Books on the topic 'State-Change Mechanism'
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1
Abramov, Ruslan, and Rashid Muhaev. State and municipal administration. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1222458.
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This textbook reveals all aspects of the theoretical and applied analysis of the actual problems of modern state and municipal management, which is based on the generalization of the world and domestic experience of the functioning of public administration systems. Within the framework of the communicative paradigm of public administration, the system, mechanism, practices, apparatus of public administration of foreign countries, styles of public decision-making and technologies of their implementation in different models of public administration are considered. The novel of the textbook is a comparative analysis of threats, challenges and responses that determine the modern transformations of the administrative sphere and change management technologies in the field of public administration, as well as markers for quantifying the effectiveness of public management systems in the information society.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training 38.03.04 "State and municipal management", 41.03.04 "Political Science", 38.03.02 "Management".
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Fujii, Tetsu. Theory of Laminar Film Condensation. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991.
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Kozhevina, Ol'ga, and Natal'ya Salienko. Strategic change management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045608.
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The textbook is developed on the basis of competence-based and interdisciplinary approaches, contains theoretical foundations for the formation, change, development and improvement of organization management systems in a dynamic environment, as well as methodological aspects of the development and practical implementation of strategic changes. The publication examines the features of strategic changes, the technology of change management, reflects the models and principles of organizational changes, defines the prerequisites for the development of scenarios for the development of the organization, factors, conditions and mechanisms for the implementation of the change management strategy in the organization.
The publication fully complies with the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the areas of training 38.03.02 "Management", 38.03.03 "Personnel Management", 38.03.04 "State and municipal management". It will also be useful for students of MBA programs, advanced training courses and professional training of managerial personnel, senior students of economic specialties of universities, graduate students, teachers, practitioners and anyone interested in the problems of effective development of organizations based on the approach of organizational change.
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Sazhina, Muza, Anna Kashirova, Stanislav Makarov, and Egor Osiop. The social wealth of the innovation system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1875920.
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The monograph reveals the key socio-economic problems of the innovation economy: its content as a knowledge economy and its role in evolutionary development; human capital (living intelligence) as the main resource of the innovation economy. Much attention is paid to the institutional support of innovation through a system of institutions and mutually beneficial contracts. The mixed mechanism of implementation of innovative activity as a synthesis of spontaneous market self-regulation and conscious public administration is shown. The result of the "social control" of society and the state is the coordination of the actions of economic entities and the ordering of economic processes.
The most important institution of human society is the family as a strong power in the state. And the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is the main value of society. The main purpose of the family is to reproduce life and provide a person with everything necessary. The state as an institution manages a person's education and health, helps to change his lifestyle, strengthening humanity, ethics, morality and culture of life.
The modern global economy remains a sphere of domination of market egoism. It is the market that performs the function of morality as a person and society as a whole. In the global economy, a person is not a representative of the people, but a representative of the system, a standard way of life. And he should live in communication based on respect for each other.
It is concluded that today the main wealth of society is not material, but social wealth: the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is a living intellect; a family with the reproduction of life; immaterial knowledge that covers all types of work that cannot be calculated and paid, where the motive is the joy of free cooperation, free giving and community. In this "invisible economy" people mutually teach each other humanity and create a culture of joint thinking and living together. The State and society must preserve and increase the social wealth of human society.
For students and postgraduates of economic and managerial specialties, as well as for anyone interested in this problem.
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Agafonov, Vyacheslav, Sergey Bogolyubov, Liya Vasil'eva, Galina Vyphanova, Dmitriy Gorohov, Natal'ya Zhavoronkova, Inna Ignat'eva, et al. Sources of environmental law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1913253.
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The monograph summarizes new relevant materials and topics. The study of the sources (forms) of environmental and natural resource law, legislation on environmental assessment and environmental control (supervision), provisions of land and other codes as forms of law, mechanisms for regulating environmental management, as well as the evolution of sources of law in the field of agriculture.
The complex nature of environmental law is demonstrated, the constitutional, legislative, and political foundations of environmental development, the unified state environmental policy of the Russian Federation and a number of foreign states are outlined. The genesis and systematization of forms of atmospheric air protection, specially protected natural territories of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, legal regulation of waste management, international and national measures of adaptation to climate change are reflected.
The legislation on land reclamation, land management, subsoil use, forest management, water use, fishing and conservation of aquatic biological resources in the system of sources of environmental law is analyzed; the issues of intersectoral communication of environmental, urban planning, information, energy, civil legislation and law are considered.
Examples from the field of law enforcement are given. The idea of ecologization of sources (forms), institutions, categories, norms of branches of Russian law is being developed.
For lawyers — scientists and practitioners, teachers, postgraduates, masters, law students, and other specialists interested in the theory and practice of lawmaking and the application of environmental law.
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Voigt, Christina. Climate Change and Damages. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0021.
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This chapter explores the legal understanding of climate change damages in public international law. It shows that international law has been dealing with transboundary damages since its inception. Damages, whether material or immaterial, have been subject to many inter-state disputes presided upon by international courts and tribunals. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established the Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage to address loss and damage associated with impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, under the Cancún Adaptation Framework. The Warsaw international mechanism is also tasked with the promotion and the implementation of approaches addressing loss and damage associated with those adverse effects. The chapter also describes the growing trend of states who suffer from climate change seeking remedy from other states for their losses.
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Melkas, Eriika. Climate Change and the Sovereign State: Flexibility Mechanisms Within the Kyoto Protocol. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2010.
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Gray, Doris H., and Terry C. Coonan. Reframing Gender Narratives Through Transitional Justice in the Maghreb. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.003.0006.
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Chapter 6, by Doris H. Gray and Terry C. Coonan, discusses the role of transitional justice mechanisms in Tunisia in reframing gender narratives. They focus on one mechanism, the national truth commission, and the roles of women in it. Building on in-depth interviews, they identify a range of complex debates regarding the status of women visible in post-revolution Tunisia in the context of debates over Islamism and secularism. They argue that examining transitional justice through the lens of gender is important not only because transitional justice has tended to ignore this dimension, but also because in the case of many abuses which women experience, there is continuity before and after transitions. That is to say, gendered abuses by the state, as well as domestic violence and sexual harassment, are not necessarily altered by political change, or properly addressed by post-transition mechanisms.
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Xiang, Hong Wei. Corresponding-States Principle and Its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2005.
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The Corresponding-States Principle and its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier Science, 2005.
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11
Chu, Brian C., Andrea B. Temkin, and Kristin Toffey. Transdiagnostic Mechanisms and Treatment for Children and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.013.10.
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Transdiagnostic approaches promise robust conceptualizations of pathology and efficient and generalizable treatments by providing researchers with a novel way to integrate basic science, treatment research, and developmental psychopathology. It has inspired innovations in treatment development by distilling the most powerful treatment components from our library of evidence-based treatments. Transdiagnostic approaches have proved especially appealing in the youth domain given high rates of comorbidity and rapid developmental change. The chapter begins with an introduction to transdiagnostic conceptual definitions and history, then reviews state of the art cognitive, behavioral, and social research that explains mechanisms in the onset or maintenance of pathology using a transdiagnostic lens. It concludes with a review of the early efforts of transdiagnostic researchers to develop interventions to address multiple disorders simultaneously in children and adolescents. In all, the chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the foundation and future directions of this emerging field.
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Wohlforth, William C. Not Quite the Same as It Ever Was. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190675387.003.0004.
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The chapter addresses the claim that rising powers will seek to undermine the legitimacy of the current order and establish new rules using the classical Gilpinian framework as well as more recent rise-and-decline scholarship. It argues against this view and points to a more nuanced position: a harder-to-manage world has arrived, but the essential structural imperatives that have operated for twenty years are likely to remain. The chapter grounds this argument in the near certainty that all-out systemic war is off the table as a mechanism for hegemonic transition; the fact that the rising challenger to the system’s dominant state is approaching peer status on only one dimension of state capability, gross economic output; and the historically unprecedented degree of institutionalization in world politics coupled with the central role institutions play in the dominant power’s grand strategy. Each change favors the status quo states and makes revisionism harder.
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Robert F, Williams. Part V State Constitutional Amendment and Revision, 13 Amending and Revising State Constitutions. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195343083.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses the variety of mechanisms available to propose changes to state constitutions. Amendments or revisions of state constitutions can be accomplished through legislative proposal, constitutional convention proposal, constitutional commission proposal, and the initiative in states that permit it. In all states other than Delaware, the electors must approve changes to the state constitution. The chapter reviews the use of limited state constitutional conventions, and constitutional commissions. Constitutional revision processes in a variety of states during the 20th century are discussed, together with general lessons that can be derived from those experiences. The chapter describes difficulties faced in modern times with state constitutional amendment and revision, including popular distrust of constitutional conventions and other constitution-making processes. Several proposed improvements to the initiative process for state constitutional change also discussed.
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Folwell, Emma J. The War on Poverty in Mississippi. University Press of Mississippi, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496827395.001.0001.
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When President Lyndon Johnson’s war on poverty arrived in Mississippi in 1965, it was met with a ferocious response. The federally-funded war against poverty—the embodiment of 1960s liberalism—clashed explosively with Mississippi’s closed society. In the years between 1965 and 1973, the opposing forces of the war against poverty and a war against the war on poverty transformed the state. Through a state-level history of the war on poverty, this book traces the attempts of white and black Mississippians to utilize antipoverty programs to address the desperate poverty in the state. The war on poverty was, at times, a powerful tool for black empowerment. But more often, antipoverty programs became a potent mechanism of white resistance to black advancement. Through the war on poverty, both black activism and white opposition to black empowerment evolved following the momentous events of 1964. White Mississippians used massive resistance as a template for resistance to black economic empowerment, forging antipoverty programs into tools to marginalize black political and economic power. This book traces the grassroots war against the war on poverty that laid the foundation for the fight against 1960s liberalism, as Mississippi became a national model for resistance to social change through its evolving resistance to the war on poverty that lay at the heart of the emerging new conservatism. Many white Mississippians forged this resistance into the political, economic, and social structures of the state, contributing to the development of the state’s Republican Party and articulating a new conservatism.
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Oda, Hiroshi. Japanese Law. 4th ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198869474.001.0001.
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This book analyses the current state of Japanese law after a series of reforms since 1990. In that year, the US–Japan Structural Impediments Initiatives Talk necessitating fundamental changes to the conventional system in Japan was completed. At the same time, the ‘bubble economy’ came to an end and Japan embarked on a long path to economic recovery. As a result, the Japanese legal system has undergone significant changes. Depending on the area of law, not all the reforms were successful, but it is beyond doubt that major changes took place across the board. The core of the book is commercial and business-related laws such as corporate law, securities law, contract law, and competition law. There was a fundamental change in corporate law over past three decades, not the least because of the new Company Law of 2004. The entire system of corporate governance now is very different from the previous insider-dominated system. Major changes took place in securities law after the Japanese ‘Big Bang’. Competition law in Japan, which had once been regarded as ‘dormant’, is now in full operation. The book also considers contract law, which, as part of the Civil Code, has undergone a major change in 2020. In order to understand commercial and business law, accurate understanding of the dispute settlement mechanism and the procedure is needed and this is duly covered. The book addresses these issues by studying the case law as well as legislative history and business practice.
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Schupmann, Benjamin A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791614.003.0008.
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The Conclusion uses Schmitt’s thought to analyze what is today known as “constrained” or “militant” democracy. A constrained democracy is a constitutional regime with mechanisms to prevent its own democratic subversion. Although this regime is present to varying degrees in most liberal democratic states today, efforts to provide its comprehensive normative theory and justify its use have fallen short. The conclusion argues that Schmitt’s state and constitutional theory, when used to theorize Weimar’s liberal counter-constitution, provides that comprehensive normative theory of constrained democracy. Schmitt’s state and constitutional theory provides liberal democrats today with an alternative way to think about the legitimacy of the liberal democratic state and the limits of democratic legal change. This chapter concludes by briefly discussing how to move constrained democracy beyond Schmitt and by describing some recent parallels between early twentieth-century extremist movements and today’s political world.
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Quântica, Sabrina. Depressão, em busca da libertação - Um estudo sobre a cura sem medicamentos. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-424-1.
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Is it possible to develop techniques and mechanisms so that women can get out of a depression without the help of medication, even though they are in a deep state of apathy? It is scientifically proven that moving, eating well, cultivating good relationships and even meditating are actions that help the human being to become fuller and happier. The recipe is easy. There is a step-by-step that, most of the time, provides positive results to those who follow it. But what about when the individual is listless? At that stage of unwillingness, lack of strength and courage to change the stage? He may be fully aware of what he should do, how he should act and how much it would be beneficial for his well-being, yet he still does not find the strength to act. It is a feeling of pain and anguish that does not pass and there is no desire to do anything to pass. Would it be possible to use or create a revolutionary technique or set of techniques, "magical" that help the start of psychological / emotional change, without the aid of drugs? There are numerous studies that demonstrate both the ineffectiveness and the various side effects of antidepressant and psychotropic drugs. To check if there are mechanisms that help individuals to restore mental and emotional health without the aid of allopathy is to find a way out so that less people, in addition to not getting rid of depression, become dependent on the medications they use. Nowadays depression is often diagnosed and treated incorrectly, especially among women – one in seven is medicated. If there are effective mechanisms to change a depressive stage in a natural way, there will be a reduction in the consumption of medications, thus avoiding serious side effects such as dependence, reactions and physical changes such as disorderly weight loss or gain, sexual dysfunction and incapacity to live in society.
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Nolan, Brian. Conclusions and Implications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807032.003.0013.
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This chapter brings together the findings from the ten individual country case-study chapters to highlight the lessons to be learned about inequality and living standards. It highlights the extent to which countries facing what might be thought of as common drivers in terms of globalization and technological change none the less had very different outcomes in terms of increases in inequality and real income growth. This variation did not align neatly with pre-existing welfare-state regimes or economic models, but some common elements can be identified in countries or periods where increases in inequality were limited, and ones where significant real income increases were achieved. The chapter brings out the implications in terms of macroeconomic policy, employment, wage-setting, and labour-market institutions and policies, and redistributive mechanisms as well as broader social provision and supports.
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Baer, Madeline. Human Rights in a Neoliberal World. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190693152.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 presents the central research questions that drive the theoretical and empirical work of the book, outlines the “moments of social transformation” model used for analyzing human rights realization, and positions the book in relation to theoretical and contemporary policy debates. The chapter synthesizes the literatures on socioeconomic human rights fulfillment and the human right to water and sanitation. It introduces two key elements for implementing human rights: political will and state capacity, as well as some obstacles to rights realization, including lack of strong regulatory frameworks and accountability mechanisms. The chapter explores the tensions between markets and rights, finding that neoliberal approaches to water policy have a negative effect on rights fulfillment by weakening the state’s role, and it engages with critiques that the human rights frame is too narrow and vague to facilitate transformative change in the water sector.
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Meier, Benjamin Mason, Ryan Cronk, Jeanne Luh, Jamie Bartram, and Catarina de Albuquerque. Monitoring the Progressive Realization of the Human Rights to Water and Sanitation. Edited by Ken Conca and Erika Weinthal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199335084.013.21.
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The human rights to water and sanitation have developed dramatically under international human rights law over the past forty years, with international political declarations leading to specific state obligations. Yet despite this evolution of human rights under international law, there are few mechanisms to monitor the progressive realization of those rights in national practice. The Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) Performance Index employs frontier analysis to monitor human rights to water and sanitation, across countries and over time. Tracking rates of change in water and sanitation coverage, the WaSH Performance Index allows for measurements of the progressive realization of human rights, publishing quantitative indicators reflective of the human rights to water and sanitation. Such external monitoring of outcome measures, correlating national implementation efforts with water and sanitation coverage data, provides a basis for future research and advocacy to facilitate rights-based accountability for water and sanitation policy.
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Pop, Liliana. Bourdieu in the Post-Communist World. Edited by Thomas Medvetz and Jeffrey J. Sallaz. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199357192.013.6.
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The collapse of the communist regimes in the former Soviet bloc and the subsequent economic, political, social, and cultural transformations opened up new challenges for social science research. Working with the methodological and conceptual tools of Pierre Bourdieu, including habitus, field, capital, symbolic power, hysteresis, and the logic of honor, among others, scholars have defined and addressed four clusters of important research questions: the possibility of systemic change and the emergence of “capitalism without capitalists”; mechanisms for legitimacy and stability, new configurations of stratification and lifestyles; marketing selves, the informal economy, and nationalism; and state-level strategies for redefining positions in the international political field. This chapter shows that, although much remains to be done across these areas, works that use Bourdieu’s insights to analyze post-communist regimes have provided more nuanced accounts and fuller explanations than those available in mainstream literatures, making up in salience what they lack in number.
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Alanen, Lilli. Affects and Ideas in Spinoza’s Therapy of Passions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766858.003.0005.
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The emancipation and control of passions proposed in Spinoza’s Ethics (1677) is based on true knowledge. We are unable to remove the causes of a passion, say of sadness, affected as we are by forces infinitely surpassing our own, yet we can change it from a passive state of confusion into an active emotion of joy by understanding its causes. This raises questions about the identity both of the mind that is striving to free itself from the passions, and of particular passions themselves, which are defined as confused and inadequate, partial ideas, and whose very form or being seems to depend on their confusion and inadequacy. This chapter focuses on Spinoza’s account of the mechanisms of ideas and passive affects and the difficulties this account poses for the arguments developed in the Ethics Part 5 in support for a therapy of passions through self-generated active affects.
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Lin, Yi-min. Dancing with the Devil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190682828.001.0001.
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From 1978 through the turn of the century China was transformed from a state-owned economy into a predominantly private economy. This fundamental change took place under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is ideologically mandated and politically predisposed to suppress private ownership. Dancing with the Devil explains how and why such an ironic and puzzling reality came about. The central thesis is that private ownership became a necessary evil for the CCP because the public sector was increasingly unable to address two essential concerns for regime survival: employment and revenue. Focusing on political actors as a major group of change agents, the book examines how their self-interested behavior led to the decline of public ownership. Demographics and the state’s fiscal system provide the analytical coordinates for revealing the changing incentives and constraints faced by political actors and for investigating their responses and strategies. These factors help explain CCP leaders’ initial decision to allow limited private economic activities at the outset of reform. They also shed light on the subsequent growth of opportunism in the behavior of lower-level officials, which undermined the vitality of public enterprises. Furthermore, they hold a key to understanding the timing of the massive privatization in the late 1990s, as well as its tempo and spread thereafter. The book illustrates how the driving forces developed and played out in these intertwined episodes of the story. In so doing, it offers new insights into the mechanisms of China’s economic transformation and enriches theories of institutional change.
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Lynch, David K., Kenneth Sassen, David O'C Starr, and Graeme Stephens, eds. Cirrus. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195130720.001.0001.
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Cirrus clouds are high, thin, tropospheric clouds composed predominately of ice. In the last ten years, considerable work has shown that cirrus is widespread--more common than previously believed--and has a significant impact on climate and global change. As the next generation weather satellites are being designed, the impact of cirrus on remote sensing and the global energy budget must be recognized and accommodated. This book, the first to be devoted entirely to cirrus clouds, captures the state of knowledge of cirrus and serves as a practical handbook as well. Each chapter is based on an invited review talk presented at Cirrus, a meeting hosted by the Optical Society of America and co-sponsored by the American Geophysical Union and the American Meteorological Society. All aspects of cirrus clouds are covered, an approach that reaches into diverse fields. Topics include: the definition of cirrus, cirrus climatologies, nucleation, evolution and dissipation, mixed-phase thermodynamics, crystallinity, orientation mechanisms, dynamics, scattering, radiative transfer, in situ sampling, processes that produce or influence cirrus (and vice versa), contrails, and the influence of cirrus on climate.
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Drahos, Peter. Survival Governance. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197534755.001.0001.
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The climate and energy crisis requires a strong state to change the direction, speed, scale, and financing of innovation in world capitalism in order to create a bio-digital energy paradigm. Four states are possible contenders for catalyzing this survival governance: China, the European Union, India, and the United States. China is an improbable leader, but less improbable than the other three. No US president can close down the fossil fuel industry in time. The US state, worried about the slippage of its technological superiority, is turning to regulatory mechanisms like intellectual property to slow China’s technological development. China will have to manage the risk of a United States bent on military primacy. China is urbanizing innovation on a historically unprecedented scale. Lying at the heart of the bio-digital energy paradigm is a global city-based network of innovation. China, more than the other three states, is scaling technology innovation through the building of experimental cities such as eco-cities, hydrogen cities, forest cities, and sponge cities. The Belt and Road Initiative will take this innovation well outside of China’s borders. China could help to place cities into a new relationship with their surrounding ecosystems. Drawing on more than 250 interviews, carried out in 17 countries, including the world’s four largest carbon emitters, the book shows how cities and their networks represent the best chance for growing climate survival governance for the 21st century.
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Berry, Craig. Pensions Imperilled. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782834.001.0001.
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Private pensions provision in the United Kingdom is in crisis—but it is not the crisis often depicted in political and popular discourses. While population ageing has affected traditional pensions practice, the imperilment of pensions is due in fact to the incompatibility of pensions provision’s peculiar temporality with the financialization of the wider economy. This book offers a political economy perspective on the development of private pensions, focusing specifically on how policy elites have sought to respond to perceived crises of demographic change, undersaving, and fund deficits, and in doing so absorbed imperatives to subject individuals to a market-led regime under the influence of neoliberal ideology. This terrain is explored through chapters on the historical and comparative context of UK pensions provision, the demise of collectivist provision, the rise of pensions individualization (and the state’s role as facilitator and regulator in this regard), and the financial and economic context in which pensions provision operates. The book offers an original understanding of the unique temporality and materiality of pensions provision, as a set of mechanisms for coping with generational change and forecast failures in capitalist economies. Accordingly, it also offers a nuanced account of pensions statecraft, challenging a tendency in the existing literature to focus on the boundary between state and market, rather than how the pensions market operates (and the state’s role in this). The book ends by outlining a coherent and radical programme of progressive pensions reform, steeped in the author’s experience as a policy practitioner.
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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. Implications. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0008.
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This chapter advances six arguments concerning the relationship between Indian politics and the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA): NREGA, for all its faults, has improved the well-being of tens of millions of poor people; (2) NREGA's political aims and implications must be recognized to appreciate its significance as a development initiative; (3) while the Indian state's porousness provides privileged access to business organizations and socially powerful constituencies, it also offers openings for voices seeking to effect progressive social change in the interests of non-elite groups; (4) various aspects of NREGA implementation have demonstrated the complex process through which “clientelist” politics in India is being transformed rather than eliminated; (5) NREGA is emblematic of a new category of rights—a category we term “governance rights”, which are characterized by hybridity in terms of both content and enforcement mechanisms; and (6) NREGA spurred a devolution of resources to elected local councils, which made village-level democratic institutions, despite their shortcomings, a site where poorer people's demands for accountability were legitimated—a process aided in some states by unusually capable social movements, and in others by state bureaucracies.
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The Global State of Democracy 2022: Forging Social Contracts in a Time of Discontent. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2022.56.
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At the end of 2022, the world is trapped beneath the weight of a multitude of old and new problems. There are myriad causes of political and economic instability, including the spiking prices of food and energy, ballooning inflation and an impending recession. These phenomena are occurring in the unstable context of continuing climate change, long unresolved inequality, the Covid-19 pandemic, declining standards of living and the Russian war of aggression in Ukraine. Democratic institutions are especially important in times of crisis and fear. They ensure open pathways for the information and communication that citizens and governments need to be able to act responsively and effectively. To rebuild and revitalize these institutions and to re-establish trust between the people and their governments, it is necessary to develop new and innovative social contracts that better reflect the changing global environment and that meaningfully prioritize equal access to the mechanisms of participation. International IDEA’s Global State of Democracy Report 2022 provides an overview of the global and regional trends related to democracy and human rights, along with examples of efforts to reinvigorate social contracts around the world.
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Madariaga, Aldo. Neoliberal Resilience. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691182599.001.0001.
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Since the 1980s, neoliberalism has withstood repeated economic shocks and financial crises to become the hegemonic economic policy worldwide. Why has neoliberalism remained so resilient? What is the relationship between this resiliency and the backsliding of Western democracy? Can democracy survive an increasingly authoritarian neoliberal capitalism? This book answers these questions by bringing the developing world's recent history to the forefront of our thinking about democratic capitalism's future. Looking at four decades of change in four countries once considered to be leading examples of effective neoliberal policy in Latin America and Eastern Europe — Argentina, Chile, Estonia, and Poland — the book examines the domestic actors and institutions responsible for defending neoliberalism. Delving into neoliberalism's political power, the book demonstrates that it is strongest in countries where traditional democratic principles have been slowly and purposefully weakened. It identifies three mechanisms through which coalitions of political, institutional, and financial forces have propagated neoliberalism's success: the privatization of state companies to create a supporting business class, the use of political institutions to block the representation of alternatives in congress, and the constitutionalization of key economic policies to shield them from partisan influence. The book reflects on today's most pressing issues, including the influence of increasing austerity measures and the rise of populism. As a comparative exploration of political economics at the peripheries of global capitalism, the book investigates the tensions between neoliberalism's longevity and democracy's gradual decline.
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Checker, Melissa. The Sustainability Myth. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479835089.001.0001.
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Are today’s sustainable cities built on their own undoing? This book uncovers the hidden costs of sustainable policies and practices in an era of hyper-gentrification. From state-of-the-art parks to rooftop gardens, LEED-certified buildings, bike lanes, and organic shops and restaurants, industrial waterfronts are transforming into eco-friendly urban oases. But how sustainable is this green wave? Will it lift all boats? In New York City, Melissa Checker finds that sustainable initiatives have fostered resource-intensive, high-end development in some areas and left others overburdened with polluting facilities and under-protected from climate change. Checker weaves together ethnographic and historic detail to tell the story of local activists who struggle to improve the environmental health of their neighborhoods while maintaining their affordability. For over a decade, Checker’s research on “environmental gentrification”—the use of environmental improvements to drive high-end redevelopment—has exposed the paradoxes of urban sustainability. This book develops an intricate and comprehensive account of environmental gentrification, from its historic roots to the different forms it takes. Extending this analysis, Checker also challenges popular myths about civic engagement: her work alongside environmental justice activists reveals how institutional mechanisms meant to foster public participation and community empowerment have actually undermined both. And yet Checker finds hope in surprising places. Across the country, sustainability’s broken promises have given rise to new, nonpartisan political formations. Borne of crisis, these grassroots coalitions are crossing racial, economic, and political divides to create new possibilities for our collective future.
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Donald R, Rothwell, Elferink Alex G Oude, Scott Karen N, and Stephens Tim, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198715481.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Human activities have taken place in the world's oceans and seas for most of human history. With such a vast number of ways in which the oceans can be used for trade, exploited for natural resources and fishing, as well as concerns over maritime security, the legal systems regulating the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans have long been a crucial part of international law. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea comprehensively defined the parameters of the law of the sea in 1982, and since the Convention was concluded it has seen considerable development. This book provides an analysis of its current debates and controversies, both theoretical and practical. It consists of forty chapters divided into six parts. First, it explains the origins and evolution of the law of the sea, with a particular focus upon the role of key publicists such as Hugo Grotius and John Selden, the gradual development of state practice, and the creation of the 1982 UN Convention. It then reviews the components which comprise the maritime domain, assessing their definition, assertion, and recognition. It also analyzes the ways in which coastal states or the international community can assert control over areas of the sea, and the management and regulation of each of the maritime zones. This includes investigating the development of the mechanisms for maritime boundary delimitation, and the decisions of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The book also discusses the actors and intuitions that impact on the law of the sea, considering their particular rights and interests, in particular those of state actors and the principle law of the sea institutions. Then it focuses on operational issues, investigating longstanding matters of resource management and the integrated oceans framework. This includes a discussion and assessment of the broad and increasingly influential integrated oceans management governance framework that interacts with the traditional law of the sea. It considers six distinctive regions that have been pivotal to the development of the law of the sea, before finally providing a detailed analysis of the critical contemporary issues facing the law of the sea. These include threatened species, climate change, bioprospecting, and piracy.
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Tiwari, Sandip. Nanoscale Device Physics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759874.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Nanoscale devices are distinguishable from the larger microscale devices in their specific dependence on physical phenomena and effects that are central to their operation. The size change manifests itself through changes in importance of the phenomena and effects that become dominant and the changes in scale of underlying energetics and response. Examples of these include classical effects such as single electron effects, quantum effects such as the states accessible as well as their properties; ensemble effects ranging from consequences of the laws of numbers to changes in properties arising from different magnitudes of the inter-actions, and others. These interactions, with the limits placed on size, make not just electronic, but also magnetic, optical and mechanical behavior interesting, important and useful. Connecting these properties to the behavior of devices is the focus of this textbook. Description of the book series: This collection of four textbooks in the Electroscience series span the undergraduate-to-graduate education in electrosciences for engineering and science students. It culminates in a comprehensive under-standing of nanoscale devices—electronic, magnetic, mechanical and optical in the 4th volume, and builds to it through volumes devoted to underlying semiconductor and solid-state physics with an emphasis on phenomena at surfaces and interfaces, energy interaction, and fluctuations; a volume devoted to the understanding of the variety of devices through classical microelectronic approach, and an engineering-focused understanding of principles of quantum, statistical and information mechanics. The goal is provide, with rigor and comprehensiveness, an exposure to the breadth of knowledge and interconnections therein in this subject area that derives equally from sciences and engineering. By completing this through four integrated texts, it circumvents what is taught ad hoc and incompletely in a larger number of courses, or not taught at all. A four course set makes it possible for the teaching curriculum to be more comprehensive in this and related advancing areas of technology. It ends at a very modern point, where researchers in the subject area would also find the discussion and details an important reference source.