Relevant bibliographies by topics / Startle reaction

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Startle reaction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Startle reaction"

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Oude Nijhuis, Lars B., John H. J. Allum, Josep Valls-Solé, Sebastiaan Overeem, and Bastiaan R. Bloem. "First Trial Postural Reactions to Unexpected Balance Disturbances: A Comparison With the Acoustic Startle Reaction." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2704–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01080.2009.

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Unexpected support-surface movements delivered during stance elicit “first trial” postural reactions, which are larger and cause greater instability compared with habituated responses. The nature of this first trial reaction remains unknown. We hypothesized that first trial postural reactions consist of a generalized startle reaction, with a similar muscle synergy as the acoustic startle response, combined with an automatic postural reaction. Therefore we compared acoustic startle responses to first trial postural reactions. Eight healthy subjects stood on a support surface that unexpectedly rotated backwards 10 times, followed by 10 startling acoustic stimuli, or vice versa. Outcome measures included full body kinematics and surface EMG from muscles involved in startle reactions or postural control. Postural perturbations and startling acoustic stimuli both elicited a clear first trial reaction, as reflected by larger kinematic and EMG responses. The ensuing habituation rate to repeated identical stimuli was comparable for neck and trunk muscles in both conditions. Onset latencies in neck muscles occurred significantly later for first trial perturbations compared with startle responses, but earlier in trunk muscles. Our results show that platform tilting initially induces reactions larger than needed to maintain equilibrium. For neck and trunk muscles, these first trial postural reactions resembled acoustic startle reflexes. First trial postural reactions may be triggered by interaction of afferent volleys formed by somatosensory and vestibular inputs. Acoustic startle reactions may also be partially triggered by vestibular inputs. Similar muscle activation driven by vestibular inputs may be the common element of first trial postural responses and acoustic startle reactions.
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Momčilović-Kostadinović, D., A. Potic, and V. Lukić. "23. Startle reaction and startle epilepsy." Clinical Neurophysiology 122, no. 7 (July 2011): e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.025.

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Panzer, Annie, and Stephen Lambert. "The anatomy of startle." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 26, no. 1 (September 21, 2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v26i1.119.

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The involuntary startle is part of the first rapid fear reactions an organism experiences in response to a sudden threatening stimulus. It is adaptive in the sense that it allows the organism to immediately withdraw from an object that might possibly be dangerous, while the higher centres of the brain are still busy processing whether the object is in fact dangerous. The involuntary startle reaction is colloquially described as “to jump with fright”. This hair-trigger system is fine-tuned to protect organisms from danger and tends to err on the side of caution. Therefore, everyone has probably jumped with fright in response to an entirely harmless stimulus, for example mistaking a twig for a snake. This paper aims to explain why and how we jump with fright, even though we realise only milliseconds later that it was completely unnecessary to get a fright at all. The fear centres of the brain are the amygdala, two small nuclei in the limbic system. Visual, auditory and olfactory input from the sensory organs is relayed to the amygdala via two different pathways. Like most types of sensory inputs to the brain the information that activates the fear response via the indirect route is routed via the thalamus to cortical areas where it is analysed in terms of previous experience quality and context. From here the analysed information reaches the amygdala – the cerebral structures generally associated with fear. Impulses from the amygdala will then stimulate the typical fear reactions. In contrast to the indirect route from thalamus to amygdala just described, a direct route is taken in the case of the startle reaction. Impulses from the thalamus are relayed directly to the amygdala and the person experiences the fear reaction and response before the information has been analysed by the cortical structures. This short-cut to the amygdala is a direct, fast and crude pathway from the senses through the relevant modalities to the thalamus to the central nucleus of the amygdala. In general its purpose is to prime the amygdala for detailed incoming information, but in conditions of sudden danger it provides for a rapid response to a potentially aversive situation. The advantage of the direct pathway is that it allows for a quicker reaction, almost half the time that it takes for the cortical input pathway to the amygdala. The startle reaction is essential when speed is more important than accuracy, for example, when a life may be at stake. The cortical pathway is indirect, slower and refined, which allows for cortical processing and thus a much more accurate presentation of the stimulus. This route can also inhibit an inappropriate fear response initiated through the direct route. In this paper the neuroanatomy, specifically explaining the direct and indirect (cortical) route by which perceptual information reaches the amygdala, is reviewed first. Then the physiology of the fear reaction is alluded to, after which we conclude with an integrating figure and state a few interesting implications.
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Misiaszek, John E., Sydney D. C. Chodan, Arden J. McMahon, and Keith K. Fenrich. "Influence of Pairing Startling Acoustic Stimuli with Postural Responses Induced by Light Touch Displacement." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (January 4, 2020): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010382.

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The first exposure to an unexpected, rapid displacement of a light touch reference induces a balance reaction in naïve participants, whereas an arm-tracking behaviour emerges with subsequent exposures. The sudden behaviour change suggests the first trial balance reaction arises from the startling nature of the unexpected stimulus. We investigated how touch-induced balance reactions interact with startling acoustic stimuli. Responses to light touch displacements were tested in 48 participants across six distinct combinations of touch displacement (DISPLACEMENT), acoustic startle (STARTLE), or combined (COMBINED) stimuli. The effect of COMBINED depended, in part, on the history of the preceding stimuli. Participants who received 10 DISPLACEMENT initially, produced facilitated arm-tracking responses with subsequent COMBINED. Participants who received 10 COMBINED initially, produced facilitated balance reactions, with arm-tracking failing to emerge until the acoustic stimuli were discontinued. Participants who received five DISPLACEMENT, after initially habituating to 10 STARTLE, demonstrated re-emergence of the balance reaction with the subsequent COMBINED. Responses evoked by light touch displacements are influenced by the startling nature of the stimulus, suggesting that the selection of a balance reaction to a threatening stimulus is labile and dependent, in part, on the context and sensory state at the time of the disturbance.
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Carlsen, Anthony N., Michael A. Hunt, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Romeo Chua. "Altered Triggering of a Prepared Movement by a Startling Stimulus." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00852.2002.

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An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of an auditory startling stimulus on a compound movement task. Previous findings have shown that, in a targeting task, a secondary movement can be initiated based on the proprioceptive information provided by a primary movement. Studies involving the presentation of a startling stimulus have shown that in reaction time (RT) tasks, prepared ballistic movements could be released early when participants are startled. In the present study we sought to determine whether the secondary component in an ongoing movement task, once prepared, could also be triggered by a startling stimulus. Participants performed a slow active elbow extension (22°/s), opening their hand when the arm passed 55° of extension from the starting point. An unexpected 124 dB startle stimulus was presented 5, 25, or 45° into the movement. Findings showed that, when participants were startled, the secondary component was triggered despite incongruent kinesthetic information. However, this only occurred when the startle was presented late in the primary movement. This suggests that the secondary movement was not prepared prior to task initiation, but was “loaded” into lower brain structures at some point during the movement in preparation to be triggered by the CNS. This occurred late in the movement sequence, but ≥400 ms prior to reaching the target. These findings indicate that, in addition to ballistic RT tasks, a startle can be used to probe response preparation in ongoing compound movement tasks.
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Carlsen, Anthony N., Romeo Chua, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Ian M. Franks. "Differential Effects of Startle on Reaction Time for Finger and Arm Movements." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 1 (January 2009): 306–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00878.2007.

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Recent studies using a reaction time (RT) task have reported that a preprogrammed response could be triggered directly by a startling acoustic stimulus (115–124 dB) presented along with the usual “go” signal. It has been suggested that details of the upcoming response could be stored subcortically and are accessible by the startle volley, directly eliciting the correct movement. However, certain muscles (e.g., intrinsic hand) are heavily dependent on cortico-motoneuronal connections and thus would not be directly subject to the subcortical startle volley in a similar way to muscles whose innervations include extensive reticular connections. In this study, 14 participants performed 75 trials in each of two tasks within a RT paradigm: an arm extension task and an index finger abduction task. In 12 trials within each task, the regular go stimulus (82 dB) was replaced with a 115-dB startling stimulus. Results showed that, in the arm task, the presence of a startle reaction led to significantly shorter latency arm movements compared with the effect of the increased stimulus intensity alone. In contrast, for the finger task, no additional decrease in RT caused by startle was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that only movements that involve muscles more strongly innervated by subcortical pathways are susceptible to response advancement by startle.
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Ekman, Paul, Wallace V. Friesen, and Ronald C. Simons. "Is the startle reaction an emotion?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49, no. 5 (1985): 1416–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.5.1416.

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Castellote, J. M., M. Kofler, A. Mayr, and L. Saltuari. "Startle reaction evoked by kinematic stimuli." Clinical Neurophysiology 127, no. 3 (March 2016): e5-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2015.10.018.

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Müller, Jörg, Martina Rinnerthaler, Werner Poewe, and Markus Kofler. "Auditory startle reaction in primary blepharospasm." Movement Disorders 22, no. 2 (2007): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.21270.

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Cappucci, Paola, Ángel Correa, Pedro Guerra, and Juan Lupiáñez. "Differential effects of intensity and response preparation components of acoustic warning signals." Psicológica Journal 39, no. 2 (July 1, 2018): 292–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/psicolj-2018-0013.

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AbstractIt is known that the increase of intensity on a warning signal (WS) usually decreases reaction times to targets and occasionally is accompanied by a startle reflex reaction that influences the speediness of response execution. In a simple detection task (Experiment 1), a detection task with catch trials (Experiment 2) and a Go-NoGo discrimination task (Experiment 3), we studied the relationship between response preparation and alerting mechanisms operating upon the presentation of warning signals. A WS was presented either synchronously with the target (simultaneous condition) or 1400 ms before it (delayed condition). In all three experiments, the intensity of the WS and the simultaneity between WS and target were orthogonally manipulated. Results confirmed shorter reaction times by increasing the WS intensity. In Experiment 1, all conditions presented a clear acoustic intensity effect. In Experiment 2 we observed shorter reaction times in higher intensity conditions but only when the WS and the target were presented simultaneously. In Experiment 3, the intensity effect was observed only when the WS preceded the target. In all experiments, trials where the WS triggered a startle reflex showed a systematic increase in reaction time, which was independent of response preparation and task demands. In general, our findings suggest that response preparation modulates the alerting mechanisms, as a function of task set, but not the startle reflex. The dissociation between intensity, response preparation and startle supports the interdependence between these mechanisms elicited by the presentation of warning signals.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Startle reaction"

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Parker, Stephen David. "The effects of attention and stimulus onset asynchrony on the relationship between prepulse inhibition of the startle-eyeblink and prepulse-rating inhibition /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16834.pdf.

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Smith, Cora. "Investigating the Role of the Primary Motor Cortex in the StartReact Effect Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36638.

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It is well-established that the presentation of a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) simultaneous with the go-signal in a simple reaction time (RT) task results in significant RT reductions, while leaving movement kinematics essentially unaltered. While this phenomenon, termed the StartReact effect, has been extensively studied, cortical involvement in the neural mechanism underlying the RT-facilitation effects of a SAS remains widely debated. Applying sub-threshold TMS to motor areas results in increased cortical excitability and reductions in control RT. When this technique was used in a startle paradigm no RT benefits were seen, providing evidence that the cortex may not be involved in the StartReact effect; however, these results may also have been due to a floor effect of startle RT. It has been shown that RT in response to a SAS is significantly slower for complex movements, providing a possible method of distinguishing between these hypotheses. As such, the purpose of the experiments in this thesis was to determine if the application of sub-threshold TMS following a SAS when preparing to react with a complex movement would facilitate startle RT. If so, it would provide evidence for cortical involvement in the RT-facilitation effects of startle. The first experiment revealed that the task employed did not lead to an increase in RT in startle conditions, limiting the ability to make conclusions regarding the StartReact effect. In the second experiment the timing complexity of the task was increased, with the goal of increasing startle RT; however, startle RT was again not significantly slower for the complex movement than the simple movement. Furthermore, there was again no effect of TMS stimulation condition on startle RT. These results suggest that either the cortex does not play a role in the StartReact effect, or a floor effect of RT was reached in startle conditions; thus, alternative methods of investigating the neural mechanism underlying the RT-facilitation effects of startle are warranted.
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Aitken, Christopher John. "Modulation of the startle reflex as a measure of cognitive bias in anxiety /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2000. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16465.pdf.

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Muthumani, Anburaj. "Study of startle/panic responses due to auditory and haptic warnings in roadway lane departure." Thesis, Montana State University, 2010. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2010/muthumani/MuthumaniA0510.pdf.

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Roadway lane departure accidents caused 25,082 fatalities which accounted for about 58 percent of all roadway fatalities in the United States this year (AASHTO, 2008). In order to reduce these fatalities different types of strategies were implemented such as providing shoulder and/or centerline rumble strips, enhancing delineation of sharp curves, removing or relocating objects, eliminating shoulder drop-offs and providing skid-resistant pavements. Of these strategies, the rumble strips strategy has been found to be more effective to warn drivers. But, the drawbacks of rumble strips have led to the introduction of in-vehicle warning systems. In-vehicle Lane Departure Warning Systems were machine vision-based that use algorithms to interpret video images to check the car's current position and time to lane crossing. However, it is not clear if the warnings themselves may be a potential hazard in terms of distracting or startling drivers. This distraction and startle might impede drivers from quickly and appropriately responding to the original traffic hazard. The present study is intended to better understand how human participants react to such sudden warnings given to them to warn in case of a possible hazard during roadway lane departure. Twelve participants (six male and six female) were asked to drive a simulated vehicle and they were alerted with auditory, haptic, combination of auditory & haptic and no-warning modalities during their lane departure. The responses of the participants were recorded using electromyography (EMG) from the deltoid, biceps brachii, pronator teres and tibialis anterior muscles. The results of the study determined that there is no significant difference in EMG activity between the warning modalities except for the deltoid muscle. The difference in EMG activity for the deltoid muscle for auditory condition is likely due to the greater maximum steering response. Moreover, there is no significant difference among warning modalities during the participant's first warning event. Also, there is no difference in EMG activity between genders due to warning modalities. Overall, findings suggest that there is no potential startle/panic response perceived by the participants due to warning systems in roadway lane departure.
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Poje, Albert Buddy Filion Diane L. "The effects of multiphasic prepulse stimuli on attentional modulation of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle eyeblink response." Diss., UMK access, 2007.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2007.
"A dissertation in psychology." Advisor: Diane L. Filion. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed July 16, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-118). Online version of the print edition.
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Hardwick, Sascha. "Startle modification during human fear conditioning : attention or emotion? /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19287.pdf.

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Howard, Samantha. "Identification facilitation from the attentional blink: a new paradigm for investigating the mechanisms that underlie repetition priming in word identification /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19242.pdf.

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Nelson, Jakob James Filion Diane L. "Startle eye-blink reflex as an index of emotion regulation in high and low monitors." Diss., UMK access, 2005.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Dept. of Psychology. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2005.
"A dissertation in psychology." Advisor: Diane L. Filion. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed March 12, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 115-120). Online version of the print edition.
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Jones, Stephanie. "True or false? : associative priming in the attentional blink /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19777.pdf.

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Karnadewi, Fika. "Investigating the effect of meaning familiarity and ambiguity of words on the attentional blink /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19778.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Startle reaction"

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Simons, Ronald C. Boo!: Culture, experience, and the startle reflex. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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V, Simonov P., ed. Klassicheskiĭ uslovnyĭ oboronitelʹnyĭ refleks: Ėksperimentalʹnye issledovanii͡a︡. Moskva: Izd-vo "Nauka", 1985.

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Busacca, Maurizio, and Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.

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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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E, Dawson Michael, Schell Anne M. 1942-, and Bohmelt Andreas H. 1963-, eds. Startle modification: Implications for neuroscience, cognitive science, and clinical science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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(Editor), Michael E. Dawson, Anne M. Schell (Editor), and Andreas H. Bohmelt (Editor), eds. Startle Modification: Implications for Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, and Clinical Science. Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Dawson, Michael E., Anne M. Schell, and Andreas H. Bohmelt. Startle Modification: Implications for Neuroscience, Cognitive Science, and Clinical Science. Cambridge University Press, 2011.

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Eaton, Robert C. Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. Springer, 2013.

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Eaton, Robert C. Neural Mechanisms of Startle Behavior. Springer, 2013.

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Simons, Ronald C. Boo: Culture, Experience, and the Startle Reflex. Diane Pub Co, 1996.

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Simons, Ronald C. Boo!: Culture, Experience, and the Startle Reflex. Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Startle reaction"

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Narayn, Hari. "Start Reacting." In Just React!, 51–102. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8294-6_3.

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Farhi, Oren. "Getting Started with the Echoes Player Lite App." In Reactive Programming with Angular and ngrx, 1–11. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-2620-9_1.

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Fujisawa, Noboru. "Operation Scenario of Fusion Experimental Reactor with Main Emphasis on Start-up." In Tokamak Start-up, 111–29. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1889-8_6.

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Pease, R. S. "Panel Discussion and Conclusions on “Tokamak Start up — Problems and Operational Scenarios Related to the Transient Phases of Thermonuclear Fusion Reactor”." In Tokamak Start-up, 403–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1889-8_26.

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Atanasoski, Radoslav T., Ljiljana L. Atanasoska, and David A. Cullen. "Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction Catalysts for Cell Reversal and Start/Stop Tolerance." In Lecture Notes in Energy, 637–63. London: Springer London, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-4911-8_22.

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Dix, Hywel. "Autofiction, Post-conflict Narratives, and New Memory Cultures." In Palgrave Studies in Life Writing, 185–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78440-9_10.

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AbstractA reaction against the death of the author provided one context in which autofiction started to develop in the 1970s. The rebuttal of the death of the author has been prominent among postcolonial writers, who, because their voices were historically marginalized until the recent past, are unlikely to accept the tacit silencing that theories of the death of the author might imply. Through a discussion of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s depiction of Nigeria’s Biafran War of 1967–1970 in Half of a Yellow Sun (2006) and Justin Cartwright’s reflection on the massacre of Zulus by Boers in 1838 in Up Against the Night (2015), this chapter shows how they use techniques associated with autofiction to contribute to new forms of memory culture in post-conflict societies.
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Ricarte, Joana. "The UN Approach to the ‘Question of Palestine’ During the Cold War." In Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies, 117–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16567-2_5.

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AbstractThis chapter explores the first phase of the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and its impact on identities in conflict by analyzing the period that starts with the Partition Plan and lasts during the Cold War, until the First Intifada (1947 to 1987). The Cold War period is considered a phase of its own as it marks an important moment in terms of the formulas for solving this conflict—the two-states solution—and the definition of actors that were deemed relevant for such solution. The argument developed is that the reinforcement of dehumanization processes in this period is connected with a defensive reaction of the two competing identities to developments in the international level related with the peace process, that was mainly restricted to elite-driven negotiations toward reaching an agreement regarding the governments and boundaries of the now partitioned territories.
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Tarantino, F. A., R. P. Jacqmin, and A. F. Henry. "The Validity of the Point Kinetics Model During Reactor Start-Up." In Nuclear Simulation, 170–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84279-5_13.

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Wilkinson, T. G., M. J. Wraith, and P. D. G. Cousins. "Antibody Production in a Membrane Reactor — A Start-Up Company’s Choice." In Effective Industrial Membrane Processes: Benefits and Opportunities, 267–77. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3682-2_20.

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"Startle Reaction." In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 5194. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_302594.

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Conference papers on the topic "Startle reaction"

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Mwaffo, Violet, and Franck Vernerey. "Modeling and Analysis of the Effects of Startle Reaction on Group Coordination." In ASME 2020 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2020-3161.

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Abstract Startle reaction is an alarm behavior observed in animal groups during anti-predatory response or fear-inducing stimulation. This behavior is characterized by spontaneous change in heading direction and increasing speed that can drastically affect group coordination. In this work, we leverage a mathematical model of fish social behavior to recreate startle reaction. Specifically, we model startle reaction through a biased jump diffusion process, where the jumps process captures sudden and fast changes of heading direction observed during this escaping behavior. Then, using extensive numerical simulations, we test their effects on group of fish including an informed individual prescribing the direction of motion and several followers by systematically varying the frequency and intensity of the sudden and fast turns introduced in the heading direction of a single individual. We demonstrate the emergence of novel form of leadership and phase transition between complete ordered states and disorganized states. In addition, we evidence that at specific range of frequencies and amplitudes, the initiation of this behavior might be utilized to divert group followers from their reference trajectory while keeping them in a synchronized state with the startling individual. Our findings offer a new paradigm to recreate the emergence of leadership applicable to divert or contain multi-vehicle systems.
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Rooseleer, Frédéric, Barry Kirwan, Elizabeth Humm, and Diana Paola Moreno Alarcon. "'The Application of Human Factors in Wake Vortex Encounter Flight Simulations for the Reduction of Flight Upset Risk and Startle Response." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001565.

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The current top safety risk concern for commercial air travel in Europe is known as “Flight Upset”. This term, also known as “Loss of Control in Flight”, entails the flight crew suddenly finding themselves in an unexpected, complex, and even confusing situation that if not resolved quickly can lead to a major accident. Accidents such as AF447 and the two B737 Max accidents fall into this category. An undesirable aspect of such events is known as the “startle response”, wherein one or both flight crew, finding themselves in dire and dangerous conditions, may experience ‘startle’, which temporarily affects their cognitive functioning. This may only last half a minute, but its effect can have a severe impact on the survivability of such events. A Horizon 2020 research project called SAFEMODE, which aims to integrate Human Factors techniques into a unified framework for designers in aviation and maritime domains, is exploring the use of state-of-the-art flight simulation facilities to measure pilot performance in severe wake turbulence events, which can induce the startle effect. This is part of a broader use case within SAFEMODE to validate the design of a new Wake Vortex Air Traffic Alert for the Cruise phase of flight. A tactical short-term alert to the Flight Crew, ahead of the wake encounter, is seen as beneficial to reduce the startle effect and support the appropriate management of these conflicts. The envisaged risk-alerting logic relies on a ground-based predictor, connected to the Air Traffic Control system, displaying an alert to the En-route Air Traffic Controllers, who can then provide a cautionary advisory to the Flight Crew so they can take appropriate actions.The cockpit flight simulations involve type-rated flight crews in realistic and representative cruise flight conditions, using a Type VI Boeing 737-800 full flight motion-based simulator (also used for Upset Prevention and Recovery training programs). During the simulation runs, pilots are exposed to simulated wake vortex encounters, corresponding to a strong wake-induced upset (between 30 and 40 degrees of bank), with or without prior ATC wake caution, and varying the initial direction of roll between left and right to limit the simulation training effect.Human Factors measurements include workload, situation awareness, trust, acceptability-based user feedback, as well as psychophysiological measures such as eye-tracking and Electro-Dermal Activity (EDA). In particular, eye-tracking is expected to support the refined determination of the sequence of actions before and after detection, and the reaction of flight crews to the en-route ATC Wake alert.A cockpit flight simulation, via combining the analyses of psychophysiological measures, flight parameters, expert observations and subjective pilot feedback, enables evaluation of Flight Crews performance in preparing for, managing or avoiding wake encounter upsets with the new ATC wake alerts, showing the net safety benefits. Early results indicate that the simulations can indeed induce startle effect, and that repeated exposure enables flight crew to overcome it and manage the situation in a more measured and controlled fashion.
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Frohmann, Lisa, Marian Weger, and Robert Höldrich. "Recognizability and Perceived Urgency of Bicycle Bells." In The 24th International Conference on Auditory Display. Arlington, Virginia: The International Community for Auditory Display, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21785/icad2018.025.

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Raising awareness about how alarm sounds are perceived and evaluated by an individual in traffic scenery is important for developing new alarm designs, as well as for improving existing ones. Bearing a positive contribution to road safety, cyclists and pedestrians especially can benefit from appropriate alarming bell and horn sounds. Primarily, the alarm signal should evoke a precise idea of what is the source of the warning and the desired reaction to it. Furthermore, it should not be masked by other noises thus going undetected by the ear. Finally, an appropriate warning signal should transmit the urgency of a given situation, while at the same time, it should not cause other road users and pedestrians to startle. In two listening experiments, we examined the perception of commonly available bicycle bells and horns. Average typicality or recognizability as a bicycle bell among other everyday sounds has been investigated through a free identification task. In a second experiment, we tested perceived urgency of the warning sounds in relation to traffic noise. This article further provides a survey on non-verbal alarm design, as well as an analysis of acoustic properties of common bicycle bells and horns. Consequently, a linear regression model presents the relationship between named properties and perceived urgency. It is our intention to give an insight into the often unattended but important issue of the perception of auditory warning sounds in our everyday acoustic environment.
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Skoda, R., J. Rataj, and J. Uher. "Pebble Bed Modular Reactor Fuel Enrichment Discrimination Using Delayed Neutrons." In Fourth International Topical Meeting on High Temperature Reactor Technology. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/htr2008-58133.

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The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR) is a helium-cooled, graphite-moderated high temperature nuclear power reactor which utilise fuel in form of spheres that are randomly loaded and continuously circulated through the core until they reach their prescribed end-of-life burn-up limit. When the reactor is started up for the first time, the lower-enriched start-up fuel is used, mixed with graphite spheres, to bring the core to criticality. As the core criticality is established and the start-up fuel is burned-in, the graphite spheres are progressively removed and replaced with more start-up fuel. Once it becomes necessary for maintaining power output, the higher enriched equilibrium fuel is introduced to the reactor and the start-up fuel is removed. During the initial run of the reactor it is important to discriminate between the irradiated startup fuel and the irradiated equilibrium fuel to ensure that only the equilibrium fuel is returned to the reactor. There is therefore a need for an on-line enrichment discrimination device that can discriminate between irradiated start-up fuel spheres and irradiated equilibrium fuel spheres. The device must also not be confused by the presence of any remaining graphite spheres. Due to it’s on-line nature the device must accomplish the discrimination within tight time limits. Theoretical calculations and experiments show that Fuel Enrichment Discrimination based on delayed neutrons detection is possible. The paper presents calculations and experiments showing viability of the method.
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Hedayat Mofidi, Seyyed Ali, and Kent S. Udell. "Absorption Process in MgCl2-NH3 Thermochemical Batteries With Constant Mass Flow Rate." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7512.

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The working principle and performance of thermochemical batteries have been studied before [1–3]. In this paper, the performance of a thermochemical battery based on magnesium chloride and ammonia pair with a constant mass flow rate of ammonia gas is studied. It is shown that controlling the mass flow rate lowers the temperature of the reactive complex and increases the duration of the absorption process. However, it was observed that the reaction becomes mass transfer limited which slows the absorption rate and takes control of the reaction away from the mass flow controller. The progress of the reaction inside the reactor is studied in a single-cell reactor to understand the performance of these thermal batteries. It was shown that a reaction zone starts at the inlet and moves toward the end of the reactor. The mass transfer limited reaction zone movement reduces the absorption rate and temperature in the reaction zone.
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Viveka, S., and B. Kalaavathi. "Review on clinical data mining with psychiatric adverse drug reaction." In 2016 World Conference on Futuristic Trends in Research and Innovation for Social Welfare (Startup Conclave). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/startup.2016.7583945.

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Lee, C. H., C. H. Huang, C. T. Lin, Y. C. Liu, and Hsin-Sen Chu. "Development of Methanol Reformer for the Portable PEFC Power System by ITRI." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2519.

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In order to apply the PEFC power generation system in near future, ITRI is cooperating with Taiwanese local electrical company to develop a compact methanol reformer. This methanol reformer can simultaneously catalyze autothermal and steam reforming reactions, depending on the application. Except the catalyst for methanol steam reforming and low temperature water gas shift reactions, ITRI has developed several catalysts for autothermal reforming, high temperature water-gas shift, and CO preferential oxidation reactions. We have integrated these catalysts to assemble a methanol reformer prototype. The characteristics of this methanol reformer operated at steady state are the maximum flow rate of hydrogen being 39 L/min (corresponding to 2.4 kWe), H2 concentration being 45∼65%, CO concentration less than 50 ppm, and the cold startup time less than 35 minutes. In addition, we have been developing a catalyst for methanation reaction. We hope to shorten the start-up time to less than 20 minutes and the volume of the reformer being reduced in half by integrating a good methanation catalyst into my next generation methanol reformer.
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Chen, Xiaoliang, Zhendong Fan, Xiaoxian Chen, and Dingsheng Hu. "Measurement of Reaction Rate Distribution and Neutron Spectrum in China Experimental Fast Reactor." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16413.

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China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) has completed physics start-up tests in 2010 and connected the grid on 40%FP in 2011. The reaction rate distribution, neutron spectrum are some important parameters for CEFR neutron field. In order to measure these parameters some low power irradiation tests using foil activation method have been done in CEFR core. Two kinds of special irradiation test subassemblies have been developed and fabricated for irradiation in CEFR core. And a digital high purity Germanium gamma-ray spectrometer system has been established for foil activity measurement. After dozens of low power irradiation tests in CEFR core, the radial and axial distribution of 235U and 238U fission reaction rate have been measured. The distribution of 238U capture reaction rate in CEFR core was also obtained in these tests. The experimental values of reaction rate are according with the calculation values well. Neutron spectrum was measured by means of multifoil activation method. And a neutron spectrum adjusting code was also compiled to determine the neutron spectrum.
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oude Egbrink, Mirjam G. A., Geert Jan Tangelder, Dick W. Slaaf, and Robert S. Reneman. "IN VIVO CHANGES IN SYSTEMIC PCO2 AND PO2 INFLUENCE THE THROMBOEMBOLIC REACTION FOLLOWING WALL PUNCTURE IN VENULES BUT NOT IN ARTERIOLES." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643180.

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Changes in pH and PCO2 influence the aggregation of blood platelets in response to various agents in vitro. In the present study intravital video-microscopy was used to investigate whether changes in systemic blood gas values influence the thromboembolic reaction in vivo as induced by vessel wall injury.The microtrauma was induced by puncturing the walls of microvessels in the rabbit mesentery (diameter range: 20-40 μm) with glass micropipets (tip diameters: 6-8 μm). The thromboembolic reactions were compared in two groups of anesthetized rabbits. The control group was ventilated to keep the blood gas values within normal ranges (means: pH=7.40, pCO2=32.9 mmHg, pO2=104.7 mmHg). The experimental group breathed spontaneously (mean blood gas values: pH=7.34, pCO2=50.5 mmHg, pO2=48.1 mmHg). The pCO2 and pO2 values were significantly different between both groups.In arterioles and venules of both groups bleeding and thrombus formation started immediately following wall puncture. Bleeding times were short (medians between 1.0 and 2.6 s). Parts of the thrombi started to embolize between 11.4 and 18.2 s following wall puncture (medians). In the control group embolization continued for 101 s in the arterioles and 17 s in the venules; during these periods 6 and 1 emboli were produced, respectively (all median values). In the experimental group the duration of embolization in the arterioles was 143 s in which period 7.5 emboli were produced, values not significantly different from control. In the venules of the experimental group embolization and hence platelet reaction went on uninhibited during the whole observation period of 600 s and 30 emboli were produced. Fluid dynamic factors cannot explain the differences in thromboembolic reaction between the control and experimental venules; vessel diameters and red blood cell velocities were not significantly different between both groups. Therefore, it is likely that the change in thromboembolic reaction in the venules results from the changes in systemic PCO2 and/or pO2. The different reactions in arterioles and venules in response to the altered systemic blood gas values might arise from different reactions in the vessel walls.
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Yu, Jianhui, Wenji Tan, and Xingliang Zhang. "Heating Start-Up Method and Demonstration for Full Natural Circulation Reactor." In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-91535.

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Abstract Since there is no main coolant pump (MCP), the full natural circulation reactor can not use the MCP to heat the reactor coolant system to normal operating temperature prior to reactor criticality. This paper presents an external starting heating method. The principle and brief system description of the external start-up heating system is presented. By reasonably arranging the inlet and outlet nozzles of start-up heating in the reactor, the external start-up heating source is used to heat the reactor coolant system, by establishing natural circulation in the reactor. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of external start-up heating system, the heating effect of start-up is analyzed, and the analysis results are verified by experiments. On the other hand, the impact of external start-up heating system on reactor operation and safety is evaluated. In order to ensure that the external start-up heating system does not affect the operation and safety of the reactor, the suggestions on the configuration and operation of external start-up heating system are given. By the external start-up heating system, the problem of startup heating without main pump of full natural circulation reactor is successfully solved. Therefore, it provides an option of hot start for the full natural circulation reactor.
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Reports on the topic "Startle reaction"

1

Ling, K. M., S. C. Jardin, and F. W. Perkins. Tokamak fusion reactor start-up simulation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6138854.

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Berkan, R. C., B. R. Upadhyaya, R. L. Bywater, and R. A. Kisner. Advanced automation concepts applied to Experimental Breeder Reactor-II startup. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5356670.

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Kim, Taek, Michael Jarrett, Zhaopeng Zhong, and Changho Lee. Evaluation of China Experimental Fast Reactor Startup Tests – Final Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1825423.

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4

Soenko, Yevgeny. TYPOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL VISION. Intellectual Archive, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2331.

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The research is based on the statement that retina produces the proper level of electrical activity, sourcing visual system. I started the research with partial darkening of different parts of the visual fields of humans to register possible psychological and physiological changes. The tested showed dramatically increasing variability and number of changes within just four exact types of darkening. More, emotional and physiological aspects of those changes were polarized into general acceptance and general rejection of a certain type of darkening in most of the individual tests. Thus the tested formed two opposite groups within every one of those types of darkening: a group with general negative reactions and a group with general positive ones. Further, those types of darkening turned out combined in pairs. General tune of reactions of most of the tested changed to strictly reverse within a pair of upper-lower types of darkening of peripheral vision and outer-inner ones as well. Between the pairs of types of darkening, there was no correspondence. The tested showed stability of their reactions during at least several months. Thus I may state a possibility of existence in the visual system of humans of two independent neuropsychological structures both having two alternative modes of functioning with a stable preference of just one of them in every individual case. If it is true, there may be a vision-based typology.
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Bond, R. A. ,. Jr. Predictions and acceptance criteria for K Reactor startup and power ascension. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5083811.

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Bond, R. A. Jr. Predictions and acceptance criteria for K Reactor startup and power ascension. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5084698.

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Renshaw, A. W., S. J. Ball, and C. E. Ford. Automated operator procedure prompting for startup of Experimental Breeder Reactor-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6417427.

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Bond, R. A. ,. Jr. Predictions and acceptance criteria for K Reactor startup and power ascension. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10164098.

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Carmack, Jon, Steven Hayes, and L. C. Walters. Assessment of Startup Fuel Options for a Test or Demonstration Fast Reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1369361.

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D. J. Diamond. A reload and startup plan for conversion of the NIST research reactor. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1245401.

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