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Journal articles on the topic 'Static stretching'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Nakamura, Masatoshi, Shigeru Sato, Futaba Sanuki, Yuta Murakami, Ryosuke Kiyono, Kaoru Yahata, Riku Yoshida, Taizan Fukaya, and Kosuke Takeuchi. "Effects of hot pack application before high-intensity stretching on the quadriceps muscle." International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 28, no. 10 (October 2, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ijtr.2021.0004.

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Background/aims High-intensity static stretching is assumed to increase the range of motion and/or decrease muscle stiffness; however, the effects of high-intensity static stretching on the quadriceps muscle have been debated. Hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching was assumed to decrease stretching pain, which is the main problem in high-intensity static stretching, and decrease quadriceps muscle stiffness. This study aimed to examine hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching on stretching pain, knee flexion range of motion, and quadriceps muscle stiffness. Methods In total, 21 healthy sedentary male participants randomly performed two interventions: high-intensity static stretching and hot pack application before stretching. Static stretching was performed at three 60-second stretching interventions with a 30-second interval. Then, a 20-minute hot pack was applied before high-intensity static stretching. The knee flexion range of motion and shear elastic modulus of the quadriceps muscle were measured by ultrasonic shear-wave elastography before and after the static stretching intervention. Results Stretching pain after hot pack application before stretching was lower than high-intensity static stretching alone. Significant increases were also found in knee flexion range of motion after both stretching interventions, but no significant difference was noted in the increase in the knee flexion range of motion with or without hot pack application. No significant change was found in quadriceps muscle stiffness in either intervention. Conclusions The results suggest that hot pack application before high-intensity static stretching could decrease stretching pain, but no significant difference in knee flexion range of motion increase was found.
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Arı, Yasemin. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT STRETCHING METHODS ON SPEED, JUMP, FLEXIBILITY AND UPPER EXTREMITY PERFORMANCE IN WRESTLERS." Kinesiologia Slovenica 27, no. 1 (May 12, 2021): 162–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.27.1.162-176.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the acute effects of different stretching methods on acceleration, vertical jump (CMJ), flexibility and upper extremity performance of young wrestlers. 8 young female wrestlers (15.37 ± 1.06 years; 162.46 ± 4.12 cm and 57.47 ± 6.41 kg) participated in the study voluntarily. Stretching methods were divided into five groups: control (no stretching), static, dynamic, static + dynamic and dynamic + static. The findings showed faster speed performance after control (p = .012; η2 = 0.57), dynamic stretching (p = .050; η2 = 1.11) and static + dynamic combined stretching (p = .043; η2 = 0.96) compared to static stretching; and there is a statistically significant positive difference according to the test averages after dynamic stretching (p = .050; η2 = 0.91) compared to dynamic + static combined stretching (p<0.05). Vertical jump performance, according to the control warming up, a statistically significant difference has been found according to the test averages after dynamic stretching (p = 041; η2 = 1.17) and static + dynamic combined stretching (p = .043; η2 = 1.07). No difference was found in flexibility and medicine ball throwing performances according to different stretching protocols (p>0.05). . It was determined that the acute effect of static stretching had a negative effect on acceleration performances and dynamic stretching caused an increase in jump performance. This study suggests that dynamic and static + dynamic stretching can be used in young wrestlers to provide better performance in acceleration and jumping skills during warm-up sessions.
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Zmijewski, Piotr, Patrycja Lipinska, Anna Czajkowska, Anna Mróz, Paweł Kapuściński, and Krzysztof Mazurek. "Acute Effects of a Static vs. a Dynamic Stretching Warm-up on Repeated-Sprint Performance in Female Handball Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0043.

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AbstractThis randomized cross-over study examined the effects of typical static and dynamic stretching warm-up protocols on repeated-sprint performance. Thirteen young female handball players performed a 5 min aerobic warm-up followed by one of three stretching protocols for the lower limbs: (1) static stretching, (2) dynamic-ballistic stretching, and (3) no stretching before performing five all-out sprints on a cycle ergometer. Each protocol was performed on a different occasion, separated by 2-3 days. Range of movement (ROM) was also measured before and after the warm-up protocols with a sit-and-reach test. Fixed and random effects of each stretching protocol on repeated sprint performance were estimated with mixed linear modeling and data were evaluated via standardization and magnitude-based inferences. In comparison to no stretching, there were small increases in ROM after dynamic stretching (12.7%, ±0.7%; mean, ±90% confidence limits) and static stretching (19.2%, ±0.9%). There were small increases in the average power across all sprints with dynamic stretching relative to static stretching (3.3%, ±2.4%) and no stretching (3.0%, ±2.4%) and trivial to small increases in the average power in the 1st and 5th trials with dynamic stretching compared to static stretching (3.9%, ±2.6%; 2.6%, ±2.6%, respectively) and no stretching (2.0%, ±2.7%; 4.1%, ±2.8%, respectively). There were also trivial and small decreases in power across all sprints with static relative to dynamic stretching (-1.3%, ±2.8%) and no stretching (-3.5%, ±2.9%). Dynamic stretching improved repeated-sprint performance to a greater extent than static stretching and no stretching.
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4

McHugh, Malachy P., and Amy Johnson. "Strength Loss Following Static Stretching." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S373—s374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02456.

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5

Pasqua, Leonardo A., Nilo M. Okuno, Mayara V. Damasceno, Adriano E. Lima-Silva, and Rômulo Bertuzzi. "Impact of acute static-stretching on the optimal height in drop jumps." Motriz: Revista de Educação Física 20, no. 1 (March 2014): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-65742014000100010.

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This study analyzed the effect of static stretching on performance during drop jumps. Furthermore, we investigated if a reduction in drop height would compensate the stretching-caused alterations. Ten physically active male subjects performed drop jumps at four different drop heights without static stretching for the optimal drop height determination. After, they performed drop jumps on two drop heights with static stretching previously. The jump height, contact time and reactive strength index were significantly affected by static stretching. However, only the contact time was significantly improved by the reduction in drop height with previous static stretching. Our results suggest that the decrement in performance after static stretching could be partially compensated by a reduction in drop height, which decreases the contact time near a non-stretching jump condition. This can be explained by the lower landing velocity and, possibly, the smaller reduction in the activation of the plantar flexors muscles. In conclusion, the reduction in drop height seems to be interesting after a static stretching session, aiming to expose the athletes to lower impact forces to maintain jump performance.
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Panchal, Aarti, Deepti Sabhaya, and Parekh Maitri. "EFFECT OF PNF STRETCHING VERSUS STATIC STRETCHING ON CALF MUSCLE FLEXIBILITY: A COMPARATIVE EXPERIMENTAL STUDY." International Journal of Physiotherapy and Research 6, no. 6 (February 11, 2019): 2980–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2018.197.

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Kim, Tae Hee, Oh Kyung Lim, Ki Deok Park, and Ju Kang Lee. "Comparison of Two Static Stretching Techniques for the Triceps Surae in Healthy Individuals: Wall and Inclined Board Stretchings." Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine 44, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5535/arm.2020.44.2.125.

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Objective To compare the effectiveness of static stretching techniques for correcting the tightness of the triceps surae.Methods In this observational, cross-sectional study, participants (30 healthy volunteers) completed 10 repetitions of each stretching exercise, holding each stretch for 10 seconds, with a 1-minute rest period between repetitionsand a 1-hour rest period between the two stretching techniques, namely, wall and inclined board stretchings. The length of the triceps surae and range of ankle dorsiflexion were measured on lateral view radiographs. The muscle activity during the stretch was measured using quantified surface electromyography of the lateral gastrocnemius. The subjective stretching sensation was evaluated using the visual analog scale.Results Both stretching techniques showed statistical differences in all the parameters. Stretching on an inclined board yielded a greater increase in the triceps surae length than did wall stretching (mean difference, 0.72; p=0.02). The range of ankle dorsiflexion was higher with inclined board stretching than with wall stretching (mean difference, 2.57; p=0.03). The mean muscle activity was significantly lower withinclined board stretching than with wall stretching (mean difference, 53.72; p<0.01). The visual analog scale score was higher with inclined board stretching than with wall stretching (mean difference, 2.07; p<0.01).Conclusion In this study, inclined board stretching was more effective than wall stretching for correcting tightness of the triceps surae. Therefore, inclined board stretching should be encouraged for the triceps surae.
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Kusworo, Young Ari, Agus Kristiyanto, and Muchsin Doewes. "Acute Effect Of Active And Passive Static Stretching On Range Of Motion On Hip Joint Flexibility On Female Karate Athletes Of Muhammadiyah University Of Surakarta." Journal of Health 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30590/vol5-no2-p50-55.

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Flexibility is an important component in Karate. Stretching is one way to improve the Range of Motion (ROM). Stretching static is one type of stretching that can be used. Long static stretching with low intensity is the safest form of stretching and gives significant results. The purpose of this study to determine: 1) Effect of active static stretching against on Hip joint ROM on female Karate athletes of UMS. 2) The effect of passive static stretching on hip joint ROM on female Karate athletes of UMS. 3) To know the effect of active and passive static stretching effect on Hip ROM on female Karate athletes of UMS. The research used Quasi Experimental Research method. Sample of research are 10 female karate athletes of UMS. It has 2 free variables and 1 dependent variable. Data is numeric and analyzed with SPSS 20.0. The result of research are: 1) T test result show sig 0.000<0,05, hence show significant influence. 2). sig 0.000<0.05, then show a meaningful influence. 3) visible sig 0.024, so it can be concluded there is a significant effect difference between active and passive static stretching against ROM on female karate athletes of UMS. From the results of this study can be concluded, 1) there is a significant effect between the giving of active static stretching to increase ROM of hip joint. 2) there was a significant effect between giving static passive stretching to increasing ROM of hip joint. 3) there is a difference significant effect between active and passive static stretching against increasing ROM on hip joint.
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Amiri-Khorasani, Mohammadtaghi, Noor Osman, and Ashril Yusof. "Electromyography Assessments of the Vastus Medialis Muscle during Soccer Instep Kicking between Dynamic and Static Stretching." Journal of Human Kinetics 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0017-2.

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Electromyography Assessments of the Vastus Medialis Muscle during Soccer Instep Kicking between Dynamic and Static StretchingThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching within a pre-exercise warm-up on vastus medialis muscle activity during instep kicking and ball velocity in soccer players. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from using six synchronized high-speed infra-red cameras at 200 Hz and Electromyography at 100 Hz. There was significant difference in vastus medialis activity after dynamic stretching relative to no stretching condition (0.12 ± 0.06 mV) versus static stretching relative to no stretching condition (-0.21 ± 0.10 mV) with p < 0.001). In addition, there was also a significant difference in ball velocity after dynamic stretching relative to no stretching condition (4.53 ± 2.10 m/s) versus static stretching relative to no stretching condition (-1.48 ± 2.43 m/s) with p < 0.003. We concluded that dynamic stretching during the warm-up, as compared to static stretching, is probably more effective as preparation for optimal muscle activity and finally have high ball velocity which is required in soccer.
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Akyüz, Murat, Murat Özmaden, Yeliz Doğru, Evren Karademir, Yeşim Aydın, and Ümit Hayta. "Examination of basic motoric characteristics with different stretching exercises in football playersGenç basketbolcularda statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin bazı fiziksel parametrelere etkisi." Journal of Human Sciences 14, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 1492. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i2.4560.

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This study was conducted to examine the effects of static and dynamic stretching exercises on strength, flexibility, speed and balance in young basketball players. 10 volunteers from the 16 year old male basketball team of Pınar Karsiyaka Sports Club participated in the study. The average age of the athletes is 16 ± 0,0 (year) and the average of the height is 188 ± 0,08 (cm). The study consists of three parts. On the first day, dynamic stretching exercises were performed on the second day and static stretching exercises and performance tests were performed on the third day without performing any exercise. Applied performance tests were hand grip strength, back-leg strength, sit-in flexibility test, 20 m. Sprint test and flamingo balance test. The obtained data were analyzed with the variance analysis (ANOVA test) in the repeated measures using the SPSS 23.0 package program. As a result of the study, the flexibility of the static and dynamic stretching exercises in the data obtained, the difference in the left handed claw strength and the speed of the dynamic stretching exercises were significant (p <0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference was found between static and dynamic stretching exercises and back leg strength and balance (p> 0.05). As a result, it can be said that static and dynamic stretching exercises have a positive effect on flexibility, strength and speed. ÖzetBu çalışma genç basketbolcularda statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin kuvvet, esneklik, sürat ve denge üzerindeki etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya Pınar Karşıyaka Spor Kulübünün 16 yaş erkek basketbol takımından 10 gönüllü katılmıştır. Sporcuların yaş ortalamaları 16±0,0 (yıl), boy ortalamaları 188±0,08 (cm)’dir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci gün herhangi bir egzersiz uygulanmadan, ikinci gün dinamik germe egzersizleri ve üçüncü gün statik germe egzersizleri ile performans testleri uygulanmıştır. Uygulanan performans testleri sırasıyla el kavrama kuvveti, sırt-bacak kuvveti, otur-eriş esneklik testi, 20 m. sprint testi ve flamingo denge testinden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 23.0 paket programı kullanılarak tekrarlı ölçümlerde Varyans Analizi (Anova Testi) ile analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen verilerde statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin esnekliğe, dinamik germe egzersizlerinin sol el pençe kuvveti ve sürat üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılık meydana gelmiştir (p<0.05). Diğer yandan, statik ve dinamik germe egzersizleri ile sırt bacak kuvveti ve denge üzerinde anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p>0.05). Sonuç olarak, statik ve dinamik germe egzersizlerinin esneklik, kuvvet ve sürat üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu söylenebilir.
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Mizuno, Takamasa. "Combined Static Stretching and Electrical Muscle Stimulation Induce Greater Changes in Range of Motion, Passive Torque, and Tendon Displacement Compared with Static Stretching." Sports 11, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports11010010.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the combined effects of static stretching and electrical muscle stimulation on maximal dorsiflexion angle and passive properties. Sixteen healthy subjects participated in three randomly ordered experimental trials: combined static stretching and electrical muscle stimulation, static stretching alone, and control. In combined trial, subjects performed 5 min of calf stretching while receiving electrical muscle stimulation of the gastrocnemius medialis. In static stretching trial, subjects performed calf stretching only. Maximal dorsiflexion angle, passive torque, and muscle displacement were measured before and after intervention. Tendon displacement was also calculated. The difference from pre- to post-intervention in maximal dorsiflexion angle in combined trial was greater compared with that in the control (p = 0.026), but the static stretching trial exhibited no significant difference (both p > 0.05). Passive torque at submaximal dorsiflexion angles was significantly decreased only after combined trial (all p < 0.05). Muscle displacement at maximal dorsiflexion angle was significantly increased in all conditions (all p < 0.05). Tendon displacement at maximal dorsiflexion angle was higher after combined trial compared with static stretching trial (p = 0.030). These results revealed additional effects of adding electrical muscle stimulation to static stretching on maximal dorsiflexion angle, passive torque, and tendon displacement.
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Zakas, Athanasios, George Doganis, Christos Galazoulas, and Efstratios Vamvakoudis. "Effect of Acute Static Stretching Duration on Isokinetic Peak Torque in Pubescent Soccer Players." Pediatric Exercise Science 18, no. 2 (May 2006): 252–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.18.2.252.

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Although athletes routinely perform warm-up and stretching exercises, it has been suggested that prolonged stretching immediately before an activity might negatively affect the force production. Sixteen male pubescent soccer players participated in the study to examine whether a routine duration of acute static stretching is responsible for losses in isokinetic peak torque production. All participants performed two static stretching protocols in nonconsecutive training sessions. The first stretching protocol was performed three times for 15 s (volume 45) and the second 20 times for 15 s (volume 300). Range of motion (ROM) was determined during knee flexion with the use of a goniometer. The peak torque of the dominant leg extensors was measured on a Cybex NORM dynamometer at various angular velocities. The statistical analysis showed that peak torque did not change following the static stretching for 45 s in all angular velocities, while it decreased (p < .001) in all angular velocities following the static stretching for 5 min. The findings suggest that strength decreases after static stretching exercises may be the result of the performed stretching duration.
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Shinde, Shrikrishna, Ketki Jethwa, and Devanshi Pawar. "Comparative Study Between Instrumental Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization and Static Stretching on Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness in Young Adult Female." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220625.

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Aim:To compare the effect of IASTM and static stretching on delayed onset muscle soreness in young females. Objectives:To find out the effectiveness of instrumental assisted soft tissue mobilization on reducing delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). To find out the effectiveness of static stretching on reducing delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). To compare the effectiveness of instrumental assisted soft tissue mobilization and static stretching on reducing delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). Methodology:In this comparative study, 40 young adult females who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were recruited from MVP’S college and research center.Subjects were then divided into 2 groups: GROUP A: IASTM and GROUP B: Static stretching. First of all, DOMS was induced in each subject using exercise protocol. Then the treatment was given for the next 3 days. Outcome measures of NPRS, ROM of ankle dorsiflexion and Y balance scale were evaluated before and after each treatment session. Results:ANOVA was found significant when the data was compared within the groups as well as Unpaired t test was found significant when data was compared between the groups. Conclusion:This study concluded that IASTM and static stretching both are effective for delayed onset of muscle soreness. It was found that both IASTM and static stretching decreases pain, increase range of motion and balance. Clinically and statistically IASTM was found more effective than static stretching. Key words: DOMS, IASTM, Static stretching, gastrocnemius, NPRS.
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Hill, Kristian J., Kendall P. Robinson, Jennifer W. Cuchna, and Matthew C. Hoch. "Immediate Effects of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching Programs Compared With Passive Stretching Programs for Hamstring Flexibility: A Critically Appraised Topic." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 26, no. 6 (November 2017): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0003.

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Clinical Scenario:Increasing hamstring flexibility through clinical stretching interventions may be an effective means to prevent hamstring injuries. However the most effective method to increase hamstring flexibility has yet to be determined.Clinical Question:For a healthy individual, are proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching programs more effective in immediately improving hamstring flexibility when compared with static stretching programs?Summary of Key Findings:A thorough literature search returned 195 possible studies; 5 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. Current evidence supports the use of PNF stretching or static stretching programs for increasing hamstring flexibility. However, neither program demonstrated superior effectiveness when examining immediate increases in hamstring flexibility.Clinical Bottom Line:There were consistent findings from multiple low-quality studies that indicate there is no difference in the immediate improvements in hamstring flexibility when comparing PNF stretching programs to static stretching programs in physically active adults.Strength of Recommendation:Grade B evidence exists that PNF and static stretching programs equally increase hamstring flexibility immediately following the stretching program.
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Nurhayati, Ummy Aisyah. "PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FASCILITATION STRETCHING LEBIH EFEKTIF DALAM MENINGKATAN AKTIVITAS FUNGSIONAL DARIPADA STATIC STRETCHING PADA PENDERITA OSTEOARTHRITIS LUTUT." Jurnal Fisioterapi dan Rehabilitasi 3, no. 2 (September 25, 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33660/jfrwhs.v3i2.89.

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Latar belakang: osteoatrhtitis lutut merupakan proses degeneratif yang sering menyebabkan penurunan aktivitas fungsional. Stretching adalah satu teknik yang dipakai dalam mengatasi penurunan aktivitas fungsional. Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui PNF stretching lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan aktivitas fungsional daripada static stretching pada penderita osteoarthritis lutut. Metode: rancangan penelitian ini eksperimental dengan rancangan randomized pre-test and post-test group design. Subjek penelitian adalah 40 orang penderita osteoarthritis lutut grade I-II yang dibagi dua kelompok. Kelompok 1 diberikan PNF stretching dan Kelompok 2 diberikan statis stretching. Penelitian ini dilakukan 3 kali seminggu selama 4 minggu dengan skala WOMAC. Hasil: hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi peningkatan aktivitas fungsional sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan dengan rerata 62,93±0,67 dan 37,26±0,51 dengan nilai p=0,00. Pada Kelompok 2 didapatkan rerata sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan yaitu 62,86±1,03 dan 45,22±1,26 dengan nilai p=0,00. Artinya, Kelompok 1 dan kelompok 2 sama-sama terjadi peningkatkan aktivitas fungsional secara bermakna. Dari uji independent t-test didapatkan nilai p=0,00 yang berarti ada perbedaan pengaruh pemberian PNF setretching dan static setretching dalam meningkatan aktivitas fungsioanal pada penderita osteoatrhritis lutut dengan selisih rerata Kelompok 1 sebesar 25,66% dan Kelompok 2 sebesar 17,66%. Simpulan: PNF stretching lebih efektif dalam meningkatkan aktivitas fungsional daripada static stretching pada penderita osteoarthritis lutut. Saran: Penelitian ini diharapkan mampu diaplikasikan dalam klinis untuk meningkatkan aktivitas fungsional pada penderia osteoarthritis lutut.
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N, Remya, Elsa Reethu, and Manju Unnikrishnan. "Comparison of Immediate and Long Term Effects of Neurodynamic Sliding, PNF Stretching and Static Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility in Young Adults with Hamstring Tightness." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2022): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220922.

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Hamstring flexibility is reduced due to postural adaptations and this can cause limitations in joint range of motion and muscular imbalance and can affect physical performance of a person. The Neurodynamic sliding technique, PNF stretching and Static stretching are three different techniques that have shown improvement on Hamstring flexibility. The aim of the present study is to compare the short term and long term effects of Neurodynamic sliding, PNF stretching and Static stretching on Hamstring flexibility in young subjects with hamstring tightness. A comparative study was conducted on 63 subjects, who were divided into 3 groups, A, B and C. Group A received Neurodynamic sliding, Group B received Static stretching and Group C received PNF Stretching. The intervention was given 3 times per week for 4 weeks, Pre and post test of Hamstring flexibility were assessed using passive knee extension test, Straight Leg Raise and Active Knee Extension test. Follow up values were taken after one month. The results from all three outcome measures suggest that Group B has greater short term effects when compared to other groups (p<0.05), whereas, group A have greater long term effect than group B and group C (p<0.05). The study concluded that both interventions significantly improved Hamstring flexibility, but Static stretching has greater immediate effect in improving Hamstring flexibility than other two types of stretching, whereas, Neurodynamic sliding have more long term effect. PNF stretching has immediate effects but was less significant than static stretching and their effects where not carried to long term. Key words: Hamstring flexibility, hamstring tightness, Neurodynamic sliding, PNF stretching, Static stretching, Active knee extension, Straight leg raise, passive knee extension
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Shirodkar, Dr Sridhar, Dr Medha Deo, and Dr Manoj Agnihotri. "Effect of Static Stretching on Random Blood Sugar Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Clinical Trial." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 7 (July 20, 2022): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220723.

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According to the International Diabetes Federation's Diabetes Atlas 2006, the number of diabetics will top 70 million by next mid-decade. Type I and type II are the two variations diabetes that exist. 90-95% of diabetics have type 2 DM. Recent studies have shown that exercise and physical activity reduce blood sugar levels. Yoga, aerobics, swimming, stretching, and resistance training improve insulin sensitivity. As type II diabetes can cause neuropathies, hypertension, and amputations, static stretching may help those who can't do regular exercise. People who have been bedridden for a long time or who are too old to do other types of exercise may benefit from static stretching. Earlier research was done to compare the immediate effects of static stretching vs. resistance exercises on blood sugar levels after a meal in people with type II diabetes mellitus. Long-term consequences of static stretching on type II diabetes unpredictable blood sugar levels are unknown. This study examined the effect of static stretching on type II diabetics' random blood sugar levels. Key words: Diabetes, Stretching, exercises, aerobic exercise, blood glucose level..
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Dai, Zhi-Xuan, Po-Jen Shih, Jia-Yush Yen, and I.-Jong Wang. "Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Corneal Fibroblast Cell." Processes 10, no. 3 (March 20, 2022): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10030605.

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A strain gradient was created by punching a hole in the center of a stretched elastic polydimethylsiloxane membrane to determine the effect of different strains on cultured human keratocytes (HK). In this study, two stretching methods were used: continuous stretching and cyclic stretching. Continuous stretching is relatively static, while acyclic stretching is relatively dynamic. These methods, respectively, represented the effects of high intraocular pressure and rubbing of the eyes on corneal cells. Image processing codes were developed to observe the effects of stress concentration, shear stress, continuous stretching, and cyclic stretching on HKs. The results demonstrate that stretching and shear stress are not conducive to the proliferation of corneal cells and instead cause cell death. A 10% strain had greater inhibitory effects than a 3% strain on cell proliferation. Cell survival rates for continuous stretching (static) were higher than those for cyclic stretching (dynamic). The stretching experiment revealed that cyclic stretching has a greater inhibitory effect on the growth and proliferation of corneal cells than continuous stretching. Accordingly, it shows that cyclic loading is more harmful than high intraocular pressure (static loading) to corneal cells.
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Heshmatipour, Mojtaba, Azam Esfandiari, Maryam Kazemi Naeini, Mehdi Raei, Omolbanin Firoozpur, Neda Shariatinia, and Kiavash Hushmandi. "Effect of Active Dynamic Versus Passive Static Stretching on Hamstring Muscle Tightness in Healthy Female Students: A Randomized Trial Study." Hospital Practices and Research 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpr.2019.27.

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Background: For decades, static stretching has been the standard benchmark for training programs, because it has been shown to increase flexibility compared with other methods of stretching. Objective: The current study investigated and compared the effects of active dynamic stretching and passive static stretching on hamstring tightness. Methods: For this experiment, 64 female students were enrolled and randomly assigned to active dynamic or passive static stretching groups (n=32 each). The first and second experimental groups were trained with repetitive dynamic stretching and static stretching exercises, respectively. Exercises were performed 10 times per limb, 3 times per day, 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Hamstring muscle length measurements were repeated in weeks 2 and 4. Statistical analysis of the results was performed by t-test and repeated measures ANOVA using SPSS 15. Results: Both experimental groups showed significant improvements in the active knee extension range of motion during the intervention (P<0.001). However, active stretching showed better results and had a greater effect on range of motion in comparison with static stretching. Conclusion: Active dynamic training can be considered a suitable method for increasing the flexibility of the hamstring muscle and, consequently, reducing the complications and problems associated with hamstring tightness.
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Hatano, Genki, Shigeyuki Suzuki, Shingo Matsuo, Satoshi Kataura, Kazuaki Yokoi, Taizan Fukaya, Mitsuhiro Fujiwara, Yuji Asai, and Masahiro Iwata. "Hamstring Stiffness Returns More Rapidly After Static Stretching Than Range of Motion, Stretch Tolerance, and Isometric Peak Torque." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 28, no. 4 (May 1, 2019): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2017-0203.

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Context: Hamstring injuries are common, and lack of hamstring flexibility may predispose to injury. Static stretching not only increases range of motion (ROM) but also results in reduced muscle strength after stretching. The effects of stretching on the hamstring muscles and the duration of these effects remain unclear. Objective: To determine the effects of static stretching on the hamstrings and the duration of these effects. Design: Randomized crossover study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: A total of 24 healthy volunteers. Interventions: The torque–angle relationship (ROM, passive torque [PT] at the onset of pain, and passive stiffness) and isometric muscle force using an isokinetic dynamometer were measured. After a 60-minute rest, the ROM of the dynamometer was set at the maximum tolerable intensity; this position was maintained for 300 seconds, while static PT was measured continuously. The torque–angle relationship and isometric muscle force after rest periods of 10, 20, and 30 minutes were remeasured. Main Outcome Measures: Change in static PT during stretching and changes in ROM, PT at the onset of pain, passive stiffness, and isometric muscle force before stretching were compared with 10, 20, and 30 minutes after stretching. Results: Static PT decreased significantly during stretching. Passive stiffness decreased significantly 10 and 20 minutes after stretching, but there was no significant prestretching versus poststretching difference after 30 minutes. PT at the onset of pain and ROM increased significantly after stretching at all rest intervals, while isometric muscle force decreased significantly after all rest intervals. Conclusions: The effect of static stretching on passive stiffness of the hamstrings was not maintained as long as the changes in ROM, stretch tolerance, and isometric muscle force. Therefore, frequent stretching is necessary to improve the viscoelasticity of the muscle–tendon unit. Muscle force decreased for 30 minutes after stretching; this should be considered prior to activities requiring maximal muscle strength.
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Matsuo, Shingo, Masahiro Iwata, Manabu Miyazaki, Taizan Fukaya, Eiji Yamanaka, Kentaro Nagata, Wakako Tsuchida, Yuji Asai, and Shigeyuki Suzuki. "Changes in Flexibility and Force are not Different after Static Versus Dynamic Stretching." Sports Medicine International Open 03, no. 03 (October 23, 2019): E89—E95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1001-1993.

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AbstractIn this study, we examined the effects of static and dynamic stretching on range of motion (ROM), passive torque (PT) at pain onset, passive stiffness, and isometric muscle force. We conducted a randomized crossover trial in which 16 healthy young men performed a total of 300 s of active static or dynamic stretching of the right knee flexors on two separate days in random order. To assess the effects of stretching, we measured the ROM, PT at pain onset, passive stiffness during passive knee extension, and maximum voluntary isometric knee flexion force using an isokinetic dynamometer immediately before and after stretching. Both static and dynamic stretching significantly increased the ROM and PT at pain onset (p<0.01) and significantly decreased the passive stiffness and isometric knee flexion force immediately after stretching (p<0.01). However, the magnitude of change did not differ between the two stretching methods for any measurements. Our results suggest that 300 s of either static or dynamic stretching can increase flexibility and decrease isometric muscle force; however, the effects of stretching do not appear to differ between the two stretching methods.
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Krištofič, Jaroslav. "Static stretching - functions and effects: Review." Tělesná kultura 40, no. 2 (March 7, 2018): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5507/tk.2017.002.

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Yarrow, Joshua F., and Trevor W. Burns. "Static Stretching Inhibits Maximal Muscle Endurance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200405001-01690.

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Nelson, Arnold G., Joke Kokkonen, Miguel de Leon, Garrett Koerber, Miwa Nishime, and Joshua Smith. "Passive Static Stretching Elevates Metabolic Rate." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S103—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200505001-00543.

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Nelson, Arnold G., Joke Kokkonen, Miguel de Leon, Garrett Koerber, Miwa Nishime, and Joshua Smith. "Passive Static Stretching Elevates Metabolic Rate." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 37, Supplement (May 2005): S103???S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200505001-00543.

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Yarrow, Joshua F., and Trevor W. Burns. "Static Stretching Inhibits Maximal Muscle Endurance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36, Supplement (May 2004): S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200405001-01690.

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Harper, Tracy D. "Protecting the Spine During Static Stretching." STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 19, no. 4 (1997): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1997)019<0052:ptsdss>2.3.co;2.

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Shrier, I. "Chronic Static Stretching Improves Exercise Performance." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2008 (January 2008): 84–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(08)79135-9.

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KOKKONEN, JOKE, ARNOLD G. NELSON, CAROL ELDREDGE, and JASON B. WINCHESTER. "Chronic Static Stretching Improves Exercise Performance." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, no. 10 (October 2007): 1825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3181238a2b.

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Khan, Shabana. "Effects of Cryotherapy and Static Stretching Together and Static Stretching Alone For Improving Plantar Flexors Extensibility." IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science 1, no. 6 (2013): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/1959-0165155.

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Siatras, Theophanis, Georgios Papadopoulos, Dimitra Mameletzi, Vasilios Gerodimos, and Spiros Kellis. "Static and Dynamic Acute Stretching Effect on Gymnasts’ Speed in Vaulting." Pediatric Exercise Science 15, no. 4 (November 2003): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.4.383.

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Although warm-up and stretching exercises are routinely performed by gymnasts, it is suggested that stretching immediately prior to an activity might affect negatively the athletic performance. The focus of this investigation was on the acute effect of a protocol, including warm-up and static and dynamic stretching exercises, on speed during vaulting in gymnastics. Eleven boys were asked to perform three different protocols consisting of warm-up, warm-up and static stretching and warm-up and dynamic stretching, on three nonconsecutive days. Each protocol was followed by a “handspring” vault. One-way analysis of variance for repeated-measures showed a significant difference in gymnasts’ speed, following the different protocols. Tukey’s post hoc analysis revealed that gymnasts mean speed during the run of vault was significantly decreased after the application of the static stretching protocol. The findings of the present study indicate the inhibitory role of an acute static stretching in running speed in young gymnasts.
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Gamlath, H. G. J. H. Gnanawardena, W.M.N.S Wijethunga, and S. Weerasinghe. "Effect of Static and Dynamic Stretching Warm-Up Methods on Agility, Speed and Leg Power Performance in School Level Netball Players." Journal of Sports and Physical Education Studies 1, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jspes.2021.1.1.5.

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A warm-up helps the individuals to prepare themselves for strenuous workouts. The warm-up is generally executed before participation in any physical activity or sports. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of sequencing lower-body static and dynamic stretching combinations on agility, speed, and leg power of school-level female Netball players. Three different stretching protocols were performed: (a) Static Stretching combined with Dynamic Stretching (SS+DS), (b) Dynamic Stretching combined with Static Stretching (DS+SS), and (c) Dynamic Stretching combined with Dynamic Stretching (DS+DS). A control warm-up condition without stretching was implemented with a prior aerobic warm-up followed by dynamic activities. Dependent variables included a 30-m Sprint, Agility run, and jump tests to measure speed, agility, and leg power performance. The level of significance was set at 5% for statistical analysis. The method used for statistical analysis was two-way ANOVA. There was no significant impact of stretching protocols on agility (p=0.257), speed (p=0.106), and leg power (p=0.902) of school-level female netball athletes. The results of the analysis allow the authors to retain the hypothesis that a sequence of static and dynamic stretching combinations does not significantly affect the agility, speed, and leg power of school-level female netball athletes.
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Amiri-Khorasani, Mohammadtaghi, Julio Calleja-Gonzalez, and Mansooreh Mogharabi-Manzari. "Acute Effect of Different Combined Stretching Methods on Acceleration and Speed in Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 50, no. 1 (April 1, 2016): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0154.

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AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of different stretching methods, during a warm-up, on the acceleration and speed of soccer players. The acceleration performance of 20 collegiate soccer players (body height: 177.25 ± 5.31 cm; body mass: 65.10 ± 5.62 kg; age: 16.85 ± 0.87 years; BMI: 20.70 ± 5.54; experience: 8.46 ± 1.49 years) was evaluated after different warm-up procedures, using 10 and 20 m tests. Subjects performed five types of a warm-up: static, dynamic, combined static + dynamic, combined dynamic + static, and no-stretching. Subjects were divided into five groups. Each group performed five different warm-up protocols in five non-consecutive days. The warm-up protocol used for each group was randomly assigned. The protocols consisted of 4 min jogging, a 1 min stretching program (except for the no-stretching protocol), and 2 min rest periods, followed by the 10 and 20 m sprint test, on the same day. The current findings showed significant differences in the 10 and 20 m tests after dynamic stretching compared with static, combined, and no-stretching protocols. There were also significant differences between the combined stretching compared with static and no-stretching protocols. We concluded that soccer players performed better with respect to acceleration and speed, after dynamic and combined stretching, as they were able to produce more force for a faster execution.
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Moradi, Elham, Shaghayegh Hashemi Motlagh, and Zahra Nikkhah. "Measurement of the Effect of Static Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility in High School Females." International Journal of Life Sciences 8, no. 5 (January 8, 2015): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i5.10914.

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Background: flexibility that is one of basic aspects of any sport program , can be developed and acquired through various stretching exercises. This study examined the effect of six-weeks of static stretching on hamstring flexibility in high school females. Methods: Thirty healthy high school females aged 15 to 17 years were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The training group underwent static stretch training of the hamstring with a six-weeks protocol training sessions were 3 days per week, including 4 30-seconds stretches per day for each of subjects. The other group acted as control group. Before and after six-weeks of stretching, flexibility of the hamstring muscles was determined by Sit & Reach Test. Results: A significant increase in flexibility of hamstring was found in training group (mean 31cm to 39/87cm), and no significant difference was revealed in hamstring flexibility after the six-weeks static stretching for the control group. Conclusion: This study indicated that the static stretching significantly increased the hamstring flexibility and suggests that subjects use static stretching for increasing their hamstring flexibility.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v8i5.10914
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Panza, Gino, Justin Stadler, Donal Murray, Nicholas Lerma, Tomas Barrett, Ryan Pettit-Mee, and Jeffrey E. Edwards. "Acute Passive Static Stretching and Cramp Threshold Frequency." Journal of Athletic Training 52, no. 10 (October 1, 2017): 918–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-52.7.03.

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Context: Exercise-associated muscle cramps are a common clinical problem for athletes. Objective: To determine whether acute passive static stretching altered cramp threshold frequency (CTF) of electrically induced muscle cramps. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Seventeen healthy college-aged individuals. Intervention(s): Stretching or no stretching. Main Outcome Measure(s): The independent variable was the static stretch versus the no-stretch condition, and the dependent variable was the CTF. Results: The CTF increased in both the control (pretest: 18.12 ± 6.46 Hz, posttest: 19.65 ± 7.25 Hz; P = .033) and stretching (pretest: 18.94 ± 5.96 Hz, posttest: 20.47 ± 7.12 Hz; P = .049) groups. No difference between the groups was found (t15 = 0.035, P = .97). Conclusions: Acute passive static stretching did not seem to increase the CTF.
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Lee, Jin Hyuck, Ki-Mo Jang, Eunseon Kim, Hye Chang Rhim, and Hyeong-Dong Kim. "Effects of Static and Dynamic Stretching With Strengthening Exercises in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Who Have Inflexible Hamstrings: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 13, no. 1 (August 13, 2020): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738120932911.

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Background: Patellofemoral pain (PFP) syndrome is closely associated with muscle tightness. However, studies regarding the effects of stretching exercises on PFP patients with inflexible hamstrings are scarce. The aim of the study was to compare the effects between static and dynamic hamstring stretching in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings. Hypothesis: Compared with static hamstring stretching, dynamic hamstring stretching will improve the parameters of hamstring flexibility, knee muscle strength, muscle activation time, and clinical outcomes in this patient population. Study Design: Prospective randomized controlled trial. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A total of 46 patients (25, static stretching; 21, dynamic stretching) participated. Hamstring flexibility was assessed according to the popliteal angle during active knee extension. Muscle strength and muscle activation time were measured using an isokinetic device. Clinical outcomes were evaluated using the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS). Results: There were no differences in hamstring flexibility and knee muscle strength of the affected knees between the groups ( P > 0.05). Significantly improved muscle activation time and clinical outcomes of the affected knees were observed in the dynamic stretching group compared with the static stretching group (all Ps < 0.01 for hamstring, quadriceps, VAS, and AKPS). Conclusion: In patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings, dynamic hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises was superior for improving muscle activation time and clinical outcomes compared with static hamstring stretching with strengthening exercises. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians and therapists could implement dynamic hamstring stretching to improve function and reduce pain in patients with PFP who have inflexible hamstrings.
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Pagaduan, Jeffrey C., Haris Pojskić, Edin Užičanin, and Fuad Babajić. "Effect of Various Warm-Up Protocols on Jump Performance in College Football Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-012-0086-5.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of warm-up strategies on countermovement jump performance. Twenty-nine male college football players (age: 19.4 ± 1.1 years; body height: 179.0 ± 5.1 cm; body mass: 73.1 ± 8.0 kg; % body fat: 11.1 ± 2.7) from the Tuzla University underwent a control (no warm-up) and different warm-up conditions: 1. general warm-up; 2. general warm-up with dynamic stretching; 3. general warm-up, dynamic stretching and passive stretching; 4. passive static stretching; 5. passive static stretching and general warm-up; and, 6. passive static stretching, general warm-up and dynamic stretching. Countermovement jump performance was measured after each intervention or control. Results from one way repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant difference on warm-up strategies at F (4.07, 113.86) = 69.56, p < 0.001, eta squared = 0.72. Bonferonni post hoc revealed that a general warm-up and a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted the greatest gains among all interventions. On the other hand, no warm-up and passive static stretching displayed the least results in countermovement jump performance. In conclusion, countermovement jump performance preceded by a general warmup or a general warm-up with dynamic stretching posted superior gains in countermovement jump performance.
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Marinho, Daniel, Maria Gil, Mario Cardoso Marques, Tiago Barbosa, and Henrique Neiva. "Complementing Warm-up with Stretching Routines: Effects in Sprint Performance." Sports Medicine International Open 01, no. 03 (May 2017): E101—E106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-111788.

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AbstactThe present study aimed to examine the effects of using static or dynamic stretching added to the common warm-up routine for short sprint distances and to repeated sprint performance. In 3 different sessions, 16 college-age men (n=10) and women (n=6) performed one of 3 warm-ups followed by a 2×60 m dash sprint time trial (5 min of rest) in a counterbalanced design. The control warm-up consisted of 10 min of light-intensity running, and the 2 experimental warm-ups included a static or dynamic stretching routine (5 exercises) in the control warm-up. Performance (time) and physiological variables (tympanic temperature, heart rate) were monitored. In the first 60 m time trial, there were no differences between the 3 warm-ups tested (F=0.21, p=0.73; ηp 2=0.01), as opposed to that observed in the second (F=7.04, p<0.01; ηp 2=0.32). The participants were 1.7% faster after the static stretching warm-up compared with the control warm-up. The sum of the time performed in the 2 sprints emphasizes these results, with better performances after the static stretching warm-up than the control (1%) or dynamic stretching warm-up (0.7%). These results suggest that including a set of static or dynamic stretching exercises may enhance sprinting performance. The better performance in the second trial after the warm-up including static stretching suggests that this type of stretching may positively influence repeated sprint performance (<10 s sprint).
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Birinci, Tansu, Arzu Razak Ozdincler, Suleyman Altun, and Cemal Kural. "A structured exercise programme combined with proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching or static stretching in posttraumatic stiffness of the elbow: a randomized controlled trial." Clinical Rehabilitation 33, no. 2 (October 10, 2018): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215518802886.

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Objectives: To compare the different stretching techniques, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching and static stretching, in patients with elbow stiffness after a treated elbow fracture. Design: Randomized-controlled, single-blind study. Setting: Department of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. Subjects: Forty patients with posttraumatic elbow stiffness (24 women; mean age, 41.34 ± 7.57 years). Intervention: PNF stretching group ( n = 20), hold-relax PNF stretching combined with a structured exercise programme (two days per week for six weeks); static stretching group ( n = 20), static stretching combined with a structured exercise programme (two days per week for six weeks). Main measures: The primary outcome is the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH). The secondary outcomes are active range of motion (AROM), visual analogue scale (VAS), Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia, Short Form-12 and Global Rating of Change. Participants were assessed at baseline, after a six-week intervention period and one-month later (follow-up). Results: After treatment, improvement in the mean DASH score was slightly better in the PNF stretching group (8.66 ± 6.15) compared with the static stretching group (19.25 ± 10.30) ( p = 0.03). The overall group-by-time interaction for the 2 × 3 mixed-model analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also significant for elbow flexion AROM (mean change for PNF stretching group; static stretching group; 41.10, 34.42, p = 0.04), VAS-rest (–1.31, –1.08, p = 0.03) and VAS-activity (–3.78, –3.47, p = 0.01) in favour of PNF stretching group. The other outcomes did not differ significantly between the two groups. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that the structured exercise programme combined with PNF stretching might be effective in patients with posttraumatic elbow stiffness with regard to improving function, elbow flexion AROM, pain at rest and during activity.
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Adityasiwi, Gian Lisuari, I. Made Krisna Dinata, Wahyuddin Wahyuddin, Ketut Tirtayasa, Anak Agung Sagung Sawitri, and Gde Indraguna Pinatih. "DYNAMIC NEUROMUSCULAR STABILIZATION LEBIH MENINGKATKAN FLEKSIBILITAS LUMBAL DARIPADA STATIC STRETCHING PADA PENGRAJIN BATIK DI GIRILOYO." Sport and Fitness Journal 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spj.2021.v09.i01.p11.

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Latar belakang: Fleksibilitas lumbal sangat penting karena dapat membuat gerakan sehari-hari lebih mudah serta dapat melindungi seseorang terhindar dari cedera. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuktikan bahwa Dynamic Neuromuscular Stabilization (DNS) lebih meningkatkan fleksibilitas lumbal daripada static stretching pada pengrajin batik di Giriloyo. Metode penelitian: desain penelitian ini menggunakan randomized pre and post test design. Jumlah subjek penelitian ini 30 orang yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok. Kelompok I diberikan DNS dan Kelompok II diberikan static stretching. Masing-masing kelompok diberikan pelatihan 2 kali seminggu selama 4 minggu. Alat ukur yang digunakan modified-modified Schoober test (MMST). Variabel yang dikontrol pada penelitian ini adalah usia, lama bekerja, dan IMT. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil paired sample t-test pada Kelompok I dan Kelompok II nilai p<0,05, yang menyatakan bahwa baik DNS maupun static stretching sama-sama berpengaruh signifikan dalam meningkatkan fleksibilitas lumbal pada pengrajin batik di Giriloyo. Uji perbandingan antara Kelompok I dan Kelompok II menggunakan independent sample t-test didapatkan hasil nilai p<0,05, artinya ada perbedaan pengaruh yang signifikan antara DNS dan static stretching. Simpulan: pemberian DNS lebih meningkatkan fleksibilitas lumbal daripada static stretching pada pengrajin batik di Giriloyo. Kata kunci : DNS, static stretching, fleksibilitas lumbal.
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McNeal, Jeni R., and William A. Sands. "Acute Static Stretching Reduces Lower Extremity Power in Trained Children." Pediatric Exercise Science 15, no. 2 (May 2003): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.15.2.139.

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Several studies utilizing adult subjects have indicated that static stretching may reduce subsequent strength and power production, possibly for as long as an hour following the stretch. This observation has not been evaluated in children, nor in athletes accustomed to performing static stretches during strength/power type training sessions. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if an acute bout of passive, static stretching of the lower extremity would affect jumping performance in a group of young, female gymnasts. Thirteen competitive gymnasts (age 13.3 − 2.6 yrs) performed drop jumps under two conditions: immediately following stretching and without prior stretching. The jumps were performed on separate days. The conditions were randomly ordered among the subjects. Time in the air (AIR) and ground contact time (CT) were measured during the drop jumps using a timing mat. Three different stretches of the lower extremity were conducted on each gymnast twice, each stretch being held for 30 seconds. Following the stretching condition, AIR was significantly reduced (.44 vs .46 sec, p < .001), while CT was not different (.130 for both conditions, p > .05). This study demonstrates that children’s lower extremity power is reduced when the performance immediately follows passive, static stretching, even in children accustomed to static stretching during training sessions involving explosive power.
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Stopka, Christine, Kevin Morley, Ronald Siders, Josh Schuette, Ashley Houck, and Yul Gilmet. "Stretching Techniques to Improve Flexibility in Special Olympics Athletes and Their Coaches." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (February 2002): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.11.1.22.

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Objective/Context:To examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching in Special Olympics athletes and their coaches on sit-and-reach performance.Design/Participants:Repeated-measures ANOVA with Scheffé post hoc analyses on 2 groups: Special Olympics athletes (n = 18, mean age = 15.7) and their coaches without mental retardation (n = 44, mean age = 22.2).Intervention/Outcome Measures:Stretching performance was measured in centimeters using a sit-and-reach flexibility box, examining 2 series of 3 stretches. For both groups, the first set of 3 stretches was performed in the following order: baseline, static, PNF. Three to 4 weeks later, the order of the stretches was reversed: baseline, PNF, static.Results:PNF stretching improved performance regardless of stretching order after baseline and static measures. Static stretching improved performance only from baseline.Conclusions:Individuals of various ages and cognitive abilities can apparently perform and benefit from PNF stretching.
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Raikwar, Supriya, and Neeraj Athavale. "Effectiveness of Foam Rolling Versus Static Stretching on Pain, Hip Adduction ROM in ITB Tightness in Athletes." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 12, no. 6 (June 24, 2022): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20220634.

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Background: Foam rolling is a relatively new technique in improving ranges and reduction in pain so its effectiveness has to be studied. Study Design: 1week interventional comparison study Objectives: To assess & compare the pre and post interventional results of a 1week Static Stretching programme in one group versus Foam Rolling programme in other group on ITB tightness in athletes. Methods: Forty male subjects were enrolled in study out of which forty male subjects (age group 19-25 years) having ITB tightness defined by active hip adduction test, nobles test and Ober’s test were included and randomly assigned to foam rolling and static stretching groups (20each). Active hip adduction, VAS values measurements pre, mid and post-intervention were taken. Foam rolling: Subject did continuous rolling of ITB on the foam roller, from the ischial tuberosity to the lateral knee for 1minute. Static stretches: For the static stretch the subjects placed their leg behind normal leg with their knee extended and their ankle neutral in standing posture. Subjects were then instructed to lean sideways from the hip, with their spine in neutral until a stretch was felt in the lateral thigh in ROM which were highly significant on analysis Results: Unpaired t-test for comparison of one week findings of both static stretching and foam rolling group showed significant changes with p=0.00, there is significant variation in mean observed for static stretching and foam rolling Conclusion: This study revealed that both foam rolling and Static stretching were effective techniques for increasing hip adduction ROM and reducing pain showing improvement but Foam rolling produced more significant results as compared to static stretching group over a week intervention plan Key words: Myofascial release; active hip adduction; autogenic inhibition; Foam Rolling; Static Stretching .
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Pranwengrum, Dyah Esti, I. Dewa Putu Sutjana, Sugijanto Sugijanto, Dewa Putu Gde Purwa Samatra, Tjokorda Gde Bagus Mahadewa, and Luh Made Indah Sri Handari Adiputra. "KOMBINASI STATIC STRETCHING DAN PLYOMETRIC TRAINING LEBIH BAIK DARIPADA KOMBINASI STATIC STRETCHING DAN STRENGTH TRAINING DALAM MENINGKATKAN VERTICAL JUMP PADA PEMAIN VOLI." Sport and Fitness Journal 9, no. 1 (January 21, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spj.2021.v09.i01.p04.

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Pendahuluan: Vertical jump merupakan komponen yang diperlukan dalam melakukan jump smash dan keterampilan melakukan service dalam permainan bola voli. Efisiensi melompat atau daya ledak ekstremitas bawah dapat menunjang pemain untuk mencetak skor. Tujuan penelitian: untuk membuktikan kombinasi static stretching dan plyometric training lebih baik daripada kombinasi static stretching dan strength training dalam meningkatkan vertical jump pada pemain voli. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan design experimental randomized pre-test and post-test two group design. Penelitian dilakukan di UKM Bola Voli STIKES Ngudia Husada Madura. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 18 orang yang dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok secara acak, masing-masing kelompok berjumlah 9 orang. Kelompok I diberikan kombinasi static stretching dan strength training sedangkan Kelompok II diberikan dengan kombinasi static stretching dan plyometric training. Perlakuan dilakukan 3 kali seminggu selama 6 minggu dengan evaluasi menggunakan sargent jump test (SJT). Hasil penelitian: Uji statistik menggunakan paired-samples t-test pada Kelompok I dengan rerata skor sebelum intervensi 38,78±3,52 cm dan sesudah intervensi yaitu 48,89±6,09 cm dengan nilai p=0,001 dan Kelompok II dengan rerata skor sebelum intervensi 37,11±4,01 cm dan sesudah intervensi 54,11±2,66 cm dengan nilai p<0,001. Dapat disimpulkan terjadi peningkatan vertical jump yang bermakna padi setiap kelompok. Uji beda hipotesis antara Kelompok I dengan Kelompok II menggunakan uji independent-samples t-test diperoleh nilai p=0,021. Simpulan: Kombinasi static stretching dan plyometric training lebih baik dalam meningkatkan vertical jump pada pemain voli dari pada kombinasi static stretching dan strength training. Kata kunci : Static stretching, strength training, plyometric training, vertical jump
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45

Shaharuddin, Sismaherni bt Suardi, and Srinivas Mondam. "The Effectiveness of Static and Dynamic Stretching on Hamstring Flexibility after 4-Weeks Training to Prevent the Risk of Injuries." Malaysian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/mjmbr.v4i1.417.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effect of static and dynamic stretching on hamstring muscle flexibility and risk of injury. A total of 20 female students who are in their final year of various departments at the Sultan Idris of Educational University (UPSI) were involved in this study. Subjects were selected based on the body mass index and never active in sports. The will divided into two groups. Group A (n =10) will perform five types of static stretching exercise while the second group B (n = 10) will perform five types of dynamic stretching exercise. They will perform 5-minutes warming up exercise that is jogging before start the stretching. The stretching exercise will handle in three days alternately fo four weeks. The flexibility of the hamstring muscles was measured using a test range protrudes. The instrument that used to measure the flexibility of the hamstring muscles sit reach box, and it is measure before and after the intervention. Pre-test shows no differences between both types of stretching exercise. For the post-test score, static stretching exercise shows the better hamstring flexibility scores than dynamic stretching exercise, t (9) = 23.60, p < 0.005. The results indicated that static stretching exercise is more effective in increasing the hamstring flexibility compared to dynamic stretching exercise and also have results on it in reducing the risk of injury.
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46

Babault, Nicolas, Wacef Bazine, Gaëlle Deley, Christos Paizis, and Grégory Lattier. "Direct Relation of Acute Effects of Static Stretching on Isokinetic Torque Production With Initial Flexibility Level." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 10, no. 1 (January 2015): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2013-0555.

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Purpose:To examine the acute effect of a single static-stretching session of hamstring muscles on torque production in relation with individual flexibility.Methods:Maximal voluntary concentric torque of hamstring muscles was measured before and after a static-stretching session (6 × 30 s). Torque changes were correlated with the flexibility level determined at the onset of the experimental procedure.Results:The hamstring-stretching intervention significantly reduced maximal concentric torque in participants with low and high hamstring flexibility. Hamstring flexibility and torque decrease, determined immediately after the stretching procedure, were negatively correlated.Conclusions:Torque decrease measured after the static-stretching session is dependent on participant flexibility. Participants with low flexibility are much more likely to demonstrate large torque decreases poststretching.
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47

Takeuchi, Kosuke, Kazunori Akizuki, and Masatoshi Nakamura. "Time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching." PLOS ONE 16, no. 9 (September 14, 2021): e0257367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0257367.

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Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching. Methods Fourteen healthy men (20.9 ± 0.7 years, 169.1 ± 7.5cm, 61.6 ± 6.5kg) received static stretching for 60 seconds at two different intensities based on the point of discomfort (100%POD and 120%POD) of each participant, in random order. To evaluate the time course of changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings, the knee extension range of motion (ROM), passive torque at end ROM, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness were measured pre-stretching, post-stretching, and at both 10 and 20 minutes after static stretching. Results For both intensities, ROM and passive torque at pre-stretching were significantly smaller than those at post-stretching (p < 0.01 in both intensities), 10 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities). The muscle-tendon unit stiffness at pre-stretching was significantly higher than that at post-stretching (p < 0.01), 10 minutes (p < 0.01), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01) only in the 120%POD, but it showed no change in the 100%POD. Conclusion The results showed that ROM and passive torque increased in both intensities, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching regardless of stretching intensity. However, the muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings decreased only after static stretching at the intensity of 120%POD, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching.
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sharifi ardani, behnam, hooman minoonejad, and Reza Rajabi. "Comparing the Effect of Six Weeks Active and Passive Static Stretching on Lumbar-pelvic Rhythm in Rales With Hamstring Shortness." Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 10, no. 5 (March 6, 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.10.5.20.

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Background and Aims To compare the effect of active and passive static stretching hamstrings on flexibility and lumbar-pelvic rhythm in non-athlete men with hamstring shortness. Clinical observa‌tions have suggested that hamstring tightness influences the lumbar pelvic rhythm and may be associated with modifications in the sagittal spine curvatures during trunk flexion. Thigh hamstring can restrict hip movement, thereby increasing lumbar spine motion and causing back pain due to their influence on spino-pelvic rhythm during forward bending. Methods Hamstring muscle shortness was measured using the SLR and 90-90SLR tests. Measurements of the lumbar pelvic rhythm were recorded in the three-phase forward bending by spinal mouse. Variables include pelvic rotation, lumbar and thorasic flexion. Active and passive static stretching were respectively Jack-knife and kneeling hamstring stretching techniques. To compare pre- test and post- test values of active and passive static stretching groups was used paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. Also to investigate the difference between active and passive static stretching groups was used Ancova and U-Mann Whitney tests. Results After 6 weeks of active and passive static stretching total pelvic rotation was significantly increased in contrast to total lumbar flexion (P0/05). Conclusion Active and passive static stretching could change the lumbo-pelvic rhythm to a pelvic-dominant motion, indicating that flexible hamstring are important for preventing low back pain and other problems associated with disturbance of the lumbo-lumbar rhythm.
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49

H, Dafda Renuka, and Shah Shreya R. "A Study to Compare Effect of Hold-Relax v/s Static Stretching on Elbow Flexors Muscle Spasticity in Stroke - A Comparative Study." International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 11, no. 7 (July 23, 2021): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20210742.

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Background: Stroke is a condition in which Spasticity in the body musculature greatly affect the functional independence of the patients. Hold- Relax and Static Stretching is one of the useful treatment to reduce Spasticity. Aim: To find out the effect of Hold – Relax V/S Static Stretching on Elbow flexors muscle Spasticity in Stroke Patient Materials and Methods: 20 subjects were randomly allocated into two groups (Group A and Group B). For 10 subjects in Group A Control group was given Static Stretching with conventional rehab and Group B Experimental group was given Hold- Relax with conventional rehab. Treatment were given to 3 weeks 3 sets per sessions. The outcome measure used to assess the Spasticity before and after the intervention was Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). Results and Discussion: The Hold-Relax group showed a significant reduction in Spasticity of Elbow flexors muscle, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Hold- Relax is more effective than Static Stretching. Key words: Stroke, Spasticity, Hold- Relax, Static Stretching, MAS.
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Ford, Gregory S., Margaret A. Mazzone, and Keith Taylor. "The Effect of 4 Different Durations of Static Hamstring Stretching on Passive Knee-Extension Range of Motion." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 14, no. 2 (May 2005): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.14.2.95.

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Design:Pretest–posttest.Objective:To determine the effect of 4 durations of static hamstring stretching on knee-extension passive range of motion (KE-PROM).Context:Effects of longer (90 and 120 seconds) static hamstring stretching on PROM have not been established relative to more typically recommended 30- or 60-second durations.Subjects:35 healthy college-age subjects with >20° loss of KE-PROM.Outcome Measure:KE-PROM.Intervention:5-week program of single daily stretch for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds.Results:Static stretching was effective in increasing KE-PROM regardless of stretch duration (P< .0001). A significant improvement was identified in mean PROM for each stretching group, but no difference existed among the 4 stretch-duration groups. The control group’s mean PROM decreased (mean = -3.2°, SD = 1.9), whereas each stretching group increased PROM (means 1.9° to 3.6°).Conclusions:Five weeks of daily static hamstring stretching for 30, 60, 90, or 120 seconds increase KE-PROM. Similar benefits were achieved regardless of stretch duration, suggesting that clinicians need not perform static hamstring stretches of more than 30 seconds.
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