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Academic literature on the topic 'State modules'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "State modules"

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Tanvir, Saydul Morshed, Xiao Wenbo, and Jin Xin. "The effect of flight state parameters on the performance of photovoltaic modules in solar aircraft." Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences 45, no. 1 (July 15, 2021): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbas.v45i1.54261.

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Based on the power generation model of photovoltaic modules, the effects of flight speed, altitude, time and area in solar aircraft on the performance of photovoltaic modules have been studied. As the flight speed increases, the power generated by the module increases but tends to saturate. When the conversion efficiency of photovoltaic modules is improved, the required power of the solar aircraft and the power generated by the photovoltaic modules are balanced at a faster flight speed. The power generated by the modules increases with the flight altitude but tends to saturate due to the drop of air temperature and the surface temperature of the module. The higher the altitude, the smaller is the atmospheric density, and atmospheric permeability, and the greater is the solar radiation intensity, and thus the power generated by the module increases. The power generated by the components is the strongest at noon. Battery performance is the strongest in summer and the weakest in winter, as the module’s performance is mainly determined by the intensity of solar radiation. Finally, the energy distribution of solar aircraft and long-time space flight has been discussed. J. Bangladesh Acad. Sci. 45(1); 73-83: June 2021
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Yao, Lewei, Hang Xu, Wei Zhang, Xiaodan Liang, and Zhenguo Li. "SM-NAS: Structural-to-Modular Neural Architecture Search for Object Detection." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (April 3, 2020): 12661–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6958.

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The state-of-the-art object detection method is complicated with various modules such as backbone, RPN, feature fusion neck and RCNN head, where each module may have different designs and structures. How to leverage the computational cost and accuracy trade-off for the structural combination as well as the modular selection of multiple modules? Neural architecture search (NAS) has shown great potential in finding an optimal solution. Existing NAS works for object detection only focus on searching better design of a single module such as backbone or feature fusion neck, while neglecting the balance of the whole system. In this paper, we present a two-stage coarse-to-fine searching strategy named Structural-to-Modular NAS (SM-NAS) for searching a GPU-friendly design of both an efficient combination of modules and better modular-level architecture for object detection. Specifically, Structural-level searching stage first aims to find an efficient combination of different modules; Modular-level searching stage then evolves each specific module and pushes the Pareto front forward to a faster task-specific network. We consider a multi-objective search where the search space covers many popular designs of detection methods. We directly search a detection backbone without pre-trained models or any proxy task by exploring a fast training from scratch strategy. The resulting architectures dominate state-of-the-art object detection systems in both inference time and accuracy and demonstrate the effectiveness on multiple detection datasets, e.g. halving the inference time with additional 1% mAP improvement compared to FPN and reaching 46% mAP with the similar inference time of MaskRCNN.
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Bertolero, Maxwell A., B. T. Thomas Yeo, and Mark D’Esposito. "The modular and integrative functional architecture of the human brain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 49 (November 23, 2015): E6798—E6807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510619112.

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Network-based analyses of brain imaging data consistently reveal distinct modules and connector nodes with diverse global connectivity across the modules. How discrete the functions of modules are, how dependent the computational load of each module is to the other modules’ processing, and what the precise role of connector nodes is for between-module communication remains underspecified. Here, we use a network model of the brain derived from resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data and investigate the modular functional architecture of the human brain by analyzing activity at different types of nodes in the network across 9,208 experiments of 77 cognitive tasks in the BrainMap database. Using an author–topic model of cognitive functions, we find a strong spatial correspondence between the cognitive functions and the network’s modules, suggesting that each module performs a discrete cognitive function. Crucially, activity at local nodes within the modules does not increase in tasks that require more cognitive functions, demonstrating the autonomy of modules’ functions. However, connector nodes do exhibit increased activity when more cognitive functions are engaged in a task. Moreover, connector nodes are located where brain activity is associated with many different cognitive functions. Connector nodes potentially play a role in between-module communication that maintains the modular function of the brain. Together, these findings provide a network account of the brain’s modular yet integrated implementation of cognitive functions.
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Lee, Tien-Wen, and Gerald Tramontano. "Automatic parcellation of resting-state cortical dynamics by iterative community detection and similarity measurements." AIMS Neuroscience 8, no. 4 (2021): 526–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/neuroscience.2021028.

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<abstract> <p>To investigate the properties of a large-scale brain network, it is a common practice to reduce the dimension of resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data to tens to hundreds of nodes. This study presents an analytic streamline that incorporates modular analysis and similarity measurements (MOSI) to fulfill functional parcellation (FP) of the cortex. MOSI is carried out by iteratively dividing a module into sub-modules (via the Louvain community detection method) and unifying similar neighboring sub-modules into a new module (adjacent sub-modules with a similarity index &lt;0.05) until the brain modular structures of successive runs become constant. By adjusting the gamma value, a parameter in the Louvain algorithm, MOSI may segment the cortex with different resolutions. rs-fMRI scans of 33 healthy subjects were selected from the dataset of the Rockland sample. MOSI was applied to the rs-fMRI data after standardized pre-processing steps. The results indicate that the parcellated modules by MOSI are more homogeneous in content. After reducing the grouped voxels to representative neural nodes, the network structures were explored. The resultant network components were comparable with previous reports. The validity of MOSI in achieving data reduction has been confirmed. MOSI may provide a novel starting point for further investigation of the network properties of rs-fMRI data. Potential applications of MOSI are discussed.</p> </abstract>
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Radaydeh, Nuha M., and M. R. D. Al-Mothafar. "Small-signal modeling of current-mode controlled modular DC-DC converters using the state-space algebraic approach." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp139-150.

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<p>Small-signal models are useful tools to preliminary understand the dynamics of interconnected systems like modular dc-dc converters which find a wide range of industrial applications. This work proposes a state-space-based averaged small-signal model in symbolic form for a peak current-mode controlled parallel-input/parallel-output buck converter operating in the continuous-conduction mode. In modeling the converter power-stage each module is independently represented. For modeling the current-mode control the state-space algebraic approach is used to incorporate the current-mode control-law into the power-stage equations. For each module two parasitic elements in addition to the current-loop sampling action are included in the derivation. Furthermore, the control-to-output voltage transfer functions are presented in symbolic form for two cases of interest: the first when the converter has two non-identical modules to study the effect of inductor mismatch, and the second when the converter is composed of <em>n</em>-connected identical modules to assess the effect of varying the number of modules. All responses from PSIM cycle-by-cycle simulations are in good agreement with the mathematical model predictions up to half the switching frequency.</p>
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Calabretta, Raffaele, Stefano Nolfi, Domenico Parisi, and Günter P. Wagner. "Duplication of Modules Facilitates the Evolution of Functional Specialization." Artificial Life 6, no. 1 (January 2000): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106454600568320.

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The evolution of simulated robots with three different architectures is studied in this article. We compare a nonmodular feed-forward network, a hardwired modular, and a duplication-based modular motor control network. We conclude that both modular architectures outperform the non-modular architecture, both in terms of rate of adaptation as well as the level of adaptation achieved. The main difference between the hardwired and duplication-based modular architectures is that in the latter the modules reached a much higher degree of functional specialization of their motor control units with regard to high-level behavioral functions. The hardwired architectures reach the same level of performance, but have a more distributed assignment of functional tasks to the motor control units. We conclude that the mechanism through which functional specialization is achieved is similar to the mechanism proposed for the evolution of duplicated genes. It is found that the duplication of multifunctional modules first leads to a change in the regulation of the module, leading to a differentiation of the functional context in which the module is used. Then the module adapts to the new functional context. After this second step the system is locked into a functionally specialized state. We suggest that functional specialization may be an evolutionary absorption state.
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Liu, Bo-Ying, Gao-Sheng Wang, Ming-Lang Tseng, Zhi-Gang Li, and Kuo-Jui Wu. "New Energy Empowerment Using Kernel Principal Component Analysis in Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors Module Monitoring." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 11, 2018): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103644.

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At present, energy exhausted and environmental pollution are important issues, vigorously promoting new energy and improving the utilization efficiency and management level of new energy is an important way to achieve sustainable social development. Insulated gate bipolar transistors are important components in power converters and are widely used in new energy generation, new energy vehicles, high-speed rail and industrial production. However, the power module’s age is related to all aspects of its performance change, precluding the use of a single parameter to fully and accurately express the aging state. To monitor this state and evaluate the aging state, this study presents a method to analyze and process the state data of Insulated gate bipolar transistors power module aging tests using kernel principal component analysis and establishes a multi-dimensional grey model to evaluate the power module aging state. Using the temperature cycle aging test platform, the 7000 temperature cycling tests are implemented to accelerate the age of the power module to failure, the dynamic parameters of the power modules are measured after every 1000 cycles. During the accelerated aging process, the case temperature change rate, collector-emitter voltage drop Vce(SAT) and Miller platform of the gate signal of Vge are found to exhibit different variation trends at different aging stages. The result showed that multiple parameters are combined into integrated attributes to enable more accurate implementation of the state monitoring of power modules using the proposed method, which improves the status monitoring level of Insulated gate bipolar transistors modules. The proposed method is beneficial to improve the utilization efficiency and new energy source management level.
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Kong, Qingyi, Mingxing Du, Ziwei Ouyang, Kexin Wei, and William Gerard Hurley. "A Method to Monitor IGBT Module Bond Wire Failure Using On-State Voltage Separation Strategy." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 1791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091791.

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On-state voltage is an important thermal parameter for insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules. It is employed widely to predict failure in IGBT module bond wires. However, due to restrictions in work environments and measurement methods, it is difficult to ensure the measurement accuracy for the on-state voltage under practical working conditions. To address this problem, an on-state voltage separation strategy is proposed for the IGBT modules with respect to the influence of collector current (Ic) and junction temperature (Tj). This method involves the separation of the on-state voltage into a dependent part and two independent parts during the IGBT module bond wire prediction. Based on the proposed separation strategy, the independent parts in the failure prediction can be removed, making it possible to directly monitor the voltage variations caused by bond wire failure. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed diagnosis strategy can accurately predict the bond wire failure stage in an IGBT module under different conditions.
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Kweon, Soon-Jae, Jeong-Ho Park, Chong-Ook Park, Hyung-Joun Yoo, and Sohmyung Ha. "Wireless Kitchen Fire Prevention System Using Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Gas Sensor for Smart Home." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 24, 2022): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22113965.

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This paper presents a wireless kitchen fire prevention system that can detect and notify the fire risk caused by gas stoves. The proposed system consists of two modules. The sensor module detects the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) near the gas stove and transmits the monitoring results wirelessly. The alarm module, which is placed in other places, receives the data and reminds the user of the stove status. The sensor module uses a cost-efficient electrochemical CO2 sensor and embeds an in situ algorithm that determines the status of the gas stove based on the measured CO2 concentration. For the wireless communication between the modules, on-off keying (OOK) is employed, thereby achieving a longer battery lifetime of the alarm module, low cost, and simple implementation. To increase the lifetime further, a wake-up function based on passive infrared (PIR) sensing is employed in the alarm module. Our system can successfully detect the on state of the stove within 40 s and the off state within 80 s. Thanks to the low-power implementation, in situ algorithm, and wake-up function, the alarm module’s expected battery lifetime is extended to about two months.
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López, Joaquín, Pablo Sánchez-Vilariño, Rafael Sanz, and Enrique Paz. "Implementing Autonomous Driving Behaviors Using a Message Driven Petri Net Framework." Sensors 20, no. 2 (January 13, 2020): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20020449.

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Most autonomous car control frameworks are based on a middleware layer with several independent modules that are connected by an inter-process communication mechanism. These modules implement basic actions and report events about their state by subscribing and publishing messages. Here, we propose an executive module that coordinates the activity of these modules. This executive module uses hierarchical interpreted binary Petri nets (PNs) to define the behavior expected from the car in different scenarios according to the traffic rules. The module commands actions by sending messages to other modules and evolves its internal state according to the events (messages) received. A programming environment named RoboGraph (RG) is introduced with this architecture. RG includes a graphical interface that allows the edition, execution, tracing, and maintenance of the PNs. For the execution, a dispatcher loads these PNs and executes the different behaviors. The RG monitor that shows the state of all the running nets has proven to be very useful for debugging and tracing purposes. The whole system has been applied to an autonomous car designed for elderly or disabled people.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "State modules"

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Eleffendi, Mohd Amir. "In-service estimation of state of health of power modules." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/32913/.

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The in-service reliability of power electronics modules during their normal operation in their work environment is a major concern for application developers. Failure mechanisms act on power modules limiting their lifetime and leading to unpredictable interruptions of power converter operation. That reduces the availability of power converters and can have large financial and safety implications in applications such as in wind turbines and railway traction. Therefore, many attempts are made to use Physics-of-Failure models to estimate the lifetime of power modules while in service utilizing the rainflow counting algorithm. However, large uncertainty in the lifetime estimate given by Physics-of-Failure methods limits the usefulness of that estimate and cannot help improving the availability of power converters. Condition Monitoring on the other hand provides information about the current health state of power modules based on online measurements of failure indicators that can be obtained from the power modules. This information can be used to inform the prognostics stage to provide an estimate of lifetime based on PoF models and online measurements in a Fusion-based approach such that uncertainty in the resulting lifetime estimate can be reduced. In this thesis, the main emphasis is to use online measurement data of failure indicators that can be obtained during the normal operation of power modules to infer the health status of the power module. Failure indicators such as the on-state voltage and junction temperature are estimated or measured online from the power converter. They are indicative of the two dominant failure mechanisms of power modules which are wire-bond lift-off and solder fatigue. Therefore, different simultaneous failure mechanisms can be discriminated. However, in order to infer the health information from the online measurement and discriminate between failure mechanisms, the measurement noise and the effects of operating conditions should be removed from the measurement. The approach proposed in this thesis is based on combining online measurements with pre-determined models of the power module in its original state. Comparing the online measurements with the models reveals the deviation of the power module from its original state. To achieve this, Kalman filter is used to estimate junction temperature based on a noisy estimate from a thermo-sensitive electrical parameter. In addition, measurement circuits are developed to realize the online measurements during normal operation of power modules. The health information inferred from the online measurement of failure indicators can be used in the future to estimate the remaining useful lifetime of the power modules and to inform the Physics-of-Failure models in a fusion framework in order to reduce the uncertainty in the lifetime estimates.
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Roti, Ingvild. "Sea State Limitations for the Deployment of Subsea Compression Station Modules." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18460.

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Deployment of a large box structure in many sea states has been investigated. Two deployment methods are compared; crane installation over the side and through moonpool installation. The structure is 12 [m] long, 6 [m] wide and 12 [m] high with a mass of 250 [t]. Normand Subsea is used as installation vessel. Both JONSWAP and Torsethaugen wave spectra are used for crane lowering while only JONSWAP is used for moonpool installation.Splash zone lowering is seen as the most critical stage of the installation because hydrodynamic forces are largest at the surface. Hydrodynamic uplift is assumed limiting for the deployment, i.e “slack slings”. Slings are the lower part of the lift rigging. The operation limit is that dynamic uplift should not exceed 90 % of the modules static weight. Forces in z-direction are hence most interesting. Minimum wire tension for the lowering is therefore calculated at two time instances; when the module bottom end is at mean water level and when the module is fully submerged with its top end 0.5 [m] below mean water level. These time instances are referred to as time instance 1 and 2 in the report respectively. Design significant wave heights, Hs, are taken from plots of minimum wire tension for different wave peak periods Tp and wave headings. Based on these design Hs values, which equals the operation limits, operability rosettes are plotted. It is seen that wave headings 90&#8304; and 120&#8304; are most critical with lowest operability for crane installation while wave heading 90&#8304; is worst for moonpool deployment.The lowest design Hs for all Tp values considering wave headings 0&#8304; ±30&#8304; is used as overall operation limit for deployment when weather window statistics are computed. Time instance 1 is worst for crane deployment with resulting forecasted weather operational criterion Hs=2.8 [m]. Time instance 2 is worst for moonpool deployment with forecasted operational criterion Hs=2.5 [m] and Tp &#8805; 13.0 [s]. Reference time for deployment, hence the time needed from the weather forecast is issued to the module is landed on the seabed, is 6 hours. Based on reference time and forecasted operation limits weather window statistics are estimated.Moonpool deployment annual operability is 7.24 days, hence 2.0 % of the year, and can naturally not be used. Crane deployment annual operability is 213.22 days, 58.4 % of the year. This is much better but still not very good as it is theoretically desirable to be able to install the module any day year round.
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Soiney, Mark E. "Technology modules in the West Allis School District meeting Wiscconsin state standards for technology education." Online version, 2003. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2003/2003soineym.pdf.

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Girardot, Charles. "Deciphering enhancer activity in Drosophila based on transcription factor occupancy and chromatin state chromatin state characterization." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829472.

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La caractérisation des modules cis-régulateurs (CRM) ainsi que de leur activité sont essentiels pour comprendre la régulation des gènes au cours du développement des métazoaires. La technique de l'immunoprécipitation de la chromatine suivie du séquenage à haut débit de l'ADN (ChIP-seq) constitue une approche puissante pour localiser les CRM. Afin de localiser des facteurs génériques au sein de tissus spécifiques, nous avons développé une approche ChIP-seq sur des noyaux triés par cytométrie de flux et localisons des modifications post-traductionelles de l'histone H3, ainsi que l'ARN polymérase II (PolII) dans le mésoderme de la Drosophile. Nous montrons que les CRM actifs sont caractérisés par la présence d'H3 modifiés (K27Ac et K79me3) et de PolII. De plus, la présence et la forme des signaux correspondants à ces marques corrèlent dynamiquement avec l'activité des CRM. Enfin, nous prédisons la présence de CRM actifs et confirmons leur activité in vivo à 89%. Paralllement, nous étudions comment cinq facteurs essentiels au développement cardiaque se coordonnent en cis au sein du mésoderme dorsal, précurseur des mésodermes cardiaque (MC) et viscéral (MV). Nous démontrons que ces facteurs sont recrutés en tant que collectif au niveau des CRM cardiaques via un nombre limité de sites de fixation et en l'absence de contraintes architecturales. En outre, nous découvrons que ces facteurs cardiaques sont recrutés au niveau de CRM actifs dans le MV voisin et activement réprimés dans le MC, reflétant ainsi l'origine tissulaire commune de ces deux populations cellulaires. Nous concluons que les CRM impliqués dans le développement peuvent présenter une empreinte développementale.
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KOHLI, Gurpreet, and gkohli@student ecu edu au. "An Investigation into the Use of B-Nodes and State Models for Computer Network Technology and Education." Edith Cowan University. Computing, Health And Science: School Of, 2006. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0020.html.

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This thesis consists of a series of internationally published, peer reviewed, conference research papers and one journal paper. The papers evaluate and further develop two modelling methods for use in Information Technology (IT) design and for the educational and training needs of students within the area of computer and network technology. The IT age requires technical talent to fill positions such as network managers, web administrators, e-commerce consultants and network security experts as IT is changing rapidly, and this is placing considerable demands on higher educational institutions, both within Australia and internationally, to respond to these changes.
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Kent, Simon David. "A programming language for software components." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37634/1/Simon_Kent_Thesis.pdf.

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Component software has many benefits, most notably increased software re-use; however, the component software process places heavy burdens on programming language technology, which modern object-oriented programming languages do not address. In particular, software components require specifications that are both sufficiently expressive and sufficiently abstract, and, where possible, these specifications should be checked formally by the programming language. This dissertation presents a programming language called Mentok that provides two novel programming language features enabling improved specification of stateful component roles. Negotiable interfaces are interface types extended with protocols, and allow specification of changing method availability, including some patterns of out-calls and re-entrance. Type layers are extensions to module signatures that allow specification of abstract control flow constraints through the interfaces of a component-based application. Development of Mentok's unique language features included creation of MentokC, the Mentok compiler, and formalization of key properties of Mentok in mini-languages called MentokP and MentokL.
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Johnson, Amanda Rochelle. "Creation of Continuing Education Modules Addressing Leadership Development Components Applicable to Nurse Practitioners in the State of North Dakota." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27583.

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Effective leadership skills are a necessary element of successful Nurse Practitioner practice. Lack of leadership ability among Nurse Practitioners may lead to gaps in patient care, poorer outcomes, decreased patient satisfaction, increased healthcare spending, and inadequate communication between patients, providers, and peers (O?Grady, 2008). Both the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties (NONPF) and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identify components of leadership that are crucial to the role that the Nurse Practitioner plays while caring for patients (NONPF, 2012 & AACN, 2006). The landmark report on the Future of Nursing from the Institution of Medicine of the National Academies specifically identifies recommendations that directly relate to leadership, including the recommendations to ?expand opportunities for nurses to lead and diffuse collaborative improvement efforts? and ?prepare and enable nurses to lead change to advance health? (Institute of Medicine, 2010). A survey of Advanced Practice Registered Nurses was completed in the state of North Dakota (N=34) in an effort to identify areas of needed enhancement of leadership skills. Overall, participants identified four main topics that were felt to be lacking in proficiency in their current practice. These areas included involvement in health policy, systems leadership, negotiation, and influencing peers to accomplish positive change in practice. After extensive literature review, it was determined that information regarding these topics would be beneficial for nurse practitioners throughout the country. In response to the need for increased education regarding the aforementioned topics, a series of four online continuing education modules were created in collaboration with the iv American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) Continuing Education Center and presented as a leadership development series. Nurse practitioners who completed the continuing education modules were surveyed regarding perceived knowledge and likelihood of involvement in the given leadership activity, and information regarding the electronic format of content dissemination was collected. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 27 participants. Data collection occurred from May 16, 2014 to June 23, 2014. Evaluation of the modules demonstrated that participants indicated an increase in their perceived knowledge and likelihood of participating in the four areas of leadership. The vast majority of respondents indicated the modules were created at an educational level appropriate for their current role. Nearly every participant identified that the online module format is an effective means of content dissemination. Qualitative responses regarding the modules were generally positive in nature.
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Thobias, Anna. "Exploration of factors associated with poor adherence among patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at Katutura State Hospital Communicable Disease Clinic in Khomas region, Namibia /." Online access, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/usrfiles/modules/etd/docs/etd_gen8Srv25Nme4_2455_1273775841.pdf.

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Lenoir-Capello, Rachel. "Specific labeling strategies for new developments in liquid state protein NMR." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2020SORUS056.pdf.

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La résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) fournit des informations structurelles et dynamiques précieuses à l'échelle atomique, cependant, la faible sensibilité et résolution des signaux empêchent l’étude d'objets moléculaires plus importants. Nous présentons 3 stratégies de marquage isotopique pour différentes expériences RMN des protéines en solution et démontrons leur potentiel pour l'étude structurale des biomolécules. Parmi les stratégies envisagées, 2 utilisent l'expression in vitro pour obtenir des protéines marquées sélectivement sur un groupe chimique et/ou acide aminé dans un environnement perdeutéré. Avec l’utilisation de séquences d'impulsions TROSY, ces échantillons ont permis des gains spectraux importants lorsque ils étaient spécifiquement marqués sur des groupes amide ou sur le méthylène des glycines tout en maintenant un taux de deutération élevé sur les autres fonctions chimiques des protéines. La troisième stratégie de marquage protéique utilise des protocoles in vivo pour des applications RMN innovantes: l'hyperpolarisation de noyaux en solution qui augmente leur sensibilité de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. La durée de vie de cette hyperpolarisation est régie par le temps de relaxation longitudinale des noyaux, qui est réduit pour les protéines à température ambiante. En isolant les noyaux d'intérêt dans un environnement perdeutéré, les interactions dipolaires créées par les protons voisins sont éliminées et les noyaux hyperpolarisés relaxent beaucoup plus lentement. L'hyperpolarisation d'un petit domaine protéique a été entreprise avec succès mais les conditions de dissolution doivent encore être améliorées pour conserver une phase aqueuse homogène
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) provides valuable structural and dynamic information at the atomic scale, however, the low sensitivity and resolution of signals rapidly preclude investigations of larger molecular objects. We present three isotopic labeling strategies for different protein-solution NMR experiments and demonstrate their potential for the structural study of biomolecules in solution. Among the strategies considered, two are based on the use of in vitro protein expression to obtain selectively labeled proteins of a certain chemical group and/or amino acid in a perdeuterated environment. Perdeuteration is essential for the optimal use of Transverse Relaxation Optimized Spectroscopy pulse sequences. They allowed significant spectral gains when samples were specifically labeled on amide groups or on the methylene of glycines while maintaining a very high rate of deuteration on the other chemical functions of the proteins. The third protein labeling strategy employed is based on in vivo protocols but used in innovative NMR applications: a technique of hyperpolarization of nuclei in solution which increases their sensitivity by several orders of magnitude. The lifetime of this hyperpolarization is governed by the longitudinal relaxation time of nuclei, which are reduced for proteins at room temperature. By isolating the nuclei of interest in a perdeuterated environment, dipolar interactions created by neighboring protons were eliminated and hyperpolarized nuclei relaxed much more slowly. Hyperpolarization of a small protein domain was successfully undertaken at 1K but the dissolution conditions need to be improved in order to preserve a homogeneous aqueous phase
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Kohli, Gurpreet. "An investigation into the use of B-Nodes and state models for computer network technology and education." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/78.

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This thesis consists of a series of internationally published, peer reviewed, conference research papers and one journal paper. The papers evaluate and further develop two modelling methods for use in Information Technology (IT) design and for the educational and training needs of students within the area of computer and network technology. The IT age requires technical talent to fill positions such as network managers, web administrators, e-commerce consultants and network security experts as IT is changing rapidly, and this is placing considerable demands on higher educational institutions, both within Australia and internationally, to respond to these changes.
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Books on the topic "State modules"

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Session, Ring Theory. Ring theory and its applications: Ring Theory Session in honor of T.Y. Lam on his 70th birthday at the 31st Ohio State-Denison Mathematics Conference, May 25-27, 2012, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Edited by Lam, T. Y. (Tsit-Yuen), 1942- honouree, Huynh, Dinh Van, 1947- editor of compilation, and Ohio State-Denison Mathematics Conference. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2014.

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Huffman, Ellie. Final report on building state training capacity to enhance adult day care for Alzheimer's victims through the development of five comprehensive training modules / Ellie Huffman, principal investigator. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Aging, 1990.

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Huffman, Ellie. Final report on building state training capacity to enhance adult day care for Alzheimer's victims through the development of five comprehensive training modules / Ellie Huffman, principal investigator. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Aging, 1990.

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Mozhaeva, Nina, and Galina Rybachek. Hotel service. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1041498.

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Address practical issues within professional modules: "Organization of services of reservation of hotel services", "Organization of activity of service reception and check out," and "the Organization of guest service in the process of living". In annexes 1-4 lists the requirements for hotels, hotel rooms for personnel and qualification requirements for workers in the tourism industry. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of secondary professional education of the last generation. For students of educational institutions of secondary vocational education, students majoring in 43.02.11 "room service."
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Kazimagomedov, Abdulla. Organization of credit work. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1018363.

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The textbook presents theoretical and practical issues related to the organization of credit work of commercial banks with borrowers. The training material on the organization of lending to corporate and individual borrowers, interbank, international and state loans is presented in a short and accessible way, according to the modules. The risks inherent in various types of loans and credit bureaus are considered. In addition, to consolidate the knowledge of students, tasks, control and test questions are given. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. For teachers and students studying in the general professional discipline "Organization of credit work" in the specialty 38.02.07 "Banking".
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To know and to love god. Organisational framework: Foundation stage, Module B. Feltham: AT Foulks Lynch, 1996.

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Adams, R. Audit framework: Certificate stage, module C. Feltham: AT Foulks Lynch, 1995.

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Adams, R. Audit framework: Certificate stage : Module C. Feltham: AT Foulks Lynch, 1996.

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1954-, Dixon R., and Chartered Association of Certified Accountants., eds. Managerial finance: Certificate stage, module D. London: AT Foulks Lynch, 1995.

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Ageshkina, Nataliya. Fundamentals of travel agency and tour operator activity. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1072191.

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In the textbook, taking into account the current national and international legal norms, the latest legislative changes affecting the tourism industry, the goals, objectives and directions of tourism development in the Russian Federation, explanations of authorized state bodies, established law enforcement practices, and doctrinal interpretations, the basics of implementing travel agency and tour operator activities in the Russian Federation are considered. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of secondary vocational education of the latest generation. It is focused on the study of students receiving secondary vocational education in the specialty 43.02.10 "Tourism", the general professional discipline "Organization of the tourism industry" and the professional modules "PM. 01. Provision of tourist services", "PM. 03. Provision of tour operator services", "PM. 04. Management of the functional division of the organization".
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Book chapters on the topic "State modules"

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Chaganti, Ravikanth. "Writing Composite and Custom DSC Resource Modules." In Pro PowerShell Desired State Configuration, 155–217. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-3483-9_6.

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Schenkelaars, D., and W. D. van Driel. "Highly Accelerated Testing for LED Modules, Drivers, and Systems." In Solid State Lighting Reliability, 231–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3067-4_7.

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Ancona, Davide, and Elena Zucca. "A formal framework for modules with state." In Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology, 148–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0014313.

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Coello-Vera, A., P. Oudart, P. D’Andrea, and G. Cysarek. "High Performance Solid State Mass Memory Modules." In MCM C/Mixed Technologies and Thick Film Sensors, 121–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0079-3_14.

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Wu, Jishan, Jingbo Wang, Yiming Liu, and Unnati Rao. "State-of-the-Art RO Membranes & Modules." In Sustainable Desalination and Water Reuse, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-79508-4_3.

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Lawford, M., J. S. Ostroff, and W. M. Wonham. "Model Reduction of Modules for State-Event Temporal Logics." In Formal Description Techniques IX, 263–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35079-0_16.

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Setsuhara, Yuichi, Kosuke Takenaka, Akinori Ebe, and Kazuaki Nishisaka. "Development of Large Area Plasma Reactor Using Multiple Low-Inductance Antenna Modules for Flat Panel Display Processing." In Solid State Phenomena, 239–44. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-33-7.239.

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Oberst, Ulrich, Martin Scheicher, and Ingrid Scheicher. "Canonical State Space Realizations of IO Systems via Gröbner Bases." In Linear Time-Invariant Systems, Behaviors and Modules, 655–720. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43936-1_12.

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Quisumbing, Agnes, Ruth Meinzen-Dick, and Hazel Malapit. "Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality Through the Lens of Induced Innovation." In Emerging-Economy State and International Policy Studies, 343–55. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_25.

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AbstractUsing the lens of the theory of induced innovation, we reflect on the development of metrics for women’s empowerment and gender equality. The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), launched in 2012, was used to monitor women’s inclusion in agricultural sector growth. Demand by WEAI users and the supply of tools and methods from researchers shaped the ongoing evolution of the tool to a shorter version and to another that reflected what agricultural development projects deemed meaningful to judge project success. Eventual modifications reflected user demand: a greater interest in market inclusion and value chains stimulated the development of specialized modules for market inclusion. WEAI-related metrics have demonstrated the importance of women’s empowerment for development outcomes, helping governments and civil society organizations design and implement gender-sensitive agricultural development programs. Finally, the adoption of SDG5 on women’s empowerment and gender equality created a demand for a measure of women’s empowerment for use by national statistical systems. Whether such a metric will be adopted globally will depend on the demand from, and utility to, stakeholders as well as existing capacity, capacity-building efforts, a belief in the intrinsic value of women’s empowerment, and the commitment of resources to attaining this goal.
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Ligot, Antoine, Ken Hasselmann, and Mauro Birattari. "AutoMoDe-Arlequin: Neural Networks as Behavioral Modules for the Automatic Design of Probabilistic Finite-State Machines." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 271–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60376-2_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "State modules"

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Derby, Stephen, Matthew P. Simon, Raymond H. Puffer, Mark A. Allen, Tristan M. Shone, Jeremy B. Winston, and Van Judd. "State Library Materials Handling System Design: Part I." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/flex-14043.

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Abstract This paper (part one of two) addresses the investigative efforts of the Center for Automation Technologies (CAT), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, into the requirements and processes of the New York State Talking Book and Braille Library (TBBL), and the describes the first several module concepts in the automation system designed to assist the TBBL staff in the processing of “talking books” (books on cassette). Part two discusses the remaining modules, system simulations, and conclusions. The primary purposes for this modular system are 1. To assist the TBBL in meeting increased throughput demands and 2. To reduce work-related injury claims. The modules are designed to work individually (as to allow the possibility of similar libraries in other states purchasing modules as desired), and facilitate incremental implementation toward a complete system (for maximized benefit). In this paper, the modules discussed are the BMC unloader (for which a patent application has been filed), the sorting and singulating module, the case orientation and latch opening module, a possible buffer module, and the automation-assisted rewind and inspection module.
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Derby, Stephen, Matthew P. Simon, Raymond H. Puffer, Mark A. Allen, Tristan M. Shone, Jeremy B. Winston, and Van Judd. "State Library Materials Handling System Design: Part II." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/flex-14044.

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Abstract This paper (part two of two) discusses the concepts generated by the Center for Automation Technologies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, for an automation system for the New York State Talking Book and Braille Library (TBBL). It describes the last several module concepts in the system, designed to assist the TBBL staff in the processing of “talking books” (books on cassette), and discusses system simulations, and conclusions from this work. Part one discussed the assessment of needs, requirements, and process flow (all of which are summarized here), as well as the first several modules in the system. The primary purposes for this modular system are 1. To assist the TBBL in meeting increased throughput demands and 2. To reduce work-related injury claims. The modules are designed to work individually (as to allow the possibility of similar libraries in other states to purchase modules as desired), and facilitate incremental implementation toward a complete system (for maximized benefit). In this paper, the modules discussed are the latch closer, label remover, and the virtual turnaround shelves system.
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May, Christian. "Fabrication technologies for flexible OLED lighting modules." In Solid-State Lighting. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ssl.2016.ssth2b.5.

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Parno, Bryan, Jacob R. Lorch, John R. Douceur, James Mickens, and Jonathan M. McCune. "Memoir: Practical State Continuity for Protected Modules." In 2011 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sp.2011.38.

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Irsigler, R., R. Baumgartner, M. Hergt, T. Hughes, and O. Heid. "High power SiC solid state RF-modules." In 2011 IEEE Pulsed Power Conference (PPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppc.2011.6191561.

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Allada, Venkat, and Jiang Lan. "New Modules Launch Planning for Evolving Modular Product Families." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/dfm-34190.

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This paper presents a systematic methodology to optimize the module instance configuration of an evolving product family (PF). The proposed methodology seeks to maximize the total profit of a PF for a given planning horizon by taking into account the interdependencies of modules at both the product level and the PF level. The module configuration optimization problem can be viewed as a stage-wise sequential decision process. Dynamic programming (DP) is suitable for modeling such problems. The DP-based methodology proposed in this paper breaks up the PF module instance configuration optimization problem into smaller DP optimization problems involving module groups based on the independence assumption of profit change due to the module replacement strategies. The aggregation concepts of independent module groups and module clusters are used to decrease the state space in the DP model. A module group is defined as a group of interacting modules linked by the replacement dependence relationships in a PF. A module cluster is defined as the modules within a module group that are strictly inter-dependent on each other in replacement actions. A DP model is established for each of the module groups to optimize the PF through individually optimizing the module configuration of the individual module groups. In the DP model, the time points with equal intervals during the planning horizon are considered as stages; the decision of module configuration strategies is defined as the control variable; the feasible combinations for the modules within one module group are selected as the states at each stage; and profit change (benchmarked with respect to profit without any module replacements) is treated as the contribution function that needs to be maximized. In the deterministic model, the expected change in profits and expected time of module instance availability are assumed to be deterministic. In the stochastic model, the profit change and the time of module instance availability are treated as uncertain events. The Monte Carlo method is used to simulate the total profit change distributions subjected to the uncertainties of data and module instance availabilities. We use an illustrative PF example to demonstrate how the suggested models can be used to optimize the PF architecture.
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Yu, Mei, Ian R. Grosse, Beverly Woolf, and Mike Lindenmuth. "UMASST: A New Teaching Tool for Stress State Transformation." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/cie-48202.

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This paper presents UMASST, the UMASS Stress State Transformation tutor. UMASST is a multimedia tutor based on active engagement of the learner and the use of visualization. The development of UMASST was informed by cognitive models of human reasoning, research on how people learn and computing technology. As a multimedia Director® and web-based application with knowledge-centered and assessment-centered modules, the UMASST targets improving understanding and mastery of transformation of stress states in mechanics of materials. In the knowledge-centered modules learners receive in-depth information on physical meaning and real-life applications of stress state transformations before their understanding is assessed in interactive workshops. The assessment-centered modules assist novices in assessing themselves on the subject domain. Assessment results show that the current efficacy of the UMASST tutor is above that of in-class lectures. Future work will include a learner-centered module customizing learning process by considering learners’ individual backgrounds.
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Gillner, Arnold, Christian J. Hördemann, and Hemanth Anand. "Ultrashort pulsed laser ablation for decollation of solid state lithium-ion batteries." In Reliability of Photovoltaic Cells, Modules, Components, and Systems X, edited by Michael D. Kempe, Neelkanth G. Dhere, and Keiichiro Sakurai. SPIE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2272910.

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Min, Qingkai, Libo Qin, Zhiyang Teng, Xiao Liu, and Yue Zhang. "Dialogue State Induction Using Neural Latent Variable Models." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/532.

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Dialogue state modules are a useful component in a task-oriented dialogue system. Traditional methods find dialogue states by manually labeling training corpora, upon which neural models are trained. However, the labeling process can be costly, slow, error-prone, and more importantly, cannot cover the vast range of domains in real-world dialogues for customer service. We propose the task of dialogue state induction, building two neural latent variable models that mine dialogue states automatically from unlabeled customer service dialogue records. Results show that the models can effectively find meaningful dialogue states. In addition, equipped with induced dialogue states, a state-of-the-art dialogue system gives better performance compared with not using a dialogue state module.
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Pakhomov, V. I., S. V. Braginets, and O. N. Bakhchevnikov. "CREATION METHOD OF THE SMALL-SCALE MODULAR ENTERPRISE ON CORN PROCESSING." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. DSTU-PRINT, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.1.207-210.

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The creation method of the small-scale modular enterprise on corn processing is offered.The modular corn processing plant consists of the container modules which are turning on all necessary machinery.The offered method is perspective for the organization of intraeconomic production.The method creates an opportunity to quickly create the corn processing small-scale plant according to the modern requirements, having provided some qualitative food and feeds from the produced corn.
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Reports on the topic "State modules"

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Meike, A. State of chemical modeling modules for the degradation of concrete and cements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/646398.

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Revill, James, and Kai Ilchmann. Assessing the SecBio Platform Proposal for the Biological Weapons Convention. UNIDIR, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/22/bwc/04.

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Biosecurity and biosafety are important aspects of the life sciences and they have been discussed in the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) on several occasions. Moreover, several initiatives are underway to advance biosecurity and safety. However, these initiatives are often context specific and the effective implementation of biosecurity and biosafety measures around the globe remains inadequate. To address this gap, in 2022, France, Senegal and Togo submitted a revised proposal to the BWC for the “establishment of an international platform dedicated to biosecurity and biosafety: SecBio”. The proposal includes three pillars: a searchable repository for biosafety- and biosecurity-related materials; a learning module; and a forum for expert networking to exchange information, data and best practices. To this end, this report draws lessons from past initiatives to develop repositories, learning modules and expert forums in order to inform the development of the SecBio platform (and any such similar initiatives). The report begins with an overview of the importance of biosafety and biosecurity in the context of the BWC. It then proceeds to look at each of the platform pillars in turn, drawing from past experiences to identify lessons and develop options for state parties to consider.
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Matera, Carola, Magaly Lavadenz, and Elvira Armas. Dialogic Reading and the Development of Transitional Kindergarten Teachers’ Expertise with Dual Language Learners. CEEL, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.article.2013.2.

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This article presents highlights of professional development efforts for teachers in Transitional Kindergarten (TK) classrooms occurring throughout the state and through a collaborative effort by researchers from the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) at Loyola Marymount University. The article begins by identifying the various statewide efforts for professional development for TK teachers, followed by a brief review of the literature on early literacy development for diverse learners. It ends with a description of a partnership between CEEL and the Los Angeles Unified School District to provide professional development both in person and online to TK teachers on implementing Dialogic Reading practices and highlights a few of the participating teachers. This article has implications for expanding the reach of professional development for TK teachers through innovative online modules.
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Cook, E. G. Solid-State Modular Testing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/792255.

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Matera, Carola. Incorporating Scaffolded Dialogic Reading Practice in Teacher Training: An Opportunity to Improve Instruction for Young Dual Language Learners in Transitional Kindergarten. Loyola Marymount University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.4.

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Findings from a joint collaborative between the Center for Equity for English Learners (CEEL) at Loyola Marymount University and the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) to provide professional development and coaching to Transitional Kindergarten (TK) teachers on the Scaffolded Dialogic Reading (SDR) are presented in this policy brief. SDR is a method to enhance language skills through dialogue and research-based scaffolds between teachers and small groups of children mediated through repeated readings of storybooks. The purpose of this brief is to: 1) state the opportunity to ensure Dual Language Learner (DLL) support within California’s TK policy; 2) provide a synthesis of research findings; and 3) provide TK professional learning and policy recommendations that would allow for the inclusion of professional development on evidence-based practices purposefully integrated with DLL supports. Policy recommendations include: 1) utilize professional learning modules such as SDR in 24 ECE unit requirement for TK teachers; 2) include individuals with ECE and DLL expertise in the ECE Teacher Preparation Advisory Panel; and 3) allocate additional funds in the state budget for training on SDR, in-classroom support for TK teachers of DLLs, and evaluation of these efforts.
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Annapragada, S. Ravi, Parmesh Verma, Aritra Sur, and Wei Xie. High-Efficiency Solid State Heat Pump Module. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1456857.

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Mueller, Jacob, Robert Kaplar, Jack Flicker, Luciano Garcia Rodriguez, Andrew Binder, Michael Ropp, Lee Gill, et al. System Integration Analysis for Modular Solid-State Substations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1889517.

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Rutherford, T., R. K. Route, and Robert L. Byer. Pump Module for High Average Power Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada386914.

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Kress, R. L., J. F. Jansen, and W. R. Hamel. Modular robotics overview of the `state of the art`. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/403929.

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Steenhuis, Tammo S., Israela Ravina, Jean-Yves Parlange, Rony Wallach, and Larry D. Geohring. Improving Preferential Flow Modules by Experimentation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570552.bard.

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Preferential flow is the process whereby water and solutes move by preferred pathways. During preferential flow, local wetting fronts propagate to considerable depths in the soil profile, essentially bypassing the matrix pore space. Under such conditions classical methods, such as the convective-dispersive equation, for quantifying flow of water and solutes in uniform soils are not valid. This project set out to develop methods to predict fast and early breakthrough of solutes. To facilitate understanding of these processes, several field drainage studies were conducted in the United States and Israel. In both countries, solutes moved rapidly down and could be found below 1 m depth soon after application. Based on these experiments, we developed and validated a number of modules to predict the solute concentration of the preferentially moving water in the vadose zone. We also successfully simulatd the initial high solute concentration in agriculturel tile lines shortly after the chemical was applied. The understanding gained on fast transport of agri-chemicals is instrumental in developing management practices to reduce the nonpoint sources and to increase the leaching efficiency of salt affected soils.
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