Academic literature on the topic 'State-Change Mechanism'
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Journal articles on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan, and Rafaqat Islam. "CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY." Margalla Papers 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/margallapapers.25.2.77.
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Climate change is a reality recognized globally. Although global efforts are accelerating, there are fears in the underdeveloped world regarding the erosion of their sovereignty through climate change action and response mechanisms. Remedial actions taken at various levels are not a compensating reflection of this reality. There is a need to establish a well-thought-out mechanism and support fast-track climate change action and responses. This study, therefore, highlights the impact of climate change action on state sovereignty through in-depth analysis by interviewing climate experts and officials. It reckons that the issue revolves around interference in internal policies through the prism of climate change action incorporating world organisations. It concludes that developing states may have fears regarding the overreach of developed states in their remedial actions, as seen in the Global South and Global North divide. Bibliography Entry Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan and Rafaqat Islam. 2021. "Climate Change Action and State Sovereignty." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 98-108.
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Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan, and Rafaqat Islam. "CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION AND STATE SOVEREIGNTY." Margalla Papers 25, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/margallapapers.25.2.77.
Full textAbstract:
Climate change is a reality recognized globally. Although global efforts are accelerating, there are fears in the underdeveloped world regarding the erosion of their sovereignty through climate change action and response mechanisms. Remedial actions taken at various levels are not a compensating reflection of this reality. There is a need to establish a well-thought-out mechanism and support fast-track climate change action and responses. This study, therefore, highlights the impact of climate change action on state sovereignty through in-depth analysis by interviewing climate experts and officials. It reckons that the issue revolves around interference in internal policies through the prism of climate change action incorporating world organisations. It concludes that developing states may have fears regarding the overreach of developed states in their remedial actions, as seen in the Global South and Global North divide. Bibliography Entry Shafi, Khalid Mahmood, Arif Ullah Khan and Rafaqat Islam. 2021. "Climate Change Action and State Sovereignty." Margalla Papers 25 (2): 98-108.
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Nyka, Maciej. "State Responsibility for Climate Change Damages." Review of European and Comparative Law 45, no. 2 (June 16, 2021): 131–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12246.
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The state’s liability for damages in the field of climate change remains one of those areas of international law that has not yet been comprehensively regulated. At present, the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, specific to the norms of international climate law, is not an alternative to the general principles of international law regulating responsibility and compensation issues of the states in the sphere of international climate law. The application of customary international legal mechanisms of responsibility of states in relation to climate damage can be a kind of challenge. Both the damage itself and elements such as causation or the possibility of attributing responsibility to the state pose a significant challenge in the sphere of climate protection. On the other hand, it is impossible not to notice that properly applied norms of general international law make it possible to overcome the difficulties arising from the specificity of the responsibility of countries for climate change. The latest jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice in environmental matters creates a framework for the settlement and implementation of possible liability for damages in the area of climate change.
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Brandt, Ulrich. "A two-state stabilization-change mechanism for proton-pumping complex I." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 1807, no. 10 (October 2011): 1364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.04.006.
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Hu, Sheng, Liping Zhao, and Yiyong Yao. "State entropy–based fluctuation analysis mechanism for quality state stability in data-driven manufacturing process." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 3 (February 5, 2018): 988–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418755821.
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Intelligent quality state analysis is a promising tool to deal with manufacturing big data due to its ability in efficiently processing state signals and providing accurate warning results. Inspired by the idea that uses the change of entropy flow to characterize the quality state change, this article proposes a fluctuation analysis mechanism for quality stability based on state entropy in data-driven manufacturing process. First, the multidimensional space cloud model with a three-tuple feature is constructed to describe quality state fluctuation in which the digital features of entropy and hyper-entropy represent the fluctuations’ uncertainty of quality state. Furthermore, in order to quantitatively analyze the fluctuation degree of process state, the entropy change mechanism is introduced into the manufacturing quality state to calculate the state fluctuation degree. The proposed method is validated by a fan blade machining process dataset, and the result shows that the approach could well monitor the quality state fluctuation and show good effect for process stability analysis, which will provide theoretical evidence for the real-time warning and evaluation for abnormal quality state in manufacturing process.
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SUZUKI, Toru. "Physical State Change of Food in Deep-Fat Frying and Oil Absorption Mechanism." Oleoscience 9, no. 2 (2009): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/oleoscience.9.43.
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Qin, W., J. A. Szpunar, and Y. Umakoshi. "Electron or ion irradiation-induced phase-change mechanism between amorphous and crystalline state." Acta Materialia 59, no. 5 (March 2011): 2221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.12.025.
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Mayer, Benoit, Mikko Rajavuori, and Mandy Meng Fang. "The Contribution of State-Owned Enterprises to Climate Change Mitigation in China." Climate Law 7, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2017): 97–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18786561-00702002.
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China plans the implementation of a nationwide market-based mechanism for greenhouse gas mitigation, appearing thus to replicate the method used most notably in the European Union to price greenhouse gas emissions. However, China’s new mechanism represents only be the tip of the mitigation iceberg. Banking on the unique characteristics of a socialist market economy, China’s government has largely relied on State-Owned Enterprises as a tool for implementing rapid change. In this article, we discuss the role played by Chinese soes to advance the country’s ambitious mitigation objectives. After a general description of the incentives created for emission limitation and energy saving through soe supervision, we highlight the corresponding efforts made in the fossil-fuel, power-generation, and other key mitigation sectors.
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Bozec, Yves-Marie, and Peter J. Mumby. "Synergistic impacts of global warming on the resilience of coral reefs." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1659 (January 5, 2015): 20130267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0267.
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Recent epizootics have removed important functional species from Caribbean coral reefs and left communities vulnerable to alternative attractors. Global warming will impact reefs further through two mechanisms. A chronic mechanism reduces coral calcification, which can result in depressed somatic growth. An acute mechanism, coral bleaching, causes extreme mortality when sea temperatures become anomalously high. We ask how these two mechanisms interact in driving future reef state (coral cover) and resilience (the probability of a reef remaining within a coral attractor). We find that acute mechanisms have the greatest impact overall, but the nature of the interaction with chronic stress depends on the metric considered. Chronic and acute stress act additively on reef state but form a strong synergy when influencing resilience by intensifying a regime shift. Chronic stress increases the size of the algal basin of attraction (at the expense of the coral basin), whereas coral bleaching pushes the system closer to the algal attractor. Resilience can change faster—and earlier—than a change in reef state. Therefore, we caution against basing management solely on measures of reef state because a loss of resilience can go unnoticed for many years and then become disproportionately more difficult to restore.
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Wu, Song, and Juan Bai. "Research on the Dynamic Compensation Mechanism that is Brought by Engineering Measurement to the Contract Status." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 2647–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.2647.
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<p>Based on engineering measurement ，the contract state change is classified into three types: variation, deviation on bill of quantities, discrepancy in BQ quantity. Based on this, analysis is made on the dynamic compensation mechanism that the bill of quantities can have to the contract state according to the change type of the contract state of the bill of quantities, finally the quantitative value adjusted by the contract price based on the change type of the three contract state based on the bill of quantities.</p>
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Massey, Lori Marie. "The Value of Partnerships as a Mechanism for Systems Change: The Florida Experience (1974-2006)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30118.
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The value of collaborative regional professional development partnerships as the mechanism for implementing a Comprehensive System of Personnel Development (CSPD), a mandate of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 1997, in one state was investigated. The historical organizational case study examined this issue from the perspectives of those initially and currently involved with regional professional development partnership implementation. Participants included individuals representing three different perspectives (i.e., state education agency, institutions of higher education, and local education agency) A qualitative case study research design was used to gain in-depth information from varied sources about participants' views of Florida's system of personnel development prior to the implementation of regional professional development partnerships, as well as the perceived value of the regional professional development partnerships from those who were currently involved. Data sources included interviews and a review of relevant documents. Data analysis included the process of inductive analysis which allowed themes of the study to emerge from the data. Conclusions drawn from the study's findings included: (1) the critical importance of leadership, (2) the importance of relationships, (3) the developmental nature of partnerships, (4) readiness, roles, and responsibilities, (5) benefits and barriers, and (6) the importance of institutional memory and active involvement.Ph. D.
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Westraad, Susan Fiona. "An investigation of the key mechanisms that promote whole school development in a secondary school pilot project context." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003291.
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Providing relevant and quality schooling for all South African learners is the paramount goal of the South African National Department of Education. South Africa 's historical and current socio-economic contexts provide many challenges for both the Department of Education and schools in this endeavour to provide quality teaching and learning. These challenges impact directly and indirectly on what happens in the classroom. Since 1994 a plethora of education and training policy has been introduced in South Africa to redress historical imbalances; to introduce a new education and training framework and approach; and to provide guidelines, principles and procedures for addressing some of the challenges that impact on schools. The National Whole School Evaluation Policy provides the legislative framework for the establishment of a quality assurance process in South African schools based on accountability and support. The subsequent Integrated Quality Management System attempts to provide a framework for integrating school evaluation and performance measurement. Policy frameworks are in place to guide quality assurance and school improvement, however, the reality of implementing this at a grass roots level is particularly challenging. The General Motors (GM) South Africa Foundation, a non-governmental development organisation, established by General Motors (GM) South Africa, commenced with the piloting the Learning Schools Initiative to investigate some of the challenges of whole school development and evaluation. This research documents the Learning Schools Initiative's intervention with the initial two pilot secondary schools situated in Port Elizabeth (Nelson Mandela Bay) over a four-year period. It reviews the relevant school reform and school development literature and adopts a critical realist evaluative research approach to investigate the key mechanisms that promote whole school development and change in this context. In keeping with this approach, the results of the research are analysed and discussed within a context-menchanism-outcome configuration that involves the identification of the key mechanisms that bring about desired outcome/s in a specific context. Seven key generative mechanisms are identified as critical at a school and classroom level (i) school culture, (ii) school structures, (iii) effective leadership and management, (iv) personal growth and meaning, (v) restoration of relationships, (vi) professional development of educators, and development of capacity to work together, and (vii) support and accountability. The need to structure school development interventions around the triggering of identified key mechanisms is also identified as an important overarching mechanism. Suggestions are made for further research required to facilitate a deeper understanding of how to bring about meaningful change that results in quality teaching and learning in South African schools.
Books on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Abramov, Ruslan, and Rashid Muhaev. State and municipal administration. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1222458.
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This textbook reveals all aspects of the theoretical and applied analysis of the actual problems of modern state and municipal management, which is based on the generalization of the world and domestic experience of the functioning of public administration systems. Within the framework of the communicative paradigm of public administration, the system, mechanism, practices, apparatus of public administration of foreign countries, styles of public decision-making and technologies of their implementation in different models of public administration are considered. The novel of the textbook is a comparative analysis of threats, challenges and responses that determine the modern transformations of the administrative sphere and change management technologies in the field of public administration, as well as markers for quantifying the effectiveness of public management systems in the information society.
Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For bachelors of higher educational institutions studying in the areas of training 38.03.04 "State and municipal management", 41.03.04 "Political Science", 38.03.02 "Management".
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Fujii, Tetsu. Theory of Laminar Film Condensation. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1991.
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Kozhevina, Ol'ga, and Natal'ya Salienko. Strategic change management. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045608.
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The textbook is developed on the basis of competence-based and interdisciplinary approaches, contains theoretical foundations for the formation, change, development and improvement of organization management systems in a dynamic environment, as well as methodological aspects of the development and practical implementation of strategic changes. The publication examines the features of strategic changes, the technology of change management, reflects the models and principles of organizational changes, defines the prerequisites for the development of scenarios for the development of the organization, factors, conditions and mechanisms for the implementation of the change management strategy in the organization.
The publication fully complies with the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
It is intended for students studying in the areas of training 38.03.02 "Management", 38.03.03 "Personnel Management", 38.03.04 "State and municipal management". It will also be useful for students of MBA programs, advanced training courses and professional training of managerial personnel, senior students of economic specialties of universities, graduate students, teachers, practitioners and anyone interested in the problems of effective development of organizations based on the approach of organizational change.
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Sazhina, Muza, Anna Kashirova, Stanislav Makarov, and Egor Osiop. The social wealth of the innovation system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1875920.
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The monograph reveals the key socio-economic problems of the innovation economy: its content as a knowledge economy and its role in evolutionary development; human capital (living intelligence) as the main resource of the innovation economy. Much attention is paid to the institutional support of innovation through a system of institutions and mutually beneficial contracts. The mixed mechanism of implementation of innovative activity as a synthesis of spontaneous market self-regulation and conscious public administration is shown. The result of the "social control" of society and the state is the coordination of the actions of economic entities and the ordering of economic processes.
The most important institution of human society is the family as a strong power in the state. And the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is the main value of society. The main purpose of the family is to reproduce life and provide a person with everything necessary. The state as an institution manages a person's education and health, helps to change his lifestyle, strengthening humanity, ethics, morality and culture of life.
The modern global economy remains a sphere of domination of market egoism. It is the market that performs the function of morality as a person and society as a whole. In the global economy, a person is not a representative of the people, but a representative of the system, a standard way of life. And he should live in communication based on respect for each other.
It is concluded that today the main wealth of society is not material, but social wealth: the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is a living intellect; a family with the reproduction of life; immaterial knowledge that covers all types of work that cannot be calculated and paid, where the motive is the joy of free cooperation, free giving and community. In this "invisible economy" people mutually teach each other humanity and create a culture of joint thinking and living together. The State and society must preserve and increase the social wealth of human society.
For students and postgraduates of economic and managerial specialties, as well as for anyone interested in this problem.
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Agafonov, Vyacheslav, Sergey Bogolyubov, Liya Vasil'eva, Galina Vyphanova, Dmitriy Gorohov, Natal'ya Zhavoronkova, Inna Ignat'eva, et al. Sources of environmental law. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1913253.
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The monograph summarizes new relevant materials and topics. The study of the sources (forms) of environmental and natural resource law, legislation on environmental assessment and environmental control (supervision), provisions of land and other codes as forms of law, mechanisms for regulating environmental management, as well as the evolution of sources of law in the field of agriculture.
The complex nature of environmental law is demonstrated, the constitutional, legislative, and political foundations of environmental development, the unified state environmental policy of the Russian Federation and a number of foreign states are outlined. The genesis and systematization of forms of atmospheric air protection, specially protected natural territories of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan, legal regulation of waste management, international and national measures of adaptation to climate change are reflected.
The legislation on land reclamation, land management, subsoil use, forest management, water use, fishing and conservation of aquatic biological resources in the system of sources of environmental law is analyzed; the issues of intersectoral communication of environmental, urban planning, information, energy, civil legislation and law are considered.
Examples from the field of law enforcement are given. The idea of ecologization of sources (forms), institutions, categories, norms of branches of Russian law is being developed.
For lawyers — scientists and practitioners, teachers, postgraduates, masters, law students, and other specialists interested in the theory and practice of lawmaking and the application of environmental law.
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Voigt, Christina. Climate Change and Damages. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0021.
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This chapter explores the legal understanding of climate change damages in public international law. It shows that international law has been dealing with transboundary damages since its inception. Damages, whether material or immaterial, have been subject to many inter-state disputes presided upon by international courts and tribunals. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established the Warsaw international mechanism for loss and damage to address loss and damage associated with impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change, under the Cancún Adaptation Framework. The Warsaw international mechanism is also tasked with the promotion and the implementation of approaches addressing loss and damage associated with those adverse effects. The chapter also describes the growing trend of states who suffer from climate change seeking remedy from other states for their losses.
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Melkas, Eriika. Climate Change and the Sovereign State: Flexibility Mechanisms Within the Kyoto Protocol. Elgar Publishing Limited, Edward, 2010.
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Gray, Doris H., and Terry C. Coonan. Reframing Gender Narratives Through Transitional Justice in the Maghreb. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190628567.003.0006.
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Chapter 6, by Doris H. Gray and Terry C. Coonan, discusses the role of transitional justice mechanisms in Tunisia in reframing gender narratives. They focus on one mechanism, the national truth commission, and the roles of women in it. Building on in-depth interviews, they identify a range of complex debates regarding the status of women visible in post-revolution Tunisia in the context of debates over Islamism and secularism. They argue that examining transitional justice through the lens of gender is important not only because transitional justice has tended to ignore this dimension, but also because in the case of many abuses which women experience, there is continuity before and after transitions. That is to say, gendered abuses by the state, as well as domestic violence and sexual harassment, are not necessarily altered by political change, or properly addressed by post-transition mechanisms.
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Xiang, Hong Wei. Corresponding-States Principle and Its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2005.
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The Corresponding-States Principle and its Practice: Thermodynamic, Transport and Surface Properties of Fluids. Elsevier Science, 2005.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Ekanem, Jemimah Timothy, and Idongesit Michael Umoh. "Social Vulnerability of Rural Dwellers to Climate Variability: Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2269–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_232.
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AbstractFor their livelihood activities, rural farming communities depend more on extractive capital. Their capacity to cultivate sufficiently for their family maintenance is greatly impeded by the absence of either temperature or rainfall quantity pattern or uniformity. The divergent effects of recent extreme weather events around the world, including within relatively small geographical areas, exemplify the unequal impacts of climate change on populations. Akwa Ibom State has been found vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as flooding, severe storms, and rising sea levels, leading to homelessness, poverty, conflicts, and war for millions of people. All of these have resulted in social disturbances and dislocations among rural populations, especially in coastal communities, making them more vulnerable to climate variability. In the field of social vulnerability in the state, not much has been achieved. This chapter analyzes the vulnerability of the rural population to climate variability; the socio-economic characteristics of the rural population; the index of social vulnerability of rural dwellers to climate variability; social vulnerability factors; and the rural population’s social vulnerability mitigation initiatives in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Social science approaches to human vulnerability draw critical attention to the root causes and factors why people are forced to respond to risks from climate change. A complex social approach to vulnerability is most likely to enhance mitigation and adaptation preparation efforts, given that vulnerability is a multidimensional mechanism rather than an invariable state.
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Ekanem, Jemimah Timothy, and Idongesit Michael Umoh. "Social Vulnerability of Rural Dwellers to Climate Variability: Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42091-8_232-1.
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AbstractFor their livelihood activities, rural farming communities depend more on extractive capital. Their capacity to cultivate sufficiently for their family maintenance is greatly impeded by the absence of either temperature or rainfall quantity pattern or uniformity. The divergent effects of recent extreme weather events around the world, including within relatively small geographical areas, exemplify the unequal impacts of climate change on populations. Akwa Ibom State has been found vulnerable to extreme weather events, such as flooding, severe storms, and rising sea levels, leading to homelessness, poverty, conflicts, and war for millions of people. All of these have resulted in social disturbances and dislocations among rural populations, especially in coastal communities, making them more vulnerable to climate variability. In the field of social vulnerability in the state, not much has been achieved. This chapter analyzes the vulnerability of the rural population to climate variability; the socio-economic characteristics of the rural population; the index of social vulnerability of rural dwellers to climate variability; social vulnerability factors; and the rural population’s social vulnerability mitigation initiatives in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Social science approaches to human vulnerability draw critical attention to the root causes and factors why people are forced to respond to risks from climate change. A complex social approach to vulnerability is most likely to enhance mitigation and adaptation preparation efforts, given that vulnerability is a multidimensional mechanism rather than an invariable state.
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Gold, Marina. "Conceptualizing Change in the Cuban Revolution." In Methodological Approaches to Societies in Transformation, 89–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65067-4_4.
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AbstractThis paper will consider two levels within the study of the Cuban revolution: the meta-narratives of change and continuity that determine the academic literature on Cuba and inform political positioning in relation to the revolution, and the methodological challenges in understanding how people in Cuba experience change and continuity in their daily life. Transformation and continuity have been the two dominant analytical tropes used to interpret Cuban social and political life since the overthrow of the Batista regime in 1959. For Cuban scholars and politicians, a focus on change in reference to what was Cuba’s reality before the Revolution is a continuous concern and a powerful discursive mechanism in redefining and reinvigorating the revolutionary project. Simultaneously, in periods of crisis throughout the 62 years since the revolution, the capacity to demonstrate continuity with revolutionary principles while developing new mechanisms to redefine the political project has ensured the revolution’s subsistence. Conversely, continuity and change are also harnessed by critics of Cuba’s current regime to articulate the ever-imminent collapse of socialism in the region. Change has been their main focus of concern during critical historic moments that affected the trajectory of the Cuban revolutionary project. From this perspective, change embodies a promise of progress and implies a movement toward liberal democracy and a pro-US foreign policy, while continuity denotes failure, stagnation, and repression. At the core of the analysis of change in Cuba lies a concern with the nature of the state. Ethnographic data reveals the partialities and contradictions people experience in their daily life and across time. Two elements of ethnographic experience are particularly informative: life histories that span across the revolutionary period, and generational conflicts surrounding political issues. I will focus on the life history of key informants and the generational conflicts that surround their experience, a well as their material contexts (their neighborhood, their house, their job), all of which help to elucidate the complexities of studying change within a permanent revolution.
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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Groundwater Temperature." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 231–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_8.
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AbstractChanges of temperature in response to earthquakes have long been documented and, in the case where systematic patterns of change can be discerned, may reveal important hydrogeologic processes. Progress in our understanding of these processes, however, has been slow, largely because systematic measurements are relatively scarce. In this chapter we review some cases where earthquake-induced changes of groundwater temperature were documented and interpreted. More importantly, we show that most interpretations are under-constrained and accurate explanation of the measured changes is often difficult. In order to better constrain the interpretation, co-located measurement of groundwater flow from conductive fractures or formations intersecting the wells is needed to interpret temperature measurements. An often neglected mechanism is turbulent mixing of water in wells, which may occur frequently during earthquakes because the water column in a well at thermal equilibrium with the local geotherm is usually in a state of mechanical disequilibrium.
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Cerami, Alfio. "Mechanisms of Institutional Change in Central and Eastern European Welfare State Restructuring." In Post-Communist Welfare Pathways, 35–52. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230245808_3.
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Rodrigues, José Francisco. "Steady State Solutions to a Multi-Dimensional Phase Change Problem in Ground Freezing." In Solid Mechanics and Its Applications, 1–7. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4738-5_1.
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Strong, Colin. "Human Flourishing Through Behaviour Change." In Human Flourishing, 85–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09786-7_6.
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AbstractWe tend to think of flourishing as a place we get to, where we have arrived, but often do not see that act of change itself is a core facet of what it means to flourish. Indeed, we argue that flourishing is in fact our ability to change and adapt rather than a state that we are striving for. This points to human flourishing requiring an ‘adaptive’ approach to manage change: supporting careful navigation, negotiation and trade-offs. On this basis we need to identify the barriers that get in the way of enacting these possibilities and as such organisations and institutions that seeks to facilitate behaviour change will lean on barrier identification as well identifying ways to overcome them thought educating, assisting and facilitating. Using a behaviour change framework to identify the mechanisms shaping behaviour can help to identify ways to overcome barriers and facilitate positive outcomes.
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Johnsen, Kathrine I., Inger Marie Gaup Eira, Svein Disch Mathiesen, and Anders Oskal. "‘Leaving No One Behind’ – Sustainable Development of Sámi Reindeer Husbandry in Norway." In Reindeer Husbandry, 37–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17625-8_3.
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AbstractWithin pastoral systems there is deep knowledge of the dynamics of the landscape and nature; and the Sámi traditional reindeer herding understanding of sustainable reindeer husbandry holds adaptive mechanisms for dealing with changing conditions in nature and extreme weather events. The Norwegian state has had policies for sustainable reindeer husbandry since the early 1990s. This chapter discusses two conceptualizations of sustainable reindeer husbandry – that of the state and that based on Sámi traditional reindeer herding knowledge. Based on public documents and empirical data from a workshop where herders shared observations and reflections from an extreme winter event (goavvi) in Finnmark 2019/2020, we discuss the different knowledge systems and tools for dealing with change embedded in the two conceptualizations. Norway is a strong supporter of the global 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development building on the principle of ‘leaving no one behind’, yet herders argue that policies and regulations for sustainable reindeer husbandry policies make their livelihoods vulnerable to climate change and other types of environmental change. The gap between the state’s and the participating herders’ understanding of ‘sustainability’ and tools for maintaining the wellbeing of the herd create misunderstandings and mistrust between the actors. Moreover, state decisions undermine the traditional knowledge and practices and push herders to practice a ‘Norwegianized’ type of pastoralism. In the current public management of reindeer husbandry, Sámi traditional reindeer herding knowledge and practices have been left behind.
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Kuetemeier, Dennis, and Amsini Sadiki. "Modeling and Simulation of a Turbulent Multi-component Two-phase Flow Involving Phase Change Processes Under Supercritical Conditions." In Fluid Mechanics and Its Applications, 189–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09008-0_10.
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AbstractThe present paper aims at developing a generally valid, consistent numerical description of a turbulent multi-component two-phase flow that experiences processes that may occur under both subcritical and trans-critical or supercritical operating conditions. Within an appropriate LES methodology, focus is put on an Euler-Eulerian method that includes multi-component mixture properties along with phase change process. Thereby, the two-phase flow fluid is considered as multi-component mixtures in which the real fluid properties are accounted for by a composite Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state (EoS), so that each phase is governed by its own PR EoS. The suggested numerical modelling approach is validated while simulating the disintegration of an elliptic jet of supercritical fluoroketone injected into a helium environment. Qualitative and quantitative analyses are carried out. The results show significant coupled effect of the turbulence and the thermodynamic on the jet disintegration along with the mixing processes. Especially, comparisons between the numerical predictions and available experimental data provided in terms of penetration length, fluoroketone density, and jet spreading angle outline good agreements that attest the performance of the proposed model at elevated pressures and temperatures. Further aspects of transcritical jet flow case as well as comparison with an Eulerian-Lagrangian approach which is extended to integrate the arising effects of vanishing surface tension in evolving sprays are left for future work.
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Dencik, Lina. "The Datafied Welfare State: A Perspective from the UK." In Transforming Communications – Studies in Cross-Media Research, 145–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96180-0_7.
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AbstractThe crisis emerging from the COVID-19 pandemic has elevated the relevance of the welfare state as well as the role of platforms and data infrastructures across key areas of public and social life. Whilst the crisis shed light on the ways in which these might intersect, the turn to data-driven systems in public administration has been a prominent development in several countries for quite some time. In this chapter I focus on the UK as a pertinent example of key trends at the intersection of technological infrastructures and the welfare state. In particular, using developments in UK welfare sectors as a lens, I advance a two-part argument about the ways in which data infrastructures are transforming state-citizen relations through on the one hand advancing an actuarial logic based on personalised risk and the individualisation of social problems (what I refer to as responsibilisation) and, on the other, entrenching a dependency on an economic model that perpetuates the circulation of data accumulation (what I refer to as rentierism). These mechanisms, I argue, fundamentally shift the ‘matrix of social power’ that made the modern welfare state possible and position questions of data infrastructures as a core component of how we need to understand social change.
Conference papers on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Gillette, Bruce. "Inductive Operating Life Stress Metal Breakdown Mechanism." In ISTFA 2006. ASM International, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2006p0125.
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Abstract Experimental devices in a deteriorated state were encountered after 168 hours of inductive operating life stress, (IOL) testing. A metal grain boundary breakdown mechanism was found during the analysis of the device, which was creating a low resistance current path between terminals. The AlSiCu top metal was breaking down along the grain boundaries. In addition there was alloying of the Aluminum into the underlying silicon. This alloying was creating a short to the gate, source, and drain. Several variations in the metal stack, testing conditions, number, and dimensions of bond wires die size and mold compound were evaluated to better understand the cause of the inability to withstand IOL stress and to provide a process solution. The prevention of the AlSiCu front metal grain boundary breakdown during inductive life stress testing required a die size, bond wire dimension, and testing condition change to meet the performance specification. This change resulted in a reduced grain boundary breakdown and consequently prevented Al grain boundary breakdown, TiW barrier breakdown, and Al alloy spiking. The die change and modified testing conditions resulted in a successful pass through the IOL stress testing.
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Slaboch, Brian J., and Bradley W. Hobbs. "Novel Classification of Planar Four-Bar Mechanisms With Variable Topology." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-86005.
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This paper provides a classification system and naming convention for twelve novel types of 4R-RRRP mechanisms with variable topology (MVTs). A mechanism with variable topology is a mechanism that changes from one topological state to another due to a change in joint geometry. An example 4R-RRRP mechanism is provided for each novel mechanism type, along with the appropriate classification and naming convention. The new 4R-RRRP mechanism classes and naming conventions presented in this paper will aid designers in the analysis and synthesis of 4R-RRRP mechanisms. These novel MVTs have practical applications in areas such as manufacturing, space applications, and novel medical devices.
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Son, Sungkyu, Seungjoon Jeon, Jangwon Oh, Won Kim, Hojoung Kim, Jonghak Lee, Seungho Woo, et al. "In-situ Characterization of Switching Mechanism in Phase Change Random Access Memory (PRAM) Using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)." In ISTFA 2013. ASM International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2013p0236.
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Abstract It is important to understand the switching mechanism of phase change material for failure analysis of PRAM device. In this study, the real time observations of phase transition and void formation mechanism of confined GST structure were investigated using in-situ TEM with multi-pulse AC biasing technique. In-situ SET switching behavior between amorphous state and crystalline state with continuous structural change was successfully observed. Volume shrink of GST, due to the phase transition, induced voids at grain boundary of crystalline phase. Excess Joule-heating after crystallization caused coalescence and migration of voids. These results may give us a crucial clue for endurance failure analysis of PRAM.
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Melikov, Y. I. "ABOUT IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL AND CREDIT MECHANISM AS A TOOL TO STIMULATE THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.650-654.
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The issues of improving the financial and credit mechanism for stimulating the development of the agro-industrial complex are considered. In the conditions of external and internal challenges, the coronavirus epidemic, there is a compression of the domestic market, a drop in effective demand, the profitability of the population, enterprises, the state, and the emergence of a budget deficit. This requires a fundamental change of financing mechanism and credit review criteria and approaches to aid sectors of the economy, improvement of the mechanism of agricultural lending on the basis of availability of Bank credit for borrowers. The necessity of conducting a hybrid combined monetary policy is justified.
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Cheng, Changrui, and Xianfan Xu. "Molecular Dynamics Study of Mechanism of Ablation Induced by a Femtosecond Laser Pulse." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-55236.
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In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to study femtosecond laser ablation of a metal, with an emphasis on the understanding of the mechanism of laser ablation. Theoretically, it has been shown that under intense femtosecond laser irradiation, the material can undergo a volumetric phase change process; its temperature can be close to or even above the critical point. MD simulations allow us to determine the transient temperature of the irradiated material as well as the transient thermodynamic state, which explain the mechanisms of femtosecond laser ablation.
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Gerasimovich, N. V., I. V. Puhteeva, A. V. Vakanova, M. L. Levin, and L. A. Malkevich. "THE EFFECT OF CRYOTHERAPY ON THE STATE OF PEPTIDE COMPONENT OF PLASMATIC MEMBRANE OF BLOOD CELLS." In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-1-259-262.
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The paper found that after a course of general cryotherapy, the degree of extinguishing tryptophan fluorescence with pyrene decreases in the plasma membranes of lymphocytes and platelets by approximately 35% and 50%, respectively, in relation to these indicators in the control group. Previously, it was shown that the main target of cryotherapy on blood cells is the lipid component of biomembranes. In particular, there is a transition of lipids to a more «liquid» state, which, in turn, to a certain extent affects the structure and function of proteins, as well as lipid-protein interactions. With shortterm exposure to ultra-low temperatures on the body, a system-wide change in the functioning of stress-realizing and adaptive mechanisms occurs. The mechanism of adaptation to ultra-low temperatures is associated with a change in the physicochemical state of the biological membranes of the cells of the body.
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Jacobsen, Joseph O., Larry L. Howell, and Spencer P. Magleby. "Components for the Design of Lamina Emergent Mechanisms." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42311.
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This paper presents components for lamina emergent mechanism (LEM) that can be used as building blocks to create mechanisms capable of more complex motion. As the name suggests, lamina emergent mechanisms are fabricated out of planar materials (the lamina) but their motion is out of that plane (emergent). Lamina emergent mechanisms can provide benefits that include reduced manufacturing costs and minimal volume when in the planar state. The compact initial state of LEMs is beneficial in reducing shipping costs, especially in volume critical applications. LEMs also exhibit the potential benefits of compliant mechanisms, namely increased precision, reduced weight, reduced wear, and part count reduction. Due to the deflection of their members, compliant mechanisms have the ability to store energy, and the resulting effect can be used to perform the function of springs. The LEM components presented in this paper include flexible segments, and mechanisms with behaviors similar to planar change-point four-bar and six-bar mechanisms, and spherical change-point mechanisms.
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Kim, Ju Young, Hyoung-Ryeun Kim, Dong Woo Hahn, and Sung Min Hwang. "Study on Development Behavior and Mechanism of Delamination by NCF Material under uHAST Test Condition." In ISTFA 2017. ASM International, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2017p0040.
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Abstract NCF (Non Conductivity Film) is a material used for under-fill purpose in the TSV (Through Silicon Via) process, and is a key material for ensuring TSV 3D Package (PKG) reliability. Among the types of defects generated by the NCF, the most typical type is delamination. Particularly in NCF delamination frequently occurs during reliability test, we analyzed chemical state change of NCF according to reliability test step/condition by utilizing FTIR and TMA. Through these studies, we clarify the cause of Delamination.
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Slaboch, Brian J. "Three-Position Rigid Body Guidance Using Specified Moving Pivots for a Four-Bar Mechanism With Variable Topology." In ASME 2018 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2018-85984.
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This paper provides an algorithm allowing a designer to perform three position rigid body guidance with specified moving pivots for a 4R-RRRP mechanism with variable topology (MVT). A mechanism with variable topology is a mechanism that changes from one topological state to another due to a change in joint geometry. Both a graphical approach and an algebraic solution are presented. An example is provided in which a circuit defect in a 4R mechanism can be avoided using a 4R-RRRP mechanism. Two additional examples are provided that show the results of this new theory. Practical applications for this theory are found in many industries including manufacturing, aerospace, and healthcare.
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Matthews, S., B. James, and M. Hyland. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Oxidation Mechanism of Blended Powder Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings." In ITSC2009, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2009p1018.
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Abstract This work assesses the effect of heat treatment on the oxidation resistance of blended-powder CrC-NiCr coatings produced by HVOF spraying. The as-sprayed coating phases oxidized independently with NiCr rapidly forming nickel oxide, which was subsequently consumed by a solid-state reaction with Cr2O3. The NiO formed two distinct morphologies: large bulbous oxides on thin regions of exposed alloy and thin, flat oxide layers on large alloy regions. Heat treatment led to sintering of the splats and diffusion of Cr from the carbide phase into the NiCr alloy, increasing Cr to the point where Cr2O3 dominated the oxide composition from the earliest exposure time. The implications of the change in oxidation mechanism and oxide morphology are discussed.
Reports on the topic "State-Change Mechanism"
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Wozniak-Brown, Joanna. Gaps and Opportunities for Local Resilience Planning in Connecticut. UConn Connecticut Institute for Resilience and Climate Adaptation, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56576/wxnj9369.
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There are numerous efforts underway at the local, regional, and state level across the state of Connecticut to address the impacts of climate change. Scientific assessments, community engagement, and adaptation project designs are just a few of the key activities. Additionally, climate-related goals are being integrated into some local planning processes and some municipalities have undertaken resilience plans. Despite these projects, there are glaring gaps in the existing authority or obligations of local governments that potentially hinder climate planning at the local level. This type of systems analysis highlights specific planning obligations that are often related to climate planning but have not yet incorporated the impacts and adaptations to climate change fully. However, optimizing or expanding existing local authority or planning obligations could significantly advance adaptation across the state. Firstly, it would make climate planning an ongoing effort as opposed to episodic. Secondly, it could address gaps that have the potential to hinder projects currently underway. Thirdly, it could advance efforts to address historically excluded and harmed communities across the state by ensuring they are included in climate change planning and that adaptation projects or resilience programs and policies redress those inequities. This white paper outlines the gaps in resilience planning authority and planning mechanisms then provides potential opportunities to address the gaps.
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Hegazi, Farah, and Katongo Seyuba. The Social Side of Climate Change Adaptation: Reducing Conflict Risk. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/seyz9437.
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In developing countries, the effects of climate change interact with factors such as underdevelopment, high dependence on natural resource-based livelihoods, inequality, weak state institutions and marginalization to increase the risk of insecurity and violent conflict. Along with sustainable development and climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation is another key entry point for addressing climate-related security risks. However, key social factors that could positively influence adaptation outcomes and ultimately mitigate climate-related security risks are often overlooked. This SIPRI Policy Brief offers insights into the importance of social capital for facilitating climate change adaptation and preventing and resolving natural resource-related communal conflict in developing countries. The policy brief recommends: (a) improving trust between communities and governments through collaborative processes for knowledge exchange, setting priorities and determining appropriate climate change adaptation practices; and (b) increasing knowledge of climate change among traditional and local leaders to strengthen local conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Saptsin, Vladimir, and Володимир Миколайович Соловйов. Relativistic quantum econophysics – new paradigms in complex systems modelling. [б.в.], July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1134.
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This work deals with the new, relativistic direction in quantum econophysics, within the bounds of which a change of the classical paradigms in mathematical modelling of socio-economic system is offered. Classical physics proceeds from the hypothesis that immediate values of all the physical quantities, characterizing system’s state, exist and can be accurately measured in principle. Non-relativistic quantum mechanics does not reject the existence of the immediate values of the classical physical quantities, nevertheless not each of them can be simultaneously measured (the uncertainty principle). Relativistic quantum mechanics rejects the existence of the immediate values of any physical quantity in principle, and consequently the notion of the system state, including the notion of the wave function, which becomes rigorously nondefinable. The task of this work consists in econophysical analysis of the conceptual fundamentals and mathematical apparatus of the classical physics, relativity theory, non-relativistic and relativistic quantum mechanics, subject to the historical, psychological and philosophical aspects and modern state of the socio-economic modeling problem. We have shown that actually and, virtually, a long time ago, new paradigms of modeling were accepted in the quantum theory, within the bounds of which the notion of the physical quantity operator becomes the primary fundamental conception(operator is a mathematical image of the procedure, the action), description of the system dynamics becomes discrete and approximate in its essence, prediction of the future, even in the rough, is actually impossible when setting aside the aftereffect i.e. the memory. In consideration of the analysis conducted in the work we suggest new paradigms of the economical-mathematical modeling.
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Nechaev, V., Володимир Миколайович Соловйов, and A. Nagibas. Complex economic systems structural organization modelling. Politecnico di Torino, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1118.
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One of the well-known results of the theory of management is the fact, that multi-stage hierarchical organization of management is unstable. Hence, the ideas expressed in a number of works by Don Tapscott on advantages of network organization of businesses over vertically integrated ones is clear. While studying the basic tendencies of business organization in the conditions of globalization, computerization and internetization of the society and the results of the financial activities of the well-known companies, the authors arrive at the conclusion, that such companies, as IBM, Boeing, Mercedes-Benz and some others companies have not been engaged in their traditional business for a long time. Their partner networks performs this function instead of them. The companies themselves perform the function of system integrators. The Tapscott’s idea finds its confirmation within the framework of a new powerful direction of the development of the modern interdisciplinary science – the theory of the complex networks (CN) [2]. CN-s are multifractal objects, the loss of multifractality being the indicator of the system transition from more complex state into more simple state. We tested the multifractal properties of the data using the wavelet transform modulus maxima approach in order to analyze scaling properties of our company. Comparative analysis of the singularity spectrumf(®), namely, the difference between maximum and minimum values of ® (∆ = ®max ¡ ®min) shows that IBM company is considerably more fractal in comparison with Apple Computer. Really, for it the value of ∆ is equal to 0.3, while for the vertically integrated company Apple it only makes 0.06 – 5 times less. The comparison of other companies shows that this dependence is of general character. Taking into consideration the fact that network organization of business has become dominant in the last 5-10 years, we carried out research for the selected companies in the earliest possible period of time which was determined by the availability of data in the Internet, or by historically later beginning of stock trade of computer companies. A singularity spectrum of the first group of companies turned out to be considerably narrower, or shifted toward the smaller values of ® in the pre-network period. The latter means that dynamic series were antipersistant. That is, these companies‘ management was rigidly controlled while the impact of market mechanisms was minimized. In the second group of companies if even the situation did changed it did not change for the better. In addition, we discuss applications to the construction of portfolios of stock that have a stable ratio of risk to return.
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Ossoff, Will, Naz Modirzadeh, and Dustin Lewis. Preparing for a Twenty-Four-Month Sprint: A Primer for Prospective and New Elected Members of the United Nations Security Council. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/tzle1195.
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Under the United Nations Charter, the U.N. Security Council has several important functions and powers, not least with regard to taking binding actions to maintain international peace and security. The ten elected members have the opportunity to influence this area and others during their two-year terms on the Council. In this paper, we aim to illustrate some of these opportunities, identify potential guidance from prior elected members’ experiences, and outline the key procedures that incoming elected members should be aware of as they prepare to join the Council. In doing so, we seek in part to summarize the current state of scholarship and policy analysis in an effort to make this material more accessible to States and, particularly, to States’ legal advisers. We drafted this paper with a view towards States that have been elected and are preparing to join the Council, as well as for those States that are considering bidding for a seat on the Council. As a starting point, it may be warranted to dedicate resources for personnel at home in the capital and at the Mission in New York to become deeply familiar with the language, structure, and content of the relevant provisions of the U.N. Charter. That is because it is through those provisions that Council members engage in the diverse forms of political contestation and cooperation at the center of the Council’s work. In both the Charter itself and the Council’s practices and procedures, there are structural impediments that may hinder the influence of elected members on the Security Council. These include the permanent members’ veto power over decisions on matters not characterized as procedural and the short preparation time for newly elected members. Nevertheless, elected members have found creative ways to have an impact. Many of the Council’s “procedures” — such as the “penholder” system for drafting resolutions — are informal practices that can be navigated by resourceful and well-prepared elected members. Mechanisms through which elected members can exert influence include the following: Drafting resolutions; Drafting Presidential Statements, which might serve as a prelude to future resolutions; Drafting Notes by the President, which can be used, among other things, to change Council working methods; Chairing subsidiary bodies, such as sanctions committees; Chairing the Presidency; Introducing new substantive topics onto the Council’s agenda; and Undertaking “Arria-formula” meetings, which allow for broader participation from outside the Council. Case studies help illustrate the types and degrees of impact that elected members can have through their own initiative. Examples include the following undertakings: Canada’s emphasis in 1999–2000 on civilian protection, which led to numerous resolutions and the establishment of civilian protection as a topic on which the Council remains “seized” and continues to have regular debates; Belgium’s effort in 2007 to clarify the Council’s strategy around addressing natural resources and armed conflict, which resulted in a Presidential Statement; Australia’s efforts in 2014 resulting in the placing of the North Korean human rights situation on the Council’s agenda for the first time; and Brazil’s “Responsibility while Protecting” 2011 concept note, which helped shape debate around the Responsibility to Protect concept. Elected members have also influenced Council processes by working together in diverse coalitions. Examples include the following instances: Egypt, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, and Uruguay drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2016 on the protection of health-care workers in armed conflict; Cote d’Ivoire, Kuwait, the Netherlands, and Sweden drafted a resolution that was adopted in 2018 condemning the use of famine as an instrument of warfare; Malaysia, New Zealand, Senegal, and Venezuela tabled a 2016 resolution, which was ultimately adopted, condemning Israeli settlements in Palestinian territory; and A group of successive elected members helped reform the process around the imposition of sanctions against al-Qaeda and associated entities (later including the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant), including by establishing an Ombudsperson. Past elected members’ experiences may offer some specific pieces of guidance for new members preparing to take their seats on the Council. For example, prospective, new, and current members might seek to take the following measures: Increase the size of and support for the staff of the Mission to the U.N., both in New York and in home capitals; Deploy high-level officials to help gain support for initiatives; Partner with members of the P5 who are the informal “penholder” on certain topics, as this may offer more opportunities to draft resolutions; Build support for initiatives from U.N. Member States that do not currently sit on the Council; and Leave enough time to see initiatives through to completion and continue to follow up after leaving the Council.