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Journal articles on the topic 'Static and dynamic apnoea'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 January 2025

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1

Elia, Antonis, Matthew J. Barlow, Kevin Deighton, Oliver J. Wilson, and John P. O’Hara. "Erythropoietic responses to a series of repeated maximal dynamic and static apnoeas in elite and non-breath-hold divers." European Journal of Applied Physiology 119, no. 11-12 (September 28, 2019): 2557–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-019-04235-1.

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Abstract Purpose Serum erythropoietin (EPO) concentration is increased following static apnoea-induced hypoxia. However, the acute erythropoietic responses to a series of dynamic apnoeas in non-divers (ND) or elite breath-hold divers (EBHD) are unknown. Methods Participants were stratified into EBHD (n = 8), ND (n = 10) and control (n = 8) groups. On two separate occasions, EBHD and ND performed a series of five maximal dynamic apnoeas (DYN) or two sets of five maximal static apnoeas (STA). Control performed a static eupnoeic (STE) protocol to control against any effects of water immersion and diurnal variation on EPO. Peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels were monitored up to 30 s post each maximal effort. Blood samples were collected at 30, 90, and 180 min after each protocol for EPO, haemoglobin and haematocrit concentrations. Results No between group differences were observed at baseline (p > 0.05). For EBHD and ND, mean end-apnoea SpO2 was lower in DYN (EBHD, 62 ± 10%, p = 0.024; ND, 85 ± 6%; p = 0.020) than STA (EBHD, 76 ± 7%; ND, 96 ± 1%) and control (98 ± 1%) protocols. EBHD attained lower end-apnoeic SpO2 during DYN and STA than ND (p < 0.001). Serum EPO increased from baseline following the DYN protocol in EBHD only (EBHD, p < 0.001; ND, p = 0.622). EBHD EPO increased from baseline (6.85 ± 0.9mlU/mL) by 60% at 30 min (10.82 ± 2.5mlU/mL, p = 0.017) and 63% at 180 min (10.87 ± 2.1mlU/mL, p = 0.024). Serum EPO did not change after the STA (EBHD, p = 0.534; ND, p = 0.850) and STE (p = 0.056) protocols. There was a significant negative correlation (r = − 0.49, p = 0.003) between end-apnoeic SpO2 and peak post-apnoeic serum EPO concentrations. Conclusions The novel findings demonstrate that circulating EPO is only increased after DYN in EBHD. This may relate to the greater hypoxemia achieved by EBHD during the DYN.

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2

Shah, Neeraj M., and Georgios Kaltsakas. "Respiratory complications of obesity: from early changes to respiratory failure." Breathe 19, no. 1 (March 2023): 220263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/20734735.0263-2022.

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Obesity is a significant and increasingly common cause of respiratory compromise. It causes a decrease in static and dynamic pulmonary volumes. The expiratory reserve volume is one of the first to be affected. Obesity is associated with reduced airflow, increased airway hyperresponsiveness, and an increased risk of developing pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, respiratory tract infections, obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity hypoventilation syndrome. The physiological changes caused by obesity will eventually lead to hypoxic or hypercapnic respiratory failure. The pathophysiology of these changes includes a physical load of adipose tissue on the respiratory system and a systemic inflammatory state. Weight loss has clear, well-defined benefits in improving respiratory and airway physiology in obese individuals.

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Barlow, Matthew J., Antonis Elia, Oliver M. Shannon, Angeliki Zacharogianni, and Angelica Lodin-Sundstrom. "The Effect of a Dietary Nitrate Supplementation in the Form of a Single Shot of Beetroot Juice on Static and Dynamic Apnea Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 28, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0300.

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Introduction: The purpose of the present study was to assess the effects of acute nitrate ()-rich beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation on peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), and pulmonary gas exchange during submaximal static and dynamic apnea. Methods: Nine (six males and three females) trained apneists (age: 39.6 ± 8.2 years, stature: 170.4 ± 11.5 cm, and body mass: 72.0 ± 11.5 kg) performed three submaximal static apneas at 60%, 70%, and 80% of the participant’s current reported personal best time, followed by three submaximal (∼75% or personal best distance) dynamic apneas following the consumption of either a 70-ml concentrated BRJ (7.7 mmol ) or a -depleted placebo (PLA; 0.1 mmol ) in double-blind randomized manner. HR and SpO2 were measured via fingertip pulse oximetry at the nadir, and online gas analysis was used to assess pulmonary oxygen uptake () during recovery following breath-holds. Results: There were no differences (p < .05) among conditions for HR (PLA = 59 ± 11 bpm and BRJ = 61 ± 12 bpm), SpO2 (PLA = 83% ± 14% and BRJ = 84% ±9%), or (PLA = 1.00 ± 0.22 L/min and BRJ = 0.97 ± 0.27 L/min). Conclusion: The consumption of 7.7 mmol of beetroot juice supplementation prior to a series of submaximal static and dynamic apneas did not induce a significant change in SpO2, HR, and when compared with placebo. Therefore, there is no apparent physiological response that may benefit free divers as a result of the supplementation.

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Liu, Stanley Yung-Chuan, Leh-Kiong Huon, Men-Tzung Lo, Yi-Chung Chang, Robson Capasso, Yunn-Jy Chen, Tiffany Ting-Fang Shih, and Pa-Chun Wang. "Static craniofacial measurements and dynamic airway collapse patterns associated with severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a sleep MRI study." Clinical Otolaryngology 41, no. 6 (February 23, 2016): 700–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/coa.12598.

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5

Farré, Ramon, Jordi Rigau, Josep M. Montserrat, Lara Buscemi, Eugeni Ballester, and Daniel Navajas. "Static and Dynamic Upper Airway Obstruction in Sleep Apnea." American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 168, no. 6 (September 15, 2003): 659–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200211-1304oc.

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6

Kjeld, Thomas, Mads Reinholdt Rasmussen, Timo Jattu, Henning Bay Nielsen, and Niels HENRY Secher. "Ischemic Preconditioning of One Forearm Enhances Static and Dynamic Apnea." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 46, no. 1 (January 2014): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a4090a.

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7

Solich-Talanda, Magdalena, Rafał Mikołajczyk, Robert Roczniok, and Aleksandra Żebrowska. "The effect of breath-hold diving on selected adaptive mechanisms in the circulatory-respiratory system in simulated static and dynamic apnoea." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.11.1.01.

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8

Hsu, PP, BYB Tan, YH Chan, HN Tay, PKS Lu, AKL Tan, and RL Blair. "10th Yahya Cohen Memorial Lecture: Clinical Predictors in Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Patients with Computer-assisted Quantitative Videoendoscopic Upper Airway Analysis." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 34, no. 11 (December 15, 2005): 703–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v34n11p703.

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Aim: To identify the clinical predictors and assist surgeons in their clinical management of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) – a prospective study with a new approach to analyse the static and dynamic upper airway morphology between patients with OSA and normal subjects. To introduce a new method of assessment for surgical outcome. Materials and Methods: Quantitative computer-assisted videoendoscopy (validated with upper airway magnetic resonance imaging) was performed in 49 (43 males, 6 females) patients with OSA and compared with 39 (22 males, 17 females) controls (apnoea-hypopnoea index <5). Absolute cross-sectional areas, transverse and longitudinal diameters at the retro-palatal and retro-lingual levels were measured during end of quiet respiration and during Mueller’s manoeuvre in the erect and supine positions, allowing us to study static and dynamic morphology (collapsibility) of the upper airway. We analysed 3744 parameters. Results: In males, retro-palatal and retro-lingual areas during Mueller’s manoeuvre in the supine position of 0.7981 cm2 [receiver operating characteristics (ROC) = 0.9284, positive predictive value (PPV) = 86.05%, negative predictive value (NPV) = 84.62%] and 2.0648 cm2 (ROC = 0.8183, PPV = 76%, NPV = 83.33%), respectively, were found to be good predictors/ cut-off values for OSA. Retro-palatal area measured in the supine position during Mueller’s manoeuvre (AS1M) and collapsibility of retro-palatal area in the supine position calculated (CAS1) were found to have significant correlations with severity of OSA. In females, areas measured during Mueller’s manoeuvre in the supine position of 0.522 cm2 at retro-palatal level (ROC = 1, 100% PPV and NPV) and transverse diameter at retro-lingual level during erect Mueller’s manoeuvre of 1.1843 cm (ROC = 0.9056, PPV = 100%, NPV = 83.33%) were found to be predictive. All measurements at the retro-palatal level and in the supine position had higher predictability. Area measurements obtained during Muller’s manoeuvre were more predictive (ROC >0.9910) than resting measurements (ROC >0.8371). Several gender and anatomical-site specific formulas with excellent predictability (ROC close or equal to 1) were also devised. Examples of surgical outcome assessment were introduced. Conclusion: Upper airway Mueller’s studies are predictive and useful (independent samples t-test/Mann Whitney U test, ROC) in identifying patients with OSA. With these gender and anatomical-site specific OSA predictors/formulas and this innovative clinical method, we hope to assist other surgeons with quantitative clinical diagnosis, assessment, surgical planning and outcome assessment tools for OSA patients.

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Breskovic, Toni, Lovro Uglesic, Petra Zubin, Benjamin Kuch, Jasenka Kraljevic, Jaksa Zanchi, Marko Ljubkovic, Arne Sieber, and Zeljko Dujic. "Cardiovascular changes during underwater static and dynamic breath-hold dives in trained divers." Journal of Applied Physiology 111, no. 3 (September 2011): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00209.2011.

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Limited information exists concerning arterial blood pressure (BP) changes in underwater breath-hold diving. Simulated chamber dives to 50 m of freshwater (mfw) reported very high levels of invasive BP in two divers during static apnea (SA), whereas a recent study using a noninvasive subaquatic sphygmomanometer reported unchanged or mildly increased values at 10 m SA dive. In this study we investigated underwater BP changes during not only SA but, for the first time, dynamic apnea (DA) and shortened (SHT) DA in 16 trained breath-hold divers. Measurements included BP (subaquatic sphygmomanometer), ECG, and pulse oxymetry (arterial oxygen saturation, SpO2, and heart rate). BP was measured during dry conditions, at surface fully immersed (SA), and at 2 mfw (DA and SHT DA), whereas ECG and pulse oxymetry were measured continuously. We have found significantly higher mean arterial pressure (MAP) values in SA (∼40%) vs. SHT DA (∼30%). Postapneic recovery of BP was slightly slower after SHT DA. Significantly higher BP gain (mmHg/duration of apnea in s) was found in SHT DA vs. SA. Furthermore, DA attempts resulted in faster desaturation vs. SA. In conclusion, we have found moderate increases in BP during SA, DA, and SHT DA. These cardiovascular changes during immersed SA and DA are in agreement with those reported for dry SA and DA.

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10

Mebrate, Yoseph, Keith Willson, Charlotte H. Manisty, Resham Baruah, Jamil Mayet, Alun D. Hughes, Kim H. Parker, and Darrel P. Francis. "Dynamic CO2 therapy in periodic breathing: a modeling study to determine optimal timing and dosage regimes." Journal of Applied Physiology 107, no. 3 (September 2009): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90308.2008.

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We examine the potential to treat unstable ventilatory control (seen in periodic breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, and central sleep apnea) with carefully controlled dynamic administration of supplementary CO2, aiming to reduce ventilatory oscillations with minimum increment in mean CO2. We used a standard mathematical model to explore the consequences of phasic CO2 administration, with different timing and dosing algorithms. We found an optimal time window within the ventilation cycle (covering ∼1/6 of the cycle) during which CO2 delivery reduces ventilatory fluctuations by >95%. Outside that time, therapy is dramatically less effective: indeed, for more than two-thirds of the cycle, therapy increases ventilatory fluctuations >30%. Efficiency of stabilizing ventilation improved when the algorithm gave a graded increase in CO2 dose (by controlling its duration or concentration) for more severe periodic breathing. Combining gradations of duration and concentration further increased efficiency of therapy by 22%. The (undesirable) increment in mean end-tidal CO2 caused was 300 times smaller with dynamic therapy than with static therapy, to achieve the same degree of ventilatory stabilization (0.0005 vs. 0.1710 kPa). The increase in average ventilation was also much smaller with dynamic than static therapy (0.005 vs. 2.015 l/min). We conclude that, if administered dynamically, dramatically smaller quantities of CO2 could be used to reduce periodic breathing, with minimal adverse effects. Algorithms adjusting both duration and concentration in real time would achieve this most efficiently. If developed clinically as a therapy for periodic breathing, this would minimize excess acidosis, hyperventilation, and sympathetic overactivation, compared with static treatment.

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11

Elia, Antonis, David R. Woods, Matthew J. Barlow, Matthew J. Lees, and John P. O'Hara. "Cerebral, cardiac and skeletal muscle stress associated with a series of static and dynamic apnoeas." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 32, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 233–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.14067.

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12

Heldt, G. P. "Development of stability of the respiratory system in preterm infants." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.441.

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Chest wall distortion leads to increased minute volume displacement of the diaphragm (MVDD) and diaphragmatic work (DW) in preterm infants. Lung mechanics, MVDD, and DW were measured at weekly intervals in six preterm infants between 29 and 36 wk postconceptional age. Over the period of study, MVDD and DW decreased significantly, whereas dynamic lung compliance consistently increased. There was no consistent change in the pulmonary ventilation, total pulmonary resistance, the work performed on the lungs, or the change in intraesophageal pressure with tidal breathing. The improvement in the stability of the chest wall, as indicated by the change in these dynamic measurements of diaphragmatic function, parallels the decrease in static chest wall compliance and the clinical course of the resolution of apnea of prematurity.

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13

Joulia, Fabrice, Jean Guillaume Steinberg, Marion Faucher, Thibault Jamin, Christophe Ulmer, Nathalie Kipson, and Yves Jammes. "Breath-hold training of humans reduces oxidative stress and blood acidosis after static and dynamic apnea." Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 137, no. 1 (August 2003): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1569-9048(03)00110-1.

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14

Elia, Antonis, Matthew J. Barlow, Oliver J. Wilson, and John P. O'Hara. "Splenic responses to a series of repeated maximal static and dynamic apnoeas with whole‐body immersion in water." Experimental Physiology 106, no. 1 (June 10, 2020): 338–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/ep088404.

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15

Thompson-Gorman, S. L., R. S. Fitzgerald, and W. Mitzner. "Chemical and mechanical determinants of apnea during high-frequency ventilation." Journal of Applied Physiology 65, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.179.

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The factors responsible for the apnea observed during high-frequency ventilation (HFV) were evaluated in 14 pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized cats. A multiple logistic regression analysis provided an estimate of the probability of apnea during HFV as a function of four respiratory variables: mean airway pressure (Paw), tidal volume (VT), frequency, and arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). When mean Paw was 2 cmH2O, PaCO2, VT, and their interaction contributed significantly to the probability of apnea during HFV. At a low value of PaCO2 (25 Torr), the probability of apnea had a minimum value of 0.19 and gradually increased toward 1.0 as VT increased from 0.5 to 7 ml/kg. At higher levels of PaCO2 (30 and 35 Torr) the probability of apnea was zero in the low range of VT but sharply approached 1.0 above a VT of approximately 2.0 ml/kg. However, when Paw was increased to 6 cmH2O, only PaCO2 was an important determinant of apnea. In this case, the probability of apnea was 0.51 when PaCO2 was 25 Torr but decreased to 0.22 when PaCO2 was raised to 25 Torr. At neither Paw was the probability of apnea dependent on frequency. These results suggest that chemoreceptor inputs, in addition to both static and dynamic lung mechanoreceptor afferents, are responsible for determining the output of the central respiratory centers during HFV.

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Li, Lifeng, Liming Song, Yuting Liu, Muhammad Ayoub, Yucheng Song, Yongqiang Shu, Xiang Liu, et al. "Combining static and dynamic functional connectivity analyses to identify male patients with obstructive sleep apnea and predict clinical symptoms." Sleep Medicine 126 (February 2025): 136–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2024.12.013.

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17

Elsobki, A. "Role of static versus dynamic tongue base evaluation in decision making in tongue base surgery in obstructive sleep apnea patients." Sleep Medicine 40 (December 2017): e89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2017.11.258.

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18

Tsushima, Y., J. Antila, E. Laurikainen, E. Svedström, O. Polo, and M. Kormano. "Digital fluoroscopy before and after laser uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in obstructive sleep apnea." Acta Radiologica 38, no. 2 (March 1997): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841859709172052.

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Purpose: to study the changes in pharyngeal behavior after laser uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (LUPPP). Material and Methods: the dynamic changes in the upper airway size were evaluated with digital fluoroscopy in 24 patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) before and after LUPPP and in 16 normal controls, while they were awake and breathing normally. Cephalometric measurements were also made. the patients were classified into the categories of good and poor responders by means of a static-charge-sensitive bed. Results: Following LUPPP, collapsibility at the velopharyngeal level was within the normal range in 15 of 17 good responders, but only in 2 of 7 poor responders (p=0.0086). the minimum airway size at the same level showed a similar trend. in 3 of 7 poor responders the hyoid bone was positioned more caudally than in the good responders (p=0.017). Conclusion: Digital fluoroscopy provides information on the change in upper airway behavior after LUPPP.

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19

Vrdoljak, Dario, Željko Dujić, and Nikola Foretić. "Muscular Oxygen Saturation and Hemoglobin Concentration during Freediving: A Case Study." Oxygen 4, no. 3 (July 17, 2024): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oxygen4030016.

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Lower limb muscle fatigue is the main reason for withdrawal from diving. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the local muscle oxygen saturation and hemoglobin concentration in the vastus lateralis muscle during different freediving disciplines. One freediver participated in this study, and his chronological age was 40 years, body mass 75.0 kg, body height 184.0 cm, and body fat 13.7%. The participant has been practicing freediving for 6 years. The variables in this study included anthropometric indices, heart rate, and muscle oxygen dynamics parameters (SmO2 (oxygen muscle saturation) and tHb (total hemoglobin)). The variables were measured during five diving disciplines: static apnea, bifin, dynamic no fins (DNF), monofin, and sneaking. Measurements were performed during intensive training/competition during the diving season in August 2023. The results of this study showed that when oxygen starts to decrease during the dive, the tHb increases. Furthermore, the times at which maximal tHb and minimal SmO2 were achieved are also shown. These parameters occurred at almost the same time across all disciplines: static (SmO2, 142; tHb, 150 s), bifin (SmO2, 153; tHb, 148 s), DNF (SmO2, 162; tHb, 178 s), monofin (SmO2, 96; tHb, 94 s), and sneaking (SmO2, 212; tHb, 228 s). Also, differences in tHb and SmO2 were present between diving disciplines. In particular, the highest increase in tHb was present in bifin (0.0028 AU/s), whereas monofin showed a decrease (−0.0009 AU/s). On the other hand, the highest desaturation was seen in bifin (−0.87%/s) and the lowest in sneaking (−0.29%/s) These findings emphasize the physiological characteristics of freedivers engaging in different freediving disciplines that influence muscles during the dive. Such responses could be observed through a concurrent hypoxia/hypercapnia and a transient reduction in the Fahraeus effect.

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Gong, Mingjie, and Jingwen Shao. "Effect of Simultaneous Multiplane Surgery on Cardiopulmonary Function in Patients with Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea-Hypopnea Syndrome and Its Curative Effect." BioMed Research International 2022 (September 15, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9241635.

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Objective. To investigate the changes in cardiopulmonary function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) by one-stage multiplane surgery. Methods. 70 patients with moderate and severe OSAHS underwent nasal in our hospital from July 2017 to February 2021, palatopharyngeal, and/or tongue operations simultaneously and were followed up for 6 months. The Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS) scores of patients before and after surgery were compared to observe the surgical efficacy, and the changes in the cardiopulmonary function of patients before and after surgery were detected. The static and dynamic indexes of cardiopulmonary function, respiratory disturbance index (AHI), and blood oxygen saturation (SaO2) were compared before and after the operation. Results. After surgery, all patients’ indexes of static lung function were improved compared with that before surgery. After surgery, the percentage of maximal oxygen uptake peak to the predicted value, percentage of oxygen pulse to the predicted value, the ratio of oxygen uptake power, anaerobic threshold, and maximum ventilatory capacity per minute/maximum exercise volume were increased compared with that before surgery, and AHI and SaO2 were improved compared with that before surgery. Conclusion. This study suggests that it is feasible for patients with OSAHS who are unable to tolerate or unwilling to undergo noninvasive assisted ventilation to undergo simultaneous surgery for multiplane stenosis. It can reduce clinical symptoms and improve cardiopulmonary function.

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21

Erdem, Seyfettin, Sureyya Yilmaz, Mine Karahan, Mehmet Emin Dursun, Sedat Ava, Mehmet Fuat Alakus, and Ugur Keklikci. "Can dynamic and static pupillary responses be used as an indicator of autonomic dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome?" International Ophthalmology 41, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 2555–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-021-01814-0.

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22

Donnelly, Lane F., Sally R. Shott, Connor R. LaRose, Barbara A. Chini, and Raouf S. Amin. "Causes of Persistent Obstructive Sleep Apnea Despite Previous Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy in Children with Down Syndrome as Depicted on Static and Dynamic Cine MRI." American Journal of Roentgenology 183, no. 1 (July 2004): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.183.1.1830175.

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23

Zoretić, Dajana, Tomislav Biloš, and Ivan Krakan. "ANALYSIS OF APNEA DIVING DEVELOPMENT TRENDS IN POOL DISCIPLINES FROM 2002 TO 2021." Kinesiologia Slovenica 29, no. 2 (July 28, 2023): 208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/kinsi.29.2.208-219.

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Apnea diving as a sport has evolved to such an extent that many professional divers have managed to achieve results that were considered impossible ten years ago. The predictions of doctors and experts in static apnea, long-distance diving and achievable depths have been exceeded. The aim of this research is to analyze this trend and determine the development curve for the best results in the world between professional apnea divers in pool disciplines over the last 20 years. The sample of subjects in this work consists of the three best world results of free-breath divers in pool disciplines (STA, DNF, DNY) from 2002 to 2021. The variables used in the research are dynamics without flippers (DNF), dynamics with flippers (DYN) and statics (STA) in men. The data was collected from the official websites of the International umbrella diving organizations - AIDA and CMAS. Collected data was processed using a method, algorithm and trend analysis program in the Statistica 13.0 software package. A polynomial regression analysis was used to analyze the development trend of the best results in a given year for each discipline. The coefficient of determination (STA Multi. R=0.77 p≥0.00, DYN Multi. R=0.87 p≥0.00, DNF Multi. R=0.90 p≥0.00) of the positive correlation of the results, while statistical significance was determined by the analysis as a consequence of the constant change in the results. According to the data obtained from the research, a linear increase in results in all three disciplines (statics, dynamics without flippers, dynamics with flippers) between 2002 and 2021 can be determined. According to the analyzed literature, important success factors are knowledge of certain physiological properties, the physical condition of the individual and the optimization of energy.

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24

Eftedal, Ingrid, Arnar Flatberg, Ivan Drvis, and Zeljko Dujic. "Immune and inflammatory responses to freediving calculated from leukocyte gene expression profiles." Physiological Genomics 48, no. 11 (November 1, 2016): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00048.2016.

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Freedivers hold their breath while diving, causing blood oxygen levels to decrease (hypoxia) while carbon dioxide increases (hypercapnia). Whereas blood gas changes are presumably involved in the progression of respiratory diseases, less is known about their effect on healthy individuals. Here we have used gene expression profiling to analyze elite athletes' immune and inflammatory responses to freediving. Blood was collected before and 1 and 3 h after a series of maximal dynamic and static freediving apneas in a pool, and peripheral blood gene expression was mapped on genome-wide microarrays. Fractions of phenotypically distinct immune cells were computed by deconvolution of the gene expression data using Cibersort software. Changes in gene activity and associated biological pathways were determined using R and GeneGo software. The results indicated a temporary increase of neutrophil granulocytes, and a decrease of cytotoxic lymphocytes; i.e., CD8+ T cells and resting NK cells. Biological pathway associations indicated possible protective reactions: genes involved in anti-inflammatory responses to proresolving lipid mediators were upregulated, whereas central factors involved in granule-mediated lymphocyte cytotoxicity were downregulated. While it remains unresolved whether freediving alters the immune system's defensive function, these results provide new insight into leukocyte responses and the protection of homeostasis in healthy athletes.

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Ihemeremadu, N., N. Lavi-Romer, Y. Zang, B. Keenan, and R. Schwab. "1057 Evaluating Differences In Upper Airway Anatomy Between Diabetic And Non-diabetic OSA Patients." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A401—A402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.1053.

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Abstract Introduction Studies show that OSA is linked to impaired glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, and the onset of diabetes. We hypothesized that diabetic OSA patients will have higher apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) values than OSA patients without diabetes after adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI) and that this difference can be explained through increases in upper airway structures between diabetic and non-diabetic OSA patients. Methods This study evaluated differences in upper airway and craniofacial dimensions and volume of the pharyngeal soft tissues between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Airway sizes, soft tissue volumes and craniofacial dimensions were quantified using three-dimensional MRI in OSA patients without diabetes (n=237) and OSA patients with diabetes (n=64). Comparisons in upper airway measures among diabetics and non-diabetics were performed using linear regression models controlling for age, sex, BMI, race, and AHI. Results Among study participants, diabetic OSA patients were older than non-diabetic OSA patients (54.2±10.1 vs. 47.3±11.1 years; p<0.0001). No significant differences were found between diabetic and non-diabetic OSA patients with respect to BMI (39.8±7.0 vs. 38.4±8.8 kg/m2; p=0.207) or AHI (45.0±31.0 vs. 38.8±27.8 events/hour; p=0.154). In covariate adjusted models, non-diabetic OSA patients also had smaller RP minimum airway area (adjusted difference [95% CI] = -3119 [-5359, 879] mm2; p=0.0066) and RP minimum AP distance (-16.0 mm [-29.6, -2.5]; p=0.021) compared to diabetic OSA patients. No differences were observed in soft tissue volumes or craniofacial dimensions. Conclusion While diabetics had higher average AHI, we observed no significant differences in AHI between diabetic and non-diabetic patients with sleep apnea. In general, upper airway anatomy was similar between diabetic and non-diabetics apneics, controlling for demographic factors and AHI. Future studies should examine dynamic changes, in addition to static upper airway anatomy, in diabetic and non-diabetics apneics. Support

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Perini, Renza, Alberto Gheza, Christian Moia, Nicola Sponsiello, and Guido Ferretti. "Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea." European Journal of Applied Physiology 110, no. 2 (May 11, 2010): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1489-4.

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Polo, O., L. Brissaud, B. Sales, A. Besset, and M. Billiard. "The validity of the static charge sensitive bed in detecting obstructive sleep apnoeas." European Respiratory Journal 1, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 330–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.01040330.

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The demand for polysomnographic recordings associated with respiratory control exceeds the capacity of the few existing sleep disorder centres and therefore a simple and inexpensive method is needed for screening and diagnosing sleep-related breathing disorders. The static charge sensitive bed (SCSB) permits long-term recordings of body movements, respiratory movements and the ballistocardiogram (BCG) without electrodes or cables being attached to the subject. The aim of the present study was to test the validity of this particular method in detecting obstructive sleep apnoeas without airflow measurements. Simultaneous SCSB and spirometer recordings were compared in fourteen sleep apnoea patients and six controls. The mean sensitivity of the SCSB method to detect the obstructive apnoeas was 0.92-0.98. The specificity to detect 2 min apnoea epochs was 0.61-0.68 in the apnoea group, while in the control group it was 0.99-1.00. According to this study, the SCSB detects the obstructive events without always distinguishing between severe periodic hypopnoeas and obstructive apnoeas. The sensitivity of the SCSB makes it valuable for screening subjects suspected of having obstructive sleep apnoeas. Further studies will concentrate on a more detailed analysis of the various respiratory, BCG and body movement patterns, which may lead to additional information on the severity of the upper airway obstruction.

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Valdivia-Valdivia, Juan M., Anne Räisänen-Sokolowski, and Peter Lindholm. "Prolonged syncope with multifactorial pulmonary oedema related to dry apnoea training: Safety concerns in unsupervised dry static apnoea." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 51, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 210–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm51.2.210-215.

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Many competitive breath-hold divers use dry apnoea routines to improve their tolerance to hypoxia and hypercapnia, varying the amount of prior hyperventilation and lung volume. When hyperventilating and exhaling to residual volume prior to starting a breath-hold, hypoxia is reached quickly and without too much discomfort from respiratory drive. Cerebral hypoxia with loss of consciousness (LOC) can easily result. Here, we report on a case where an unsupervised diver used a nose clip that is thought to have interfered with his resumption of breathing after LOC. Consequently, he suffered an extended period of severe hypoxia, with poor ventilation and recovery. He also held his breath on empty lungs; thus, trying to inhale created an intrathoracic sub-atmospheric pressure. Upon imaging at the hospital, severe intralobular pulmonary oedema was noted, with similarities to images presented in divers suffering from pulmonary barotrauma of descent (squeeze, immersion pulmonary oedema). Describing the physiological phenomena observed in this case highlights the risks associated with unsupervised exhalatory breath-holding after hyperventilation as a training practice in competitive freediving.

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Badau, Adela. "The Dynamics of the Development of Apneic Breathing Capacity Specific to Synchronized Swimming in Girls Aged 7–14 Years." Applied Sciences 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2024): 4586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14114586.

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The purpose of the study was to identify the durations of maintaining apnea, in different static positions, with and without the use of a nose clip, in girls aged between 7 and 14 years,. The study included a total number of 92 girls, grouped by age into four groups of 2-year spans (7–8, 9–10, 11–12, 13–14 years), and depending on the experience of practicing synchronized swimming (6–42 months). In the study we applied five physical tests where apnea maintenance times were recorded in different static positions: Apnea Test of Facial floatation with and without nose clip, Apnea Test of Front tuck with and without nose clip and Apnea Test of Front layout with support to scull. The statistical analysis was performed with SPSS-24. During the study, a program of specific exercises to learn/consolidate the apneic breathing specific to artistic swimming was implemented, for a time interval of 3 months. The results were recorded at the beginning of the study (TI) and at the end of the study (TF). Analyzing the results of the study, we found positive and statistically significant improvements, related to age and experience. The most significant progress, taking into account the averages between the final and initial tests, was recorded in relation to Facial Flotation for 1.301 s for the 7–8-year-old group and 1.110 s for the 9–10-year-old group; the 11–12-year-old group recorded the most positive effect in the Facial Flotation test with a nose clip, with a result of 0.853 s, and in the 13–14-year-old group in the front tuck with nose clip test, a result of 0.807 s was reached. In all tests of the study, the Cohen’s values in all groups fell between 0.184 and 0.478, the size of the effect being small and medium. The ANOVA analysis of variance showed that the differences were statistically significant for p < 0.05 between the arithmetic means of the four groups according to age and sport experiences. For all groups, the value of Wilks’ Lambda was 0.009 (p < 0.01) for age and 0 (p < 0.01) for sports experience, highlighting large differences between groups. We conclude that the development of the ability to maintain apnea specific to synchronized swimming shows an upward trajectory, being conditioned by the training methodology, the age of the subjects and the sports experience. The small and medium values of the effect size highlight the fact that the improvement in apnea maintenance time is dependent on the duration and frequency of the apnea exercises performed in technical conditions specific to synchronized swimming. The training methodology must be adapted to the particularities of age, sports experience and the characteristics of synchronized swimming.

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Sharifi, Javad. "Dynamic-to-static modeling." GEOPHYSICS 87, no. 2 (February 10, 2022): MR63—MR72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2020-0778.1.

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Dynamic-to-static (DTS) modulus conversion has long been recognized as a complicated and challenging task in reservoir characterization and seismic geomechanics, and many single- and two-variable regression equations have been proposed. In practice, however, the form and constants of the regression equation are variable from case to case. I have introduced a methodology for estimating the static moduli called DTS modeling. The methodology is validated by laboratory tests (ultrasonic and triaxial compression tests) to obtain dynamic and quasistatic bulk and Young’s (elasticity) moduli. Then, rock deformation phenomena are simulated considering different parameters affecting the process. The dynamic behavior is further modeled using rock physics methods. Unlike conventional DTS conversion procedures, this method considers a wide range of factors affecting the relationship between dynamic and static moduli, including strain amplitude, dispersion, rock failure mechanism, pore shape, crack parameters, poromechanics, and upscaling. A comparison of data from laboratory and in situ tests and estimation results indicates promising findings. The accuracy of the results is assessed by analysis of variance. In addition to modeling static moduli, DTS can be used to verify static and dynamic moduli values with appropriate accuracy when core data are not available.

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Lanese, Ivan. "Static vs Dynamic SAGAs." Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science 38 (October 26, 2010): 51–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4204/eptcs.38.7.

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Antonopoulos, Constantin. "Static vs. Dynamic Paradoxes." Epoché 14, no. 2 (2010): 241–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/epoche20101424.

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Goldstein, Gary W. "Static encephalopathies become dynamic." Current Opinion in Neurology 17, no. 2 (April 2004): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00019052-200404000-00002.

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Van Lede, P. "Static versus dynamic orthoses." Journal of Hand Surgery 21, no. 1_suppl (February 1996): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0266-7681(96)80335-4.

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Pourbaix, Dimitri. "Dynamic versus Static Designation." Highlights of Astronomy 13 (2005): 998–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600017949.

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AbstractShould the designation of the components of a system reflect its known hierarchy or rather the history of their discovery? With the recent progress in, say, radial velocity techniques, the old famous order in which components were used to be discovered (inner to outer components for spectroscopic systems) is somehow altered. In the past, capital letters were used for visual companions and lower case letters for spectroscopic components and there was almost no overlap between the two groups. The situation has changed from both ends of the orbital period interval. In some rare cases, we think letters should be re-distributed and re-assigned in order to reflect the structure of the system. With an adequate choice of the data structure, such a change of the companion designation is rather straightforward to implement in modern databases (such as SB9). The only foreseen drawback is related to the cross-reference with some old papers: the letter B would not designate the same component in a 1970 paper and in a 2003 one. For instance, the former secondary of an SB2 system might now refer to the unseen companion and an astrometric triple.

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McMullen, Anthony, and Barry Gray. "From static to dynamic." Library Hi Tech 30, no. 4 (November 16, 2012): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285121.

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Dinda, Soumyananda. "EKC: static or dynamic?" International Journal of Global Environmental Issues 9, no. 1/2 (2009): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgenvi.2009.022086.

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Schriger, David L. "Dynamic Research, Static Literature." Annals of Emergency Medicine 56, no. 4 (October 2010): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2010.05.002.

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Montheillet, F., J. Lépinoux, D. Weygand, and E. Rauch. "Dynamic and Static Recrystallization." Advanced Engineering Materials 3, no. 8 (August 2001): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1527-2648(200108)3:8<587::aid-adem587>3.0.co;2-v.

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Williams, Neil Edward. "Static And Dynamic Dispositions." Synthese 146, no. 3 (September 2005): 303–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11229-004-6212-8.

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Paponov, V. D., G. A. Sigora, S. P. Rad'ko, and V. N. Lystsov. "Dynamic and static chromatin." Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine 102, no. 6 (December 1986): 1745–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00840815.

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Park, Jeong-Yeol, and SooCheong Shawn Jang. "Psychographics: Static or Dynamic?" International Journal of Tourism Research 16, no. 4 (November 13, 2012): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1924.

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43

Guimard, A., K. Collomp, H. Zorgati, S. Brulaire, X. Woorons, V. Amiot, and F. Prieur. "Effect of swim intensity on responses to dynamic apnoea." Journal of Sports Sciences 36, no. 9 (July 6, 2017): 1015–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2017.1349328.

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Bhawna, Roy Santosham, Sujai Anand, and Santhosh Joseph. "Role of dynamic MR imaging in obstructive sleep apnoea." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery 60, no. 1 (March 2008): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12070-008-0009-x.

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45

de Asís-Fernández, Francisco, Tamara del Corral, and Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva. "Effects of inspiratory muscle training versus high intensity interval training on the recovery capacity after a maximal dynamic apnoea in breath-hold divers. A randomised crossover trial." Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine Journal 50, no. 4 (December 20, 2020): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.28920/dhm50.4.318-324.

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(de Asís-Fernández F, del Corral T, López-de-Uralde-Villanueva I. Effects of inspiratory muscle training versus high intensity interval training on the recovery capacity after a maximal dynamic apnoea in breath-hold divers. A randomised crossover trial. Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. 2020 December 20;50(4):318–324. doi: 10.28920/dhm50.4.318-324. PMID: 33325010.) Introduction: After a maximal apnoea, breath-hold divers must restore O2 levels and clear CO2 and lactic acid produced. High intensity interval training (HIIT) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) could be employed with the aim of increasing recovery capacity. This study aimed to evaluate the relative effects of IMT versus HIIT on recovery of peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and also on pulmonary function, inspiratory muscle strength, lactate and heart rate recovery after a maximal dynamic apnoea in breath-hold divers. Methods: Fifteen breath-hold divers performed two training interventions (IMT and HIIT) for 20 min, three days per week over four weeks in randomised order with a two week washout period. Results: IMT produced a > 3 s reduction in SpO2 recovery time compared to HIIT. The forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) were significantly increased in the IMT group compared to HIIT. The magnitude of these differences in favour of IMT was large in both cases. Neither training intervention was superior to the other for heart rate recovery time, nor in peak- and recovery- lactate. Conclusions: IMT produced a reduction in SpO2 recovery time compared to HIIT after maximal dynamic apnoea. Even a 3 s improvement in recovery could be important in scenarios like underwater hockey where repetitive apnoeas during high levels of exercise are separated by only seconds. IMT also improved FEV1 and MIP, but no differences in lactate and heart rate recovery were found post-apnoea between HIIT and IMT.

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Joulia, Fabrice, Mathieu Coulange, Frederic Lemaitre, Agnelys Desplantes, Guillaume Costalat, Laurie Bruzzese, Frederic Franceschi, et al. "Ischaemia-modified albumin during experimental apnoea." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 93, no. 6 (June 2015): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2014-0538.

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Ischaemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a marker of the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during hypoxaemia. In elite divers, breath-hold induces ROS production. Our aim was to evaluate the kinetics of IMA serum levels during apnea. Twenty breath-hold divers were instructed to perform a submaximal static breath-hold. Twenty non-diver subjects served as controls. Blood samples were collected at rest, every minute, at the end of breath-hold, and 10 min after recovery. The IMA level increased after 1 min of breath-hold (p < 0.003) and remained high until recovery. Divers were separated into 2 groups: subjects who held their breath for less than 4 min (G–4) and those who held it for more than 4 min (G+4). After 3 min of apnoea, the increase of IMA was higher in the G–4 group than in the G+4 group (p < 0.008). However, at the end of apnoea, the IMA level did not differ between groups. If IMA level was globally correlated with the apnoea duration, it is interesting to note that the higher IMA level was not found in the best divers. Similarly, if arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was globally inversely correlated with apnoea duration, the lowest SpO2 at the end of breath-hold was not found in the divers that performed the best apnoea. We concluded that these divers save their oxygen. The IMA level provides a useful measure of resistance to hypoxaemia.

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Pressman, Gregg S., Beatriz Cepeda-Valery, Nicolas Codolosa, Marek Orban, Solomon P. Samuel, and Virend K. Somers. "Dynamic cycling in atrial size and flow during obstructive apnoea." Open Heart 3, no. 1 (February 2016): e000348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/openhrt-2015-000348.

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Martínez-Vargas, J. D., L. M. Sepulveda-Cano, C. Travieso-Gonzalez, and G. Castellanos-Dominguez. "Detection of obstructive sleep apnoea using dynamic filter-banked features." Expert Systems with Applications 39, no. 10 (August 2012): 9118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.02.043.

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Labini, Paolo Sylos. "Oligopoly: Static and Dynamic Analysis." Revue d’économie industrielle, no. 118 (June 15, 2007): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rei.1793.

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Srinivasan, TM. "Dynamic and static asana practices." International Journal of Yoga 9, no. 1 (2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.171724.

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