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1
Fabuš, Michal, and Marek Csabay. "State aid and investment: case of Slovakia." Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 480–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2018.6.2(1).
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Hvolkova, Lenka, and Ladislav Klement. "Management of Innovation Development in the Slovak Republic: Critical Evaluation of the Investment Aid System." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 1 (2020): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.1-02.
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Since 2002, the Slovak government have been using the system of investment aid for enterprises. However, the economy of the Slovak Republic characterized by differences among regions. Therefore, in March 2018, the Slovak government modified the system of investment aid to mitigate the differences among the regions. The main aim of the paper is to examine whether investment aid in Slovakia has served its purpose and was channelled to disadvantaged Slovak areas. The objects of the research are particular investment projects supported by the state investment aid in the observed period. The subjects of study are the selected forms of investment aid provided in the Slovak republic. The paper analyses the amount and structure of the provided investment aid in the Slovak Republic during the period 2002–2018. The secondary data on business entities, which received investment aid was obtained from the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic. An additional source of information is data from the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic about the rate of unemployment and GDP per capita in the Slovak regions. Descriptive statistics and comparison analyse the obtained data to evaluate the total provided investment aid.The authors work with three research questions. The first concerned the uniformity of investment aid provision during the years 2002-2018. The second focused on verifying the proportionality of the covered costs to the newly created jobs. Finally, the authors test the primary mission of investment aid, reducing regional disparities (based on the allocation of investment aid to regions of the Slovak Republic). There were identified evident differences in the total amount of provided investment aid in particular years. The analysis confirms that the costs for one newly created job in particular Slovak regions were quite different. There were regions where the subsidies for one new job were three times higher than in others. During the analysed period, the majority (56%) of investments were realised in regions with a lower rate of unemployment compared to the average price in Slovakia. The aid in these regions was achieved, with 75 % of the total amount of investment aid. The results of the analysis confirm that investment aid in Slovakia is still not focused on the support of less developed regions. Keywords: investment aid, Slovak Republic, state support, regions, unemployment rate.
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Bungenberg, Marc. "Small tensions: EU state aid and international investment law." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 21, no. 4 (2018): 499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2018-4-499.
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van Hees, S. "Investment State Aid for Ocean Energy Projects in the EU:." European State Aid Law Quarterly 17, no. 2 (2018): 222–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2018/2/7.
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Nicolaides, P. "Incentive Effect: Is State Aid Necessary when Investment Is Unnecessary?" European State Aid Law Quarterly 7, no. 2 (2008): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2008/2/121.
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López-Rodríguez, Ana Mercedes. "The Sun Behind the Clouds? Enforcement of Renewable Energy Awards in the EU." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 02 (June 7, 2019): 279–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204710251900013x.
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AbstractA number of European Union (EU) countries have undertaken thorough reforms in the renewable energy sector over the past years. The regulatory changes have triggered a wave of claims from low-carbon investors asserting that the reforms have diminished or exhausted the economic viability of their investments. Unlike local investors, who typically take legal action before domestic courts, foreign investors have filed arbitration claims in accordance with the Energy Charter Treaty, notably against Spain, Italy, Bulgaria, and the Czech Republic, resulting in several awards of damages. However, recent developments in EU state aid law seem to restrict the ability of investors to obtain compensation. This article argues that such developments may undermine renewable energy policy, because arbitration enhances the regulatory stability and predictability which low-carbon investments require only if arbitral awards can be enforced effectively. The article examines the different scenarios that may arise out of the interplay between EU law and investment arbitration in the EU and concludes that the European Commission's arguable redrawing of the boundaries of state aid rules to encompass investment arbitration, combined with the EU's general quest to replace investment arbitration with alternative mechanisms of adjudication, may jeopardize climate change mitigation policies.
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Thomas, Kenneth P. "EU Control of State Aid to Mobile Investment in Comparative Perspective." Journal of European Integration 34, no. 6 (September 2012): 567–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2012.707361.
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Nicolaides, Phedon. "State Aid Implications of Public Investment in Land Development & Social Housing." Journal of European Competition Law & Practice 10, no. 10 (November 30, 2019): 609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeclap/lpz056.
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de Germiny, Lorraine, Nhu-Hoang Tran Thang, and Duong Ba Trinh. "The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement Investor-State Dispute Settlement Mechanism in Perspective." European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 4, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 124–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_00401006.
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The EU-Vietnam Investment Protection Agreement (EVIPA) represented the culmination of three years of negotiations between the EU and Vietnam. Although it remainsto be ratified, it promises to have an impact on the international investment treaty landscape. The treaty contains innovations ranging from its definition of the substantive protections afforded to foreign investors to its definition of ‘investments’ and ‘investors’ that may qualify for those protections, as well as the procedural modalities for the treatment of possible disputes. Its most distinctive trait, however, is its establishment of a semi-permanent adjudicatory body akin to an investment court in replacement of the arbitration model envisaged by the vast majority of investment treaties over the past several decades. Rather than attempt to reform, the evipa drafters have done tabula rasa and opted for revolution instead. The EVIPA’S envisaged method to select, appoint, and remunerate the members of that body – both at the first instance level and at the appellate level – represents an abrupt and profound abandonment of the traditional arbitration model so frequently and presently used in international disputes around the world. The evipa may thus present an opportunity to test an alternative dispute resolution system and thus to aid in determining the most effective and appropriate method to resolve the international investor-State disputes of the future.
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Tsiabus, Alesia, and Guillaume Croisant. "Investment Arbitration and EU (Competition) Law – Lessons Learned from the Micula Saga." European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 5, no. 1 (December 11, 2020): 330–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_014.
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On 19 February 2020, in the latest episode to date of the long-running Micula saga, the United Kingdom (UK) Supreme Court gave its green light to the enforcement in the (UK) of the award obtained by the Micula brothers against Romania (Award) under the 2002 Sweden-Romania bilateral investment treaty (BIT), despite the fact that the question of whether this Award constitutes state aid prohibited under EU law was pending before the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The Supreme Court ruled that the UK enforcement obligations under the ICSID Convention could not be affected by the EU duty of sincere cooperation, as the UK’s ratification of the ICSID Convention preceded its accession to the EU. The UK Supreme Court judgment, and the prior main episodes of the Micula saga in the framework of the ICSID, EU state aid and enforcement proceedings, offer a great opportunity to explore the increasingly tumultuous relationship between investment arbitration and EU (competition) law, in particular the compatibility of intra- EU investment arbitrations under the ICSID Convention with EU law and the coexistence of selective protections under international investment law with EU state aid law.
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Otter, J. P., and B. Balasingham. "Regional State Aid: Market Definition in Large Investment Projects of the Automotive Industry." European State Aid Law Quarterly 12, no. 3 (2013): 516–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2013/3/368.
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Friederiszick, H., and N. Tosini. "Implications of the State Aid Modernisation for the Assessment of Large Investment Projects." European State Aid Law Quarterly 12, no. 1 (2013): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/estal/2013/1/332.
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Kociubiński, Jakub. "Construction of Central Communication Airport from the perspective of subsidy law." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2018, no. 5 (May 1, 2018): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_18_05_08.
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Central Communication Airport is a project that raises discussions – political, economic and legal. Without going into assessment whether this project has its merits and staying within the field of legal analysis the issue of State aid is of primary importance. This paper presents mentioned investment project from the State aid law perspective. Following problems are analyzed: When a public intervention could be regarded as State aid; when financing of the project could be extended; what are compatibility criteria for State aid and what are legal risk factors associated with subsidization.
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Kollmann, Robert, Werner Roeger, and Jan in't Veld. "Fiscal Policy in a Financial Crisis: Standard Policy versus Bank Rescue Measures." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (May 1, 2012): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.77.
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A key dimension of fiscal policy during the financial crisis was massive government support for the banking system. The macroeconomic effects of that support have, so far, received little attention in the literature. This paper fills this gap, using a quantitative dynamic model with a banking sector. Our results suggest that state aid for banks may have a strong positive effect on real activity. Bank state aid multipliers are in the same range as conventional fiscal spending multipliers. Support for banks has a positive effect on investment, while a rise in government purchases crowds out investment.
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LAMBERT, KERI. "‘IT'S ALL WORK AND HAPPINESS ON THE FARMS’: AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE BLOCS IN NKRUMAH'S GHANA." Journal of African History 60, no. 01 (March 2019): 25–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853719000331.
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AbstractThis study assesses the agricultural sector under the government of Kwame Nkrumah as a dynamic Cold War front. After Ghana's independence in 1957, Nkrumah asserted that the new nation would guard its sovereignty from foreign influence, while recognizing that it needed foreign cooperation and investment. His government embarked upon a development program with an emphasis on diversifying Ghana's agriculture to decrease her dependence on cocoa. Meanwhile, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought to establish footholds in Ghana through agricultural aid, trade, and investments. In the first years of independence, the Ghanaian state encouraged smallholder farming and American investment. Later, in a sudden change of policy, the government established large-scale state farms along the socialist model. This article brings to light the ways that Ghanaians in rural areas engaged with and interpreted the increasingly interventionist agriculture projects and policies of Nkrumah's government.
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Pach, Janina, and Mieczysława Solińska. "Problem pomocy dla małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w Polsce po akcesji do Unii Europejskiej." Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 6 (January 1, 2010): 310–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.6.23.
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Small and medium enterprises (SME) play an important role both in Poland and other countries of the European Union. Their contribution both as a percentage of the total number of enterprises, in general employment and in the production of particular products and gross domestic product confirms their importance for economy.The role of SME in Poland would be greater if the indicator of their activity (which is now below 50%) was higher, and the sustainability of SME’s was improved. Moreover, the crucial condition for enlargement of SME’s importance is the improvement of their investment capacity and increasing expenditure on research and development in this sector. About 50% of entrepreneurs fail to make any investments and do not conduct any research that determine national and international competitiveness. There are many reason for this situation, especially financial limitations, which can be supplemented by state aid. However, there are some restrictions on supporting SME’s by government as a result of the Common European Competition Policy. One of its basic rules is prohibition of state aid that deforms and limits competition, which is a base of economic development. In this situation state aid is allowed only on condition that its implementation does not restrict competition. The size and type, conditions and circumstances of state aid and its duration are precisely stipulated by the regulations.
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Gellers, Joshua C., and Chris Jeffords. "Environmental Determinants of Chinese Development Finance in Africa." Journal of Environment & Development 28, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 111–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496518825282.
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To what extent are decisions regarding Chinese investment in Africa motivated by environmental factors? A considerable body of work has examined the determinants of foreign aid among traditional donors, producing useful debates about the relative significance of recipient need or merit and donor interest. But far less scholarly effort has focused on the motivations of emerging donors and the role of environmental factors in influencing aid allocation. In an attempt to fill these gaps, this article uses statistical techniques to test the hypothesis that China deliberately invests in African countries with poor environmental performance for reasons related to recipient need or donor interest. Drawing upon project-level data regarding investments made by China in Africa from 2002 to 2012, the analysis suggests that Chinese development assistance grows commensurate with a country’s environmental performance, but only to a point. After a state achieves a certain level of environmental quality, Chinese investments decline.
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Struckmann, Kai, and William De Catelle. "State aid and international investment arbitration: the Micula case – taking stock in an ongoing saga." ERA Forum 22, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12027-021-00655-9.
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Schank, Joshua, and Paul Lewis. "Federal Role in State Transportation Finance." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2345, no. 1 (January 2013): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2345-02.
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The federal contribution to surface transportation funding has stagnated, and this situation is likely to continue or worsen as a result of continuing fiscal and political problems. The federal government remains the biggest single contributor to transportation capital investment on federal-aid projects, and stagnation or cuts will have a substantial impact on cities, states, and the entire country. Because of their own challenges with respect to raising revenue for transportation, federal grantees may not be able to replace lost federal funds. Therefore, new ways for the federal government to incentivize existing grantees to develop new sources of revenue must be considered. This issue was approached by first analyzing the existing programs the federal government had in place that were intended to leverage or permit additional revenue sources. These programs included the Transportation Investment Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), private activity bonds, grant anticipation revenue vehicles, tolling pilot programs, and discretionary grant programs. The analysis demonstrated that some of these programs, particularly TIFIA and the discretionary grant programs, leveraged substantial revenues, but they were all limited in their ability to leverage additional funding by a lack of incentives as well as regulatory barriers. Then implementation of these incentives and what types of revenue should be incentivized were explored. Options were examined from a political, national, and revenue-generating perspective to understand their relative trade-offs better.
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Huttin, Christine. "The effects of state aid on employment and investment in the french textile and clothing industry." International Journal of Industrial Organization 7, no. 4 (December 1989): 489–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-7187(89)90013-1.
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Sarsour, Wajeeh Mustafa, and Shamsul Rijal Muhammad Sabri. "Forecasting the Long-Run Behavior of the Stock Price of Some Selected Companies in the Malaysian Construction Sector: A Markov Chain Approach." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 296–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2020.5.2.024.
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The fluctuations in stock prices produce a high risk that makes investors uncertain about their investment decisions. The present paper provides a methodology to forecast the long-term behavior of five randomly selected equities operating in the Malaysian construction sector. The method used in this study involves Markov chains as a stochastic analysis, assuming that the price changes have the proparty of Markov dependency with their transition probabilities. We identified a three-state Markov model (i.e., increase, stable, fall) and a two-state Markov model (i.e., increase and fall). The findings suggested that the chains had limiting distributions. The mean return time was computed for respective equities as well as to determine the average duration to return to a stock price increase. The analysis might aid investors in improving their investment knowledge, and they will be able to make better decisions when an equity portfolio possesses higher transition probabilities, higher limiting distribution, and lowest mean return time in response to a price increase. Finally, our investigations suggest that investors are more likely to invest in the GKent based on the three-state model, while VIZIONE seems to be a better investment choice based on a two-state model.
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Hussaini, A. S., Y. U. Oladimeji, S. A. Sanni, and S. Abdulrahman. "Determinants of Rice Farmers’ Investment in Value Addition and Its Effect on Poverty Status in Kebbi State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 28, no. 1 (April 23, 2021): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njbas.v28i1.10.
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The study examined investment of rice value addition activities among farmers in Kebbi State, Nigeria. Data used for the study were collected with the aid of structured questionnaire administered to 123 randomly selected farmers in three local government areas of the state. Data was analyzed using Foster Greek Thoerboeck (FGT) poverty index and logit regression technique. The results showed that poverty status among the rice farmers was high, as 58.3% were poor and 42.7% were non poor. The result of the analysis showed that the marginal effects of income from parboiling, winnowing, drying, destoning, and bagging value addition were negative and statistically significant related to farmer’s poverty status at 1% level. It was concluded that rice farmers’ investment in value addition should be promoted among the farmers in Kebbi State. High cost of labour (81.0%), poor marketing information (75.6%) and inadequate credit (73.1%) were the three most critical constraints limiting the farmers in engaging in value addition activities. It wasrecommended that farmers cooperatives should form collaboration with extension agent to make farmers aware of the benefits of investment in value addition activities and those farmers already investing in value addition should make use of the modern method of processing instead of the traditional practices which help to increase their income.
Keywords: Investment, Value addition, Processing, Poverty status and Rice farmers
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Ishikawa, Tomoko. "Extraterritorial Discovery in Aid of Execution and State Immunity: Case Comment on Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., 573 U.S. ___ (2014)." Accounting, Economics and Law - A Convivium 5, no. 2 (July 1, 2015): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ael-2014-0016.
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AbstractOn 16 June 2014, the Supreme Court of the United States rejected the petition for a writ of certiorari stemming from the dispute over the meaning of the pari passu clause in the Argentine sovereign bonds. This decision had a dramatic impact on Argentina’s sovereign debt restructurings (SDR) – indeed, it arguably led to Argentina’s second default in 13 years on 30 July 2014. On the same day that the petition for certiorari was rejected, the Supreme Court rendered a judgment on the issue of the relationship between discovery in aid of execution against the debtor state’s extraterritorial assets and the law of state immunity. In Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd., judgment of 16 June 2014, the Supreme Court affirmed the Second Circuit’s conclusion that the extraterritorial assets discovery against two non-party banks in aid of executing the judgments stemming from Argentina’s default of its external debt did not offend Argentina’s sovereign immunity. This comment addresses this judgment on extraterritorial discovery which, although less headline grabbing than the decisions on the pari passu clause, also marks a victory for holdout creditors. It first provides a summary of the background of the case and the judgment, and then considers its implications on the future SDR. Regarding the implications of the case on the future SDR, this comment also describes the developments of law concerning the relationship between the law on foreign investment and SDR (in investment arbitration) and the relationship between investment arbitration awards and sovereign immunity (in US courts). First, it examines the recent decisions in ICSID arbitration concerning the disputes arising from the Argentina’s default and subsequent SDR (Abaclat v. Argentina (decision on jurisdiction and admissibility of 4 August 2011) and Ambiente v. Argentina (decision on jurisdiction and admissibility of 8 February 2013)). In essence, these decisions opened the door to investment treaty arbitration for holdout creditors of international sovereign bonds, for the first time in the history of investment arbitration. It then describes the Second Circuit’s recent decision in Blue Ridge v. Argentina (judgment of 19 August 2013) in which the court concluded that the defendant state in an ICSID arbitration was considered to have waived its jurisdictional immunity under the Foreign State Immunity Act of 1976 (FSIA). It argues that the combination of: (a) Argentina v. NML, (b) Blue Ridge v. Argentina, and (c) the openness of ICSID arbitration to disputes arising from SDR will have potentially serious consequences for future SDR.
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McLendon, Michael K., David A. Tandberg, and Nicholas W. Hillman. "Financing College Opportunity." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 655, no. 1 (August 10, 2014): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716214540849.
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Some states invest relatively heavily in financial aid programs that benefit lower-income citizens, while other states concentrate their investment in programs that benefit students from higher-income backgrounds. States also vary in their levels of direct appropriations to campuses, a form of public subsidy that has long been viewed as benefitting middle-income citizens. What factors influence states to allocate higher education subsidies in a more or a less redistributive manner? This article reports on a study that examined sources of variation in state spending on need-based aid, merit-based aid, and appropriations over the period 1990–2010. Findings document relationships among spending patterns and structural and political conditions of states, indicating a “trade-off” between spending on merit- and need-based aid; as states invest more in the former, they reduce spending on the latter. We also show that the presence of a Republican governor and the strength of Republican representation in statehouses each is associated with increased state spending on need-based financial aid. Our results further show that increased wealth is positively associated with state spending on merit-based financial aid programs and state appropriations for higher education, but not need-based financial aid. We also find distinctive patterns of state support for higher education depending on the degree of centralization of a state’s governance arrangement for higher education; namely, the presence of a highly centralized structure is associated with decreased spending on merit-based aid programs and increased state appropriations to colleges and universities.
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Lovas, Dóra. "Relevance of the Court Decision on the Hinkley Point Nuclear Power Plant in Relation to Paks II." Studia Iuridica Lublinensia 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/sil.2021.30.2.305-317.
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<p>The aim of the article is to present the ruling of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in the case of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. This investment can also be related to the Paks II nuclear power plant investment, therefore the two investments are compared too. Both projects were examined by the European Commission, which take an important part when the national aid was awarded to Hinkley Point C and Paks II projects, and the decision of the CJEU also had influence on it. The author considers the European Commission’s aid conception positive, because the less developed countries are not forced to use only the renewables, but the environmental and security aspects of nuclear energy are also allowed (e.g. Hinkley Point C and Paks II nuclear power plants). The subsidy was allowed in both cases, but the reasons are different. In these cases, the limits of the EU energy politics can be seen, i.e. the right to select the package and the priority of the energy security and sustainable development. To mention an example for the difference, in Great Britain the energy sector was divided among the participants on the market but in Hungary the nuclear energy remained under state control. In the first option the state wanted to prove that it grants offset for the help to the general market services and in the second option the market investor principle was highlighted in order to show no other market participant act in other way. These points were not accepted, the state aid was provided both cases with permissible reasons because the projects condescend the goals of environmental policy and energy security. The decisions show that as a result of the efforts to protect the environment the dependency on energy increased and it cannot be solved only be encouraging the usage of the renewables. The permissive attitude of the European Commission can be found here and it is influenced by the increased state regulative roles. According to the author, it also appears in the environmentally friendly decisions which refers to the Paris Agreement’s fulfilment and the involvement of environmental requirements into politics. Moreover, the European Union tries to maintain its leader role in economics, which can be reached by the decrease of energy dependency and the exclusive usage of renewable energies is not the appropriate solution. The CJEU judgement is relevant in several respects. The article focuses primarily on the issue of environmental protection, state aid and the relation between the Euratom Treaty and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.</p>
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Zsótér, Brigitta, and Ágnes Milojev. "Economical assessment of an investment related to the establishment of a new farrowing place and pig-rearing building." Review on Agriculture and Rural Development 7, no. 1-2 (November 1, 2019): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/rard.2018.1-2.115-120.
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In our research work we aimed at carrying out an economical assessment of an investment and development of substantial volume. The examined project was completed at a pig-farm during which a new farrowing place and pig rearing building were built, as well as the renovation of the existing pig-farm. All of them were financed partly from the firm’s own source, partly from a non-repayable aid granted by the state, and finally from a credit granted by a commercial bank. The term of the credit is 10 years and the return of the investment expected by the investors is 8%, so we carried out our calculations according to these data. We examined the three possible ways of financing the investment from the economical point of view, as a result we proposed three hypotheses. Our hypotheses are: Hypothesis 1 (Case „A”): The investment will be financially recovered within the examined period of 10 years if it is financed from the firm’s own source, the state grant and the bank credit. Hypothesis 2 (Case „B”): The investment can be economically completed within the given period of time if the project meets the costs from the firm’s own source and the credit. Hypothesis 3 (Case „C”): The investment will be economically accomplished within the examined 10 years provided the firm finances the project from their own source and the state grant. In our calculations we used the net present value (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR), the payback time (PB), the discounted payback time (DPB) and the profitability index (PI) as economy indicators. We carried out our calculations regarding 10 years to be able to compare the results since the term of the granted credit is 10 years, too.
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Ojo, O. A., and W. Buba. "An assessment of goat production practices in jigawa-state." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 1 (December 19, 2020): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i1.196.
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This study evaluated the socio-economic characteristics of goat farmers, their production practices and constraints to production in Jigawa State. Respondents for the study were selected using a two-stage sampling technique. Primary data were collected with the aid of well-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that the majority (73.7%) of the producers are males and most (32.4%) were within the age bracket of 26-35 years, many (39.1%) of them had household sizes of (1-5) and majority of the respondents (53.1%) had informal education. Also, the results revealed that the major constraint to goat production in the study location was lack of initial capital (43.0%), followed by disease and parasites (30.7%), then theft and predators (12.8%). This study recommends that goat farmers should come together and form cooperatives; thereby they could have access to soft loans hence improving production, in terms of medication and capital for investment and expansion.
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Kapstein, Ethan B. "Private Enterprise, International Development, and the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 22, no. 4 (December 2020): 113–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00967.
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This article sheds light on the role of foreign direct investment as an instrument for economic development and, in turn, for the advancement of U.S. foreign policy goals during the Cold War. From the earliest days of the Cold War, and especially after the U.S.-Soviet competition for influence in the developing world began in the 1950s, the United States sought to promote private enterprise on behalf of U.S. goals. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, U.S. officials believed that foreign investment would suffice to fuel international development, obviating the need for official development assistance. These hopes, however, were largely disappointed. On the one hand, U.S.-based multinational companies preferred to invest in the industrial world; on the other hand, some Third World governments were uninterested in promoting private enterprise rather than state-led development. In part because foreign investment did not meet expectations, the U.S. government ended up elaborating an official foreign aid program instead.
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عزالدين طه, م. زياد ع., and أ. د. عماد محمد علي. "دراسة وتحليل واقع هشاشة النظام المالي في العراق للمدة (2003-2018)." Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences 2021, no. 69 (June 27, 2021): 164–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ijes2021.69.8.
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The analysis of the reality of the financial fragility of the financial system especially the banking system side of it is recent and it has become an increasingly important goal in the context of macroeconomic policy-making especially its financial and monetary parts and among the reasons that have made attention towards the issue of the fragility of the financial system and that it has priority within The concerns of financial monetary and economic policymakers around the world are the need for sudden financing operations especially investment which necessitated the study and analysis of the impact of the state of the fragility of the financial system in Iraq on the state potential or ability of the country's financial and banking system to face the necessary financing operations especially domestic investment The fragility of the financial system expresses a state of deterioration and instability of the financial system whether the banking side of it (the financial and banking institutions) or the financial market side in a manner in which it does not perform its functions efficiently especially the allocation of resources directing them or making them ready for any sudden financing that could aid the economic situation in the country
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Vincent, Susan. "Getting by or getting ahead." Focaal 2020, no. 87 (June 1, 2020): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fcl.2020.012805.
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AbstractPeru's economy is booming because of natural resource extraction, without providing formal employment. Instead, increased state revenues fund social spending. This case study shows how cash transfers are integrated into intergenerational reciprocities that are essential to social reproduction in ways that promote financialization: their inadequacy may necessitate loans which the regular disbursements can repay. Recipients hoping to get by tend to have few kin obligations and use state aid to sustain themselves, while those hoping to get ahead use them to leverage investment in productive enterprises for themselves or their families. For people from Allpachico, for whom male migrant work in the regional mining sector was the economic mainstay three decades ago, this constitutes a new relationship to the state, mining, and the economy.
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Lin, Teh-chang. "State versus market: Taiwan’s trade, investment and aid policies in mainland China and southeast Asia in the post-Deng period." Journal of Chinese Political Science 5, no. 2 (September 1999): 83–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02876893.
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Chernenko, Natalya, Olena Korohodova, Tetiana Moiseienko, and Yaroslava Hlushchenko. "Influence of industry 4.0 on the investment activities of transnational corporations." Scientific Horizons 23, no. 10 (October 28, 2020): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.23(10).2020.68-77.
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The study considers the issue of investment activity of transnational corporations – the largest representatives of world business, which acquire new features that are developed under the influence of the fourth industrial revolution. The study highlighted the increasing role of corporations in the international investment market. The authors mention the features of rhetoric that accompanies the penetration of TNCs into the economic systems of the world and reflects the impact on economic, political, and social components, highlighting the rules of foreign direct investment state regulation, founding the most liberal approaches to attracting FDI. Tracking the changes taking place under the influence of Industry 4.0 allowed to develop a list of features that are inherent in the investment activities of TNCs. Among the inherent features, the reshoring process, which has been used by United States corporations for a long time, is gaining popularity. The study reflects the course of export-import operations with foreign direct investment in the world, which is developed by analysing the data on the flow of FDI imports and exports. It is established that Industry 4.0 is described by such risks, which are developed due to the growth of instability and a high level of uncertainty of the result. Attempts to integrate achievements of the fourth industrial revolution into economic and business practices, which are rapidly taking place in the modern world, are directly related to Ukraine, which is in great need of international financial and technological aid. It is emphasised that TNCs can provide the country with the said resources as the leading investors for Ukraine, despite the fact that in Ukraine the amount of foreign investment from TNCs is currently insignificant and mainly aimed at meeting the needs of the domestic market, own consumption and not in export-oriented industries. The study also analyses the factors of direct influence on the decision of corporate management to conduct business in Ukraine. Furthermore, the study emphasised the necessity of developing and implementing effective state regulatory mechanisms that can balance the interests of leading corporations and national enterprises
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Valadez, Joseph James, Sima Berendes, Jackline Odhiambo, William Vargas, Baburam Devkota, Richard Lako, and Caroline Jeffery. "Is development aid to strengthen health systems during protracted conflict a useful investment? The case of South Sudan, 2011–2015." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 4 (April 2020): e002093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002093.
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IntroductionIs achievement of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 (building peaceful societies) a precondition for achieving SDG 3 (health and well-being in all societies, including conflict-affected countries)? Do health system investments in conflict-affected countries waste resources or benefit the public’s health? To answer these questions, we examine the maternal, newborn, child and reproductive health (MNCRH) service provision during protracted conflicts and economic shocks in the Republic of South Sudan between 2011 (at independence) and 2015.MethodsWe conducted two national cross-sectional probability surveys in 10 states (2011) and nine states (2015). Trained state-level health workers collected data from households randomly selected using probability proportional to size sampling of villages in each county. County data were weighted by their population sizes to measure state and national MNCRH services coverage. A two-sample, two-sided Z-test of proportions tested for changes in national health service coverage between 2011 (n=11 800) and 2015 (n=10 792).ResultsTwenty-two of 27 national indicator estimates (81.5%) of MNCRH service coverage improved significantly. Examples: malaria prophylaxis in pregnancy increased by 8.6% (p<0.001) to 33.1% (397/1199 mothers, 95% CI ±2.9%), institutional deliveries by 10.5% (p<0.001) to 20% (230/1199 mothers, ±2.6%) and measles vaccination coverage in children aged 12–23 months by 11.2% (p<0.001) to 49.7% (529/1064 children, ±2.3%). The largest increase (17.7%, p<0.001) occurred for mothers treating diarrhoea in children aged 0–59 months with oral rehydration salts to 51.4% (635/1235 children, ±2.9%). Antenatal and postnatal care, and contraceptive prevalence did not change significantly. Child vitamin A supplementation decreased. Despite significant increases, coverage remained low (median of all indicators = 31.3%, SD = 19.7) . Coverage varied considerably by state (mean SD for all indicators and states=11.1%).ConclusionHealth system strengthening is not a uniform process and not necessarily deterred by conflict. Despite the conflict, health system investments were not wasted; health service coverage increased.
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Ogle, Vanessa. "State Rights against Private Capital: The “New International Economic Order” and the Struggle over Aid, Trade, and Foreign Investment, 1962–1981." Humanity: An International Journal of Human Rights, Humanitarianism, and Development 5, no. 2 (2014): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hum.2014.0018.
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SONG, Yan, Shuang YAO, Donghua YU, and Yan SHEN. "RISKY MULTI-CRITERIA GROUP DECISION MAKING ON GREEN CAPACITY INVESTMENT PROJECTS BASED ON SUPPLY CHAIN." Journal of Business Economics and Management 18, no. 3 (June 16, 2017): 355–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16111699.2017.1331461.
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Green capacity investment projects have rapidly emerged involving suppliers, customers, and manufacturing organizations in supply chain systems with environmental challenges. This paper focuses on and identifies both primary strategic and operational elements that will aid managers in evaluating and making risky multi-criteria decisions on green capacity investment projects. We propose a cloud prospect value consensus process consisting of feedback and adjustment mechanisms that provide modification instructions to the corresponding decision makers for a decision matrix based on the cloud model and prospect theory, which considers psychological behavior, disagreements between decision makers, and the ambiguity of linguistic variable assessment across multi-criteria risks. The new model increases the efficiency and accuracy of decision making. To verify the feasibility and validity of the Cloud Prospect Value Consensus Degree based on the Feedback adjustment mechanism, its performance is compared with three state-of-the-art multi-criteria group decision-making methods.
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Wright, Joseph. "To Invest or Insure?" Comparative Political Studies 41, no. 7 (February 13, 2008): 971–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414007308538.
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In this article, the author argues that the time horizon a dictator faces affects his incentives over the use of aid in three ways. First, dictators have a greater incentive to invest in public goods when they have a long time horizon. Second, dictators with short time horizons often face the threat of challengers to the regime; this leads them to forgo investment and instead consume state resources in two forms that harm growth: repression and private pay-offs to political opponents. Third, dictators with short time horizons have a strong incentive to secure personal wealth as a form of insurance in case the regime falls. Using panel data on dictatorships in 71 developing countries from 1961 to 2001, the author finds that time horizons have a positive impact on aid effectiveness: Foreign aid is associated with positive growth when dictators face long time horizons and negative growth when time horizons are short.
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Griffin, J. William, R. Daniel Seale, Frank C. Owens, and Laura A. Grace. "Construction of an economic model for prospective forest products manufacturing facilities." BioResources 15, no. 2 (April 7, 2020): 3874–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3874-3887.
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In recent years, the capital investment amounts flowing into the forest products industry in the southeastern United States have been unequal from state to state. Reasons for this have been informally hypothesized, but the topic has not been researched in depth. An economic model was tested that will aid relevant stakeholders in addressing this problem. The model utilizes a combination of county-level and state-level data related to lumber manufacturing and a linear programming solver to produce estimates of variable costs for a mill built in any Southeastern county. The variable costs considered by the program include raw materials, labor, electricity, and transportation costs (which are paid by the customer). Future versions of the model will consider non-financial metrics such as timber supply, socioeconomic statistics, and competition for timber-consuming facilities. This model could be exceptionally useful to those involved in industry recruitment efforts, as it provides them with an objective method for evaluating counties in both their state and competing states.
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Vanthemsche, Guy. "De economische actie van de Belgische Staat tijdens de crisis van de jaren 1930." Res Publica 29, no. 2 (June 30, 1987): 127–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v29i2.18947.
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Organized big business and the government basically upheld the same opinions concerning this action: Belgium being a small open, exporting economy, it could only survive by maintaining stable monetary parities (radically excluding any devaluation of the Belgian franc, till 1935), by defending free trade (even if the Belgian authorities themselves were obliged to take some, albeit moderate, protectionist steps), by pursuing internal deflation and balanced budgets.Nevertheless, these traditional methods were only one aspect of the state's economie activity Juring this period. Due to the severity of the crisis, major parts of the economic structure were on the verge of collapse.Consequently, the state was dragged in a whole new series of interventions : financial aid systems, credit enlargements, stimulation of cartellization, enactment of new legal regulations, organisation of suppletive economie functions, etc. All these measures can be characterized as an « external » framework, intended to secure a safe working of the capitalist system. A second stage in state interventionism, directly influencing the internal mechanisms and modalities of investment, production and consumption, was not reached in Belgium before World War II.
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Buchta, S., and T. Buchta. "Impact of the investment grants from the European funds on the development of agriculture and rural areas." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 55, No. 2 (February 18, 2009): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/584-agricecon.
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The article describes the impact of the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006 on the rural development in 2004–2007. In addition to the implementation analysis of these programming documents, the article also describes territorial distribution of direct subsidies and state aid over the monitored period of 2004–2007. A summarized overview is given for the drawdown of all types of subsidies and their proportionate amounts. The evaluation of all subsidies has shown that most of them were paid to the Northern and Eastern parts of Slovakia, due to the agroenvironmental and direct payments (mostly LFA). The article also describes, in quantitative terms, the social and economic impact of investment subsidies from the Sectoral Operational Programme Agriculture and Rural Development and the Rural Development Plan 2004–2006, based on the monitoring indicators of result and impact. The comparison of the socio-economic development of the beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of investment subsidies from the SOP and RDP has shown a faster growth in income of the beneficiaries, as well as a faster growth of labour productivity. Also, the subsidies significantly helped to reduce the decrease in employment and/or helped to maintain the employment in agriculture.
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Recio, Gabriela. "Lawyers' Contribution to Business Development in Early Twentieth-Century Mexico." Enterprise & Society 5, no. 2 (June 2004): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1467222700013501.
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The Mexican Revolution (1910) brought important changes to the social, political and economic spheres of Mexico. New legislation was passed to protect workers and redistribute land. The state acquired rights to petroleum, water, and subsoil minerals. For entrepreneurs this was an abrupt change from the previous regime. They had to adapt to the new policies and administrative state structure. Business lawyers aided companies in a country where the government had circumscribed the private sector's participation in the economy. Lawyers offered their clients important services, such as lobbying and aid in corporate restructuring. This article explores how in the midst of these new revolutionary regimes an important investment group used the services of business lawyer Manuel Gómez Morin to create Mexico's first holding company and to issue the first mortgage bonds in the country.
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Mawdsley, Emma. "‘From billions to trillions’." Dialogues in Human Geography 8, no. 2 (July 2018): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820618780789.
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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) require and are helping normalize a radical shift in development finance. The previous focus on raising donor contributions in the form of Official Development Assistance (ODA, or ‘foreign aid’) is being surpassed by the call for private finance to fund the SDGs. A growing role for ODA in this vision of moving from ‘billions to trillions’ is to leverage investment from business, venture capital, sovereign wealth funds and other non-state sources. In this commentary, I argue that any analysis of the SDGs must be attentive to the possibilities and risks of the emerging development finance regime that they are helping legitimate.
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Escobar-Anel, Marcos, and Zhenxian Gong. "Mean-Reverting 4/2 Principal Components Model. Financial Applications." Risks 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/risks9080141.
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In this paper, we propose a new multivariate mean-reverting model incorporating state-of-the art 4/2 stochastic volatility and a convenient principal component stochastic volatility (PCSV) decomposition for the stochastic covariance. We find a quasi closed-form characteristic function and propose analytic approximations, which aid in the pricing of derivatives and calculation of risk measures. Parameters are estimated on three bivariate series, using a two-stage methodology involving method of moments and least squares. Moreover, a scaling factor is added for extra degrees of freedom to match data features. As an application, we consider investment strategies for a portfolio with two risky assets and a risk-free cash account. We calculate value-at-risk (VaR) values at a 95% risk level using both simulation-based and distribution-based methods. A comparison of these VaR values supports the effectiveness of our approximations and the potential for higher dimensions.
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Braunfisch, Hans Albert. "Daesh: Riches and Self-Alienation in a Fledging Pseudo-State." Journal of Arts and Humanities 6, no. 4 (April 6, 2017): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v6i4.1111.
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<p>Daesh, or Islamic State, holds captive the fears of populations the world over. However, with the advent of this new type of terror organization functioning as a pseudo-state, the approach to eliminating it must also be adapted, but in order to eliminate such a threat, it must first be understood. As of now, the understanding of Daesh widely varies depending upon the source. They are likened to other terror organizations, insurrections, unrecognized states, and caliphates of antiquity. To make the concept and understanding of Daesh more comprehensible to members of the private sector, the author utilizes a framework common for consultancies and management teams, the S.W.O.T. Analysis, to depict the organization’s assets, shortcomings, potentials for growth, and hazards. Following this analysis, the author paints Daesh as a product of its environment. With instability in the Middle East, a large population of disgruntled, young men, and globalization via social media, Daesh has become not only a pseudo-state to destroy, but an ideology that permeates inexistent cyber borders. As a result, implications for policy revision and reflection are vital for preventative measures. The author suggests leaders’ future approaches involve less armed intervention to preserve governments and greater investment in aid. These two methods create a stable environment in which the populace can focus on economic and personal development, as opposed to ideological conflict.</p>
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Onyekuru, N. A., I. C. Ukwuaba, and E. O. Aka. "Economics of piggery enterprise in Nigeria: A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria." Agro-Science 19, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v19i2.2.
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The study examined the economics of pig enterprise in Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Despite the economic leverage and nutritional advantages of pig, its production still remains the least when compared to other livestock sub-sector. The study specifically described the socioeconomics characteristics of pig farmers, examined the factors influencing revenue from pig production, estimated the costs and returns in pig production and examined the problems faced by pig farmers in the area. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used in the selection of 60 farmers for the study. Primary data were collected from the selected farmers with the aid of structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. Results showed that majority of the respondents (85%) were male, married (81.7%), literate (100%) with mean age and household size of 48 years and five persons, respectively. Majority (88.3%) of the respondents sourced their capital from personal savings and 95% of them had crossed breeds of pigs. The determinants of net income from pig production were education (−0.271), cost of feed (0.687) and cost of labour (0.329). The profitability and the viability of piggery enterprise in the study area were shown by the gross margin, net farm income and the return on investment of ₦824,395.30 ($2,269.56), N747,797.42 ($2,058.69) and 0.84 (84%), respectively. Huge capital required for the investment, inadequate extension education, high cost of feed, diseases and parasite infestation, poor farm management, high cost of veterinary services, insufficient credit facilities and subsidies, and infant mortality and cannibalism were the major constraints faced by the farmers in the piggery enterprise. The study recommends that the government and other relevant agencies should provide subsidies and make credit facilities available and accessible to pig farmers in the study area.
Key words: pig production, enterprise, gross margin, profitability, Nigeria
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Latunde, Tolulope, and Olabode Matthias Bamigbola. "Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis of an Optimal Control Model for Capital Asset Management." Advances in Fuzzy Systems 2018 (August 12, 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4756520.
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Optimal control is a very significant field of modern control theory which has been applied in many areas like medicine, science, and finance. This work is based on realization of asset values as a benefit of asset management where a capital asset management problem is modelled and expressed mathematically from the perspective of an investor whose income is generated by return and capital gains on investments with price and return on assets assumed to satisfy uncertainty process. This results in an optimal control model based on uncertainty theory which relates two or more parameters that measures the condition or state of individual’s investments. These parameters enable us to know the condition of risk involved in asset management and how to maintain and manage the assets in order to maximize expected present value of the utility of asset and minimize the risk involved to aid capital investment decision-making. Parameter sensitivity analysis is an approach given to a model so as to define significance of the factors related to the model where the whole parameter space is fully described. However, the model is applied to a real-life problem of capital asset management to deal with debt crisis of a nation’s economy and the sensitivity analysis to determine the effects of the input factors on the model is investigated such that relative significance and sensitivity of each parameter on the model results are presented using parameter estimations. Finally the optimal control decision policy is obtained and discussed.
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Raul, Dibyangana, Tania Biswas, Suchita Mukhopadhyay, Shrayan Kumar Das, and Suvroma Gupta. "Production and Partial Purification of Alpha Amylase fromBacillus subtilis(MTCC 121) Using Solid State Fermentation." Biochemistry Research International 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/568141.
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Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of starch into sugars and plays a pivotal role in a variety of areas like use as digestives, for the production of ethanol and high fructose corn syrup, detergents, desiring of textiles, modified starches, hydrolysis of oil-field drilling fluids, and paper recycling. In the present work, solid state fermentation (SSF) forα-amylase production has been used in lieu of submerged fermentation (SmF) due to its simple technique, low capital investment, lower levels of catabolite repression, and better product recovery.Bacillus subtilishas been well known as producer of alpha amylase and was tested using solid state fermentation for 48 hours at 37°C with wheat bran as substrate. Comparison between different fermentation hours demonstrated high yield of alpha amylase after 48 hours. This alpha amylase has optimum pH and temperature at 7.1 and 40°C, respectively. With the goal to purify alpha amylase, 30–70% (NH4)2SO4cut concentrated the amylase activity threefold with respect to crude fermented extract. This was verified in quantitative DNS assay method as well as in zymogram gel profile. The exact molecular weight of the amylase is yet to be determined with the aid of other protein purification techniques.
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Rossi, Benedetta. "From Unfree Work to Working for Free: Labor, Aid, and Gender in the Nigerien Sahel, 1930–2000." International Labor and Working-Class History 92 (2017): 155–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547917000072.
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AbstractThis article focuses on the consequences of twentieth-century developmentalism for labor practices in the Nigerien Sahel under French rule and in the postindependence period. It examines labor regime transformations at the desert's edge; the ways in which state-led developmentalism influenced labor relations; and gender disparities in the history of emancipation from slavery. Following the abolition of forced labor in 1946, the rhetoric of human investment was used to promote the “voluntary” participation of workers in colonial development initiatives. This continued under Niger's independent governments. Seyni Kountché’s dictatorship relabeled Niger “Development Society” and mobilized Nigeriens’ “voluntary” work in development projects. Concurrently, drought in the Sahel attracted unprecedented levels of international funding. In the Ader region this led to the establishment of a major antidesertification project that paid local labor on a food-for-work basis. Since most men migrated seasonally to West African cities, the majority of workers in the project's worksites were women who welcomed “project work” to avoid destitution. In the name of development, it continued to be possible to mobilize workers without remuneration beyond the cost of a meal.
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Bala, Muhammad, Mad Nasir Shamsudin, Alias Radam, and dan Ismail Abd Latif. "Efficiency analysis of cotton production: a case study of gassol and lau local government of Taraba State, Nigeria." E3S Web of Conferences 52 (2018): 00030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185200030.
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This Study analyzed the efficiency of cotton Production in Gassol and Lau Local Government Areas of Taraba State. Data were collected with the aid of structured questionnaires administered to 81 randomly selected farmers in the study areas and analyzed using descriptive statistics and stochastic frontier production function analysis. The result revealed that majority of farmers (67.9%) were young, mostly males (86.42%) and educated (86.41%). The result of the budgeting technique showed that the total revenue (TR), gross margin (GM), net Farm income (NFI) and Return on Investment (ROI) per hectare were N55, 108.70, N21, 128.70, N20, 008.70 and N0.62 respectively. The result of the stochastic frontier production analysis revealed that the variance parameter indicates positive and significant relationship at 5% level of probability for agro-chemicals and family labour at 1% level of probability for fertilizer, labour and farm size. Mean technical efficiency index was 0.77 while the minimum and maximum technical efficiency were 0.37 and 0.97 respectively. The study also identified that low price of cotton seed and high cost of inputs are the major challenges faced by cotton producers. The study recommended that inputs should be subsidized by the government and be channeled through the community leaders.
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Wahyuputro, Bernardus, Steve Begg, and Graeme Bethune. "Characterisation of petroleum assets for portfolio management." APPEA Journal 50, no. 2 (2010): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09085.
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There is growing use of modern portfolio management methods that integrate risks, strategic goals and optimisation techniques to aid investment decision-making in the exploration and production industry. This modern approach consists of stages of analysis that include asset analysis, strategic goals definition and portfolio selection to maximise the probability of meeting the strategic goals. To date, most work in this area has focussed on the portfolio management requirements of oil and gas operators. However, the approach has the potential to help decision-making surrounding the management of the petroleum resources of a state. Specifically, we are investigating its potential to help set fiscal terms that encourage investment whilst meeting state goals. Indonesia’s petroleum resources are used to inform and provide data for the study. This paper presents the problems identified and solutions developed in performing the first step—describing, quantifying and modelling the uncertainty in the performance of the assets that comprise the portfolio. Due to the size and heterogeneity of the portfolio, we have chosen to characterise the assets into different types, rather than model each one individually. The main benefit of characterising the assets is to make the problem tractable, particularly when it comes to optimisation. Characterisation will also provide insight to decision-maker’s about the nature of the portfolio that may impact long-term planning and setting of targets. Whilst the approach taken is motivated by the specific needs of a nation’s portfolio, it is expected that the lessons learned will be of use to operators with similar characteristics—large, heterogeneous portfolios.
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Bimenyimana, Theoneste. "The State of Human Rights in the African Post-Colonial Politics." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Studia Europaea 66, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 83–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeuropaea.2021.1.05.
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"The aim of this study is to identify and critically assess the effects of appropriation of foreign political ideologies and practices in African political systems. This paper argues that there should be no leader, whatever his worth; look on his own personal problems to be exploited for the benefits of western’s Politics. Which will enable the African systems to develop, secondly, argues that Human Rights should be looked at to be an apportioned – responsibility, shared by both the former colonial powers and the current post-colonial political elites, rather than seeing Human rights promotion as yet another excuse to interfere or control other sovereign nations. The study will involve qualitative research involving reviewing other authors' literature, identifying current affairs, and critical assessing the ways in which neo-colonialism affects the different societies in transition from a colonial past to independence. The study is based on the fact that colonized countries, during the Cold War, suffered political oppression, economic exploitation, and social degradation, while alignment either with the capitalist or communist ideology failed. Currently there is a felt pressure to adopt a neoliberal ideology in order to access to have access to aid and investment. The study concludes with recommendations to third world leaders, to look at the people they lead as their responsibility, since no leader, whatever his/her worth, can replace the will of people. This results in a felt need to embrace democracy and such democratic values as: strong institutions, an independent judiciary and the separation of powers, individual and minority rights, and civil rights. Keywords: postcolonial politics, appropriation of foreign politics, human rights, principled values of democracy, the inability of African leaders "