Relevant bibliographies by topics / State-dependent management

Academic literature on the topic 'State-dependent management'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Cheng, Huidong, Fang Wang, and Tongqian Zhang. "Multi-State Dependent Impulsive Control for Pest Management." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2012 (2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/381503.

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According to the integrated pest management strategies, we propose a model for pest control which adopts different control methods at different thresholds. By using differential equation geometry theory and the method of successor functions, we prove the existence of order one periodic solution of such system, and further, the attractiveness of the order one periodic solution by sequence convergence rules and qualitative analysis. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the feasibility of our main results. Our results show that our method used in this paper is more efficient and easier than the existing ones for proving the existence of order one periodic solution.
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Regnier, J., and W. H. Cameron. "State-dependent dynamic traffic management for telephone networks." IEEE Communications Magazine 28, no. 10 (October 1990): 42–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/35.60366.

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Lindsey, Robin. "State-dependent congestion pricing with reference-dependent preferences." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 45, no. 10 (December 2011): 1501–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2011.06.003.

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Schervish, Mark J., Teddy Seidenfeld, and Joseph B. Kadane. "Shared Preferences and State-Dependent Utilities." Management Science 37, no. 12 (December 1991): 1575–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.37.12.1575.

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Clarke, Roger G., and Harindra de Silva. "State-Dependent Asset Allocation." Journal of Portfolio Management 24, no. 2 (January 31, 1998): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jpm.24.2.57.

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Liu, Ningzhe. "A Pest Management Model with Multi-State Dependent Impulse." Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 10, no. 04 (2022): 1335–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2022.104094.

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Dubé, Jean-Pierre, Günter J. Hitsch, Peter E. Rossi, and Maria Ana Vitorino. "Category Pricing with State-Dependent Utility." Marketing Science 27, no. 3 (May 2008): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.1070.0305.

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Wakker, Peter P., and Horst Zank. "State Dependent Expected Utility for Savage's State Space." Mathematics of Operations Research 24, no. 1 (February 1999): 8–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/moor.24.1.8.

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Zhang, Yan, Yonghong Wu, Shuang Li, and Benchawan Wiwatanapataphee. "Mean-Variance Asset Liability Management with State-Dependent Risk Aversion." North American Actuarial Journal 21, no. 1 (January 2, 2017): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10920277.2016.1247719.

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De Giorgi, Enrico G., and Thierry Post. "Loss Aversion with a State-Dependent Reference Point." Management Science 57, no. 6 (June 2011): 1094–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1338.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Liang, William Kun. "Analysis of Make(Repair)-to-stock Queues with State-dependent Arrival Rates." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/31313.

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In this thesis, we study the repair shop scheduling problem(repair-to-stock) and the production/inventory system pricing and production scheduling problem(make-to-stock). For both types of problems, we compare the performance of different scheduling policies. For the make-to-stock type problem, we also study the performance of different pricing strategies. The optimal repair/production scheduling policy of both problems is difficult to characterize, and, therefore, is only formulated as a Markov Decision Process to numerically compute the optimal cost/profit. As an alternative, we propose the dynamic Myopic policy, which is easy to implement. The numerical study we have conducted demonstrates that the performance of Myopic policy is superior compared to the alternative policies and yields costs very close to the optimal for the repair-to-stock type problem. On the other hand, for the make-to-stock type problems, the performance of Myopic policy is not superior compared to the alternative policies when dynamic pricing strategy is implemented.
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Books on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Decision making under uncertainty: The case of state-dependent preferences. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1985.

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Codario, Ronald A. Type 2 diabetes, pre-diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome: The primary care guide to diagnosis and management. Totowa, N.J: Humana Press, 2005.

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Services, New York (State) Division of Management Audit and State Financial. Department of Labor, measuring the success of temporary assistance for needy families-related employment programs. [Albany, N.Y: The Division, 2001.

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New Jersey. Legislature. General Assembly. Health and Human Services Committee. Public hearing before Assembly Health and Human Services Committee: Assembly bills nos. 4700, 4701, 4702, 4703, 4704, 4705 (AFDC legislation) : July 30, 1991, 11:30 a.m., Room 403, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J. (State House Annex, CN 068, Trenton 08625): The Committee, 1991.

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Karni, Edi. Decision Making under Uncertainty: The Case of State-Dependent Preference. Harvard University Press, 1985.

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Lindenmayer, David, and Philip Gibbons, eds. Biodiversity Monitoring in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643103580.

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Ecological and biodiversity-based monitoring has been marked by an appalling lack of effectiveness and lack of success in Australia for more than 40 years, despite the billions of dollars that are invested in biodiversity conservation annually. What can be done to rectify this situation? This book tackles many aspects of the problem of biodiversity monitoring. It arose from a major workshop held at The Australian National University in February 2011, attended by leaders in the science, policy-making and management arenas of biodiversity conservation. The diversity of participants was deliberate – successful biodiversity monitoring is dependent on partnerships among people with different kinds of expertise. Chapter contributors examine what has led to successful monitoring, the key problems with biodiversity monitoring and practical solutions to those problems. By capturing critical insights into successes, failures and solutions, the authors provide high-level guidance for important initiatives such as the National Biodiversity Strategy, similar kinds of conservation initiatives in state government agencies, as well as non-government organisations that aim to improve conservation outcomes in Australia. Ultimately, the authors hope to considerably improve the quality and effectiveness of biodiversity monitoring in Australia, and to arrest the decline of biodiversity.
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Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.

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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.
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Book chapters on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Kimura, Toshikazu. "Refining Diffusion Models for State-Dependent Queues." In Operations Research/Management Science at Work, 395–404. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0819-9_25.

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Tang, Shaojie. "Stochastic Submodular Probing with State-Dependent Costs." In Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management, 170–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93176-6_15.

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Tang, Shaojie. "Constrained Stochastic Submodular Maximization with State-Dependent Costs." In Algorithmic Aspects in Information and Management, 121–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16081-3_11.

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Jansen, Christoph, and Thomas Augustin. "Decision Making with State-Dependent Preference Systems." In Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, 729–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08971-8_59.

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Polovina, Rubina. "State Dependent Behavioral Aspects of Objects: Automatic Synthesis." In Systems Development Methods for Databases, Enterprise Modeling, and Workflow Management, 1–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4261-2_1.

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Schwartz, Steven D. "Stochastic Integrals and the Calculation of Performance in Dynamic Control/State Dependent Routing Networks." In Network Management and Control, 415–24. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1471-4_32.

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Guida, M., and G. Pulcini. "The Inverse Gamma process for modeling state-dependent deterioration processes." In Advances in Safety, Reliability and Risk Management, 1128–35. CRC Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11433-158.

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Sing, Yew. "Analysis of State Dependent Vacation Queues with Threshold Gated Service Policy." In Innovations in Information Systems for Business Functionality and Operations Management, 274–91. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0933-4.ch016.

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In this article, the authors introduce a simple approach for modeling and analyzing a queue where the server may take repeated vacations. When a busy period ends, the server takes a vacation of random duration. At the end of each vacation, the server may either start a new vacation or resume service. If a queue is found of less than customers, the server will always take a new vacation. If there are at least customers in queue, the server provides services to those customers after a brief set-up time. The authors obtain several performance measures of the system, including the mean and second moment of the cycle time, the number of customers in a cycle of service, and the expected delay experienced by a customer.
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Li, M., and G. Jia. "Age, state, and environment dependent non-homogeneous stochastic model for improved bridge deterioration prediction." In Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Life-Cycle Sustainability and Innovations, 2766–73. CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429279119-377.

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Litchy, William J., Mark A. Matthias, Kurtis M. Hoppe, and Kyle J. Kircher. "Health Care Management and Financing." In Mayo Clinic Preventive Medicine and Public Health Board Review, 269–86. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199743018.003.0017.

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Health care financing and health care management in the United States have been intricately intertwined in their evolution and have been dependent on technology, on public and private policy and funding, and the needs of employers and employees. Virtually all major changes in health care management in the United States have occurred in the last century. Little has changed over the decades; the cost of health care today is still only one-third the estimated cost of absenteeism and presenteeism in the workplace. The difference is that the individual's burden in many cases is now carried by employers and by state and federal governments. Movement toward other reimbursement mechanisms for health care was advanced as medical technology improved and health care costs increased.
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Conference papers on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Jiang, Renyan. "An Age-State-Dependent Degradation Model." In 2018 Prognostics and System Health Management Conference (PHM-Chongqing). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/phm-chongqing.2018.00020.

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Li, Na, Xin Yu, and Mike Zhang. "Machine reliability modelling in manufacturing: A continuous-time state-dependent heterogeneous Markov chain approach." In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieem.2016.7798038.

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Dang, Thanhtrung, and Jyh-tong Teng. "Numerical Simulation of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Using Steady-State and Time-Dependent Solvers." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37420.

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Microchannel heat exchangers are employed for thermal management of electronic devices, IC circuits, etc. Simulation of microchannel heat exchangers using solver with the capability of dealing with steady-state and time-dependent conditions is carried out. The solver — COMSOL — was developed by COMSOL Multiphysics, Inc. using the finite element method. The pressure drop and heat transfer are two of the most important parameters in these devices. In this study, the results obtained from the numerical analyses were in good agreement with those obtained from the papers. In addition, using the same heat exchanger configuration, results obtained from numerical simulations of pressure drop and overall thermal resistance using the COMSOL indicated that those parameters are lower for the cases with parallel-flow than those with the counter-flow.
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Wada, Nobutaka, Masayuki Minami, Yoshiya Matsuo, and Masami Saeki. "Tracking control of a twin-rotor helicopter model under thrust constrains using state-dependent gain-scheduling and reference management." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation (ICMA) (Formerly ICIMA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icma.2008.4798741.

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Tong, Shijie, Matthew P. Klein, and Jae Wan Park. "Comprehensive Battery Equivalent Circuit Based Model for Battery Management Application." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-4087.

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This paper presents a comprehensive control oriented battery model. Described first is an equivalent circuit based battery model which captures particular battery characteristics of control interest. Then, the model categorizes the battery dynamics based on their different time constants (transient, long-term, life-time). This model uses a 2-D map representing the temperature and state-of-charge dependent model parameters. Also, the model uses new battery state-of-charge and state-of-health definitions that are more practical for a real battery management system. Battery testing and simulation on various types of batteries and use scenarios was completed to validate that the model is easy to parameterize, computationally efficient and of adequate accuracy.
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Yamamoto, Yuhei, Daisuke Aosai, and Takashi Mizuno. "Evaluation of Behavior of Rare Earth Elements Based on Determination of Chemical State in Groundwater in Granite." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40072.

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The chemical state of rare earth elements (REEs) in groundwater was determined by a combination of ultrafiltration techniques maintaining in–situ pressures and anaerobic conditions, speciation considering contribution of natural organic matter, and fingerprinting using REE patterns of the stability constants for probable complexes of REEs in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected from a horizontal borehole at a depth of 200 mbGL (meter below ground level) in the Mizunami Underground Research Laboratory (MIU), Gifu, Japan. Spectroscopic analysis for colloidal matter on a membrane filter was also conducted to estimate chemical properties of colloidal ligands. Results of this study suggest that REEs–humic complexes are the dominant chemical states of REEs in this groundwater. The presence of humic substances in groundwater was also confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. Thus, it is expected that chemical behavior of REEs mainly is dependent on humic substances. The information of chemical state of REEs is useful for prediction of behavior of trivalent actinides in groundwater.
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Maknickienė, Nijolė, Ieva Kekytė, and Algirdas Maknickas. "COMPUTATION INTELLIGENCE BASED DAILY ALGORITHMIC STRATEGIES FOR TRADING IN THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET." In Business and Management 2018. VGTU Technika, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2018.53.

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Successful trading in financial markets is not possible without a support system that manages the preparation of the data, prediction system, and risk management and evaluates the trading efficien-cy. Selected orthogonal data was used to predict exchange rates by applying recurrent neural network (RNN) software based on the open source framework Keras and the graphical processing unit (GPU) NVIDIA GTX1070 to accelerate RNN learning. The newly developed software on the GPU predicted ten high-low distributions in approximately 90 minutes. This paper compares different daily algorith-mic trading strategies based on four methods of portfolio creation: split equally, optimisation, orthogonality, and maximal expectations. Each investigated portfolio has opportunities and limita-tions dependent on market state and behaviour of investors, and the efficiencies of the trading sup-port systems for investors in foreign exchange market were tested in a demo FOREX market in real time and compared with similar results obtained for risk-free rates.
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Veckalne, Regina, and Tatjana Tambovceva. "SUSTAINABLE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING." In 12th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2022“. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2022.799.

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Issues of global and regional planning have been on the agenda for many years. The aim of this paper is to explore various approaches to regional development and analyse their relevance to reaching sustainability in the area. Despite the well-known idea of sustainability being dependent on the three pillars: economy, society, and environment, we notice that the social aspect, especially the involvement of the local community in the decision-making process of regional developing planning lacks enough attention. In this research, we emphasize the importance of the bottom-up approach of regional planning. We used bibliometric analysis for detecting the state of the art for regional development planning questions, then we examined the problem of forming a system for ensuring the sustainable development of the region and proposed a program-targeted approach to determine the integral indicators of such development. We also suggested stages of implementation of the strategic plan at the regional level. We concluded that it is important to create national development plans utilizing a regional approach, which involves local projects and programs, which benefit not just the economy and ecological state of the regions, but also the inhabitants of those regions.
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Schlosser, Rainer, Carsten Walther, Martin Boissier, and Matthias Uflacker. "Data-Driven Inventory Management and Dynamic Pricing Competition on Online Marketplaces." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/861.

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Online markets are characterized by competition and limited demand information. In E-commerce, firms compete against each other using data-driven dynamic pricing and ordering strategies. To successfully manage both inventory levels as well as offer prices is a highly challenging task as (i) demand is uncertain, (ii) competitors strategically interact, and (iii) optimized pricing and ordering decisions are mutually dependent. Currently, retailers lack the possibility to test and evaluate their algorithms appropriately before releasing them into the real world. To study joint dynamic ordering and pricing competition on online marketplaces, we built an interactive simulation platform. To be both flexible and scalable, the platform has a microservice-based architecture and allows handling dozens of competing merchants and streams of consumers with configurable characteristics. Further, we deployed and compared different pricing and ordering strategies, from simple rule-based ones to highly sophisticated data-driven strategies which are based on state-of-the-art demand learning techniques and efficient dynamic optimization models.
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Cayeux, Eric, Rodica Mihai, Liv Carlsen, Morten Ørevik, Kjartan Birgisson, and Ronny Bergerud. "A Technical Approach to Safe Mode Management for a Smooth Transition from Automatic to Manual Drilling." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204114-ms.

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Abstract Unexpected situations and system failures during well construction operations are always possible. In the context of drilling automation, or even autonomous drilling, proper automatic management of these situations is of critical importance as the situation awareness of the human operator is very much reduced. The proper management of the transition between automatic and manual modes is necessary to improve the safety of automation solutions. An important characteristic of drilling automation solutions is their ability to cope with unexpected situations. This also encompasses, placing the drilling system in a state that is easy and intuitive for the human operator when manual control is required. Our approach to safe mode management is dependent on a good state estimation of the current conditions of the process. If for any reason, manual control must be regained, then the automated function itself triggers the necessary actions that will ensure a stable current state. In case of a drilling problem or a system failure, the human operator may have to regain control when the context might be totally different from the one left when the automation or autonomous function was enabled. It may even be a different human operator that has to take control, if a crew change has taken place. To make the transition from the automated/autonomous context to manual control, the automation/autonomous system sets the drilling machines in a so-called safe transition state. A safe transition state is one for which leaving the current setpoints of drilling machines untouched for a reasonable amount of time, will not immediately jeopardize the safety of the drilling operation. A safe transition state is contextual as it is not necessarily the same sequence of actions that must be performed to reach the safe transition state every time. The novel safe modes management method is integrated into existing drilling automation solutions. In a drilling automation context, the situation awareness of the human operator is considerably reduced as the automated functions control the process and the human operator is not actively driving the drilling machines. Without active safe mode management, there is a risk that drilling automation solutions may lead to serious situations as the driller may be totally unprepared to regain control in the middle of a critical situation. When it is needed to return to manual mode in the middle of the execution of an automatic procedure, an adequate procedure is executed. The choice of the procedure and its parameters depend on the current state of the process and system.
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Reports on the topic "State-dependent management"

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Davies, Will. Improving the engagement of UK armed forces overseas. Royal Institute of International Affairs, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55317/9781784135010.

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The UK government’s Integrated Review of security, defence, development and foreign policy, published in March 2021 alongside a supporting defence command paper, set a new course for UK national security and highlighted opportunities for an innovative approach to international engagement activity. The Integrated Review focused principally on the state threats posed by China’s increasing power and by competitors – including Russia – armed with nuclear, conventional and hybrid capabilities. It also stressed the continuing risks to global security and resilience due to conflict and instability in weakened and failed states. These threats have the potential to increase poverty and inequality, violent extremism, climate degradation and the forced displacement of people, while presenting authoritarian competitors with opportunities to enhance their geopolitical influence. There are moral, security and economic motives to foster durable peace in conflict-prone and weakened regions through a peacebuilding approach that promotes good governance, addresses the root causes of conflict and prevents violence, while denying opportunities to state competitors. The recent withdrawal from Afghanistan serves to emphasize the complexities and potential pitfalls associated with intervention operations in complex, unstable regions. Success in the future will require the full, sustained and coordinated integration of national, allied and regional levers of power underpinned by a sophisticated understanding of the operating environment. The UK armed forces, with their considerable resources and global network, will contribute to this effort through ‘persistent engagement’. This is a new approach to overseas operations below the threshold of conflict, designed as a pre-emptive complement to warfighting. To achieve this, the UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) must develop a capability that can operate effectively in weak, unstable and complex regions prone to violent conflict and crises, not least in the regions on the eastern and southern flanks of the Euro-Atlantic area. The first step must be the development of a cohort of military personnel with enhanced, tailored levels of knowledge, skills and experience. Engagement roles must be filled by operators with specialist knowledge, skills and experience forged beyond the mainstream discipline of combat and warfighting. Only then will individuals develop a genuinely sophisticated understanding of complex, politically driven and sensitive operating environments and be able to infuse the design and delivery of international activities with practical wisdom and insight. Engagement personnel need to be equipped with: An inherent understanding of the human and political dimensions of conflict, the underlying drivers such as inequality and scarcity, and the exacerbating factors such as climate change and migration; - A grounding in social sciences and conflict modelling in order to understand complex human terrain; - Regional expertise enabled by language skills, cultural intelligence and human networks; - Familiarity with a diverse range of partners, allies and local actors and their approaches; - Expertise in building partner capacity and applying defence capabilities to deliver stability and peace; - A grasp of emerging artificial intelligence technology as a tool to understand human terrain; - Reach and insight developed through ‘knowledge networks’ of external experts in academia, think-tanks and NGOs. Successful change will be dependent on strong and overt advocacy by the MOD’s senior leadership and a revised set of personnel policies and procedures for this cohort’s selection, education, training, career management, incentivization, sustainability and support.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.

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Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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