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Journal articles on the topic 'State mixing'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

DAI, L. R., J. LIU, and L. YUAN. "THE POSSIBLE DI-OMEGA DIBARYON IN QUARK CLUSTER MODEL." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 26 (January 2014): 1460120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514601203.

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The mixing of scalar mesons is introduced into the baryon-baryon system in the chiral SU(3) quark model to further dynamically investigate the Di-omega state by using the same parameters as those in reasonably describing the experimental hyperon-nucleon and nucleon-nucleon scattering data. Two different mixings of scalar mesons, the ideal mixing and 19° mixing, are discussed, and compared with no mixing. The results show that it is still deeply bound state if 19° mixing is adopted, the same as those of no mixing. However, for ideal mixing, the binding energy is reduced quite a lot, yet it is still a bound state.

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2

Lu, J., and F. M. Bowman. "A detailed aerosol mixing state model for investigating interactions between mixing state, semivolatile partitioning, and coagulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2010): 417–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-417-2010.

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Abstract. A new method for describing externally mixed particles, the Detailed Aerosol Mixing State (DAMS) representation, is presented in this study. This novel method classifies aerosols by both composition and size, using a user-specified mixing criterion to define boundaries between compositional populations. Interactions between aerosol mixing state, semivolatile partitioning, and coagulation are investigated with a Lagrangian box model that incorporates the DAMS approach. Model results predict that mixing state affects the amount and types of semivolatile organics that partition to available aerosol phases, causing external mixtures to produce a more size-varying composition than internal mixtures. Both coagulation and condensation contribute to the mixing of emitted particles, producing a collection of multiple compositionally distinct aerosol populations that exists somewhere between the extremes of a strictly external or internal mixture. The selection of mixing criteria has a significant impact on the size and type of individual populations that compose the modeled aerosol mixture.

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3

Lu, J., and F. M. Bowman. "A detailed aerosol mixing state model for investigating interactions between mixing state, semivolatile partitioning, and coagulation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 8 (April 29, 2010): 4033–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-4033-2010.

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Abstract. A new method for describing externally mixed particles, the Detailed Aerosol Mixing State (DAMS) representation, is presented in this study. This novel method classifies aerosols by both composition and size, using a user-specified mixing criterion to define boundaries between compositional populations. Interactions between aerosol mixing state, semivolatile partitioning, and coagulation are investigated with a Lagrangian box model that incorporates the DAMS approach. Model results predict that mixing state affects the amount and types of semivolatile organics that partition to available aerosol phases, causing external mixtures to produce a more size-varying composition than internal mixtures. Both coagulation and condensation contribute to the mixing of emitted particles, producing a collection of multiple compositionally distinct aerosol populations that exists somewhere between the extremes of a strictly external or internal mixture. The selection of mixing criteria has a significant impact on the size and type of individual populations that compose the modeled aerosol mixture. Computational demands for external mixture modeling are significant and can be controlled by limiting the number of aerosol populations used in the model.

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4

Hernández-Lamoneda, Ramón, and Kenneth C. Janda. "Electronic excited-state mixing in NeCl2." Journal of Chemical Physics 123, no. 16 (October 22, 2005): 161102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2120507.

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5

Kupče, Eriks, Peter Schmidt, Mark Rance, and Gerhard Wagner. "Adiabatic Mixing in the Liquid State." Journal of Magnetic Resonance 135, no. 2 (December 1998): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmre.1998.1607.

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6

Ma, Jing, Bai Jing Qiu, Run Yan, and Bei Fen Zhu. "Study on the Working State of Jet-Mixing Apparatus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 563 (May 2014): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.563.219.

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In order to study the working state of the export of jet-mixing apparatus under different loads,by comparing the bench test and its application in spray system, the working state of jet-mixing apparatus is studied.The results show that, in the bench test, the export of jet-mixing apparatus is unloaded and the state of jet-mixing apparatus is absorbing pesticide; the jet nozzle whose diameter is 2mm and suction chamber whose diameter is 3mm of the jet-mixing apparatus produce a large number of bubbles, the suction chamber emerges cavitation. The export of jet-mixing apparatus is connected with the F110 spray system, the working state of jet-mixing apparatus with a 2mm diameter jet nozzle is sucking pesticide; the working state of 3mm and 4mm jet nozzle diameter is reflux. The export of jet-mixing apparatus is connected with the outlet of F110 spray system suction chamber.They do not emerge cavitation. The load on the export of jet-mixing apparatus affect the working state of jet-mixing apparatus, also has certain influence on cavitation in the suction chamber.

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7

Boublík, Tomáš, and Benjamin C. Y. Lu. "Mixing rules for the back equation of state." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 1 (1987): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19870029.

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Van der Waals type of mixing rule for the energy parameter us together with the mixing rules introduced previously for parameters αs and Vs0 of the BACK equation were employed in evaluating excess properties of mixing, Henry's law constant and high pressure vapour-liquid equilibria. A comparison with the experimental data reveals that the BACK equation together with the suggested mixing rules could provide good prediction of equilibrium properties of mixtures of relatively simple molecules.

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8

Riemer, N., and M. West. "Quantifying aerosol mixing state with entropy and diversity measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 13, no. 6 (June 12, 2013): 15615–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-13-15615-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first quantitative metric for aerosol population mixing state, defined as the distribution of per-particle chemical species composition. This new metric, the mixing state index χ, is an affine ratio of the average per-particle species diversity Dα and the bulk population species diversity Dγ, both of which are based on information-theoretic entropy measures. The mixing state index χ enables the first rigorous definition of the spectrum of mixing states from so-called external mixture to internal mixture, which is significant for aerosol climate impacts, including aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei activity. We illustrate the usefulness of this new mixing state framework with model results from the stochastic particle-resolved model PartMC-MOSAIC. These results demonstrate how the mixing state metrics evolve with time for several archetypal cases, each of which isolates a specific process such as coagulation, emission, or condensation. Further, we present an analysis of the mixing state evolution for a complex urban plume case, for which these processes occur simultaneously. We additionally derive theoretical properties of the mixing state index and present a family of generalized mixing state indexes that vary in the importance assigned to low-mass-fraction species.

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9

Riemer, N., and M. West. "Quantifying aerosol mixing state with entropy and diversity measures." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 22 (November 25, 2013): 11423–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-11423-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents the first quantitative metric for aerosol population mixing state, defined as the distribution of per-particle chemical species composition. This new metric, the mixing state index χ, is an affine ratio of the average per-particle species diversity Dα and the bulk population species diversity Dγ, both of which are based on information-theoretic entropy measures. The mixing state index χ enables the first rigorous definition of the spectrum of mixing states from so-called external mixture to internal mixture, which is significant for aerosol climate impacts, including aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei activity. We illustrate the usefulness of this new mixing state framework with model results from the stochastic particle-resolved model PartMC-MOSAIC. These results demonstrate how the mixing state metrics evolve with time for several archetypal cases, each of which isolates a specific process such as coagulation, emission, or condensation. Further, we present an analysis of the mixing state evolution for a complex urban plume case, for which these processes occur simultaneously. We additionally derive theoretical properties of the mixing state index and present a family of generalized mixing state indexes that vary in the importance assigned to low-mass-fraction species.

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10

Noya, H., and H. Nakamura. "The configuration mixing of four-quark state and hybrid state." Nuclear Physics A 692, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 348–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(01)01197-6.

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11

Healy, R. M., N. Riemer, J. C. Wenger, M. Murphy, M. West, L. Poulain, A. Wiedensohler, et al. "Single particle diversity and mixing state measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 14, no. 3 (February 14, 2014): 3973–4005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-14-3973-2014.

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Abstract. A newly developed framework for quantifying aerosol particle diversity and mixing state based on information-theoretic entropy is applied for the first time to single particle mass spectrometry field data. Single particle mass fraction estimates for black carbon, organic aerosol, ammonium, nitrate and sulphate, derived using single particle mass spectrometer, aerosol mass spectrometer and multi-angle absorption photometer measurements are used to calculate single particle species diversity (Di). The average single particle species diversity (Dα) is then related to the species diversity of the bulk population (Dγ) to derive a mixing state index value (χ) at hourly resolution. The mixing state index is a single parameter representation of how internally/externally mixed a particle population is at a given time. The index describes a continuum, with values of 0% and 100% representing fully external and internal mixing, respectively. This framework was applied to data collected as part of the MEGAPOLI winter campaign in Paris, France 2010. Di values are low (∼2) for fresh traffic and woodburning particles that contain high mass fractions of black carbon and organic aerosol but low mass fractions of inorganic ions. Conversely, Di values are higher (∼4) for aged carbonaceous particles containing similar mass fractions of black carbon, organic aerosol, ammonium, nitrate and sulphate. Aerosol in Paris is estimated to be 59% internally mixed in the size range 150–1067 nm, and mixing state is dependent both upon time of day and air mass origin. Daytime primary emissions associated with vehicular traffic and woodburning result in low χ values, while enhanced condensation of ammonium nitrate on existing particles at night leads to higher χ values. Advection of particles from continental Europe containing ammonium, nitrate and sulphate leads to increases in Dα, Dγ and χ. The mixing state index represents a useful metric by which to compare and contrast ambient particle mixing state at other locations globally.

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12

Laba and Tkachuk. "Geometric measure of mixing of quantum state." Condensed Matter Physics 21, no. 3 (September 2018): 33003. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.21.33003.

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13

Healy, R. M., N. Riemer, J. C. Wenger, M. Murphy, M. West, L. Poulain, A. Wiedensohler, et al. "Single particle diversity and mixing state measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, no. 12 (June 25, 2014): 6289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-6289-2014.

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Abstract. A newly developed framework for quantifying aerosol particle diversity and mixing state based on information-theoretic entropy is applied for the first time to single particle mass spectrometry field data. Single particle mass fraction estimates for black carbon, organic aerosol, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate, derived using single particle mass spectrometer, aerosol mass spectrometer and multi-angle absorption photometer measurements are used to calculate single particle species diversity (Di). The average single particle species diversity (Dα) is then related to the species diversity of the bulk population (Dγ) to derive a mixing state index value (χ) at hourly resolution. The mixing state index is a single parameter representation of how internally/externally mixed a particle population is at a given time. The index describes a continuum, with values of 0 and 100% representing fully external and internal mixing, respectively. This framework was applied to data collected as part of the MEGAPOLI winter campaign in Paris, France, 2010. Di values are low (~ 2) for fresh traffic and wood-burning particles that contain high mass fractions of black carbon and organic aerosol but low mass fractions of inorganic ions. Conversely, Di values are higher (~ 4) for aged carbonaceous particles containing similar mass fractions of black carbon, organic aerosol, ammonium, nitrate and sulfate. Aerosol in Paris is estimated to be 59% internally mixed in the size range 150–1067 nm, and mixing state is dependent both upon time of day and air mass origin. Daytime primary emissions associated with vehicular traffic and wood-burning result in low χ values, while enhanced condensation of ammonium nitrate on existing particles at night leads to higher χ values. Advection of particles from continental Europe containing ammonium, nitrate and sulfate leads to increases in Dα, Dγ and χ. The mixing state index represents a useful metric by which to compare and contrast ambient particle mixing state at other locations globally.

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14

Pulci, Olivia, Friedhelm Bechstedt, Giovanni Onida, Rodolfo Del Sole, and Lucia Reining. "State mixing for quasiparticles at surfaces: NonperturbativeGWapproximation." Physical Review B 60, no. 24 (December 15, 1999): 16758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.60.16758.

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15

Lindén, J., P. Karen, A. Kjekshus, J. Miettinen, T. Pietari, and M. Karppinen. "Valence-state mixing and separation inSmBaFe2O5+w." Physical Review B 60, no. 22 (December 1, 1999): 15251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.60.15251.

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16

Burton, Robert M., Manfred Denker, and Meir Smorodinsky. "Finite state bilaterally deterministic strongly mixing processes." Israel Journal of Mathematics 95, no. 1 (December 1996): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02761036.

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17

Riemer, N., A. P. Ault, M. West, R. L. Craig, and J. H. Curtis. "Aerosol Mixing State: Measurements, Modeling, and Impacts." Reviews of Geophysics 57, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 187–249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018rg000615.

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18

Shan-Jun, Ma, Lu Hai-Liang, and Fan Hong-Yi. "Entangled State Representation for Four-Wave Mixing." Communications in Theoretical Physics 50, no. 2 (August 2008): 489–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0253-6102/50/2/42.

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19

Hall, Kenneth R., Gustavo A. Iglesias-Silva, and G. Ali Mansoori. "Quadratic mixing rules for equations of state." Fluid Phase Equilibria 91, no. 1 (November 1993): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(93)85079-2.

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20

Zhang, Zhanjun, Hao Yuan, Chuanmei Xie, and Biaoliang Ye. "Quantum state sharing with mixing state from six-qubit entangled pure one." Modern Physics Letters A 35, no. 32 (August 26, 2020): 2050264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732320502648.

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In this paper the possibility of using mixing entangled states as quantum channel to accomplish quantum state sharing (QSTS) is considered. As a preliminary study, an efficient tripartite QSTS scheme is put forward by utilizing a mixing entangled state, which is a derivative of a six-qubit entangled pure state under a two-qubit confusion. Some specific discussions about the QSTS scheme are made, including the issues of the scheme determinacy, the sharer symmetry, the scheme security and the essential role of quantum channel as well as the current experimental feasibility.

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21

Fanchi, John R. "Neutrino Flavor Transitions as Mass State Transitions." Symmetry 11, no. 8 (July 24, 2019): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym11080948.

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Experiments have shown that transitions occur between electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tau neutrino flavors. Some experiments indicate the possible existence of a fourth neutrino known as the sterile neutrino. The question arises: do all neutrino flavors participate in transitions between flavors? These transitions are viewed as mass state transitions in parametrized relativistic dynamics (PRD). PRD frameworks have been developed for neutrino flavor transitions associated with the mixing of two mass states or the mixing of three mass states. This paper presents an extension of the framework to neutrino flavor transitions associated with the mixing of four mass states.

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22

Pinsky, Mark, Alexander Khain, and Alexei Korolev. "Theoretical analysis of mixing in liquid clouds – Part 3: Inhomogeneous mixing." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 16, no. 14 (July 28, 2016): 9273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-9273-2016.

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Abstract. An idealized diffusion–evaporation model of time-dependent mixing between a cloud volume and a droplet-free volume is analyzed. The initial droplet size distribution (DSD) in the cloud volume is assumed to be monodisperse. It is shown that evolution of the microphysical variables and the final equilibrium state are unambiguously determined by two non-dimensional parameters. The first one is the potential evaporation parameter R, proportional to the ratio of the saturation deficit to the liquid water content in the cloud volume, that determines whether the equilibrium state is reached at 100 % relative humidity, or is characterized by a complete evaporation of cloud droplets. The second parameter Da is the Damkölher number equal to the ratio of the characteristic mixing time to the phase relaxation time. Parameters R and Da determine the type of mixing.The results are analyzed within a wide range of values of R and Da. It is shown that there is no pure homogeneous mixing, since the first mixing stage is always inhomogeneous. The mixing type can change during the mixing process. Any mixing type leads to formation of a tail of small droplets in DSD and, therefore, to DSD broadening that depends on Da. At large Da, the final DSD dispersion can be as large as 0.2. The total duration of mixing varies from several to 100 phase relaxation time periods, depending on R and Da.The definitions of homogeneous and inhomogeneous types of mixing are reconsidered and clarified, enabling a more precise delimitation between them. The paper also compares the results obtained with those based on the classic mixing concepts. >

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23

Stevens, Robin, and Ashu Dastoor. "A Review of the Representation of Aerosol Mixing State in Atmospheric Models." Atmosphere 10, no. 4 (March 30, 2019): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos10040168.

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Aerosol mixing state significantly affects concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), wet removal rates, thermodynamic properties, heterogeneous chemistry, and aerosol optical properties, with implications for human health and climate. Over the last two decades, significant research effort has gone into finding computationally-efficient methods for representing the most important aspects of aerosol mixing state in air pollution, weather prediction, and climate models. In this review, we summarize the interactions between mixing-state and aerosol hygroscopicity, optical properties, equilibrium thermodynamics and heterogeneous chemistry. We focus on the effects of simplified assumptions of aerosol mixing state on CCN concentrations, wet deposition, and aerosol absorption. We also summarize previous approaches for representing aerosol mixing state in atmospheric models, and we make recommendations regarding the representation of aerosol mixing state in future modelling studies.

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24

Villermaux, Emmanuel. "Mixing Versus Stirring." Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 51, no. 1 (January 5, 2019): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040306.

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Mixing is the operation by which a system evolves under stirring from one state of simplicity—the initial segregation of the constituents—to another state of simplicity—their complete uniformity. Between these extremes, patterns emerge, possibly interact, and die sooner or later. This review summarizes recent developments on the problem of mixing in its lamellar representation. This point of view visualizes a mixture as a set of stretched lamellae, or sheets, possibly interacting with each other. It relies on a near-exact formulation of the Fourier equation on a moving substrate and allows one to bridge the spatial structure and evolution of the concentration field with its statistical content in a direct way. Within this frame, one can precisely describe both the dynamics of the concentration levels in a mixture as a function of the intensity of the stirring motions at the scale of a single lamella and the interaction rule between adjacent lamellae, thus offering a detailed representation of the mixture content, its structure, and their evolution in time.

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25

Zhang, Zhijie, Li Liu, Baomin Wang, Haobo Tan, Changxing Lan, Ye Wang, and Pakwai Chan. "Impact of Aerosol Mixing State and Hygroscopicity on the Lidar Ratio." Remote Sensing 14, no. 7 (March 23, 2022): 1554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14071554.

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The lidar ratio (LR) is a key parameter for the retrieval of atmospheric optical parameters from lidar equations. In this study, we simulated the optical parameters to investigate the impact factors of the LR using a three-component optical aerosol assumption based on the Mie model. The simulated LR was generally related to the overall particle size of the aerosols, the proportion of elemental carbon (EC), as well as aerosol mixing states and hygroscopicity. The LR was positively correlated with the particle size and volume fraction of elemental carbon (fEC). The LR increased more than three-fold with the increase in fEC from 0% to 40%. The LR of the core-shell (CS) mixing state and homogeneously internal (INT) mixing state was greater than that of the external (EXT) mixing state. The LR of all mixing states increased monotonically with hygroscopicity when the fEC was below 10%, while the LR of the core-shell mixing state (homogeneously internal mixing state) initially decreased (increased) and then increased (decreased) with increasing hygroscopicity when the fEC was more than 20%. These results will help in selecting a reasonable LR for practical applications.

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26

Zheng, Zhonghua, Matthew West, Lei Zhao, Po-Lun Ma, Xiaohong Liu, and Nicole Riemer. "Quantifying the structural uncertainty of the aerosol mixing state representation in a modal model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 23 (December 3, 2021): 17727–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-17727-2021.

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Abstract. Aerosol mixing state is an important emergent property that affects aerosol radiative forcing and aerosol–cloud interactions, but it has not been easy to constrain this property globally. This study aims to verify the global distribution of aerosol mixing state represented by modal models. To quantify the aerosol mixing state, we used the aerosol mixing state indices for submicron aerosol based on the mixing of optically absorbing and non-absorbing species (χo), the mixing of primary carbonaceous and non-primary carbonaceous species (χc), and the mixing of hygroscopic and non-hygroscopic species (χh). To achieve a spatiotemporal comparison, we calculated the mixing state indices using output from the Community Earth System Model with the four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module (MAM4) and compared the results with the mixing state indices from a benchmark machine-learned model trained on high-detail particle-resolved simulations from the particle-resolved stochastic aerosol model PartMC-MOSAIC. The two methods yielded very different spatial patterns of the mixing state indices. In some regions, the yearly averaged χ value computed by the MAM4 model differed by up to 70 percentage points from the benchmark values. These errors tended to be zonally structured, with the MAM4 model predicting a more internally mixed aerosol at low latitudes and a more externally mixed aerosol at high latitudes compared to the benchmark. Our study quantifies potential model bias in simulating mixing state in different regions and provides insights into potential improvements to model process representation for a more realistic simulation of aerosols towards better quantification of radiative forcing and aerosol–cloud interactions.

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27

Melet, Angélique, Robert Hallberg, Sonya Legg, and Maxim Nikurashin. "Sensitivity of the Ocean State to Lee Wave–Driven Mixing." Journal of Physical Oceanography 44, no. 3 (March 1, 2014): 900–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-13-072.1.

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Abstract Diapycnal mixing plays a key role in maintaining the ocean stratification and the meridional overturning circulation (MOC). In the ocean interior, it is mainly sustained by breaking internal waves. Two important classes of internal waves are internal tides and lee waves, generated by barotropic tides and geostrophic flows interacting with rough topography, respectively. Currently, regarding internal wave–driven mixing, most climate models only explicitly parameterize the local dissipation of internal tides. In this study, the authors explore the combined effects of internal tide– and lee wave–driven mixing on the ocean state. A series of sensitivity experiments using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory CM2G ocean–ice–atmosphere coupled model are performed, including a parameterization of lee wave–driven mixing using a recent estimate for the global map of energy conversion into lee waves, in addition to the tidal mixing parameterization. It is shown that, although the global energy input in the deep ocean into lee waves (0.2 TW; where 1 TW = 1012 W) is small compared to that into internal tides (1.4 TW), lee wave–driven mixing makes a significant impact on the ocean state, notably on the ocean thermal structure and stratification, as well as on the MOC. The vertically integrated circulation is also impacted in the Southern Ocean, which accounts for half of the lee wave energy flux. Finally, it is shown that the different spatial distribution of the internal tide and lee wave energy input impacts the sensitivity described in this study. These results suggest that lee wave–driven mixing should be parameterized in climate models, preferably using more physically based parameterizations that allow the internal lee wave–driven mixing to evolve in a changing ocean.

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28

Masuda, Shuhei. "Improved ocean state estimation by controlling ocean-mixing: toward synthesis of ocean-mixing observations." Oceanography in Japan 26, no. 5 (September 15, 2017): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5928/kaiyou.26.5_209.

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29

Otsuka, Kenju. "Self-Mixing Thin-Slice Solid-State Laser Metrology." Sensors 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2011): 2195–245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110202195.

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30

Boyd, John. "Update - Mixing Memory To Speed Solid-State Drives." IEEE Spectrum 45, no. 7 (July 2008): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mspec.2008.4547495.

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31

Schuurmans, P., J. Camps, T. Phalet, N. Severijns, B. Vereecke, and S. Versyck. "Isospin mixing in the ground state of Mn." Nuclear Physics A 672, no. 1-4 (June 2000): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-9474(00)00055-5.

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32

Matsuo, Shigemasa, Hiroshi Shimahara, and Katsuhiko Nagai. "Order Parameter Mixing Effectin the Fulde-Ferrell State." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 63, no. 7 (July 15, 1994): 2499–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.63.2499.

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33

Gupte, P. A., P. Rasmussen, and Aa Fredenslund. "Equation of state mixing rules from GE models." Fluid Phase Equilibria 29 (October 1986): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-3812(86)85047-6.

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34

Yao, Yu, Jeffrey H. Curtis, Joseph Ching, Zhonghua Zheng, and Nicole Riemer. "Quantifying the effects of mixing state on aerosol optical properties." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 22, no. 14 (July 19, 2022): 9265–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-9265-2022.

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Abstract. Calculations of the aerosol direct effect on climate rely on simulated aerosol fields. The model representation of aerosol mixing state potentially introduces large uncertainties into these calculations, since the simulated aerosol optical properties are sensitive to mixing state. In this study, we systematically quantified the impact of aerosol mixing state on aerosol optical properties using an ensemble of 1800 aerosol populations from particle-resolved simulations as a basis for Mie calculations for optical properties. Assuming the aerosol to be internally mixed within prescribed size bins caused overestimations of aerosol absorptivity and underestimations of aerosol scattering. Together, these led to errors in the populations' single scattering albedo of up to −22.3 % with a median of −0.9 %. The mixing state metric χ proved useful in relating errors in the volume absorption coefficient, the volume scattering coefficient and the single scattering albedo to the degree of internally mixing of the aerosol, with larger errors being associated with more external mixtures. At the same time, a range of errors existed for any given value of χ. We attributed this range to the extent to which the internal mixture assumption distorted the particles' black carbon content and the refractive index of the particle coatings. Both can vary for populations with the same value of χ. These results are further evidence of the important yet complicated role of mixing state in calculating aerosol optical properties.

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35

Stammer, Detlef. "Adjusting Internal Model Errors through Ocean State Estimation." Journal of Physical Oceanography 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 1143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo2733.1.

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Abstract Oceanic state estimation is a powerful tool to estimate internal model parameters simultaneously with the model’s initial conditions and surface forcing field that jointly would bring a model into consistency with time-varying large-scale ocean observations. Here an attempt to estimate geographically varying fields of horizontal and vertical viscosity and diffusivity within a 9-yr-long estimation procedure is presented. The estimated coefficients are highly efficient in preserving watermass characteristics and frontal structures by reducing the model temperature and salinity drift, especially around the Southern Ocean. The estimated mean circulation results in stronger transports of western boundary currents and of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Moreover, an increase of about 10% in the strength of the meridional overturning circulation and in the poleward heat transport can be found. Estimated changes in the horizontal mixing coefficients seem to agree with the notion that diapycnal mixing is superfically high with Laplacian mixing formulations, especially close to frontal structures in the ocean. In comparison with adjustments in tracer diffusivities (vertically and horizontally), adjustments of viscosity coefficients are fairly minor outside lateral boundary regions, suggesting that state estimation attempts might be most successful in providing enhanced insight into tracer mixing.

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Benisek, Artur, Edgar Dachs, and Herbert Kroll. "Excess heat capacity and entropy of mixing in ternary series of high-structural-state feldspars." European Journal of Mineralogy 22, no. 3 (June 23, 2010): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2010/0022-2028.

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Osafune, Satoshi, Nozomi Sugiura, Toshimasa Doi, Tadashi Hemmi, and Shuhei Masuda. "The use of tidally induced vertical-mixing schemes in simulating the Pacific deep-ocean state." Journal of Oceanography 77, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10872-021-00591-9.

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AbstractAn optimization experiment was conducted to reproduce the climatological distribution of water properties with an ocean general circulation model in which interior vertical mixing below the surface mixed layer is represented by tidally induced near- and far-field vertical-mixing schemes. Globally constant parameters in the tidally induced mixing schemes along with other physical parameters are optimally estimated based on the Green’s function method. The optimized model performs reasonably well in reproducing the deep-water properties of the Pacific Ocean, suggesting that the combination of tidally induced vertical-mixing schemes is useful in providing a reliable simulation of the deep-ocean state, consistent with both observed broad-scale hydrographic characteristics and recent knowledge of mixing. Adjustment of the parameters in the near-field mixing scheme was effective in improving simulation of the deep-ocean state. These results suggest that the adjustment of a small number of globally constant parameters in tidally induced and other mixing schemes based on recent knowledge of mixing through data assimilation may enable improvements in ocean state estimation throughout the entire water column, including the deep ocean.

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HUNTER, JEFFREY J. "THE DISTRIBUTION OF MIXING TIMES IN MARKOV CHAINS." Asia-Pacific Journal of Operational Research 30, no. 01 (February 2013): 1250045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217595912500455.

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The distribution of the "mixing time" or the "time to stationarity" in a discrete time irreducible Markov chain, starting in state i, can be defined as the number of trials to reach a state sampled from the stationary distribution of the Markov chain. Expressions for the probability generating function, and hence the probability distribution of the mixing time, starting in state i, are derived and special cases explored. This extends the results of the author regarding the expected time to mixing [Hunter, JJ (2006). Mixing times with applications to perturbed Markov chains. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 417, 108–123] and the variance of the times to mixing, [Hunter, JJ (2008). Variances of first passage times in a Markov chain with applications to mixing times. Linear Algebra and Its Applications, 429, 1135–1162]. Some new results for the distribution of the recurrence and the first passage times in a general irreducible three-state Markov chain are also presented.

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Song, Chengju, and Hongfei Jia. "Multi-State Car-Following Behavior Simulation in a Mixed Traffic Flow for ICVs and MDVs." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013562.

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With the development of intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) and communication technology, collaborative operation among vehicles will become the trend of the future. Thus, traffic flow will be mixed with manual driving vehicles and ICVs. A mixed traffic flow is a traffic flow state lying between autonomous and manual traffic flows. In order to describe the car-following characteristics in a mixed traffic flow, the cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) car-following model and the intelligent driver model (IDM) were adopted. The car-following characteristics of different platoons from these two car-following models were analyzed. The CACC mixing ratio was used to describe the mixed traffic flow. The fixed states and disturbance states of the car-following platoons were simulated. The fixed states can be divided into three categories: the steady state, acceleration state, and deceleration state. The effects of different car-following cases and different mixing ratios on mixed traffic flow in different states were discussed. The results show that (1) in the steady state with a smaller mixing ratio, the operating speed and traffic volume of the mixed traffic flow were positively correlated. The overall traffic volume decreased with the increase in the mixing ratio, and the gap gradually narrowed. At a larger mixing ratio, the operating speed and traffic volume were negatively correlated. The overall traffic volume increased with the increase in the mixing ratio. (2) In the acceleration state, the maximum traffic volume in the platoon and the optimal mixing ratio were linearly related to the acceleration. (3) In the deceleration state with a fixed mixing ratio, the traffic volume decreased with the increase in the deceleration, with slight differences in the changing trend of the volume of the mixed flow. Under disturbances, the mixed traffic volume was positively correlated with the mixing ratio, i.e., at a larger mixing ratio, the anti-interference ability of the mixed traffic flow was higher.

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Ratnawati, Ratnawati. "VAN DER WAALS MIXING RULES FOR THE REDLICH-KWONG EQUATION OF STATE. APPLICATION FOR SUPERCRITICAL SOLUBILITY MODELING." Reaktor 10, no. 2 (December 15, 2006): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.10.2.96-102.

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A solid-supercritical fluid system is highly asymmetric in terms of the size and energy differences of the components. The key point in extending a cubic equation of state to such system is on the choice of proper mixing rules. New mixing rules for the Redlich-Kwong equation of state are developed. The developement is based on the statistical-mechanical theory of the van der Waals mixing rules. The Redlich Kwong equation of state with the proposed mixing rules along with the original ones is used to predict solubilities of solids in supercritical fluid. The prediction is done with kij equal zero, as well as with optimized kij. The results show superiority of the proposed mixing rules over the original ones. For most of the systems considered, the proposed mixing rules with the kij equal zero are closer to the experimental data than the original ones do. For 28 systems with 521 data points taken from various sources, the original and the proposed mixing rules give the overall AAD of 13.4%, while the original mixing rules give 45.9%.

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Fierce, Laura, Nicole Riemer, and Tami C. Bond. "Toward Reduced Representation of Mixing State for Simulating Aerosol Effects on Climate." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 971–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-16-0028.1.

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Abstract Atmospheric aerosols affect Earth’s energy budget, and hence its climate, by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by altering the radiative properties and the lifetime of clouds. These two major aerosol effects depend on the optical properties and the cloud-nucleating ability of individual particles, which, in turn, depend on the distribution of components among individual particles, termed the “aerosol mixing state.” Global models have moved toward including aerosol schemes to represent the evolution of particle characteristics, but individual particle properties cannot be resolved in global-scale simulations. Instead, models approximate the aerosol mixing state. The errors in climate-relevant aerosol properties introduced by such approximations may be large but have not yet been well quantified. This paper quantitatively addresses the question of to what extent the aerosol mixing state must be resolved to adequately represent the optical properties and cloud-nucleating properties of particle populations. Using a detailed benchmarking model to simulate gas condensation and particle coagulation, we show that, after the particles evolve in the atmosphere, simple mixing-state representations are sufficient for modeling cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, and we quantify the mixing time scale that characterizes this transformation. In contrast, a detailed representation of the mixing state is required to model aerosol light absorption, even for populations that are fully mixed with respect to their hygroscopic properties.

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Harisal, Harisal, Ni Putu Somawati, Wahyuning Dyah, and Kanah Kanah. "Code-Mixing in Student Interaction of Japan UKM Members in State Polytechnic of Bali." IZUMI 10, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/izumi.10.2.267-277.

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Code-Mixing often occurs in a place where there are various ethnicities, tribes, languages, and various cultures. One of them is at the State Polytechnic of Bali. This study aims to describe the form of code-mixing that appears in the interactions of Students Extracurricular Unit of Japan called UKM Jepang members of the State Polytechnic of Bali and explain the motives for using code-mixing in the interactions. The data used in this study is the result of the interaction of students who are members of the UKM Jepang, State Polytechnic of Bali, indicated to cause Code-Mixing both offline and online. Furthermore, the research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with the type of research being descriptive research. The results showed that the form of Code-Mixing that occurred in students of Japanese UKM members of the State Polytechnic of Bali occurred in mixing nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The motives that cause the emergence of code-mixing include the consideration of the interlocutor, namely members of UKM Jepang who both understand Japanese vocabulary. Besides, some special terms in Japanese are considered more appropriate to be conveyed by students on certain topics related to Japan, and they deliberately mix the code to make the conversation more interesting. On the other hand, Some Japanese vocabulary has no meaning that can be spoken in conversation in Indonesian, which causes students to use the term and become a new 'vocabulary' in Indonesian. They accidentally did lexical borrowing to meet the language barrier and cause code-mixing.

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Ching, Joseph, Jerome Fast, Matthew West, and Nicole Riemer. "Metrics to quantify the importance of mixing state for CCN activity." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, no. 12 (June 21, 2017): 7445–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7445-2017.

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Abstract. It is commonly assumed that models are more prone to errors in predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations when the aerosol populations are externally mixed. In this work we investigate this assumption by using the mixing state index (χ) proposed by Riemer and West (2013) to quantify the degree of external and internal mixing of aerosol populations. We combine this metric with particle-resolved model simulations to quantify error in CCN predictions when mixing state information is neglected, exploring a range of scenarios that cover different conditions of aerosol aging. We show that mixing state information does indeed become unimportant for more internally mixed populations, more precisely for populations with χ larger than 75 %. For more externally mixed populations (χ below 20 %) the relationship of χ and the error in CCN predictions is not unique and ranges from lower than −40 % to about 150 %, depending on the underlying aerosol population and the environmental supersaturation. We explain the reasons for this behavior with detailed process analyses.

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Sinclair, P. M., J. W. Forsman, J. R. Drummond, and A. D. May. "Line mixing and state-to-state rotational relaxation rates inD2determined from the RamanQbranch." Physical Review A 48, no. 4 (October 1, 1993): 3030–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreva.48.3030.

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Carchidi, M., H. T. Fortune, and M. Burlein. "Absolute ground-state (t,p) strengths in germanium isotopes and two-state mixing." Physical Review C 39, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevc.39.795.

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Minton, T. K., and J. D. McDonald. "Infrared Laser Induced Fluorescence Studies of State Mixing in Ground Electronic State Molecules." Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie 92, no. 3 (March 1988): 350–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.198800073.

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Heisel, Francine, Joseph A. Miehé, Caroline Eckert, and Wolfgang Rettig. "State mixing in indoline derivatives: A steady-state and dynamical-fluorescence spectroscopic study." Chemical Physics Letters 187, no. 1-2 (November 1991): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)90482-o.

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Uomoto, Taketo. "State of the Art Report on Mixing of Concrete." Concrete Journal 26, no. 9 (1988): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3151/coj1975.26.9_5.

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Rosol, M. "Book Review Essay ''Social mixing as state-led gentrification?''." Social Geography 7, no. 1 (December 4, 2012): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sg-7-47-2012.

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TSUJIMOTO, Koichi, Taiga ISHIKURA, Toshihiko SHAKOUCHI, and Toshitake ANDO. "Visualization of Mixing State on Impinging Jets Using DNS." Journal of the Visualization Society of Japan 27, Supplement2 (2007): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3154/jvs.27.supplement2_45.

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