Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'State investment aid'

Statligt investeringsstöd för hyresbostäder är ett rambegränsat produktionsstöd, som efter ansökan och beviljande av Länsstyrelsen kan betalas ut av Boverket till byggherrar av projekt som uppfyller vissa uppställda krav. Avsikten är att stimulera byggandet av hyresbostäder, ge sänkta byggkostnader och sedan komma hyresgäster till del genom relativt lägre hyra. Stöd får lämnas för att bygga hyresbostäder i områden med bostadsbrist, som i sin tur innebär en kategorisering av Sverige i FA-regioner kopplat till möjlig stöd- och hyresnivå. Sedan 1 februari 2020 gäller delvis nya reviderade bestämmelser som syftar till att göra investeringsstödet effektivare och mer ändamålsenligt. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur Det nya investeringsstödet genom Förordning (2016:881) används i FA-region Stockholm, hur det påverkar investeringsbeslut för projekt, samt har utformats i jämförelse med tidigare och liknande stöd. Studien utgår från kvalitativa metoder i form av litteratur- och dokumentstudier samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med 15 kommunala och privata bolag som förvaltar och utvecklar hyresbostäder i FA-region Stockholm.  Resultatet visar att antalet inkomna ansökningar för investeringsstöd har ökat sedan införandet av Det nya investeringsstödet, men endast en bråkdel av dessa har hunnit beviljas och utbetalas. Stödet har tidigare ifrågasatts, främst för att inte ha allokerats till marknader där bostadsbristen anses som störst, för att inte leda till en ökning av bostadsbyggandet utöver redan planerade projekt samt för att ha otillräckliga nivåer på bidrag och normhyra. Denna studie visar att effekten och nyttjandet av stödet är lägesberoende. Bostadsutvecklare avstår investeringsstöd i region Stockholm på marknader där efterfrågan tillåter högre hyra. Nivån på bidrag och normhyra anses överlag vara för låg och inte anpassad till övriga kostnadsfaktorer. Stödet anses dock emellertid vara en nyckelfaktor i utvecklingen av bostäder med lägre hyra i region Stockholms ytterområden eller i mer perifera lägen och den ekonomiska kompensationen kan då vara avgörande för existensen av dessa projekt. Investeringsstöd kan förbättra vakansrisk och belåningsgrad, öka konkurrenskraften och vara ett incitament för att minska energianvändningen i fastigheten. Standardiserade konstruktioner och ramavtal används ofta för att hålla ner produktionskostnader.   Beslut om investeringsstöd fattas vanligen utifrån en jämförelse mellan två investeringskalkyler, med och utan stöd. De kontextuella egenskaperna verkar huvudsakligen påverka bolagens beslut om stöd. Avgörande är ekonomiska, fysiska, sociala och politiska faktorer. Det uppfattas som om att bolagen tar rationella beslut genom avvägningar mellan kännbara utfall. Osäkerheter och brist på information, kan dock uppstå under ansöknings- och utbetalningsprocessen, vilket gör att alla konsekvenser av beslutet inte kan förutses. De kommunala bolagen ställs inför mer motstridiga intressen än de privata, men mål och affärsidé stämmer vanligen bättre överens med stödets syfte. Investeringsstödets bestämmelser anses ha utvecklats utifrån bostadspolitiska mål, efterfrågan av hyresbostäder liksom att fungera som ett verktyg för att ställa motkrav på den som vill ta del av stödet. Bestämmelser har förändrats för att passa rådande bostadsmarknad, EU-lagstiftning och skiftande politiska målsättningar samt förbättra social sammanhållning och miljö- och hållbarhetsaspekter. Fortsatt gynnas små bostäder av stödet även om lagstiftaren försökt styra stödet till att skapa en större blandning av lägenhetsstorlekar. En större förskjutning av tillgängliga medel till storstadsregionerna verkar ha givit visst utslag i antalet beviljanden, men än efterfrågar bostadsutvecklare en större differentiering av stödets bidrag och normhyresnivå.  Studiens slutsatser visar att de faktorer som är avgörande för beslutet om att söka investeringsstöd huvudsakligen är ekonomiska, lägesmässiga och projektspecifika. I FA-region Stockholm nyttjas stödet framförallt i områden där betalningsviljan ligger i linje med normhyresnivån för stödet.<br>The state investment aid for rental housing is a production support, which after application and approval by the County Administrative Board can be paid by the National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning to developers of projects that fulfill a certain set of requirements. The state allocates a certain amount of money to the aid annually. The purpose of the ordinance is to stimulate the construction of rental accommodations by financing a share of the construction costs which will then benefit the tenants through relatively lower rents. Support may be provided to the constructions of affordable rental accommodations in areas with housing shortages. The maximum amount of support that may be granted and the maximum rental level that may be charged for, are differentiated by functional analysis region (FA regions). Investment aid was introduced in the early 2000s but several amendments have been incorporated over the years. Since 1 February 2020, partly newly revised regulations apply which aim to make investment support more efficient and effective. The purpose of this study is to investigate how The new investment aid through Ordinance (2016: 881) is used in FA region of Stockholm, how it affects investment decisions for projects, and finally, how it is developed in comparison with previous and similar support. The study is based on qualitative methods such as literature and document studies as well as semi-structured interviews with 15 municipally owned companies as well as private companies that manage and develop rental housing in the FA region of Stockholm. The results show that the number of received applications for investment aid has increased since the introduction of The new state investment aid, but only a fraction of these have been granted and paid. Of previous evaluations, the support has been questioned for not being allocated to markets where the housing shortage is the greatest, the level of the maximum rent and support that can be granted, and whether the aid really leads to an increase in housing constructions in addition to already planned projects. This study shows that the effect and use of the support is situation-dependent. Housing developers refrain from investment support in the Stockholm region in markets where demand allows for higher rents. The level of the support and the rent are considered to be too low and not adapted to other cost factors in the market. However, the aid is considered to be a key factor in the development of affordable housing and financial compensation has been essential for the existence of certain projects, mainly located in the outer edges of the region and in more peripheral areas. Investment support can improve vacancy risk and loan-to-value ratio, increase competitiveness and be an incentive to reduce the building’s energy consumption. Standardized constructions or framework agreements are commonly used to keep production costs down. Decisions on whether to apply for support or not are usually based on a comparison between two investment analyzes, with and without support. The contextual characteristics seem to mainly influence the companies' decision on investment aid. Economic, physical, social, and political factors are decisive. It is perceived that companies make rational decisions through trade-offs between tangible outcomes. Uncertainties and lack of information, however, can arise during the application and payment process, which means that not all consequences of the decision can be forecasted. The municipal companies are faced with more conflicts of interest than the private ones, but their goal and business concept usually correspond better with the purpose of the aid.  The requirements of the investment aid are considered to have developed based on housing policy goals, the demand for rental accommodation, and improving the energy consumption in the real estate market. The Ordinance has been developed to conform with the prevailing housing market, EU legislation, and changing policies, as well as to improve social cohesion and environmental and sustainability aspects. Small apartments still benefit from the support, even though the legislator has tried to steer the support to create a larger mix of apartment sizes. A larger shift in available funds to the metropolitan regions seems to have had a limited effect, in terms of the number of grants. However, housing developers are still demanding a greater differentiation of the maximum rent level and support. The conclusion of this study shows that the factors that are decisive for the decision to apply for investment aid are mainly financial, situational, and project-specific. In the FA region of Stockholm, the support is used primarily in areas where the willingness to pay conforms with the maximum rental level for the support.

The subject of this work is the system of investment incentives in the Czech Republic and it focuses on income tax allowances. Based on an analysis of the investment incentives law, income tax law, practical experience of the taxpayers and tax specialists, treatment of the matter by the Ministry of Finance of the Czech Republic or the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Czech Republic and case law, the aim of this work is to identify problematic areas of the individual regulations and thus provide guidance to the taxpayers on reducing the risk of loss of an investment incentive in the form of income tax allowance. This work is divided into two parts. The first part characterises investment incentives and their development. It discusses the investment incentives law and focuses on investment incentives in the form of income tax allowances. The second part of this work incorporates a practical application of the regulations and case law. In conclusion, the problematic areas of the individual regulations are pointed out and explained.

This research examines and critically analyses to what extent the host states might use their sovereignty in a manner that may be counterproductive to the interests of foreign investors on their territory; and the role played by international investment law in its regulation. Further, it considers the extent to which investor-state arbitration, under both the inter-state bilateral investment treaty (BIT), and investment contract, can be used to rebalance the uneven investment relationship arising from the adverse effect of host state sovereignty. The importance of the investor-state arbitration is based on the fact that such a process will be of no value if its award is not enforceable against sovereigns. It is therefore argued that arbitration enforcement against states must be augmented by further safeguards mechanisms. Challenges are faced by international investment law to minimise the possible adverse effect of host state’s sovereignty, in order to require states to respect investment agreements. Responsibility will be asserted by a wronged foreign investor if the state breaches customary international law when it hosts the foreign investment and if there is a violation of the specific investment agreement. Such challenges expose the limitations on how states can use their sovereign powers (whether legal, economic or political), against foreign investors and question the clarity of such boundaries. An unsuccessful litigant state will often seek to resist award enforcement, claiming sovereign immunity against its execution. International investment law and applicable national and regional bodies must find a balance between the interests of the foreign investor and the host state. This research concludes that the adjudication system used in England provides a framework in which a foreign investor can seek recognition of its claim and thus enforce a foreign arbitral award against recalcitrant states, but improvements could still be made as explained in thesis.

The diploma thesis aims to present the method of the project financing on an example of Nursing Home Project. The thesis is focused on examination whether it is possible to finance the private project regarding services of general economic interest just from operational revenues and allowed state aid. The thesis describes regulations of social care system in the Czech Republic and European regulation and directives regarding the state aid. The last chapter is designed as a feasibility study of the whole project. The feasibility study contains model of future project's cash flows. The horizontal and vertical analyses of financial statements of non-profit organization are also part of the thesis.

Le patriotisme économique, souvent brandi comme un étendard afin de justifier l'intervention de l’État dans la sphère économique, est en cela une expression d'origine essentiellement politique. Ainsi ressort-il de manière régulière sur la scène médiatique française au gré d'offres publiques d'achat faites sur des fleurons nationaux. La traduction dans la sphère juridique de ce concept passe alors nécessairement par l'identification des instruments juridiques permettant sa mise en œuvre. Cette traduction se voit alors encadrée et dans une certaine mesure orientée par un impératif tenant à la détermination des limites du concept. Celui-ci n'a de sens, de manière autonome, que s'il parvient à se distinguer du protectionnisme. Dans cette optique, l'arsenal juridique du patriotisme économique désigne ainsi plus spécifiquement les moyens permettant à L’État de détenir un contrôle sur les entreprises qu'il juge « stratégiques » ou « essentielles » afin de veiller à garantir les intérêts nationaux vis-à-vis de prises de participation étrangères. De cette façon, le patriotisme économique s'affirme tant par son champ d'application, la protection de secteurs économiques stratégiques, que par son objet, en étant conçu à la lumière d'un élément tenant à l'extranéité, les capitaux étrangers. Dès lors, les instruments juridiques auxquels renvoie ce concept sont loin d'être propres à un État en particulier, bien au contraire. Étant donné qu'ils s'entendent sous le prisme de la souveraineté étatique, il s'agit même de se demander si leur mise en œuvre n'est pas inhérente à l’État. Parallèlement, la conception internationale de la souveraineté de l’État implique que celui-ci est libre de se limiter par la conclusion d'engagements internationaux. La construction européenne, caractérisant le processus dynamique d'édification d'une organisation d'intégration, est le fruit de l'exercice de cette souveraineté internationale. À mesure des transferts de compétences des États membres vers l'Union européenne, un point de jonction entre le patriotisme économique pratiqué par les États membres et la construction européenne s'est créé. Cette étude a donc pour objet d'étudier la dialectique entre le concept de patriotisme économique et la construction européenne, sous la forme d'une exigence de compatibilité. Cette dialectique doit alors s'analyser en miroir de la souveraineté de L’État. Si le patriotisme économique ne fait qu'exprimer la souveraineté territoriale et in fine la souveraineté interne de l’État, il porte en lui une certaine opposition au mouvement de libéralisation des échanges et des investissements, auquel l’État membre de l'Union européenne a lui-même consenti par le biais d'engagements internationaux. En cela des tensions peuvent être perceptibles entre la souveraineté interne et la souveraineté externe de l’État<br>On the one hand, economic patriotism is often merely a ploy, flourished to justify State intervention in the economy. That is why it is first of all a political expression. Therefore, the matter routinely appears in the French media through the takeover bids made on national champions. The expression into the legal sphere of this concept requires an identification of legal instruments, which will make possible its implementation. This definition is framed and coloured by the necessity to distinguish economic patriotism from protectionism. As a result, the legal definition of economic patriotism refers to the means for the State to keep some control over the companies that it considers "strategic" or "essential" to ensure national interests are not jeopardized by foreign ownership. Therefore economic patriotism is asserted both through its scope, the protection of strategic economic sectors, and through its purpose, as an answer to an external threat: foreign capital. In this way the legal instruments to which this concept refers are far from being specific to a particular State. Since they are understandable through the State sovereignty, one even wonders if their implementation is not inherent to the State. On the other hand, external sovereignty implies that the State is free to restrict itself by entering into international commitments. European construction characterizes the dynamic process, which aims to build an integration organization and therefore it is the result of the exercise by the State of this international sovereignty. Even as jurisdictions have been transferred from member states to the European Union, economic patriotism practiced by the member states gradually fell into European integration realm. This study aims to explore the dialectic between the concept of economic patriotism and European integration as a compatibility requirement. This dialectic must be analysed from the State sovereignty point of view. Economic patriotism expresses the State territorial sovereignty whereas European integration is the result of its external sovereignty, which notably led to liberalize trade and investments. Therefore, tensions may appear between internal and external State sovereignty

Cette thèse porte sur les aides Européennes à la restructuration. Ces aides sont allouées à des firmes en difficulté et sont le plus souvent accompagnées de mesures compensatoires visant à limiter leur potentiel effet négatif sur la concurrence et les consommateurs. Nous nous intéressons à l'efficacité de ces aides pour sauver les firmes en difficulté, et à l'efficacité des mesures compensatoires pour limiter le possible effet d'éviction de l'investissement privé. Nous trouvons que même si les mesures compensatoires peuvent être nécessaires dans certains cas en théorie, nous ne trouvons pas en pratique d'effet significatif de l'aide sur l'investissement des concurrents. Les aides sont néanmoins positives pour l'investissement des firmes appartenant au pays accordant l'aide. Nous trouvons par ailleurs un effet positif des aides à la restructuration sur la productivité et l'emploi des firmes aidées, mais cet effet s'évapore dès lors que des mesures compensatoires sont mises en place<br>This Phd focus on European restructuring State aids. Those ones are given to firms in difficulty and are most of the times submitted to compensatory measures to limit their potential negative impact on competition and consumers. We are interested in the efficiency of those aids to help the firm in difficulty and in the efficiency of compensatory measure to limit the possible crowding out effect of private investment. We find that even though compensatory measures can be necessary in theory, we do not find any effect on competitor's investment empirically. Nevertheless, State aids play positively on the investment of rivals belonging to the country granting the aid. We moreover find that there is a positive impact of restructuring State aids on recipient's total factor productivity and employment, but this effect disappear as soon as we impose compensatory measures

Disasters and climate change threaten the very existence of a special group of developing states- Small Island Developing States (SIDS). This research tackles the problem of limited uptake of integrated approaches to address risk in practice- in particular through disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA). The benefits of these approaches are so significant that they can be considered to be investments in development. Focusing on Barbados, a SIDS, this research therefore seeks to identify the prospects for establishing an integrated disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation (DRR-CCA) development decision-making framework. It also seeks to understand the policy implications for other SIDS. In addressing the research problem, a risk governance framework and mixed methods approach is proposed for identifying the prospects for DRR-CCA. This allows for the challenges and the potential in actor networks, institutions, and the various dimensions of risk decision-making to be identified. The specific SIDS DRR-CCA risk governance framework utilised to generate the prospects is identified from literature. Data from documents, surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 representatives from 20 organisations operating at different levels were gathered on DRR and CCA risk governance in Barbados from November, 2014 to May 2015. Analysis was carried out using document analysis, thematic analysis; social network analysis, and descriptive statistics. The research identifies that SIDS require an enhanced risk governance framework for DRR-CCA. This framework has a systemic approach at the core, as well as an explicit development approach supported by a joined-up governance approach. Furthermore, risk assessments should include assessments of adaptive capacity. Existing potential for DRR-CCA risk governance was identified in highly dense networks, established disaster management networks, and a unique polycentric network that engages intraregional partners in national governance. Notwithstanding, challenges related to cohesion within and across institutions and sectors; missing community and socio-economic participation; as well as issues connected to unadjusted mind-sets to address the DRR paradigm shift in practice, and limited development-socio-ecological systems approaches, meant that the prospects identified mainly addressed these shortcomings. A spatial methodology for DRR-CCA seemed feasible. This research contributes a framework for conceptualising DRR-CCA risk governance in SIDS which could be applicable to others. It offers a Caribbean SIDS perspective and practical suggestions for DRR-CCA that are relevant to SIDS practitioners and donors. Further research should focus on testing the prospects across the varying governance contexts of SIDS.

Theories in the international political economy literature, economic liberalism and dependency, are explored in order to test the effect of U.S. aid, trade, and investment on human rights conditions in recipient states. Two measures of human rights conditions serve as dependent variables: security rights and subsistence rights. The data cover approximately 140 countries from 1976-1996. Pooled cross-sectional time series analysis, utilizing ordinary least squares (OLS) with panel corrected standard errors, is employed due to the temporal and spatial characteristics of the data. The results indicate that foreign assistance and economic policy may not be the best approaches to altering poor human rights practices in the area of security rights. Economic and military aid is negatively associated with levels of security rights, supporting the traditional dependency perspective. While the results from trade and investment are generally in the positive direction, the lack of consistent statistical evidence suggests that increased trade and investment relationships do not dramatically improve security rights. We can conclude, however, that trade and investment fail to have the negative effect on security rights in less developed countries which critics of globalization suggest. Economic aid has a statistically significant negative effect on subsistence rights, while military aid seems to benefit the human condition in recipient states. However, extreme negative effects on security rights accompany any benefit realized in the area of subsistence rights from military aid. Trade and investment have a positive and statistically significant effect on basic human needs providing support for the liberal perspective. It appears that American businesses and politicians can forge ahead with seemingly self-interested motivations and economic policies as American economic gain ironically serves to benefit the well being of citizens in other states. However, in spite of political rhetoric and even sincere intentions regarding foreign assistance policy, it appears that the road to human rights hell is paved with good intentions.

Following the intrinsically linked balance sheets in his Capital Formation Life Cycle, Lukas M. Stahl explains with his Triple A Model of Accounting, Allocation and Accountability the stages of the Capital Formation process from FIAT to EXIT. Based on the theoretical foundations of legal risk laid by the International Bar Association with the help of Roger McCormick and legal scholars such as Joanna Benjamin, Matthew Whalley and Tobias Mahler, and founded on the basis of Wesley Hohfeld’s category theory of jural relations, Stahl develops his mutually exclusive Four Determinants of Legal Risk of Law, Lack of Right, Liability and Limitation. Those Four Determinants of Legal Risk allow us to apply, assess, and precisely describe the respective legal risk at all stages of the Capital Formation Life Cycle as demonstrated in case studies of nine industry verticals of the proposed and currently negotiated Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership between the United States of America and the European Union, TTIP, as well as in the case of the often cited financing relation between the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Having established the Four Determinants of Legal Risk and its application to the Capital Formation Life Cycle, Stahl then explores the theoretical foundations of capital formation, their historical basis in classical and neo-classical economics and its forefathers such as The Austrians around Eugen von Boehm-Bawerk, Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich von Hayek and most notably and controversial, Karl Marx, and their impact on today’s exponential expansion of capital formation. Starting off with the first pillar of his Triple A Model, Accounting, Stahl then moves on to explain the Three Factors of Capital Formation, Man, Machines and Money and shows how “value-added” is created with respect to the non-monetary capital factors of human resources and industrial production. Followed by a detailed analysis discussing the roles of the Three Actors of Monetary Capital Formation, Central Banks, Commercial Banks and Citizens Stahl readily dismisses a number of myths regarding the creation of money providing in-depth insight into the workings of monetary policy makers, their institutions and ultimate beneficiaries, the corporate and consumer citizens. In his second pillar, Allocation, Stahl continues his analysis of the balance sheets of the Capital Formation Life Cycle by discussing the role of The Five Key Accounts of Monetary Capital Formation, the Sovereign, Financial, Corporate, Private and International account of Monetary Capital Formation and the associated legal risks in the allocation of capital pursuant to his Four Determinants of Legal Risk. In his third pillar, Accountability, Stahl discusses the ever recurring Crisis-Reaction-Acceleration-Sequence-History, in short: CRASH, since the beginning of the millennium starting with the dot-com crash at the turn of the millennium, followed seven years later by the financial crisis of 2008 and the dislocations in the global economy we are facing another seven years later today in 2015 with several sordid debt restructurings under way and hundred thousands of refugees on the way caused by war and increasing inequality. Together with the regulatory reactions they have caused in the form of so-called landmark legislation such as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, the JOBS Act of 2012 or the introduction of the Basel Accords, Basel II in 2004 and III in 2010, the European Financial Stability Facility of 2010, the European Stability Mechanism of 2012 and the European Banking Union of 2013, Stahl analyses the acceleration in size and scope of crises that appears to find often seemingly helpless bureaucratic responses, the inherent legal risks and the complete lack of accountability on part of those responsible. Stahl argues that the order of the day requires to address the root cause of the problems in the form of two fundamental design defects of our Global Economic Order, namely our monetary and judicial order. Inspired by a 1933 plan of nine University of Chicago economists abolishing the fractional reserve system, he proposes the introduction of Sovereign Money as a prerequisite to void misallocations by way of judicial order in the course of domestic and transnational insolvency proceedings including the restructuring of sovereign debt throughout the entire monetary system back to its origin without causing domino effects of banking collapses and failed financial institutions. In recognizing Austrian-American economist Schumpeter’s Concept of Creative Destruction, as a process of industrial mutation that incessantly revolutionizes the economic structure from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one, Stahl responds to Schumpeter’s economic chemotherapy with his Concept of Equitable Default mimicking an immunotherapy that strengthens the corpus economicus own immune system by providing for the judicial authority to terminate precisely those misallocations that have proven malignant causing default perusing the century old common law concept of equity that allows for the equitable reformation, rescission or restitution of contract by way of judicial order. Following a review of the proposed mechanisms of transnational dispute resolution and current court systems with transnational jurisdiction, Stahl advocates as a first step in order to complete the Capital Formation Life Cycle from FIAT, the creation of money by way of credit, to EXIT, the termination of money by way of judicial order, the institution of a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Court constituted by a panel of judges from the U.S. Court of International Trade and the European Court of Justice by following the model of the EFTA Court of the European Free Trade Association. Since the first time his proposal has been made public in June of 2014 after being discussed in academic circles since 2011, his or similar proposals have found numerous public supporters. Most notably, the former Vice President of the European Parliament, David Martin, has tabled an amendment in June 2015 in the course of the negotiations on TTIP calling for an independent judicial body and the Member of the European Commission, Cecilia Malmström, has presented her proposal of an International Investment Court on September 16, 2015. Stahl concludes, that for the first time in the history of our generation it appears that there is a real opportunity for reform of our Global Economic Order by curing the two fundamental design defects of our monetary order and judicial order with the abolition of the fractional reserve system and the introduction of Sovereign Money and the institution of a democratically elected Transatlantic Trade and Investment Court that commensurate with its jurisdiction extending to cases concerning the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership may complete the Capital Formation Life Cycle resolving cases of default with the transnational judicial authority for terminal resolution of misallocations in a New Global Economic Order without the ensuing dangers of systemic collapse from FIAT to EXIT.

Nach der nationalsozialistischen Machtübernahme im Jahre 1933 wurde schon bald klar, dass es an der 1810 gegründeten Friedrich – Wilhelm – Universität zu Berlin, der größten deutschen Universität, zu einem Umbruch in der finanziellen und materiellen Ausstattung kommen würde. Bereits für das Rechnungsjahr 1934 wurde der Universität durch Erlass des Preußischen Ministers für Wissenschaft das Recht zur Aufstellung des jährlichen Haushaltsplanes entzogen. Damit war die Übernahme ihrer Einnahmen auf den Preußischen Staatshaushalt verbunden. Die Ausgabemittel für die Universität wurden nun im Staatshaushalt bereitgestellt. An die Stelle des Universitätshaushaltsplanes traten Kassenanschläge der Wissenschaftsverwaltung, in welchen den Fakultäten und Instituten die jährlichen Etatmittel zugewiesen wurden. Der staatliche Verwaltungsdirektor/Kurator überwachte deren Ausführung; denn ihm oblag die Aufsicht über das Haushalts- und Kassenwesen der Universität. Die Gründung der fünften und sechsten Fakultät sowie die Errichtung neuer (NS-) Institute wurde allein durch das Wissenschaftsministerium – weitgehend ohne Beteiligung der Universitätsleitung - entschieden. In der Folge stiegen die Etatmittel für das wissenschaftliche Personal exorbitant. - Die Betriebsmittel- und Geschäftsbedürfnisfonds der wissenschaftlichen Anstalten stagnierten auf dem Niveau der Jahre 1933/34. Investitionen in das Universitätsvermögen mussten hinter anderen für kriegswichtig erachteten Ausgaben des Deutschen Reiches zurückstehen. Selbst für die Behebung der Luftkriegsschäden an den Universitätsgebäuden standen Geldmittel nur in eingeschränktem Umfang zur Verfügung. Zudem verhinderte der eklatante Rohstoffmangel den Wiederaufbau. Bei Kriegsende 1945 war die Friedrich – Wilhelm – Universität zu Berlin in Trümmer gefallen.<br>After the national socialists came into power in 1933 it soon became clear, that financial and material changes were supposed to happen to the 1810 founded Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Berlin, Germany´s largest university by that time. Already for the financial year of 1934 the Prussian Ministry of Science revoked the right of the university, to put together the annual financial budget. Thus, its earnings were now being taken over by the Prussian state budget and its expenses allocated by the state budget. Instead of a university budget the state administration allocates a certain amount of money for the faculties and institutions. The State Director of Administration / Curator supervised their execution; because he was the one responsible for overseeing the budget and cash management of the university. The foundation of the fifth and sixth faculty as well as the construction of new National Socialists („NS“) Institutes was decided solely by the Ministry of Science – largely without the participation of the management of the university. As a consequence, the budget funds for scientific personnel increased exorbitantly. Operating funds and funds for business needs of the scientific institutions stagnated at the level of 1933 / 1934. Investments into the assets of the university had to stay back behind war expenditures that were deemed essential of the German Reich. Even for the elimination of the air warfare damages at the buildungs of the university funds were allocated only to a very limited extent. In addition, the glaring lack of raw materials made the reconstruction almost impossible. When the war ended in 1945 only ruins were left of the Friedrich – Wilhelms – University of Berlin.

Le patriotisme économique relève davantage du discours politique que d’un concept juridique. Il fait référence aux comportements des citoyens, des entreprises et des États. Celui des États peut en substance être défini comme la défense par ces derniers de leurs entreprises stratégiques. Ainsi précisée, cette notion se traduit en pratique par l’institution de dispositifs nationaux de contrôle des investissements étrangers, par la stabilisation de l’actionnariat des entreprises stratégiques au travers des prises de participations des fonds stratégiques d’investissement, ou encore, par l’octroi de droits exclusifs ou spéciaux. De tels comportements peuvent contrarier les principes de la libre circulation - capitaux, établissement - et de la libre concurrence. Ces principes souffrent cependant de tempéraments qui laissent une certaine marge de manœuvre aux États, laquelle est cependant étroite. Cette étroitesse conduit ces derniers à être sans cesse inventifs pour défendre leurs entreprises. Le droit des sociétés offre de ce point de vue des outils pertinents pouvant servir ce dessein. Mais, la protection des entreprises stratégiques en dehors des exceptions ou dérogations prévues par le traité, qui traduit la persistance des replis nationaux, n’est pas sans relever les limites de l’opposition systématique aux patriotismes économiques nationaux. De plus, une telle faculté risque de fragiliser l’achèvement du marché intérieur. Pour ces raisons, il importe pour les autorités de l’Union européenne, d’engager une dynamique permettant de mieux prendre en compte les préoccupations patriotiques des États. Agrégée à un concept cohérent, à savoir le patriotisme économique européen, une telle démarche consisterait à instaurer une politique d’investissement commune qui sache conjuguer ouverture aux capitaux étrangers et préservation des secteurs stratégiques. Mais, l’efficacité d’une telle politique est relative. C’est pourquoi, on doit lui adjoindre un cadre autonome de contrôle des investissements en provenance des pays tiers<br>Economic patriotism is more a political speech than a legal concept. It refers to behaviors of citizens, companies and governments. Concerning States, this concept can essentially be defined as defense of strategic companies. In practice, this notion is reflected by the institution of national systems of foreign investments control, by stabilizing the shareholding of companies through strategic investment funds, or by granting exclusive or special rights. These behaviors can antagonize the European Union law. However, this law allows exceptions that offer opportunities to States. But the flexibility of States is close. This narrowness leds them to be constantly inventive to defend their strategic companies. Business law allows such an approach. But the protection of strategic companies without the exceptions or derogations permitted by the treaty, which reflects the persistence of domestic markets partitioning, is not without showing the limits of systematic opposition to national economic patriotisms. In addition, such a power may weaken the completion of the internal market. For these reasons, it is important for the authorities of the European Union, to initiate a dynamic that can permit to take better account of the States patriotic concerns. Aggregate to a coherent concept, namely the european economic patriotism, such an approach will permit to establish a common investment policy that can combine openness to foreign investments and preservation of strategic sectors. But, the effectiveness of such a policy is relative. That’s why, it’s crucial to add to it an autonomous control framework for investments coming from non-member countries

Depuis 2001 et la recomposition des équilibres de puissance, l'Inde s'affirme comme l'un des acteurs qui compte dans un espace international de plus en plus multipolaire. Les mouvements de fond actuels provoquent une redistribution de cette puissance imposant de nouvelles alliances et de nouveaux jeux de pouvoirs. L'Inde n'est pas étrangère à cette tendance et encore plus depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir, en 2014, de l'actuel Premier ministre, Narendra Modi. Ce dernier conduit une politique extérieure ambitieuse pour que son pays accède à un statut de puissance mondiale. C'est dans ce cadre que se pose notre problématique qui est de savoir dans quelle mesure la place de l'Afrique dans la politique étrangère indienne permet-elle justement à l'Inde de parvenir à se hisser à ce statut de puissance. Pour y répondre, cette thèse investigue trois directions. D'abord, la place de l'océan Indien dans la relation indo-africaine doit rendre compte du rôle de l'Afrique dans la volonté indienne de faire de cet océan un espace pacifique et sécurisé sur lequel l'Inde puisse être un acteur incontournable face à des acteurs politiques puissants et hétérogènes. Ensuite, cette thèse s'attache à déterminer le rôle que l'Afrique joue dans la volonté de l'Inde d'être une puissance ayant une capacité d'influence politique sur la scène internationale au travers des instances internationales, de ses relations bilatérales avec les États africains et de la diaspora indienne installée dans ces pays. Enfin, cette recherche de statut passe par le champ économique et la nécessaire évaluation de l'empreinte économique que l'Inde souhaite imprimer en Afrique pour mieux asseoir ses capacités d'influence. Cette étude doit permettre de donner un éclairage sur la politique extérieure indienne à l'heure où les États-Unis réévaluent leur implication dans l'océan Indien, où la Chine met en place la « One Belt, One Road » et où l'Inde et le Japon viennent de s'unir pour proposer un nouveau partenariat à l'Afrique<br>Since 2001 and the reshuffling of the balance of power, India has become one of the influential actors in an increasingly multipolar international context. The current groundswells are reshuffling powers between Nations in shaping new alliances and new power games. India is, more than ever, involved in this trend since the current Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, came to power in 2014. He conducts an ambitious foreign policy as a means to make his country a global and respected power. The context of the issue detailed in this document is: to what extent does Africa's place in India's foreign policy enables India to reach this status of power? This thesis investigates the following three themes: Firstly, the Indian Ocean's place in the Indo-African relationship should reflect Africa's role in India's will to make the Indian Ocean region a peaceful and secured space in which India is a decisive player in front of powerful and heterogeneous political actors. Secondly, this thesis focuses on assessing Africa's role in India's initiatives to be an influential player on politics on the international agenda through international bodies, its bilateral relations with African states and the Indian diaspora settled down in these countries. Thirdly, India's search for that particular status goes through the economic area and the assessment of India's economic footprint in Africa to better establish its influence on that Continent. This study tries to shed the light on India's foreign policy while the United States are reassessing their involvement in the Indian Ocean, and while China is setting up its "One Belt, One Road" and India and Japan have just come together to propose a new partnership to Africa

This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.

Relatório de Projecto<br>A concretização de um projecto de investimento encerra em si múltiplos desafios de ordem técnica, física, financeira, entre outros. Para o investidor que decide de forma fundamentada encetar um projecto de investimento conseguir partilhar o risco inerente à operação é, por si só, uma mais-valia. No contexto económico actual e, bem assim, atendendo às características inerentes a um grande projecto turístico, o recurso a co-financiamento público apresenta inúmeras vantagens quer financeiras, pela redução do esforço financeiro por parte do accionista, quer de risco, por partilhar a operação com uma entidade como o Estado. O presente caso pedagógico pretende contribuir para um conhecimento aprofundado das opções de co-financiamento disponíveis, à data de hoje, para um projecto turístico a localizar no interior do território nacional. Adicionalmente, pretende-se explorar as alternativas que, para um mesmo investimento, permitam ao accionista maximizar a rentabilidade do seu investimento, pela optimização dos incentivos, financeiros e fiscais, a que tem acesso. A análise efectuada teve por base quer o contexto nacional de acesso aos incentivos, bem como todo o contexto europeu de acesso aos auxílios de Estado, processo definido e controlado por parte da Comissão Europeia nomeadamente os trâmites conexos com as restrições implícitas à denominada regra dos grandes projectos. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o acesso aos incentivos, por via de duas candidaturas autónomas, em detrimento de uma única candidatura, permite optimizar o valor de incentivos financeiros e fiscais e, numa óptica financeira, gerar mais valor para o accionista, mensurado, a este nível, com recurso ao ROI.<br>Carrying out an investment project raises many challenges, either financial, technical or even physical. Therefore, sharing the investment’s intrinsic risk constitutes an advantage for the investor. Considering today’s economical background and the nature of a large touristic investment, resorting to public co-funding is a way of achieving financial advantages. It decreases the investor’s financial effort and the project’s risk, by sharing it with the State. The main ambition of this academic case is to demonstrate the co-funding options available (to date) for tourism projects implemented in the country’s interior. It also explores the alternatives of maximising the investment’s profit and sustainability through the request of financial and tax incentives. The analysis took, for basis, the context of applications to the national and European incentives’ systems, as well the restrictions imposed by the European Commission to larger projects. The obtained results demonstrate that opting for two separate applications allows to make the most of the financial and tax incentives’ worth. This generates more value for the shareholder which is measured by the ROI.

Atualmente a atração de investimento traduz-se numa das maiores preocupações dos governos para se conseguirem manter competitivos. Para tal, utilizam os incentivos fiscais para atraírem não só o investimento como também potenciarem o crescimento da nação. Uma vez que o investimento é uma das variáveis mais relevantes no crescimento de uma economia, tornando-a competitiva a nível mundial, é pertinente o estudo, e por sua vez uma comparação, das várias ferramentas fiscais que os países oferecem. Tendo por base uma análise comparativa entre Portugal e Angola pretende-se analisar que tipo de incentivos fiscais se pode usufruir em cada país e quais as diferenças e ou semelhanças entre eles. Sendo nações tão diferentes apresentam incentivos muito semelhantes, no que diz respeito aos auxílios estatais com finalidade regional. Para tornar o investimento no nosso país mais apelativo o governo português ainda oferece incentivos à investigação e desenvolvimento, aspeto que não é abordado no código fiscal angolano, e um incentivo aos investidores que retêm e reinvestem os lucros através de uma dedução à coleta.<br>Nowadays, the attraction of investment is one of the biggest concerns of governments in order to remain competitive. To this end, tax incentives are used to attract not only investment but also to boost the nation's growth. Since investment is one of the most relevant variable in an economy’s growth, making it competitive globally, it is pertinent to study the various fiscal tools that countries offer. Based on a comparative analysis between Portugal and Angola, we intend to analyse what kind of tax incentives can be enjoyed in each country and what are the differences and/or similarities between them. Despite being so different countries, Portugal and Angola have very similar incentives for regional aids. To make investment in our country more appealing, the Portuguese government still offers incentives for research and development, an aspect that is not addressed in the Angolan tax code, and an incentive for investors who retain and reinvest profits through a collection deduction.

The dissertation is devoted to the topic of "public support". In practice, however, it is possible to notice expressions like "state support" or "state aid", which are equivalents for the Czech term "public support". I explore the given concept in the international law, European and Czech legislations. Subsequently, I compare it with the laws of Poland and the Slovak Republic. The crucial part of the doctoral thesis focuses on investment aids aimed at the tool of discounts on income taxes, which is evaluated both from the perspective of legal theory and practice. Finally, I scrutinize the case law of the European and Czech courts, which represent the basis, and there is also a comparison with the historical development of the evaluation criteria for compatibility of state aids. Keywords: state aids, regional aids, investment incentives, tax allowance.

LEGAL AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF STATE AIDS Abstract The subject of the work is to explain the general structure of legal norms applicable to materia state aids, starting with public international law, European law and the subsequent transition to domestic legislation and its comparison with neighbouring jurisdictions of the Slovak Republic and Poland. The first part of the doctoral thesis is to learn about the issues, related to the topic of work, with patterns of thought and reflection as well as the tasks that were set at the beginning of the work and arise from the chosen procedure. This should contribute to a better understanding of the work. The following section defines the concept of state aid as well as basic resources and postulates, related to the principal concept of work. First of all, I focused on international agreements, which first used this concept, and their consequent reflection in the development and shaping of European law, including the area of European Community law and the law of the European Union, which now represents some of the unified systems. Furthermore, there is a comprehensible resumed depth analysis of the mechanisms of decision making processes of the European institutions, whose task is the practical application of standards governing state aid and its...