continuum) have been performed accounting for the electrostatic and van der Waals forces between the nanotube and the ground plane. The results from the nonlinear continuum theory compared well with the results from MD, except, for cases, where nanotube buckling was observed. When buckling occurs, the electromechanical behavior of the switch is simulated by employing a combined MD/continuum approach. The combined MD/continuum approach is computationally more efficient compared to the MD simulation of the entire device. Static and dynamic pull-in, pull-in time and fundamental frequency analysis is presented for fixed-fixed and cantilever carbon nanotube switches.

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Qin, Juan Ying, Cui Fang Liu, and Chang Qing Bi. "The Switch Control of Double-Power Supply System Based on Intelligent Static Switch." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 1612–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.1612.

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This article introduces the principle of achieving high precision switch control on double-power supply system of electric fence power & inverting power by intelligent static switch with DSP-TMS320LF2407A as the main control chip and its hardware & software characteristics. The most central part of intelligent static switch is to embed an intelligent soft management system and set up a platform to manage other software, which achieve fast data processing and complex Boolean calculation of system. The intelligent static switch can monitor the magnitude, phase and frequency of electric fence power & inverting power in real time according to present parameter, revise the frequency & phase of standby power in-phase signal which is in a warm-waiting state, make sure they are highly precise in double-power supply system, and achieve “seamless” switch.

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Tsung, Tsing Tshih, and Hoai Nguyen. "Measurement of Static Performance of Inductive Proximity Switch for a Mobile Robot." Applied Mechanics and Materials 404 (September 2013): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.404.502.

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For a control system, the static performance of a sensor is always a milestone of dynamic performance of the system. The static performance of a proximity switch plays an important role due to it affects the dynamic properties quality of a mobile robot and the results of dynamic identification. A proximity switch is a common sensor to search a metal guideline for a mobile robot. If the signal of a proximity switch is unstable or noise, it is more disturbance for a mobile robot control. Hence, a static performance evaluation of a proximity switch is basic technology for a mobile robot and will be proposed in this paper. When a proximity switch is used to search a signal of a metal tape as guideline for a mobile robot, there are giant effect so different metals such as diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism in materials. In this paper, the hand-made measurement system is successful development, and 6 types of metals are measured. Through measurement, the static performance of a proximity switch can be fast evaluated and analyzed, respectively. The experiment result shows that the signals of diamagnetism, paramagnetism and ferromagnetism metal tape in materials are giant differences. By using the developed measurement system of this study, the effects of different metals can be fast determined respectively. And base on this static performance, the dynamic performance of a proximity switch can be fast and precisely evaluated. Determining how to rapidly and efficiently control a mobile robot therefore becomes the key point in using the measurement technique of static performance.

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Ma, Jian Ming Bryan, Samuel F. Asokanthan, and Li Ying Jiang. "Surface Effects Considerations for the Design of Casimir Actuated Nanoswitches." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 1036–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.1036.

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New techniques that can control Casimir forces in nanosacle structures may soon ensure the physical realization of switchable Casimir-force devices. In order to provide useful insights into the behaviour of this class of switches, the idea of Casimir-force actuation window has been proposed here to assist in the design of such switches. The influence of surface effects including residual surface stress and surface elasticity on the pull-in parameters of Casimir actuated switches has been demonstrated. These effects, together with other currently known difficulties due to uncertainties such as surface roughness and trapped electric charge may hinder the realization of this class of devices. An Euler-Bernoulli beam model has been employed to demonstrate surface effects in a nanocantilever switch, and numerical solutions employing a finite difference approach have been obtained for the static bending of this switch. The results demonstrate that surface effects play a significant role in the selection of basic design parameters of Casimir actuated switches, such as static deflection and detachment length. Threshold value of residual surface stress is also studied for these switches. The predictions reveal that exclusion of surface effects in Casimir-force actuation window may result in non-functional switch designs.

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Kishore, G. Indira, and Ramesh Kumar Tripathi. "High Gain Single Switch DC-DC Converter Based on Switched Capacitor Cells." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 29, no. 12 (February 26, 2020): 2050188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126620501881.

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With photovoltaic or fuel cell as a source, the high voltage required at DC bus as input for inverter can be obtained by high gain DC-DC converters. This can be achieved by implementing switched capacitor (SC) cells. Switched capacitors have the ability to produce high static gain and at the same time, they limit the voltage stress across the components. This paper proposes a high static gain, single switch DC converter based on the SC cells to develop high gain. These cells not only boost the voltage gain but also reduce the voltage stress at the active components. This converter also features a single active switch, low input ripple current through the inductor, absence of snubber circuit as the proposed converter does not assist the voltage spike across the active switch. The proposed converter allows high switching frequency and therefore results in a smaller size. The voltage gain can be increased further by adding the switched cells. In this paper, the operation in CCM, DCM, and design of components for the proposed converter is discussed. The MATLAB/SIMLINK and hardware-based studies for the proposed converters have been discussed to validate the specified features.

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8

Jovanović, Blagota, Mladen Milošević, and Žarko Janda. "Enhanced single phase static transfer switch control." Zbornik radova Elektrotehnicki institut Nikola Tesla 29, no. 29 (2019): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zeint29-24565.

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Ramesh, Sundar, Vijayakumar Govindaraj, Raja Raman, Shanmugasundaram Venkatarajan, and Kamatchi Kannan Vijayarangan. "Reduced switch cascaded asymmetrical 27 level inverter-STATCOMwith fuzzy logic controller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 32, no. 3 (December 1, 2023): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v32.i3.pp1288-1297.

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<p>In this study, a 27-levelinverter with a reduced switch asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge (CHB) with fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is proposed. With series connections, a low voltage converter, a middle level voltage converter, and a high voltage converter make up the static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). The configuration of the asymmetrical inverter uses trinary DCsources. To acquire switching signals for the trinary inverter-based STATCOM to compensate for real power, load voltage, reactive power, load current, and power factor under load changing conditions, FLC is constructed. With fewer switches, the suggested arrangement produces greater voltage levels. The performance of the reduced switch asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge inverter-STATCOM with FLCis simulated using the MATLAB Simulink platform under both static and dynamic load conditions. When compared to reduced switch asymmetrical cascaded H-bridge inverter-STATCOM with traditional proportional integral (PI) controller, the FLC result demonstrates efficient unbalanced load compensation. The FLC in the proposed inverter also lowers the total harmonic distortion.</p>

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10

Canales, Jose, Iosu Aizpuru, Unai Iraola, Jon Barrena, and Manex Barrenetxea. "Medium-Voltage AC Static Switch Solution to Feed Neutral Section in a High-Speed Railway System." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2018): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102740.

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A high-speed train (HST) is a single-phase load supplied by a three-phase AC grid. The HST produces unbalanced three-line currents affecting the power quality of the grid. To balance the asymmetries on average, railway feeding sections are supplied that rotate the three phases of the grid. An electric isolation segment, called the neutral section (NS), between different sections is necessary. The HST must pass through this 1.6 km NS without power supply. In this paper, a medium-voltage AC static switch solution to feed the high-speed train in the NS is proposed. Thyristor technology is selected to design the 25 KVAC static switch. A medium-voltage power electronics procedure design is proposed to ensure proper operation in the final application. An NS operation is analyzed to identify impacts within the electric system and solution requirements are developed. Then, a low-scale prototype is used to experimentally validate the solution based on thyristor technology and the medium-voltage AC static switch is designed. Limitations on power and voltage at the Mondragon University Medium-Voltage Laboratory do not allow testing of the AC static switch at nominal conditions. A partial test procedure to test sections of the AC static switch is proposed and applied to validate the solution. Finally, experimental results for the Cordoba–Malaga (Spain) high-speed railway in real conditions with an HST crossing the NS at 300 km/h are shown.

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11

Mokhtari, H., S. B. Dewan, and M. R. Travani. "Performance evaluation of thyristor based static transfer switch." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 15, no. 3 (July 2000): 960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.871359.

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12

Onah, A. J., E. E. Ezema, and I. D. Egwuatu. "An R-L Static Var Compensator (SVC)." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.12.2253.

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Traditional static var compensators (SVCs) employ shunt reactors and capacitors. These standard reactive power shunt elements are controlled to produce rapid and variable reactive power. Power electronic devices like the thyristor etc. are used to switch them in or out of the network to which they are connected in response to system conditions. There are two basic types, namely the thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), and the thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). In this paper we wish to investigate a compensator where the reactor or capacitor is replaced by a series connected resistor and reactor (R-L). The performance equations are derived and applied to produce the compensator characteristics for each of the configurations. Their performances are compared, and the contrasts between them displayed. All three configurations are made to achieve unity power factor in a system.

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13

Onah, A. J., E. E. Ezema, and I. D. Egwuatu. "An R-L Static Var Compensator (SVC)." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 12 (December 14, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.12.2253.

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Traditional static var compensators (SVCs) employ shunt reactors and capacitors. These standard reactive power shunt elements are controlled to produce rapid and variable reactive power. Power electronic devices like the thyristor etc. are used to switch them in or out of the network to which they are connected in response to system conditions. There are two basic types, namely the thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), and the thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). In this paper we wish to investigate a compensator where the reactor or capacitor is replaced by a series connected resistor and reactor (R-L). The performance equations are derived and applied to produce the compensator characteristics for each of the configurations. Their performances are compared, and the contrasts between them displayed. All three configurations are made to achieve unity power factor in a system.

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14

Ouakad, Hassen M., and Mohammad I. Younis. "Modeling the Structural-Thermal-Electrical Coupling in an Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Switch and Its Impact on the Switch Stability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/608107.

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Modeling and analysis for the static behavior and collapse instabilities of a MEMS cantilever switch subjected to both electrical and thermal loadings are presented. The thermal loading forces can be as a result of a huge amount of switching contact of the microswitch. The model considers the microbeam as a continuous medium and the electric force as a nonlinear function of displacement and accounts for its fringing-field effect. The electric force is assumed to be distributed over specific lengths underneath the microbeam. A boundary-value solver is used to study the collapse instability, which brings the microbeam from its unstuck configuration to touch the substrate and gets stuck in the so-called pinned configuration. We have found negligible influence of the temperature on the static stability of the switch. We then investigate the effect of the thermal heating due to the current flow on the cantilever switch while it is in the on position (adhered position). We also found slight effect on the static stability of the switch.

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15

Lysenko, Igor E., Alexey V. Tkachenko, Olga A. Ezhova, and Boris G. Konoplev. "The modeling design integral the electrostatic microelectromechanical switch of capacitive type." ITM Web of Conferences 30 (2019): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20193006005.

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This article presents the optimization and static modeling of the design an integral microelectromechanical switch of capacitive type based on a parametric 3D model using finite element analysis software complex ANSYS. The values of the pull-down voltage and switching time are determined. The obtained results give a good theoretical help in the development of various high-performance electrostatic microelectromechanical switches.

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16

Yin, Jiacheng, Zhaomin Lv, Xingjie Chen, and Kun Yang. "Positioning of the Moving and Static Contacts of the Switch Machine Based on Double-Layer Mask R-CNN." Complexity 2021 (August 19, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8655499.

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With the continuous development of rail transit, the maintenance of the switch machine becomes more and more important, and the contact depth of the moving contact and static contact in the switch machine is a key part of it. At present, the manual measurement method is the main measure of contact depth, which has the problems of low efficiency and strong subjectivity. The measurement of contact depth based on machine vision includes two steps: moving and static contact positioning and distance conversion. The positioning result will have an important impact on distance measurement. Therefore, a positioning method for moving and static contact based on double-layer Mask R-CNN (DLM) is proposed in this paper: first, the moving contact is roughly positioned by Mask R-CNN to obtain the predicted target area; second, the subgraph of the target area is preprocessed; finally, the precise positioning is used to determine the precise position of the moving and static contact. The accuracy and robustness of the proposed DLM are verified by the internal image of the switch machine.

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17

Han, Kehua, Wanjun Zhao, Peng Deng, Enyi Chu, and Qingjie Jiao. "Research on Characteristics of Copper Foil Three-Electrode Planar Spark Gap High Voltage Switch Integrated with EFI." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041989.

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In view of the low-energy explosion foil detonation system’s requirements for the integration technology of high-voltage switches and technical overload resistance technology, a magnetron sputtering coater is used to sputter copper film on the surface of the substrate. The thickness is 4.0 μm, the radius of the main electrode is 4 mm, the trigger electrode is 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm, and the main gaps are 0.8 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.2 mm mm, 1.8 mm, 2.0 mm, 2.2 mm, and 2.6 mm. Copper foil three-electrode planar spark gap high voltage switches are designed and manufactured; and the static self-breakdown characteristics, dynamic operating characteristics, and discharge life characteristics of the three-electrode planar spark gap high voltage switch based on copper foil are studied in this paper. The test results show that with the increase of the main electrode gap from 0.8 mm to 2.6 mm, the self-breakdown voltage of the planar spark gap switch increases, and the working voltage also increases. When the main electrode gap is a maximum of 2.6 mm, the self-breakdown voltage of the switch can reach 3480 V, which indicates that the maximum operating voltage of the switch is 3480 V. When the charging voltage is 2.0 kV, with the increase of the main electrode gap from 0.8 mm to 2.6 mm, the minimum trigger voltage value of the planar spark gap switch increases from 677 V to 1783 V (a = 0.6 mm), and from 685 V to 1766 V (a = 0.8 mm), the switch on time is 16 ns, 22 ns, 28 ns, 48 ns, 64 ns, 77 ns, 93 ns (a = 0.6 mm), and 26 ns, 34 ns, 51 ns, 67 ns, 81 ns, 102 ns (a = 0.6 mm). With the increase of the gap between the two main electrodes of the switch, the maximum static working voltage of the three-electrode plane spark gap high-voltage switch increases, the minimum trigger voltage value also increases, and the on-time of the switch gradually becomes longer. The peak current of the discharge circuit decreases and the dynamic impedance and inductive reactance of the switch also increase; as the width of the trigger electrode increases, the minimum trigger voltage decreases, the dynamic impedance and inductance decrease, and the switch operating voltage with the same parameters is higher. The easier the switch is to turn on, the lower the minimum trigger voltage. The electrode thickness of the three-electrode plane spark gap switch has a certain influence on the field strength and the service life of the switch. The results of this study provide useful references for promoting the research and development of LEEFIs.

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Liu, Wei. "Study on Characteristic of Fluidic Attachment in Static Gas Wave Refrigerator." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 2793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.2793.

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The static gas wave refrigerator (SGWR) was a very important fluid machine in process of conveying natural gas.Its operating performance depended on characteristic of fluidic attachment and switch. This paper introduced fluidic entrainment and attachment phenomenon and analysed computational model of fluidic attachment. In order to study characteristic of fluidic attachment, the governing equation was two-dimension, unsteady and compressible N-S equation with k-ε turbulent model. The flow space was divided with two-dimention nonstructureing mesh. The results showed that the fluidic entrainment phenomenon was seized and Coanda effect was proved. The whole process of the fluidic attachment and switch were simulated and the mechanism of the fluidic switch was detailedly analysed based on the results.

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19

Chen, Wenguo, Rui Wang, Huiying Wang, and Zhen Yang. "Design, Simulation, and Fabrication of a New Three-Axis Inertial Switch with a Triangular Movable Electrode Structure." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010094.

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A new three-axis inertial switch is proposed. The triangle-structured movable electrode is designed to improve the inertial switch’s dynamic response performance, especially the movable electrode’s dynamic stability performance. The static mechanical analysis indicated that the displacement of the movable electrode to the fixed electrode in the sensitive direction is the minimum when the acceleration is applied to this designed inertial switch. The dynamic simulation analysis showed that the threshold of the designed inertial is about 235 g. The threshold in the non-sensitive direction is about 240 g, 270 g, 300 g, and 350 g when the directions of applied acceleration deviate 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° from the sensitive direction, respectively. These results indicated that the designed inertial could resist the impact in non-sensitive directions and improve the stability in sensitive directions. The prototype of the inertial switch was fabricated and tested successfully. The testing results indicate that the threshold of the fabricated inertial switch is about 219 g. The test results verify the dynamic stability performance of the designed inertial switch.

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20

Sciortino, Giuseppe, Alireza Mesri, Fabio Toso, Francesco Zanetto, and Giorgio Ferrari. "Low‐leakage zero‐static power consumption analogue CMOS switch." Electronics Letters 57, no. 13 (May 6, 2021): 502–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ell2.12177.

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21

ALOLAH, A. I., and A. M. ALSUWAILEM. "Static starting switch for a single-phase induction motor." International Journal of Electronics 67, no. 1 (July 1989): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207218908921065.

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22

Hartmann, D., S. Reitzenstein, L. Worschech, and A. Forchel. "Static memory element based on electron Y-branch switch." Electronics Letters 41, no. 6 (2005): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:20058059.

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23

Wang, Kun Qi, Guang Qi Ren, and Zhu Feng Shao. "A New Method on Illumination Measurement to Dynamic and Static Light Sources." Advanced Materials Research 411 (November 2011): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.411.203.

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A novel measurement system for the dynamic and static light sources is designed in this paper. The method of dynamic gain adjustment measurement is proposed according to the national standards on luminous intensity of dynamic and static light sources. The method is achieved by the way that microcontroller controlled the analog switches to switch automatically in different ranges and adjust the gain automatically depend on the light intensity. By designing the overall structure of the system and using the dynamic gain adjustment method, the range of dynamic measuring illumination can be from 0.001 up to 2000 . The illumination measurement to static light source and the dynamic light source in the peak luminous intensity are achieved via the combination of interval control and dynamic gain adjustment.

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Okilly, Ahmed H., Namhun Kim, Jonghyuk Lee, Yegu Kang, and Jeihoon Baek. "Development of a Smart Static Transfer Switch Based on a Triac Semiconductor for AC Power Switching Control." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010526.

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Power system disruptions can be categorized as issues with the quality of electricity brought on by voltage sags, lightning strikes, and other system-related interferences. The static transfer switch (STS) has recently emerged as the most important technology for electric power transmission, distribution, and control systems to manage power supply during power system disruption issues, particularly in cost-effectively supplying power to critical loads and sensitive loads without interruption. In this paper, for the switching between the two AC sources during the voltage disruptions issue with low transfer time, a smart static transfer switch (SSTS) based on a digital switching algorithm and Triac semiconductor switch is proposed and experimentally tested. A digital switching algorithm based on online AC voltage sensing and zero-crossing detection is proposed and implemented inside a DSP MCU. The printed circuit board (PCB) of the proposed SSTS is designed and manufactured for the experimental performance investigation with different AC input voltage conditions. A comparative study based on the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed SSTS system with the previous works is also presented. A smart static transfer switch with a transition time of less than one cycle and a digital protection technique during fault conditions is obtained in this work.

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Yeo, Sangho, Ye Naing, Taeha Kim, and Sangyoon Oh. "Achieving Balanced Load Distribution with Reinforcement Learning-Based Switch Migration in Distributed SDN Controllers." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 13, 2021): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020162.

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Distributed controllers in software-defined networking (SDN) become a promising approach because of their scalable and reliable deployments in current SDN environments. Since the network traffic varies with time and space, a static mapping between switches and controllers causes uneven load distribution among controllers. Dynamic migration of switches methods can provide a balanced load distribution between SDN controllers. Recently, existing reinforcement learning (RL) methods for dynamic switch migration such as MARVEL are modeling the load balancing of each controller as linear optimization. Even if it is widely used for network flow modeling, this type of linear optimization is not well fitted to the real-world workload of SDN controllers because correlations between resource types are unexpectedly and continuously changed. Consequently, using the linear model for resource utilization makes it difficult to distinguish which resource types are currently overloaded. In addition, this yields a high time cost. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning-based switch and controller selection scheme for switch migration, switch-aware reinforcement learning load balancing (SAR-LB). SAR-LB uses the utilization ratio of various resource types in both controllers and switches as the inputs of the neural network. It also considers switches as RL agents to reduce the action space of learning, while it considers all cases of migrations. Our experimental results show that SAR-LB achieved better (close to the even) load distribution among SDN controllers because of the accurate decision-making of switch migration. The proposed scheme achieves better normalized standard deviation among distributed SDN controllers than existing schemes by up to 34%.

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Wächtler, Moritz, Josef Kessler, Martin Walger, and Hartmut Meister. "Revealing Perceptional and Cognitive Mechanisms in Static and Dynamic Cocktail Party Listening by Means of Error Analyses." Trends in Hearing 26 (January 2022): 233121652211116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165221111676.

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In cocktail party situations multiple talkers speak simultaneously, which causes listening to be perceptually and cognitively challenging. Such situations can either be static (fixed target talker) or dynamic, meaning the target talker switches occasionally and in a potentially unpredictable way. To shed light on the perceptional and cognitive mechanisms in static and dynamic cocktail party situations, we conducted an analysis of error types that occur during a multi-talker speech recognition test. The error analysis distinguished between misunderstood or omitted words (random errors) and target-masker confusions. To investigate the effects of aging and hearing impairment, we compared data from three listener groups, comprised of young as well as older adults with and without hearing loss. In the static condition, error rates were generally very low, except for the older hearing-impaired listeners. Consistent with the assumption of decreased audibility, they showed a notable amount of random errors. In the dynamic condition, errors increased compared to the static condition, especially immediately following a target talker switch. Those increases were similar for random and confusion errors. The older hearing-impaired listeners showed greater difficulties than the younger adults in trials not preceded by a switch. These results suggest that the load associated with dynamic cocktail party listening affects the ability to focus attention on the talker of interest and the retrieval of words from short-term memory, as indicated by the increased amount of confusion and random errors. This was most pronounced in the older hearing-impaired listeners proposing an interplay of perceptual and cognitive mechanisms.

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Bajda, Yevgen, Mykhailo Panteliat, and Artem Kuzmin. "Calculations of static and dynamic processes in the synchronizing shaft of a medium-voltage vacuum switch during the turn-on process." Bulletin of NTU "KhPI". Series: Problems of Electrical Machines and Apparatus Perfection. The Theory and Practice, no. 2 (10) (December 17, 2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-3944.2023.2.01.

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An important direction of theoretical research of modern electrical devices, medium voltage switches and contactors is the study of mechanical processes that occur during their operation. First of all, this is due to sufficiently large forces and accelerations acting on the structural elements and the synchronizing shaft of such devices in the process of switching on. In the article, on the basis of developed mathematical models, calculations of mechanical processes in the synchronizing shaft of a vacuum switch in static and dynamic mode for an absolutely rigid and real shaft are performed and their comparative analysis is carried out. The results of computer modeling are obtained in tabular and graphical forms, which include data on static and dynamic deformations of the shaft, as well as mechanical forces in its supports. It is shown that the mechanical deformation of the shaft causes a decrease in contact drop and contact pressure forces, but with a correctly selected cross-section of the synchronizing shaft, these values slightly affect the operation of the switch itself (the decrease is about 20% and 7%, respectively). It is also shown that as a result of the bending of the shaft, additional axial forces appear in the supports compared to the simplified calculation, which significantly affect the choice of bearings according to the equivalent static load. The calculated dynamic forces, taking into account the masses of contacts and contact rods, exceed similar static forces by 1.3 times, which must also be taken into account when choosing bearings in which the synchronizing shaft is held.

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Luo Weixi, 罗维熙, 黄涛 Huang Tao, and 曾江涛 Zeng Jiangtao. "Influence of gap length on gas spark switch static performance." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 25, no. 9 (2013): 2466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20132509.2466.

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29

Mahmood, Tahir, and Mohammad Ahmad Choudhry. "Performance improvement of complementary feeders using static transfer switch system." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 10, no. 2 (February 2009): 189–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a0820127.

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30

Moschakis, M. N., and N. D. Hatziargyriou. "A detailed model for a thyristor-based static transfer switch." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 18, no. 4 (October 2003): 1442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2003.817790.

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Mokhtari, Hossein, and M. Reza Iravani. "Effect of Source Phase Difference on Static Transfer Switch Performance." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 22, no. 2 (April 2007): 1125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpwrd.2006.883004.

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Mokhtari, H., S. B. Dewan, and M. R. Iravani. "Effect of Regenerative Load on a Static Transfer Switch Performance." IEEE Power Engineering Review 21, no. 8 (August 2001): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2001.4311570.

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Matsumoto, Takashi, Yasunori Tanaka, and Koji Yano. "Stress Test of Cascode Switch Using SiC Static Induction Transistor." Materials Science Forum 1004 (July 2020): 985–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1004.985.

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Stress tests were conducted for the cascode switch using the SiC buried gate static induction transistor (SiC-BGSIT). The stress of the reverse overshoot voltage was periodically applied to the pn junction between the gate terminal and source one in the BGSIT in the cascode with pulses of 40kHz for 202 hours. This simulates the stress which can be occurred in the channel region of the BGSIT during the turn-off and turn-on operation with a parasitic inductance in the interconnection of the cascode package. The result of the stress tests has revealed that there is no significant difference between the electrical characteristics of the BGSIT cascode sample before the stress and those after the stress. Thus, the BGSIT cascode can guarantee high reliability against the stress. The result from the drain current DLTS suggests that no deferent kind of defect is created in the channel region of the BGSIT by the stress.

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34

Grua, P. "Dynamic magnetic switch modeling based on static magnetic material properties." Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 1, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 517–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0965-0393/1/4/013.

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35

Jipping, J. E., and W. E. Carter. "Application and experience with a 15 kV static transfer switch." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 14, no. 4 (1999): 1477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.796243.

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Mokhtari, H., S. B. Dewan, and M. R. Iravani. "Effect of regenerative load on a static transfer switch performance." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 16, no. 4 (2001): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.956747.

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de Sá, Franciéli Lima, Domingo Ruiz-Caballero, Cleiton Dal’Agnol, William Rafhael da Silva, and Samir Ahmad Mussa. "High Static Gain DC–DC Double Boost Quadratic Converter." Energies 16, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 6362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16176362.

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This paper presents a study of a new topology of a DC–DC converter titled double quadratic boost non-isolated. This converter has high static gain and proposes to reduce the voltage stress on the switches, where the maximum voltage value at each switch is equal to half of the total output voltage. The paper first presents the theoretical analysis of the converter operating in open loop. The objective of the work is the mathematical modeling and control strategy of the converter, as well as validation through closed loop experimental results. In addition, we present the results of practical tests to demonstrate the operation of the converter, such as the experimental static gain curve, the practical efficiency of the converter, and the output voltage control, as well as the capacitor voltage swing control. The authors designed the prototype for 1 kW, with a switching frequency of fs=50 kHz, with FPGA-based control and modulation.

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Henzler, S., J. Berthold, G. Georgakos, and D. Schmitt-Landsiedel. "Theory of circuit block switch-off." Advances in Radio Science 2 (May 27, 2005): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-2-227-2004.

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Abstract. Switching-off unused circuit blocks is a promising approach to supress static leakage currents in ultra deep sub-micron CMOS digital systems. Basic performance parameters of Circuit Block Switch-Off (CBSO) schemes are defined and their dependence on basic circuit parameters is estimated. Therefore the design trade-off between strong leakage suppression in idle mode and adequate dynamic performance in active mode can be supported by simple analytic investigations. Additionally, a guideline for the estimation of the minimum time for which a block deactivation is useful is derived.

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GERMAN, L. A. "Increasing railway capacity with the installation of reactive power compensation." VNIIZHT Scientific Journal 80, no. 1 (April 12, 2021): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21780/2223-9731-2021-80-1-35-44.

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The article considers existing regulated installations of transverse capacitive compensation for increasing the capacity of sections of the traction network of 25 and 2×25 kV of Russian railways. Characteristics of a static reactive power generator based on bipolar IGBT transistors (manufactured by LLC NPP “RU-Engineering”, Naberezhnye Chelny), a switchable filtercompensating unit (manufactured by the Gorkovskaya Railway and the Nizhny Novgorod branch of SamGUPS), a three-stage switchable filter-compensating unit. To increase the capacity, all installations are switched on at the traction network sectioning posts. Long-term operation of the static reactive power generator and switchable filter-compensating unit have proven their operational efficiency. At the same time, the following upgrades are proposed: in a static reactive power generator it is proposed to reduce the installed power, replacing it with unregulated compensation, and in a switchable filter-compensating installation, it is proposed to switch in 400–500 V steps to normalize the traction mode of the electric rolling stock.It is shown that in terms of technical characteristics, a switchable filter-compensating installation with a thyristor switch is not inferior to a static generator of reactive power in terms of increasing the capacity, and in some respects it surpasses it. On the whole, in terms of payback period, a switchable filter-compensating installation surpasses a static generator of reactive power due to the high cost of the latter. The following options for using the considered installations are proposed. With the required power of transverse capacitive compensation units up to 5–6 MVAr, to increase the capacity, switchable filter-compensating units should be installed. Taking into account real loads, such a solution will be implemented at most sectioning posts. For installations with a capacity of more than 5–6 MVAr, the option of using a static reactive power generator of reduced power should be considered: at high loads, its efficiency will increase.

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Zhu, Ziyi, Min Yee Teh, Zhenguo Wu, Madeleine Strom Glick, Shijia Yan, Maarten Hattink, and Keren Bergman. "Distributed deep learning training using silicon photonic switched architectures." APL Photonics 7, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 030901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0070711.

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The scaling trends of deep learning models and distributed training workloads are challenging network capacities in today’s datacenters and high-performance computing (HPC) systems. We propose a system architecture that leverages silicon photonic (SiP) switch-enabled server regrouping using bandwidth steering to tackle the challenges and accelerate distributed deep learning training. In addition, our proposed system architecture utilizes a highly integrated operating system-based SiP switch control scheme to reduce implementation complexity. To demonstrate the feasibility of our proposal, we built an experimental testbed with a SiP switch-enabled reconfigurable fat tree topology and evaluated the network performance of distributed ring all-reduce and parameter server workloads. The experimental results show up to 3.6× improvements over the static non-reconfigurable fat tree. Our large-scale simulation results show that server regrouping can deliver up to 2.3× flow throughput improvement for a 2× tapered fat tree and a further 11% improvement when higher-layer bandwidth steering is employed. The collective results show the potential of integrating SiP switches into datacenters and HPC systems to accelerate distributed deep learning training.

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Meier, Josiane Maria. "Temporal Profiles of Urban Lighting: Proposal for a research design and first results from three sites in Berlin." International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 20, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v19i2.82.

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This paper presents and experimentally applies a research design for studying the temporal dimension of outdoor artificial illumination in complex lightscapes such as those of urban centres. It contributes to filling the gap between analyses of high-resolution aerial imagery, which provide detailed but static information on the spatial composition of lightscapes, and existing methods for studying their dynamics, which measure changes at high levels of aggregation. The research design adopts a small-scale, detailed approach by using close-range time-lapse videos to document the on/off patterns of individual light sources as the night progresses. It provides a framework and vocabulary for discrete and comparative analyses of the identified temporal profiles of lighting. This allows for pinpointing similarities and differences among the dynamics of different places, nights or categories of lighting. Its application to three case studies in Berlin indicate that switch-on and switch-off times are clustered, resulting in static and dynamic phases of the night. Midnight is a temporal fault-line, after which full illumination ends as portions of the illumination are extinguished. Switch-off times and -rates differ among the three lightscapes and, especially, among four functional types of lighting that were differentiated: infrastructural and commercial units largely remain on all night, while substantial portions of architectural and indoor lighting are switched off, though at fairly different times. Such findings are valuable for studies based on data collected at specific points in time (aerial imagery, measurements), for informing and monitoring temporally oriented lighting policies, and for understanding urban dynamics at large.

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Fadli, Ouahiba, Mohamed Lokmane Bendaas, and Rachid Abdessemed. "Fault Diagnosis in Static Converters Used in Induction Heating Systems." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 9, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v9.i3.pp1051-1063.

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This paper presents different techniques on fault diagnosis in static converters used to supply and control induction heating systems. These techniques allow the detection and the location of the failed semiconductor switches. After an overview of the device with its main features in healthy state, we have afterwards focused on the fault detection and diagnosis in three electronic power converters which constitute the power generator of the induction furnace. For uncontrolled three-phase rectifier, three external methods based on the analysis of lines currents are used: Average currents method, Current space vector trajectory, called Current Park’s vector approach and Spectrum analysis. For the buck converter (chopper), analytic redundancy approach, based on the residues calculation, is used. For the series resonant inverter, a simple and efficient method based on the average voltages analysis, allows the detection and the location of the power switch in fault. The obtained simulation results, in Matlab/Simulink, are presented and discussed. They reveal that the proposed diagnostic techniques are of great interest.

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Iida, Ken-Ichiro, Yoshimitsu Mizunoe, Sun Nyunt Wai, and Shin-Ichi Yoshida. "Type 1 Fimbriation and Its Phase Switching in Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 8, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.8.3.489-495.2001.

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ABSTRACT Type 1 fimbriae can be expressed by most Escherichia coli strains and mediate mannose-sensitive (MS) adherence to mammalian epithelial cells. However, the role of type 1 fimbriae in enteric pathogenesis has been unclear. Expression of type 1 fimbriae inE. coli is phase variable and is associated with the inversion of a short DNA element (fim switch). Forty-six strains of diarrheagenic E. coli were examined for the expression of type 1 fimbriae. Only four of these strains were originally type 1 fimbriated. Seventeen strains, originally nonfimbriated, expressed type 1 fimbriae in association with off-to-on inversion of the fim switch, after serial passages in static culture. The switching frequencies of these strains, from fimbriate to nonfimbriate, were greater than that of the laboratory strain E. coli K-12. None of the 16 strains of serovar O157:H7 or O157:H− expressed type 1 fimbriae after serial passages in static culture. The nucleotide sequence analysis of thefim switch region revealed that all of the O157:H7 and O157:H− strains had a 16-bp deletion in the invertible element, and the fim switch was locked in the “off” orientation. The results suggest that expression of type 1 fimbriae may be regulated differently in different E. coli pathogens causing enteric infections.

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Mokhtari, H., S. B. Dewan, and M. R. Iravani. "Analysis of a Static Transfer Switch with Respect to Transfer Time." IEEE Power Engineering Review 21, no. 11 (November 2001): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2001.4311177.

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45

Mokhtari, H., M. R. Iravani, S. B. Dewan, P. Lehn, and J. A. Martinez. "Benchmark Systems for Digital Computer Simulation of a Static Transfer Switch." IEEE Power Engineering Review 21, no. 7 (July 2001): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.2001.4311483.

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46

Mokhtari, H., S. B. Dewan, and M. R. Iravani. "Analysis of a static transfer switch with respect to transfer time." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 17, no. 1 (2002): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.974207.

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47

Sayed, Wafaa S., Moheb M. R. Henein, Salwa K. Abd-El-Hafiz, and Ahmed G. Radwan. "Generalized Dynamic Switched Synchronization between Combinations of Fractional-Order Chaotic Systems." Complexity 2017 (2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9189120.

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This paper proposes a novel generalized switched synchronization scheme amongnfractional-order chaotic systems with various operating modes. Digital dynamic switches and dynamic scaling factors are employed, which offer many new capabilities. Dynamic switches determine the role of each system as a master or a slave. A system can either have a fixed role throughout the simulation time (static switching) or switch its role one or more times (dynamic switching). Dynamic scaling factors are used for each state variable of the master system. Such scaling factors control whether the master is a single system or a combination of several systems. In addition, these factors determine the generalized relation between the original systems from which the master system is built as well as the slave system(s). Moreover, they can be utilized to achieve different kinds of generalized synchronization relations for the purpose of generating new attractor diagrams. The paper presents a mathematical formulation and analysis of the proposed synchronization scheme. Furthermore, many numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the successful generalized switched synchronization of several fractional-order chaotic systems. The proposed scheme provides various functions suitable for applications such as different master-slave communication models and secure communication systems.

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Zhang, Yun Shan, Yu Bin Dong, Hui Jie Cao, Min Jin, Shu Han Wang, and Ji Hao Wang. "Analytical Study on the Loss Reduction of Static Var Generator for Power Grid Based on the Soft Switch Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 1440–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.1440.

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With SVG technology becoming more and more mature, chain SVG is also installed in some power grid substations to solve local power quality problems, and certain effect has been achieved. Compared with other compensators in the substations, for example, capacitor bank, SVQC, SVC etc, actual loss of SVG is above average level, this limits its practicability.This paper puts forward a method that utilizes soft switch technology to reduce IGBT on/off loss in SVG device, gives main circuit topology of the designed soft switch PWM inverter, and the comparative analysis with on/off loss of hard switch, proves effectiveness of this method.

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Ding, Wen Jie. "Practice and Analysis of Life Measuring Device for Motor Valve." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 1972–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.1972.

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Motor valve leakage is not easy to detect during using, so it must carry out quality inspection before assembly into gas meter. The quality appraisement of valve mainly relies on switch times before leakage, and pressure difference measurement is better method for leakage judgment. The static pressure leak detection method, reference gas chamber and control program of solenoid valve are key technologies in pressure difference measurement and life measurement. The new type device is designed with hardware and software, such as gas path and pipes, sensor, the solenoid valves of dynamic structure static switching unit, controller, gas pressure regulation system, automatic detection and valve switching process control program etc. Based on support of hardware and software, dynamic flow pipe is separated to static segments which are reference gas chamber and measuring air chambers; and the signal of chambers pressure difference and switch times without leakage are the output result. Switching frequency ratio of solenoid valves to motor valve is 1:5 or 1:10; lower ratio can prolong the service life of solenoid valves.

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Keivani, Maryam, Ali Koochi, Abolfazl Kanani, Mohammad R. Mardaneh, Hamid M. Sedighi, and Mohamadreza Abadyan. "Using strain gradient elasticity in conjunction with Gurtin–Murdoch theory for modeling the coupled effects of surface and size phenomena on the instability of narrow nano-switch." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, no. 17 (April 6, 2016): 3277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216642475.

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While comprehensive researches have been conducted on modeling the electromechanical stability of wide-enough beam-plate nano-switches, few researchers have focused on modeling the electromechanical instability of narrow-width nano-switches. For such systems, considering the coupled effects of surface stresses and size dependency of material characteristics is crucial as well as applying appropriate force models. In this paper, Gurtin–Murdoch surface theory incorporating with strain gradient elasticity is employed to study the pull-in instability of narrow-width beam-type nano-switch with small width to height ratio. The model accounts for the force corrections, i.e. the impact of finite dimensions on the fringing field, Casimir attraction and van der Waals force. Furthermore, a modified gas damping model has been incorporated in the governing equation. The nonlinear governing equation was solved using analytical Rayleigh–Ritz method. The influences of the above-mentioned corrections on the static and dynamic pull-in parameters, phase planes and stability threshold of the switch are demonstrated. The modified model is compared with conventional parallel beam-plate models in the literature.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Static switch'

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