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Journal articles on the topic 'Startle reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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1

Oude Nijhuis, Lars B., John H. J. Allum, Josep Valls-Solé, Sebastiaan Overeem, and Bastiaan R. Bloem. "First Trial Postural Reactions to Unexpected Balance Disturbances: A Comparison With the Acoustic Startle Reaction." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01080.2009.

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Unexpected support-surface movements delivered during stance elicit “first trial” postural reactions, which are larger and cause greater instability compared with habituated responses. The nature of this first trial reaction remains unknown. We hypothesized that first trial postural reactions consist of a generalized startle reaction, with a similar muscle synergy as the acoustic startle response, combined with an automatic postural reaction. Therefore we compared acoustic startle responses to first trial postural reactions. Eight healthy subjects stood on a support surface that unexpectedly rotated backwards 10 times, followed by 10 startling acoustic stimuli, or vice versa. Outcome measures included full body kinematics and surface EMG from muscles involved in startle reactions or postural control. Postural perturbations and startling acoustic stimuli both elicited a clear first trial reaction, as reflected by larger kinematic and EMG responses. The ensuing habituation rate to repeated identical stimuli was comparable for neck and trunk muscles in both conditions. Onset latencies in neck muscles occurred significantly later for first trial perturbations compared with startle responses, but earlier in trunk muscles. Our results show that platform tilting initially induces reactions larger than needed to maintain equilibrium. For neck and trunk muscles, these first trial postural reactions resembled acoustic startle reflexes. First trial postural reactions may be triggered by interaction of afferent volleys formed by somatosensory and vestibular inputs. Acoustic startle reactions may also be partially triggered by vestibular inputs. Similar muscle activation driven by vestibular inputs may be the common element of first trial postural responses and acoustic startle reactions.

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2

Momčilović-Kostadinović, D., A. Potic, and V. Lukić. "23. Startle reaction and startle epilepsy." Clinical Neurophysiology 122, no. 7 (July 2011): e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.025.

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3

Panzer, Annie, and Stephen Lambert. "The anatomy of startle." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i1.119.

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The involuntary startle is part of the first rapid fear reactions an organism experiences in response to a sudden threatening stimulus. It is adaptive in the sense that it allows the organism to immediately withdraw from an object that might possibly be dangerous, while the higher centres of the brain are still busy processing whether the object is in fact dangerous. The involuntary startle reaction is colloquially described as “to jump with fright”. This hair-trigger system is fine-tuned to protect organisms from danger and tends to err on the side of caution. Therefore, everyone has probably jumped with fright in response to an entirely harmless stimulus, for example mistaking a twig for a snake. This paper aims to explain why and how we jump with fright, even though we realise only milliseconds later that it was completely unnecessary to get a fright at all. The fear centres of the brain are the amygdala, two small nuclei in the limbic system. Visual, auditory and olfactory input from the sensory organs is relayed to the amygdala via two different pathways. Like most types of sensory inputs to the brain the information that activates the fear response via the indirect route is routed via the thalamus to cortical areas where it is analysed in terms of previous experience quality and context. From here the analysed information reaches the amygdala – the cerebral structures generally associated with fear. Impulses from the amygdala will then stimulate the typical fear reactions. In contrast to the indirect route from thalamus to amygdala just described, a direct route is taken in the case of the startle reaction. Impulses from the thalamus are relayed directly to the amygdala and the person experiences the fear reaction and response before the information has been analysed by the cortical structures. This short-cut to the amygdala is a direct, fast and crude pathway from the senses through the relevant modalities to the thalamus to the central nucleus of the amygdala. In general its purpose is to prime the amygdala for detailed incoming information, but in conditions of sudden danger it provides for a rapid response to a potentially aversive situation. The advantage of the direct pathway is that it allows for a quicker reaction, almost half the time that it takes for the cortical input pathway to the amygdala. The startle reaction is essential when speed is more important than accuracy, for example, when a life may be at stake. The cortical pathway is indirect, slower and refined, which allows for cortical processing and thus a much more accurate presentation of the stimulus. This route can also inhibit an inappropriate fear response initiated through the direct route. In this paper the neuroanatomy, specifically explaining the direct and indirect (cortical) route by which perceptual information reaches the amygdala, is reviewed first. Then the physiology of the fear reaction is alluded to, after which we conclude with an integrating figure and state a few interesting implications.

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4

Misiaszek, John E., Sydney D. C. Chodan, Arden J. McMahon, and Keith K. Fenrich. "Influence of Pairing Startling Acoustic Stimuli with Postural Responses Induced by Light Touch Displacement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010382.

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The first exposure to an unexpected, rapid displacement of a light touch reference induces a balance reaction in naïve participants, whereas an arm-tracking behaviour emerges with subsequent exposures. The sudden behaviour change suggests the first trial balance reaction arises from the startling nature of the unexpected stimulus. We investigated how touch-induced balance reactions interact with startling acoustic stimuli. Responses to light touch displacements were tested in 48 participants across six distinct combinations of touch displacement (DISPLACEMENT), acoustic startle (STARTLE), or combined (COMBINED) stimuli. The effect of COMBINED depended, in part, on the history of the preceding stimuli. Participants who received 10 DISPLACEMENT initially, produced facilitated arm-tracking responses with subsequent COMBINED. Participants who received 10 COMBINED initially, produced facilitated balance reactions, with arm-tracking failing to emerge until the acoustic stimuli were discontinued. Participants who received five DISPLACEMENT, after initially habituating to 10 STARTLE, demonstrated re-emergence of the balance reaction with the subsequent COMBINED. Responses evoked by light touch displacements are influenced by the startling nature of the stimulus, suggesting that the selection of a balance reaction to a threatening stimulus is labile and dependent, in part, on the context and sensory state at the time of the disturbance.

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5

Carlsen, Anthony N., Michael A. Hunt, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Romeo Chua. "Altered Triggering of a Prepared Movement by a Startling Stimulus." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00852.2002.

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An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of an auditory startling stimulus on a compound movement task. Previous findings have shown that, in a targeting task, a secondary movement can be initiated based on the proprioceptive information provided by a primary movement. Studies involving the presentation of a startling stimulus have shown that in reaction time (RT) tasks, prepared ballistic movements could be released early when participants are startled. In the present study we sought to determine whether the secondary component in an ongoing movement task, once prepared, could also be triggered by a startling stimulus. Participants performed a slow active elbow extension (22°/s), opening their hand when the arm passed 55° of extension from the starting point. An unexpected 124 dB startle stimulus was presented 5, 25, or 45° into the movement. Findings showed that, when participants were startled, the secondary component was triggered despite incongruent kinesthetic information. However, this only occurred when the startle was presented late in the primary movement. This suggests that the secondary movement was not prepared prior to task initiation, but was “loaded” into lower brain structures at some point during the movement in preparation to be triggered by the CNS. This occurred late in the movement sequence, but ≥400 ms prior to reaching the target. These findings indicate that, in addition to ballistic RT tasks, a startle can be used to probe response preparation in ongoing compound movement tasks.

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6

Carlsen, Anthony N., Romeo Chua, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Ian M. Franks. "Differential Effects of Startle on Reaction Time for Finger and Arm Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (January 2009): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00878.2007.

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Recent studies using a reaction time (RT) task have reported that a preprogrammed response could be triggered directly by a startling acoustic stimulus (115–124 dB) presented along with the usual “go” signal. It has been suggested that details of the upcoming response could be stored subcortically and are accessible by the startle volley, directly eliciting the correct movement. However, certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand) are heavily dependent on cortico-motoneuronal connections and thus would not be directly subject to the subcortical startle volley in a similar way to muscles whose innervations include extensive reticular connections. In this study, 14 participants performed 75 trials in each of two tasks within a RT paradigm: an arm extension task and an index finger abduction task. In 12 trials within each task, the regular go stimulus (82 dB) was replaced with a 115-dB startling stimulus. Results showed that, in the arm task, the presence of a startle reaction led to significantly shorter latency arm movements compared with the effect of the increased stimulus intensity alone. In contrast, for the finger task, no additional decrease in RT caused by startle was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that only movements that involve muscles more strongly innervated by subcortical pathways are susceptible to response advancement by startle.

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7

Ekman, Paul, Wallace V. Friesen, and Ronald C. Simons. "Is the startle reaction an emotion?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, no. 5 (1985): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1416.

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8

Castellote, J. M., M. Kofler, A. Mayr, and L. Saltuari. "Startle reaction evoked by kinematic stimuli." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 3 (March 2016): e5-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.018.

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9

Müller, Jörg, Martina Rinnerthaler, Werner Poewe, and Markus Kofler. "Auditory startle reaction in primary blepharospasm." Movement Disorders 22, no. 2 (2007): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21270.

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10

Cappucci, Paola, Ángel Correa, Pedro Guerra, and Juan Lupiáñez. "Differential effects of intensity and response preparation components of acoustic warning signals." Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 292–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0013.

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AbstractIt is known that the increase of intensity on a warning signal (WS) usually decreases reaction times to targets and occasionally is accompanied by a startle reflex reaction that influences the speediness of response execution. In a simple detection task (Experiment 1), a detection task with catch trials (Experiment 2) and a Go-NoGo discrimination task (Experiment 3), we studied the relationship between response preparation and alerting mechanisms operating upon the presentation of warning signals. A WS was presented either synchronously with the target (simultaneous condition) or 1400 ms before it (delayed condition). In all three experiments, the intensity of the WS and the simultaneity between WS and target were orthogonally manipulated. Results confirmed shorter reaction times by increasing the WS intensity. In Experiment 1, all conditions presented a clear acoustic intensity effect. In Experiment 2 we observed shorter reaction times in higher intensity conditions but only when the WS and the target were presented simultaneously. In Experiment 3, the intensity effect was observed only when the WS preceded the target. In all experiments, trials where the WS triggered a startle reflex showed a systematic increase in reaction time, which was independent of response preparation and task demands. In general, our findings suggest that response preparation modulates the alerting mechanisms, as a function of task set, but not the startle reflex. The dissociation between intensity, response preparation and startle supports the interdependence between these mechanisms elicited by the presentation of warning signals.

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11

Schächinger. "Die Schreckreaktion (Startle Reaction) in der Emotionsforschung." Praxis 92, no. 38 (September 1, 2003): 1584–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0369-8394.92.38.1584.

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Die menschliche Schreckreaktion ist durch emotionale Zustände moduliert. Sie ist trotz gleichbleibendem standardisierten Auslösereiz bei negativ emotionalem Kontext wie Angst und Furcht verstärkt und bei positivem abgeschwächt. Dieser Zusammenhang lässt sich technisch einfach erheben und ist auch bei Tieren nachweisbar. Damit steht ein somatisch verankertes, sprachfreies, die Speziesgrenze überragendes Erhebungsverfahren zur humanen Emotionsforschung zur Verfügung.

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12

Carlsen, Anthony N., Quincy J. Almeida, and Ian M. Franks. "Startle decreases reaction time to active inhibition." Experimental Brain Research 217, no. 1 (December 3, 2011): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-011-2964-9.

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13

Kofler, Markus, J�rg M�ller, Gregor K. Wenning, Laura Reggiani, Pia Hollosi, Sylvia B�sch, Gerhard Ransmayr, Josep Valls-Sol�, and Werner Poewe. "The auditory startle reaction in parkinsonian disorders." Movement Disorders 16, no. 1 (January 2001): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200101)16:1<62::aid-mds1002>3.0.co;2-v.

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14

Villas-Boas, Julia Dias, Daniel Penteado Martins Dias, Pablo Ignacio Trigo, Norma Aparecida dos Santos Almeida, Fernando Queiroz de Almeida, and Magda Alves de Medeiros. "Acupuncture Affects Autonomic and Endocrine but Not Behavioural Responses Induced by Startle in Horses." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/219579.

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Startle is a fast response elicited by sudden acoustic, tactile, or visual stimuli in a variety of animals and in humans. As the magnitude of startle response can be modulated by external and internal variables, it can be a useful tool to study reaction to stress. Our study evaluated whether acupuncture can change cardiac autonomic modulation (heart rate variability); and behavioural (reactivity) and endocrine (cortisol levels) parameters in response to startle. Brazilian Sport horses(n=6)were subjected to a model of startle in which an umbrella was abruptly opened near the horse. Before startle, the horses were subjected to a 20-minute session of acupuncture in acupoints GV1, HT7, GV20, and BL52 (ACUP) and in nonpoints (NP) or left undisturbed (CTL). For analysis of the heart rate variability, ultrashort-term (64 s) heart rate series were interpolated (4 Hz) and divided into 256-point segments and the spectra integrated into low (LF; 0.01–0.07 Hz; index of sympathetic modulation) and high (HF; 0.07–0.50 Hz; index of parasympathetic modulation) frequency bands. Acupuncture (ACUP) changed the sympathovagal balance with a shift towards parasympathetic modulation, reducing the prompt startle-induced increase in LF/HF and reducing cortisol levels 30 min after startle. However, acupuncture elicited no changes in behavioural parameters.

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15

Smith, Victoria, Dana Maslovat, and Anthony N. Carlsen. "StartReact effects are dependent on engagement of startle reflex circuits: support for a subcortically mediated initiation pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 6 (December 1, 2019): 2541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00505.2019.

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The “StartReact” effect refers to the rapid involuntary triggering of a prepared movement in response to a loud startling acoustic stimulus (SAS). This effect is typically confirmed by the presence of short-latency electromyographic activity in startle reflex-related muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid (SCM); however, there is debate regarding the specific neural pathways involved in the StartReact effect. Some research has implicated a subcortically mediated pathway, which would predict different response latencies depending on the presence of a startle reflex. Alternatively, other research has suggested that this effect involves the same pathways responsible for voluntary response initiation and simply reflects higher preparatory activation levels, and thus faster voluntary initiation. To distinguish between these competing hypotheses, the present study assessed preparation level during a simple reaction time (RT) task involving wrist extension in response to a control tone or a SAS. Premotor RT and startle circuitry engagement (as measured by SCM activation) were determined for each trial. Additionally, preparation level at the go signal on each trial was measured using motor-evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Results showed that SAS trial RTs were significantly shorter ( P = 0.009) in the presence of startle-related SCM activity. Nevertheless, preparation levels (as indexed by MEP amplitude) were statistically equivalent between trials with and without SCM activation. These results indicate that the StartReact effect relates to engagement of the startle reflex circuitry rather than simply being a result of an increased level of preparatory activation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The neural mechanism underlying the early triggering of goal-directed actions by a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) is unclear. We show that although significant reaction time differences were evident depending on whether the SAS elicited a startle reflex, motor preparatory activation was the same. Thus, in a highly prepared state, the short-latency responses associated with the StartReact effect appear to be related to engagement of startle reflex circuitry, not differences in motor preparatory level.

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Arikan, Kemal, Omer Uysal, Oznur Oran, Adnan Coban, Hayati Tolun, and Zekeriya Kokrek. "Earthquake Related Startle Reaction and its EEG Correlates." Clinical Electroencephalography 32, no. 4 (October 2001): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155005940103200408.

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17

Keshavan, Shivan, Guruprasad Peruri, Renu Suthar, Suresh Kumar Angurana, Lokesh Saini, and Jitendra Sahu. "A Neonate with Exaggerated Startle and Tonic Spasms." Journal of Pediatric Neurology 17, no. 04 (June 30, 2018): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1661413.

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AbstractHyperekplexia is a rare, potentially treatable inherited disorder of glycinergic neurotransmission, which is characterized by neonatal onset exaggerated startle response to somatosensory, auditory stimuli, and episodic tonic spasm. Prolonged tonic spasms can be life-threatening and associated with apnea and bradycardia. Awareness about this condition avoids misdiagnosis such as tonic seizures and epilepsy. We describe a term newborn with episodic tonic stiffness mistaken for seizures. Classical exaggerated startle reaction, positive head retraction response to glabellar tap, and characteristic video electroencephalogram confirmed the diagnosis.

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Hiley, HM, VM Janik, and T. Götz. "Behavioural reactions of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena to startle-eliciting stimuli: movement responses and practical applications." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13757.

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Acoustic deterrent devices are frequently used as a mitigation method to exclude harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena from areas of potential harm, such as wind farm construction sites. However, there is increasing evidence that the devices themselves have the capacity to cause hearing damage. Here, we investigated the response of harbour porpoises to a 15 min sequence of 200 ms sound (peak frequency 10.5 kHz, range 5.5-20.5 kHz, 27 sounds total), which elicits the acoustic startle reflex. We used a duty cycle (0.6%) and sound exposure level that were significantly lower than in conventional acoustic deterrent devices. Harbour porpoises were exposed to startle sounds from a small vessel, and groups were visually tracked during 13 sound exposure sequences and 11 no-sound control trials. Porpoises showed a significant avoidance reaction during exposure, travelling a mean distance of 1.78 km (max. 3.21 km). In all cases, they left the area within 1 km of the sound source in the first 15 min after the start of the startle sequence. No avoidance was exhibited during control trials. Results are consistent with the startle reflex mediating this behaviour at low response thresholds. Our method can be used for mitigating collision risk and the risk of hearing damage from renewable energy installations, their construction and the deterrence device itself.

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19

Ison, James R. "The physiology and psychophysics of the acoustic startle reaction." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 98, no. 5 (November 1995): 2939. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.414109.

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Carlsen, Anthony N., Romeo Chua, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Ian M. Franks. "Startle response is dishabituated during a reaction time task." Experimental Brain Research 152, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 510–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-003-1575-5.

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21

Valls-Solé, J., A. Solé, F. Valldeoriola, E. Muñoz, L. E. Gonzalez, and E. S. Tolosa. "Reaction time and acoustic startle in normal human subjects." Neuroscience Letters 195, no. 2 (August 1995): 97–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(94)11790-p.

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22

Armus, Harvard L. "Startle and Reward-Based Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict." Psychological Reports 59, no. 2 (October 1986): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1986.59.2.483.

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Using 30 male rats in a within-subjects design, the hypothesis was tested that avoidance-avoidance conflict based on the omission of food reward in a two-choice discrimination task would result in a more intense acoustic startle reaction than would the absence of such conflict. To maintain a high level of conflict, training days were interspersed between test days. Data showed no differences between conflict and nonconflict conditions.

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23

Rekha, C., L. R. Saranya, R. Karthik, Vimala Sarojini, and R. Paramaguru. "A rare case of familial hyperekplexia." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 4, no. 04 (December 31, 2016): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.4.4.3.

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Familial hyperekplexiaia a rare autosomal dominant or sporadic disorder characterized by abnormal startle reaction elicited by auditory or somatosensory stimuli. Here we report a 3 months old female child presented with complaints of exaggerated startle response followed by shrill cry to tactile stimuli over the face noticed by mother since birth. There was also a positive family history in her father and father’s brother. Neurological examination was normal except for hyperreflexia. Child was evaluated further and investigations like EEG and imaging were done. IEM workup was also done. Investigations were all normal. Hence from the classic diagnostic sign and positive family history, diagnosed as a case of familial hyperekplexia and the child improved after being started on clonazepam.

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Garg, R., R. Ramachandran, and P. Sharma. "Anaesthetic Implications of Hyperekplexia—'Startle Disease’." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 36, no. 2 (March 2008): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0803600217.

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This report describes anaesthesia for consanguineous siblings with the rare genetic condition hyperekplexia. This condition is also known as ‘stiff baby syndrome’ or ‘startle disease’. Hyperekplexia can present in major and minor forms and is caused by a mutation in chromosome 5 which results in a defect in the α-1 subunit of the inhibitory glycine receptors in the caudal pontine reticular formation leading to neuronal hyperexcitability. The patients present with a potentially life-threatening exaggerated startle reflex. Life-threatening spasms may be terminated by forced flexion of the head and legs towards the trunk. Anaesthesia management should avoid stimuli which trigger the reflex. Clonazepam and diazepam are used to prevent and control the spasms. Propofol and other agents with the ability to potentiate both GABAergic and glycinergic transmission may be appropriate choices for anaesthesia. Reaction to neuromuscular blockers may be unpredictable. Both our patients had relatively prolonged but otherwise uneventful recovery.

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25

Gunduz, A., M. E. Kiziltan, G. Kiziltan, D. Yavuz, and D. Karadeniz. "Somatosensory and auditory startle reaction in patients with movement disorders." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 3 (March 2016): e3-e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.011.

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Frauscher, Birgit, Wolfgang N. Löscher, Birgit Högl, Werner Poewe, and Markus Kofler. "Auditory Startle Reaction is disinhibited in idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome." Sleep 30, no. 4 (April 2007): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.4.489.

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Gómez-Nieto, Ricardo, Sebastián Hormigo, and Dolores E. López. "Prepulse Inhibition of the Auditory Startle Reflex Assessment as a Hallmark of Brainstem Sensorimotor Gating Mechanisms." Brain Sciences 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10090639.

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When a low-salience stimulus of any type of sensory modality—auditory, visual, tactile—immediately precedes an unexpected startle-like stimulus, such as the acoustic startle reflex, the startle motor reaction becomes less pronounced or is even abolished. This phenomenon is known as prepulse inhibition (PPI), and it provides a quantitative measure of central processing by filtering out irrelevant stimuli. As PPI implies plasticity of a reflex and is related to automatic or attentional processes, depending on the interstimulus intervals, this behavioral paradigm might be considered a potential marker of short- and long-term plasticity. Assessment of PPI is directly related to the examination of neural sensorimotor gating mechanisms, which are plastic-adaptive operations for preventing overstimulation and helping the brain to focus on a specific stimulus among other distracters. Despite their obvious importance in normal brain activity, little is known about the intimate physiology, circuitry, and neurochemistry of sensorimotor gating mechanisms. In this work, we extensively review the current literature focusing on studies that used state-of-the-art techniques to interrogate the neuroanatomy, connectomics, neurotransmitter-receptor functions, and sex-derived differences in the PPI process, and how we can harness it as biological marker in neurological and psychiatric pathology.

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FILION, DIANE L., MICHAEL E. DAWSON, and ANNE M. SCHELL. "Probing the orienting response with startle modification and secondary reaction time." Psychophysiology 31, no. 1 (January 1994): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01026.x.

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29

Valls-Solé, Josep, Markus Kofler, Hatice Kumru, Juan Manuel Castellote, and Maria Teresa Sanegre. "Startle-induced reaction time shortening is not modified by prepulse inhibition." Experimental Brain Research 165, no. 4 (June 8, 2005): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-2332-8.

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30

Redondo, Alberto José, Juan Carranza, and Pablo Trigo. "Fat diet reduces stress and intensity of startle reaction in horses." Applied Animal Behaviour Science 118, no. 1-2 (April 2009): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.008.

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Quevedo, Karina M., Stephen D. Benning, Megan R. Gunnar, and Ronald E. Dahl. "The onset of puberty: Effects on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation." Development and Psychopathology 21, no. 1 (January 2009): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409000030.

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AbstractWe examined puberty-specific effects on affect-related behavior and on the psychophysiology of defensive and appetitive motivation while controlling for age. Adolescents (N = 94, ages = 12 and 13 years) viewed 75 pictures (International Affective Picture System: pleasant, neutral, and aversive) while listening to auditory probes. Startle response and postauricular (PA) reflex were collected as measures of defensive and appetitive motivation, respectively. Pubertal status and measures of anxiety/stress reaction and sensation/thrill seeking were obtained. Mid-/late pubertal adolescents showed enhanced startle amplitude across all picture valences. A Puberty × Valence interaction revealed that mid-/late pubertal adolescents showed appetitive potentiation of the PA, whereas pre-/early pubertal adolescents showed no modulation of the PA reflex. Mid-/late pubertal adolescents also scored significantly higher on measures of sensation/thrill seeking than did their pre-/early pubertal peers and puberty moderated the association between psychophysiology and behavioral measures, suggesting that it plays a role in reorganizing defensive and appetitive motivational systems.

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Schulz, André, Claus Vögele, Katja Bertsch, Sam Bernard, Eva E. Münch, Greta Hansen, Ewald Naumann, and Hartmut Schächinger. "Cardiac cycle phases affect auditory-evoked potentials, startle eye blink and pre-motor reaction times in response to acoustic startle stimuli." International Journal of Psychophysiology 157 (November 2020): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.005.

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33

Valls-Solé, Josep. "408 Prepulse effects on the auditory blink reflex and the startle reaction." International Journal of Psychophysiology 30, no. 1-2 (September 1998): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8760(98)90407-x.

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Alfvén, G., S. Grillner, and E. Andersson. "Children with chronic stress-induced recurrent muscle pain have enhanced startle reaction." European Journal of Pain 21, no. 9 (May 4, 2017): 1561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1057.

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Maercker, Andreas, and Anke Karl. "Lifespan-Developmental Differences in Physiologic Reactivity to Loud Tones in Trauma Victims: A Pilot Study." Psychological Reports 93, no. 3 (December 2003): 941–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.3.941.

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Age at exposure to trauma has been identified as a risk factor for severity of trauma sequelae due to the developmental vulnerability of several brain structures involved in trauma processing. To investigate whether persons traumatized in adolescence show elevated arousal and startle reaction parameters, we studied persons traumatized by political imprisonment in the former East Germany either in their late adolescence or young adulthood (17–22 years, n = 9) or middle adulthood (35–50 years, n = 6). Physiological reactions (skin conductance, heart rate) to loud tones and self-report tests were measured. Covariance analysis yielded one significant difference, mean skin conductance response, with a higher mean for the younger group. Results are discussed in light of its limitations and further prospects.

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Sanders, Ozell, Hao Yuan Hsiao, Douglas N. Savin, Robert A. Creath, and Mark W. Rogers. "Aging changes in protective balance and startle responses to sudden drop perturbations." Journal of Neurophysiology 122, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00431.2018.

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This study investigated aging changes in protective balance and startle responses to sudden drop perturbations and their effect on landing impact forces (vertical ground reaction forces, vGRF) and balance stability. Twelve healthy older (6 men; mean age = 72.5 ± 2.32 yr, mean ± SE) and 12 younger adults (7 men; mean age = 28.09 ± 1.03 yr) stood atop a moveable platform and received externally triggered drop perturbations of the support surface. Electromyographic activity was recorded bilaterally over the sternocleidomastoid (SCM), middle deltoid, biceps brachii, vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and tibialis anterior (TA). Whole body kinematics were recorded with motion analysis. Stability in the anteroposterior direction was quantified using the margin of stability (MoS). Incidence of early onset of bilateral SCM activation within 120 ms after drop onset was present during the first-trial response (FTR) for all participants. Co-contraction indexes during FTRs between VL and BF as well as TA and MG were significantly greater in the older group (VL/BF by 26%, P < 0.05; TA/MG by 37%, P < 0.05). Reduced shoulder abduction between FTR and last-trial responses, indicative of habituation, was present across both groups. Significant age-related differences in landing strategy were present between groups, because older adults had greater trunk flexion ( P < 0.05) and less knee flexion ( P < 0.05) that resulted in greater peak vGRFs and decreased MoS compared with younger adults. These findings suggest age-associated abnormalities of delayed, exaggerated, and poorly habituated startle/postural FTRs are linked with greater landing impact force and diminished balance stabilization. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigated the role of startle as a pathophysiological mechanism contributing to balance impairment in aging. We measured neuromotor responses as younger and older adults stood on a platform that dropped unexpectedly. Group differences in landing strategies indicated age-associated abnormalities of delayed, exaggerated, and poorly habituated startle/postural responses linked with a higher magnitude of impact force and decreased balance stabilization. The findings have implications for determining mechanisms contributing to falls and related injuries.

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Maslovat, Dana, Paul M. Kennedy, Christopher J. Forgaard, Romeo Chua, and Ian M. Franks. "The effects of prepulse inhibition timing on the startle reflex and reaction time." Neuroscience Letters 513, no. 2 (April 2012): 243–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2012.02.052.

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Lipp, Ottmar V., Daniel M. Kaplan, and Helena M. Purkis. "Reaction time facilitation by acoustic task-irrelevant stimuli is not related to startle." Neuroscience Letters 409, no. 2 (December 2006): 124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2006.09.025.

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Rektor, I., and M. Švejdová. "Inhibition of the startle reaction by physostigmine in patients with early brain damage." Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 86, no. 3 (September 1992): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05092.x.

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Lipp, Ottmar V. "Anticipation of a non-aversive reaction time task facilitates the blink startle reflex." Biological Psychology 59, no. 2 (March 2002): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-0511(02)00003-0.

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Jaworski, Rebecca L., Martin Jirout, Shamara Closson, Laura Breen, Pamela L. Flodman, M. Anne Spence, Vladimir Kren, Drahomira Krenova, Michal Pravenec, and Morton P. Printz. "Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Quantitative Trait Loci for the Airpuff Startle Reaction." Hypertension 39, no. 2 (February 2002): 348–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hy0202.103419.

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Gowen, Christopher L., Prashanna Khwaounjoo, and Yusuf O. Cakmak. "EMG-Free Monitorization of the Acoustic Startle Reflex with a Mobile Phone: Implications of Sound Parameters with Posture Related Responses." Sensors 20, no. 21 (October 22, 2020): 5996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20215996.

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(1) Background: Acute acoustic (sound) stimulus prompts a state of defensive motivation in which unconscious muscle responses are markedly enhanced in humans. The orbicularis oculi (OO) of the eye is an easily accessed muscle common for acoustic startle reaction/response/reflex (ASR) investigations and is the muscle of interest in this study. Although the ASR can provide insights about numerous clinical conditions, existing methodologies (Electromyogram, EMG) limit the usability of the method in real clinical conditions. (2) Objective: With EMG-free muscle recording in mind, our primary aim was to identify and investigate potential correlations in the responses of individual and cooperative OO muscles to various acoustic stimuli using a mobile and wire-free system. Our secondary aim was to investigate potential altered responses to high and also relatively low intensity acoustics at different frequencies in both sitting and standing positions through the use of biaural sound induction and video diagnostic techniques and software. (3) Methods: This study used a mobile-phone acoustic startle response monitoring system application to collect blink amplitude and velocity data on healthy males, aged 18–28 community cohorts during (n = 30) in both sitting and standing postures. The iPhone X application delivers specific sound parameters and detects blinking responses to acoustic stimulus (in millisecond resolution) to study the responses of the blinking reflex to acoustic sounds in standing and sitting positions by using multiple acoustic test sets of different frequencies and amplitudes introduced as acute sound stimuli (<0.5 s). The single acoustic battery of 15 pure-square wave sounds consisted of frequencies and amplitudes between 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 Hz scales using 65, 90, and 105 dB (e.g., 3000 Hz_90 dB). (4) Results: Results show that there was a synchronization of amplitude and velocity between both eyes to all acoustic startles. Significant differences (p = 0.01) in blinking reaction time between sitting vs. standing at the high intensity (105 dB) 500 Hz acoustic test set was discovered. Interestingly, a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) in response times between test sets 500 Hz_105 dB and 4000 Hz_105 dB was identified. (5) Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first mobile phone-based acoustic battery used to detect and report significant ASR responses to specific frequencies and amplitudes of sound stimulus with corresponding sitting and standing conditions. The results from this experiment indicate the potential significance of using the specific frequency, amplitude, and postural conditions (as never before identified) which can open new horizons for ASR to be used for diagnosis and monitoring in numerous clinical and remote or isolated conditions.

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Lipp, Ottmar V., David A. T. Siddle, and Patricia J. Dall. "The effect of warning stimulus modality on blink startle modification in reaction time tasks." Psychophysiology 37, no. 1 (January 2000): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-8986.3710055.

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Kumru, Hatice, and Josep Valls-Solé. "Excitability of the pathways mediating the startle reaction before execution of a voluntary movement." Experimental Brain Research 169, no. 3 (November 5, 2005): 427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-005-0156-1.

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Valls-Sole, Josep. "Assessment of excitability in brainstem circuits mediating the blink reflex and the startle reaction." Clinical Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (January 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2011.04.029.

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Valls-Solé, J., Francesc Valldeoriola, José Luis Molinuevo, Giovanni Cossu, and Fritz Nobbe. "Prepulse modulation of the startle reaction and the blink reflex in normal human subjects." Experimental Brain Research 129, no. 1 (October 18, 1999): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050935.

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Hering, S., J. Müller, W. Poewe, and M. Kofler. "P20. Botulinum toxin treatment has no influence on auditory startle reaction in primary blepharospasm." Clinical Neurophysiology 118, no. 12 (December 2007): 2822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2007.09.049.

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Storozheva, Z. I., A. V. Kirenskaya, I. E. Lazarev, V. Yu Novototskii-Vlasov, D. V. Samylkin, and G. A. Fastovtsov. "Prepulse Modification of the Acoustic Startle Reaction in Healthy Subjects and Patients with Schizophrenia." Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology 42, no. 2 (December 28, 2011): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11055-011-9545-z.

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Riede, K. "Prepulse inhibition of the startle reaction in the locust Locusta migratoria (Insecta: Orthoptera: Acridoidea)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 172, no. 3 (April 1993): 351–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00216617.

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Hormigo, Sebastian, and Carlos Moreno. "Can startle response magnitudes be used as a tool to predict sportive capacities? A comparative study between healthy young adults and athletes." International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports 8, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/ijpefs1923.

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The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is an intense reaction that involves the contraction of muscle groups in response to an unexpected stimulus. We proposed that an ASR measurement may be used to select physical characteristics among healthy people, including athletes. To find the relationship between the ASR and physical conditioning level, we designed a study to perform ASR measurements, anthropometric measurements, neuromuscular conjugation exercises, strength test, and flexibility test. We studied young adults into 4 groups: male-control, male-athlete, female-control, and female-athlete. Our results showed how the startle amplitude was decreased in athletes compared with controls. In most of the anthropometric parameters, there were differences attending to gender in control groups, but these differences diminished in athletes. In addition, some fitness values were correlated with the latency of the muscle response and with the prepulse inhibition. This study demonstrates that regular practice of a sport, aside from causing changes in common fitness variables, also promotes changes in ASR parameters. In some way, the intense body training stimulates the brain reorganization to enhance some responses related to adapt the ASR. With this study, we are opening a field for those interested in finding out new instruments to discriminate athletes.

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