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Journal articles on the topic 'State'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 22 February 2025

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1

Standing, David, Emma Feess, Satvik Kodiyalam, Michael Kuehn, Zachary Hamel, Jaimie Johnson, Sufi Mary Thomas, and Shrikant Anant. "The Role of STATs in Ovarian Cancer: Exploring Their Potential for Therapy." Cancers 15, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 2485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers15092485.

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Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is a deadly gynecologic malignancy that presents many clinical challenges due to late-stage diagnoses and the development of acquired resistance to standard-of-care treatment protocols. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that STATs may play a critical role in OvCa progression, resistance, and disease recurrence, and thus we sought to compile a comprehensive review to summarize the current state of knowledge on the topic. We have examined peer reviewed literature to delineate the role of STATs in both cancer cells and cells within the tumor microenvironment. In addition to summarizing the current knowledge of STAT biology in OvCa, we have also examined the capacity of small molecule inhibitor development to target specific STATs and progress toward clinical applications. From our research, the best studied and targeted factors are STAT3 and STAT5, which has resulted in the development of several inhibitors that are under current evaluation in clinical trials. There remain gaps in understanding the role of STAT1, STAT2, STAT4, and STAT6, due to limited reports in the current literature; as such, further studies to establish their implications in OvCa are necessitated. Moreover, due to the deficiency in our understanding of these STATs, selective inhibitors also remain elusive, and therefore present opportunities for discovery.

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2

Aziz, Sahar. "State Sponsored Radicalization." Michigan Journal of Race & Law, no. 27.1 (2021): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.36643/mjrl.27.1.state.

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Where was the FBI in the months leading up to the violent siege on the U.S. Capitol in 2021? Among the many questions surrounding that historic day, this one reveals the extent to which double standards in law enforcement threaten our nation’s security. For weeks, Donald Trump’s far right-wing supporters had been publicly calling for and planning a protest in Washington, D.C. on January 6, the day Congress was to certify the 2021 presidential election results. Had they been following credible threats to domestic security, officials would have attempted to stop the Proud Boys and QAnon from breaching the Capitol perimeter. Yet when the day came, the mob of pro-Trump extremists seemed to catch law enforcement by surprise. They seized the Capitol, ransacked congress members’ offices, and openly posted photos of their destruction and their weapons online. In the preceding two decades, the U.S. government has poured money into a behemoth national security apparatus. The FBI’s annual budget ballooned from $3 billion in 1999 to nearly $10 billion today. Much of this 300% increase went to countering terrorism with a mandate to surveil, investigate, and prosecute “homegrown terrorists.” In no uncertain terms, the directive was for the FBI to target Muslim communities.

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3

Wagle, Datta G. "AUA-2 State of healthcare in the United States(AUA Lecture)." Japanese Journal of Urology 102, no. 2 (2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol.102.89_2.

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4

Seidman, Louis. "State Action and the Constitution's Middle Band." Michigan Law Review, no. 117.1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.1.state.

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On conventional accounts, the state action doctrine is dichotomous. When the government acts, constitutional limits take hold and the government action is invalid if those limits are exceeded. When the government fails to act, the state action doctrine leaves decisions to individuals, who are permitted to violate what would otherwise be constitutional constraints. It turns out though that the modern state action doctrine creates three rather than two domains. There is indeed a private, inner band where there is thought to be insufficient government action to trigger constitutional constraints, but often there is also a public, outer band where there is too much state action for the Constitution to apply. The Constitution takes hold only in a middle band—the Goldilocks band—sandwiched between these two domains. For constitutional limitations to have force, the government must act just enough—but not too much. This Article’s first aim is to identify and describe this puzzling structure. It also examines a variety of doctrinal principles that produce and, perhaps, justify the state action doctrine’s three bands. The Article then argues that these seemingly disparate principles are all related to the special constitutional problems produced by the emergence of the middle band of government regulation. Finally, the Article concludes with some brief speculation about whether the modern tripartite structure can survive.

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5

Metz, Matthew, and Janelle London. "State Vehicle Electrification Mandates and Federal Preemption." Michigan Journal of Environmental & Administrative Law, no. 9.2 (2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.36640/mjeal.9.2.state.

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By requiring that new vehicles sold after a certain date be electric, states can lower drivers’ vehicle operating costs, boost local employment, and lower electric rates. But there’s a widespread perception that states can’t take advantage of these opportunities because a state vehicle electrification mandate would be preempted by federal law. Not so. While the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA) prohibits state regulations “relating to” the control of emissions in motor vehicles, and the Federal Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) prohibits state regulations “related to” fuel economy standards, there is a strong rationale for federal courts to reject preemption of state vehicle electrification mandates. The Supreme Court has indicated repeatedly that state laws regulating a product or process “upstream” that have an effect “downstream” are not preempted by the federal law. A state law conditioning construction of nuclear power plants on adequate means for storage and disposal of nuclear waste is not preempted by a federal law regulating nuclear plant safety, although its effect is to advance nuclear plant safety. A state ban on uranium mining is not preempted by a federal law on uranium milling and tailing safety, although its effect is to advance uranium milling and tailing safety. Similarly, a state law requiring that cars run on electricity should not be preempted by federal law on emissions and fuel economy standards, although its effect is to reduce emissions and improve fuel economy. Moreover, there is no conflict between a state vehicle electrification law and the purposes of the CAA and EPCA. The purpose of the Clean Air Act is to clean the air. The relevant purpose of the Energy Policy and Conservation Act is to reduce energy demand. Neither statute has a purpose of ensuring that new vehicles have at least some emissions, nor that they continue to use gasoline. This Article concludes that state vehicle electrification legislation should not be preempted. Neither the CAA nor the EPCA directly regulates how vehicles are powered. Neither statute explicitly prohibits states from mandating electrification of vehicles. And legal precedent limiting regulation of vehicles based on emissions or fuel economy standards has never addressed vehicle electrification mandates. Further, states have compelling reasons for vehicle electrification mandates that have nothing to do with regulating emissions or improving fuel economy standards. Such reasons may be sufficient to avoid preemption. The Supreme Court’s increasingly preemption-skeptical jurisprudence, as articulated in Virginia Uranium v. Warren, limits courts’ ability to scrutinize state motives in passing vehicle electrification statutes. Thus, although preemption cannot be dismissed as a concern, the stage has been set for state-based vehicle electrification mandates.

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6

Kim. "Limit states design for tunnels: related researches and present state of application." Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association 16, no. 3 (2014): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.9711/ktaj.2014.16.3.341.

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7

Tantuğ, A. Cüneyd, and Özdemir Kavak. "A Comparative Study on State Programming: Hierarchical State Machine (HSM) Pattern and State Pattern." Lecture Notes on Software Engineering 3, no. 3 (2015): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/lnse.2015.v3.196.

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8

Ebersbach, Celina, Alicia-Marie K. Beier, Christian Thomas, and Holger H. H. Erb. "Impact of STAT Proteins in Tumor Progress and Therapy Resistance in Advanced and Metastasized Prostate Cancer." Cancers 13, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 4854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13194854.

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Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors involved in several biological processes such as immune response, cell survival, and cell growth. However, they have also been implicated in the development and progression of several cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Although the members of the STAT protein family are structurally similar, they convey different functions in PCa. STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 are associated with therapy resistance. STAT1 and STAT3 are involved in docetaxel resistance, while STAT3 and STAT5 are involved in antiandrogen resistance. Expression of STAT3 and STAT5 is increased in PCa metastases, and together with STAT6, they play a crucial role in PCa metastasis. Further, expression of STAT3, STAT5, and STAT6 was elevated in advanced and high-grade PCa. STAT2 and STAT4 are currently less researched in PCa. Since STATs are widely involved in PCa, they serve as potential therapeutic targets. Several inhibitors interfering with STATs signaling have been tested unsuccessfully in PCa clinical trials. This review focuses on the respective roles of the STAT family members in PCa, especially in metastatic disease and provides an overview of STAT-inhibitors evaluated in clinical trials.

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9

Alikhadzhiyeva, Inna S. "State policy concerning prostitution at the present stage: state and main directions." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 425 (December 1, 2017): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/425/27.

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10

Montrose, Louis. "Shakespeare, the Stage, and the State." SubStance 25, no. 2 (1996): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685329.

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11

Williams, Austin Travis. "Stare Decisis and Autran v. State." Texas Wesleyan Law Review 2, no. 2 (October 1995): 375–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/twlr.v2.i2.6.

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In Autran v. State, the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals found "[t]he officers [sic] interest in the protection of appellant's property, as well as the protection of... the agency from claims of theft, can be satisfied by recording the existence of and describing and/or photographing the closed or locked container." Thus, Autran interpreted Article I, Section 9 of the Texas Constitution as requiring less intrusive means than the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution for conducting automobile inventory searches. This note examines the proper scope of an automobile inventory search as currently defined under federal and Texas law, and discusses Autran's failure to adhere to stare decisis' by unnecessarily overturning previously relied upon precedents.

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12

Forouzesh, F., and A. Darijani. "SOME CLASSES OF STATE IDEALS IN STATE MV -ALGEBRAS." Eurasian Mathematical Journal 10, no. 2 (2019): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2077-9879-2019-10-2-37-48.

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13

Denysenko, K. V., O. L. Samofalov, and I. A. Terletskyi. "THE STATE OF SOCIAL SECURITY IMPLEMENTATION AT THE CURRENT STAGE OF STATE BUILDING." Juridical scientific and electronic journal, no. 1 (2021): 130–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32782/2524-0374/2021-1/30.

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14

Kim, Byung-Kook. "State Capacity for Reform: The State in Korea and Mexico." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 3 (December 31, 1988): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps03005.

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Stetes comprise crucial in late industrialization. Their responses toward similar socioeconomic agenda, however, differ frequently in character. Why do economies respond differently toward similar tasks? Do states posses diverging capacities for managing economic challenges and resolving social issues? This essay focuses on dissimilar patterns of policy reform and offers state organizations as decisive explanatory variables. The organizational logic which governs reform process and shape policy dynamics is moreover analyzed on a micro level. The individual is our main focus. The diverging ways by which a manager is recruited and coalesces in larger groups comprise on empirical basis for generically constructing managerial role-types which we argue as placing profound consequences on reform. The ideologically overbearing professional manager which a selective persolnnel policy has engendered in Korea comprised a (deplorably) effective resource for managing economic challenges. The hybrid Mexican manager-produced by camarillas and performing political as well as managerial roles sharply diverged and curtailed state capacities for orderly policy change.

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15

Kałążny, Adam. "Should the state aid prohibition impact the property tax legislation in EU member states?" Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Law Series” 111, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2023l3/7-12.

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Purpose of the article is to present the problem of applying the state aid rules (binding in EU) to the nonharmonized taxes such as property taxes, which differ strongly between Member States. The tax exemption from the real estate tax for the railway infrastructure which was introduced in Poland will be a subject to the investigation of Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). CJEU should answer to the question if the tax exemption from property tax in one Member State may be treated as a prohibited benefit granted to the entrepreneurs, having in mind that the same kind of property may be taxed significantly lower, or even not taxed at all in the other EU Member States. The verdict of CJEU will be important for the Polish entrepreneurs, but also will be significant for the tax policy in the EU. In case of the CJEU judgment declaring that the property tax exemption introduced by Poland constitutes illegal state aid it will be necessary to consider whether countries that do not tax the certain categories of property (or tax them at a very low level) do not grant illegal state aid to their entrepreneurs.

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16

Vital, David. "From ‘State within a state’ to state." Israel Affairs 5, no. 4 (June 1999): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13537129908719529.

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17

Bogush, Volodymyr, Sergiy Getmantsev, Konstantin Bogatyirev, Ganna Tarasova, Yuriy Kulakov, and Yevgen Yatsunskiy. "Functional state of the rowers on kayaks at the stage of special basic training." Слобожанський науково-спортивний вісник, no. 3(71) (June 30, 2019): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15391/snsv.2019-3.002.

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18

Faure, Michael, and Wanli Ma. "Investor-State Arbitration: Economic and Empirical Perspectives." Michigan Journal of International Law, no. 41.1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.36642/mjil.41.1.investor-state.

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The investor-state arbitration system (“ISA”) was originally modelled on traditional commercial arbitration and was expected to deliver fast, good, and cheap decisions, especially in comparison to domestic court systems. Yet the ISA system has increasingly been criticized, especially by developing countries. Developing countries claim that the system is not cheap, that decision-making increasingly takes a long time, and that arbitrators are biased in favor of investors (often coming from developed countries in the global North) and against states from the developing South. Several developing states have even withdrawn from the ICSID Convention, which governs the settlement of disputes between investors and states through the institution of the same name. This article provides an economic and an empirical perspective on ISA: It reviews the traditional Law and Economics arguments in favor of and against international commercial arbitration, analyzing to what extent the characteristics of ISA make ISA different than international commercial arbitration. Moreover, the article summarizes the rich empirical literature on the functioning of ISA, and it compares and synthesizes this empirical literature with Law and Economics theories. Based on both Law and Economics and the empirical literature, the article then analyzes existing suggestions for reforming the ISA system.

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19

Dorywalski, Sebastian, and Oleksandr Veretilnyk. "Dekada niepodległości Sudanu Południowego. Od weak state do collapsed state." Studia Politologiczne, no. 59/2021 (March 31, 2021): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/spolit.2021.59.17.

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On July 9, 2021, the Republic of South Sudan celebrate the 10th anniversary of its independence. This study is an analysis of the functioning of South Sudan as a fullfledged member of the international community. We also analyzed the mistakes made by the government of this young country over the years of its independence and found out what consequences they led.

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20

Zagashvili, V. "State at new stage of economic globalization." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2009): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2009-5-43-51.

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21

Li, Haifen, Yonghong Tan, Ruili Dong, and Yanyan Li. "State Estimation of Micropositioning Stage With Piezoactuators." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 64, no. 1 (January 2017): 563–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2610401.

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22

McFee, Maddie. "Federal-State Partnership: How the Federal Government Should Better Support Its State Unemployment Insurance Offices in Times of Crisis." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, no. 55.1 (2021): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.55.1.federal-state.

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In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic caused millions of people to lose their jobs and become dependent on unemployment benefits. State unemployment offices were not prepared for this sudden onslaught of claims. Offices could not increase staffing levels because they were not given money by the federal government to do so. As offices were overwhelmed, a scammer group named Scattered Canary took this opportunity to fraudulently claim millions of dollars from several states. Because the federal government supplies administrative funds to states based on average previous need, the system is not designed to support states’ increased needs during sudden economic downturns. This Note argues that the federal government should allot a portion of money within the currently existing Federal Unemployment Fund to create a source of emergency money for states during emergencies. These funds would provide as-requested grants to states to increase staffing more quickly than would otherwise be possible through existing emergency routes. Through the creation of this fund, the federal government would fulfill its part of the federal-state partnership and prevent widespread harm to states during economic crises.

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23

Winter, Jörg, and Peter Brandt. "Stage-Specific State I-State II Transitions during the Cell Cycle of Euglena gracilis." Plant Physiology 81, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 548–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.2.548.

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24

Saward, Michael. "Green state/democratic state." Contemporary Politics 4, no. 4 (December 1998): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13569779808449976.

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25

Mannix, Rebekah, Lois K. Lee, and Eric Fleegler. "Red State Blue State." Academic Emergency Medicine 20, no. 8 (August 2013): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/acem.12177.

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26

Bellini, Sandra. "State of the State." Advances in Neonatal Care 13, no. 5 (October 2013): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/anc.0b013e3182a35a7e.

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27

Jacoby, Karl. "Golden State, genocide state." Journal of Genocide Research 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 133–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2017.1265790.

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28

Bodnár-Király, Tibor. "State Description without State." Historical Studies on Central Europe 2, no. 2 (December 22, 2022): 95–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-2.07.

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This study examines the reception of the state sciences in eighteenth-century Hungary. It argues that the genres of historical topography and political geography had a substantial role both in the adaptation of state description (Staatsbeschreibung) and in initiating the conflict between various state visions, based on the reappraisal of historical, legal arguments of the dualist political structure on the one hand, and the natural law-based conceptualisation of composite state (Gesamtstaat) and good administration (Gute Polizey), on the other. The essay claims that this opposing conceptualizations of state also contributed to laying the intellectual foundations for diverse Catholic and Protestant interpretations, developed throughout the eighteenth century. The article comes to the conclusion that until the late eighteenth century the two main competitive lines of state description fundamentally shaped the sociocultural contexts of knowledge of state. In the approach and method, however, these interpretations had different answers to the challenge represented by statistical knowledge. While Catholic history of state appeared less effective against statistical account, statisticians found fierce competitors in the protagonists of political geography.

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29

Johnson, Sandra H. "Death, State by State." Hastings Center Report 44, no. 4 (July 2014): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hast.323.

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30

Takó, Ferenc. "Family, State, Family-state." Asian Studies 12, no. 3 (September 3, 2024): 33–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2024.12.3.33-61.

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Maruyama Masao (1914–1996) became a leading figure of post-war Japanese democratization with the publication of his essay “Theory and Psychology of Ultra-Nationalism” (1946). The idea of kokutai was central to his interpretation of ultra-nationalism as a concept that connected ‘nationalistic’ ideas of the late Tokugawa period with the imperialist propaganda of the 1930s. This concept was linked with the millennia-old Chinese notion of the ruler as the ‘father’ of the people in a land that is an extension of the family (jia). In Japan, however, the connection between the family (kazoku) and the nation(state) (kokka) was based on the imperial linage that upheld the blood-relation between the tennō and the deities. In the present paper, I will examine Maruyama’s interpretation of the role of the family in Japanese ultra-nationalism on the basis of his studies “The Ideology and Dynamics of Japanese Fascism” (1948) and “Nationalism in Japan: Its Theoretical Background and Prospects” (1951) (in Thought and Behavior in Modern Japanese Politics, 1956; in English, 1963), linking these essays with Maruyama’s war-time studies on the Tokugawa era. I will show that the elements on which Maruyama focused his analysis of the ‘family-state’ (kazokukokka) are those features of Japanese nationalism that he had already detected in his war-year studies; that is, features in which he saw the preservation of the Tokugawa social structure of hōkensei. I will argue that this social structure was understood by Maruyama as a power structure in which the ‘transfer of oppression’ is possible due to the decentralized, i.e., family-like character of social relationships.

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31

Hama, Hawre Hasan. "Possible Kurdish State: Federal State or Unitary State?" Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 41, no. 1 (2017): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsa.2017.0024.

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32

Khan, Ijaz. "Pakistan: Nation-State, State-Nation or Multinational State?" European Yearbook of Minority Issues Online 8, no. 1 (February 9, 2011): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22116117-90001677.

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33

Kuppermann, A., and R. D. Levine. "Towards a state‐to‐state transition state theory." Journal of Chemical Physics 83, no. 4 (August 15, 1985): 1671–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.449405.

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34

de Haas, Nienke, Coco de Koning, Stefania di Blasio, Georgina Flórez-Grau, I. Jolanda M. de Vries, and Stanleyson V. Hato. "STAT Family Protein Expression and Phosphorylation State during moDC Development Is Altered by Platinum-Based Chemotherapeutics." Journal of Immunology Research 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7458238.

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The STAT signaling pathway is important in dendritic cell (DC) development and function. Tumor cells can induce STAT signaling, thereby inhibiting DC maturation and immunostimulatory functions, leading to hampered efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies. Platinum-based chemotherapeutics can inhibit STAT signaling, thereby making them an interesting tool to improve DC development and function. In this study, we provide a comprehensive overview of STAT expression and phosphorylation during DC differentiation and maturation and investigate the effects of platinum drugs on STAT signaling during these processes. Monocytes were differentiated into monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) with IL-4 and GM-CSF and matured with cytokines or TLR ligands. STAT expression and phosphorylation were analyzed by western blotting, and moDC viability and phenotype were analyzed by flow cytometry. Platinum drugs were added at day 3 of differentiation or at the start of maturation to investigate regulation of the STAT signaling pathway. All STAT proteins were expressed during moDC differentiation and STAT1, STAT5, and STAT6 were phosphorylated. No significant changes occurred in the expression and phosphorylation state of the STAT proteins during differentiation. After maturation with TLR ligands, the expression of STAT1 increased, but other STAT proteins were not affected. Phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 increased during maturation, where TLR ligands induced significantly higher levels of phosphorylation than cytokines. Platinum drugs cisplatin and oxaliplatin significantly inhibited phosphorylation of STAT6 during differentiation and maturation. Treatment did not affect the phenotype or viability of the cells. As STAT6 is an important regulator of DC function, these findings suggest a role for platinum-based chemotherapeutics to enhance DC function via inhibition of STAT signaling, thereby potentially enhancing efficacy of DC-based immunotherapies.

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35

Gelman, Andrew. "Rich State, Poor State, Red State, Blue State: What's the Matter with Connecticut?" Quarterly Journal of Political Science 2, no. 4 (November 19, 2007): 345–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/100.00006026.

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36

Lyakhno, Yu P. "Possible Measurement of the Probability of P-states in the Ground State of 4He Nucleus." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 60, no. 04 (April 2015): 309–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe60.04.0309.

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37

Chen, Hong, Hang Ren, Wenya Wang, Zhaohua Xu, Yanfeng Li, Quan Xu, Jiaguang Han, and Su Xu. "Terahertz chiral edge states enable inner-chip state transition and interchip communications over wireless terminals." Chinese Optics Letters 22, no. 10 (2024): 103701. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202422.103701.

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38

Nesbitt, Elizabeth A., Ruth A. Martin, Neil P. Carroll, and Jeff Grieff. "Reassessment of the Zemorrian foraminiferal Stage and Juanian molluscan Stage north of the Olympic Mountains, Washington State and Vancouver Island." Newsletters on Stratigraphy 43, no. 3 (April 1, 2010): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2010/0043-0275.

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39

Burleigh, Michael, and Wolfgang Wipperman. "The Third Reich: Racial State, Class State, Modern State?" British Journal of Holocaust Education 1, no. 2 (December 1992): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17504902.1992.11101983.

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40

Atazhanov, Firdavs F. "ADMINISTRATIVE AND MILITARY STRUCTURE OF THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR. STATE MANAGEMENT." Oriental Journal of Social Sciences 02, no. 02 (April 1, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojss-02-02-01.

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The article considers the state and military administration of the Timurid state. The key attention is paid to the transformations and reforms during the reign of Amir Temur. In the process of reforming his state system, the ruler was able to create a new administrative apparatus. The article also discusses the judicial and legislative power, the coverage of which is presented in the work "Temur's Code". An important place in the article is given to the consideration of military administration and hierarchy in the army of Amir Temur. The author emphasizes that Amir Temur was interested in the issues of centralization of power in the army and for this he limited the power of tribal leaders. The state built by Amir Temur, first of all, had to embody the best form of the political system. The relative stability of centralized power in Temur's empire made it possible to develop not only urban and agriculture, but also gave a great impetus to the development of crafts, trade, commodity-money relations, which were of exceptional importance for economic life.

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41

Pyvovarov, Konstyantyn. "STATE CUSTOMS CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC SAFETY OF A STATE." Public Policy and Ecnomic Development, no. 2 (2014): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/pped.2014.2.12.

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42

Pierson, Christopher, Jerald Hage, Robert Hanneman, and Edward T. Gargan. "State Responsiveness and State Activism." British Journal of Sociology 42, no. 1 (March 1991): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/590863.

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43

Fiss, Owen M. "State Activism and State Censorship." Yale Law Journal 100, no. 7 (May 1991): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/796816.

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THOMAS, PAUL. "The state of the state." Theory and Society 33, no. 2 (April 2004): 257–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:ryso.0000023442.63711.20.

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Brooks, Courtney. "Making a State a State." World Policy Journal 30, no. 1 (2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0740277513482565.

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Silverstein, Todd P. "State Functions vs State Governments." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 6 (June 2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p847.1.

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Leonard, Harold. "State Functions vs State Governments." Journal of Chemical Education 83, no. 6 (June 2006): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed083p847.2.

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Glatz, Ferenc. "State, state-nation, cultural nation." European Review 1, no. 4 (October 1993): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000079x.

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The paper examines the background of current national and minority conflicts in Eastern and Central Europe and argues that a deeper-going analysis of these phenomena calls for a reconsideration of the traditional European territorial-administrative institutions. It argues that the European State-structure as shaped in the 17–19th centuries is the greatest obstacle to the prevention of global dangers, then looks at the typical arguments against dismantling the present national-state borders.The conclusion is that European nations are primarily cultural nations and they have to survive in that form for the 21st century.

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Woodward, Keith. "State reason and state affect." Political Geography 51 (March 2016): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.01.005.

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Czaplinski, Wladyslaw. "State Succession and State Reponsibility." Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 28 (1991): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s006900580000415x.

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SommaireLe problème de la succession d'Etats en matière de responsabilité internationale ne fut pas codifié lors du processus de codification sur la succession d'États et sur la responsabilité internationale. L'auteur s'interroge sur la pratique des États et sur l'existence de normes coutumières en ce domaine.Plusieurs accords internationaux concernant cette question furent conclus au dix-neuvième siècle (les cas de dissolution du Royaume de Westphalie et de l'Union de Colombie). Les dettes résultant de délits internationaux y furent acceptées par les successeurs.La pratique diplomatique n'est pas claire. On peut observer une tendance à nier le transfert en matière de responsabilité internationale. Toutefois dans plusieurs cas d'annexion, les paiements ex gratia ont été acceptés.La jurisprudence des tribunaux arbitraux rejette le passage de la responsabilité sur l'État successeur (les affaires R. E. Brown et les prétentions de Hawaii). La décision dans l'affaire Collas et Michel confirme la responsabilité internationale du successeur, mais le fondement de cette responsabilité n'est pas évident. Le successeur y fut aussi déclaré responsable pour ses propres actes.Se référant maintenant à la jurisprudence interne des États, le passage de la responsabilité a été accepté sans condition dans un seul jugement qui se basait sur un accord international dont les termes étaient exprès sur ce point.Malgré sa décision initiale de 1963, la CDI a exclu la succession en matière de responsabilité internationale de son mandat sur la succession d'États et de gouvernements. Elle a estimé que la succession en matière de dettes délictuelles devait être considérée dans le cadre de la responsabilité internationale. Les rapporteurs dans ce dernier domaine ont aussi exclu cette question spéciale. La doctrine n'est pas unanime sur le passage ou non de la responsabilité internationale sur l'État successeur. De plus, la pratique internationale sur le transfert des prétentions relatives à des délits internationaux est aussi contradictoire.En conclusion, il ne semble pas exister de normes coutumières dans le domaine de la succession d'Etats en matière de responsabilité internationale.

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