Academic literature on the topic 'Startle probe response'
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Journal articles on the topic "Startle probe response"
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Vrana, Scott R., Ellen L. Spence, and Peter J. Lang. "The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion?" Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97, no. 4 (1988): 487–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843x.97.4.487.
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Drummond, Neil M., Erin K. Cressman, and Anthony N. Carlsen. "Startle reveals decreased response preparatory activation during a stop-signal task." Journal of Neurophysiology 116, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00216.2016.
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In a stop-signal task participants are instructed to initiate a movement in response to a go signal, but to inhibit this movement if an infrequent stop signal is presented after the go. Reaction time (RT) in a stop-signal task is typically longer compared with that in a simple RT task, which may be attributed to a reduced readiness to initiate the response caused by the possibility of having to inhibit the response. The purpose of this experiment was to probe the preparatory activation level of the motor response during a stop-signal task using a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS), which has been shown to involuntarily trigger sufficiently prepared responses at a short latency. Participants completed two separate tasks: a simple RT task, followed by a stop-signal RT task. During both tasks, an SAS (120 dB) was pseudorandomly presented concurrently with the go signal. As expected, RT during the simple RT task was significantly shorter than during the stop-signal task. A significant reduction in RT was noted when an SAS was presented during the simple RT task; however, during the stop-signal task, an SAS resulted in either a significant speeding or a moderate delay in RT. Additionally, the subset of SAS trial responses with the shortest RT latencies produced during the stop-signal task were also delayed compared with the short-latency SAS trial responses observed during the simple RT task. Despite evidence that a response was prepared in advance of the go signal during a stop-signal task, it appears that the amount of preparatory activation was reduced compared with that achieved during a simple RT task.
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de Jong, Peter J., Arnoud Arntz, and Harald Merckelbach. "The startle probe response as an instrument for evaluating exposure effects in spider phobia." Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 15, no. 4 (January 1993): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(93)90015-t.
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Kavussanu, Maria, Adrian Willoughby, and Christopher Ring. "Moral Identity and Emotion in Athletes." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 34, no. 6 (December 2012): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.34.6.695.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moral identity on physiological responses to affective pictures, namely, the startle blink reflex and pain-related evoked potential. Male (n = 48) and female (n = 46) athletes participating in contact team sports were randomly assigned to either a moral identity group or a non-moral identity group and viewed a series of unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant sport-specific pictures. During picture viewing, a noxious electrocutaneous stimulus was delivered as the startle probe and the startle blink and pain-related evoked potential were measured. Upon completion of physiological measures, participants reviewed the pictures and rated them for valence and arousal. ANOVAs revealed that participants in the moral identity group displayed larger startle blinks and smaller pain-related potentials than did those in the non-moral identity group across all picture valence categories. However, the difference in the magnitude of startle blinks between the moral and non-moral identity groups was larger in response to unpleasant than pleasant and neutral pictures. Our findings suggest that moral identity affects physiological responses to sport-specific affective pictures, thereby providing objective evidence for the link between moral identity and emotion in athletes.
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Weike, Almut I., Alfons O. Hamm, and Dieter Vaitl. "Sensorimotor Gating and Attitudes Related to Schizotypal Proneness." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3_suppl (June 2001): 1035–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3c.1035.
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The magnitude of the startle eyeblink response is diminished when the startle-eliciting probe is shortly preceded by another stimulus. This so called prepulse inhibition is interpreted as an automatic sensorimotor gating mechanism. There is substantial support for prepulse inhibition deficits in subjects suffering from schizophrenia spectrum disorders and in psychosis-prone normals as well. Thus, prepulse inhibition deficits may reflect vulnerability on the hypothesized psychopathological continuum from “normal” to “schizophrenia.” The present experiment investigated the amount of prepulse inhibition in a sample selected for “belief in extraordinary phenomena,” an attitude related to measures of psychosis-proneness. Believers and skeptics were tested in an acoustic prepulse-inhibition paradigm. As expected, presentation of prepulses clearly diminished magnitude of startle response, with greatest inhibition effects gained by lead intervals of 60 and 120 msec. Patterns of response were identical for believers and skeptics, i.e., attitude towards extraordinary phenomena did not seem to be related to functional information-processing deficits as has been observed in psychosis-prone normals.
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Carleton, R. Nicholas, Sophie Duranceau, Katherine A. McMillan, and Gordon J. G. Asmundson. "Trauma, Pain, and Psychological Distress." Journal of Psychophysiology 32, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0269-8803/a000184.
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Abstract. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are highly prevalent ( Breslau, 2002 ) and comorbid disorders ( Otis, Keane, & Kerns, 2003 ). The shared vulnerability model explains this overlap in part through a common attentional bias toward threat ( Asmundson, Coons, Taylor, & Katz, 2002 ). The current study made use of the acoustic startle to assess cognitive bias to threat in participants (n = 106; 64% women) who reported experiencing a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Participants were divided into five groups based on their diagnoses: PTSD, CMP, both PTSD and CMP, any general (i.e., non-PTSD) anxiety disorder with no CMP, and a no-disorder Control group. Self-report measures were used to assess psychological symptoms, trauma response, and pain-related factors. Word stimuli (i.e., trauma, sensory pain, health, pleasant, neutral) were presented visually prior to onset of the acoustic startle probe to assess for diagnosis-congruent attentional biases (e.g., persons with PTSD respond differently to trauma words). Relative to the general anxiety and control group, persons with PTSD or chronic pain demonstrated delayed startle peak and greater startle intensity across all word stimuli types; the results suggest there may be psychophysiologically measurable differences associated with PTSD and pain. The startle probe paradigm remains relatively nascent for such research, but has potential utility for assessment and treatment monitoring. Comprehensive results, discussion, and implications are analyzed.
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Drummond, Neil M., Erin K. Cressman, and Anthony N. Carlsen. "Go-activation endures following the presentation of a stop-signal: evidence from startle." Journal of Neurophysiology 117, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 403–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00567.2016.
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It has been proposed that, in a stop-signal task (SST), independent go- and stop-processes “race” to control behavior. If the go-process wins, an overt response is produced, whereas, if the stop-process wins, the response is withheld. One prediction that follows from this proposal is that, if the activation associated with one process is enhanced, it is more likely to win the race. We looked to determine whether these initiation and inhibition processes (and thus response outcomes) could be manipulated by using a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS), which has been shown to provide additional response activation. In the present study, participants were to respond to a visual go-stimulus; however, if a subsequent stop-signal appeared, they were to inhibit the response. The stop-signal was presented at a delay corresponding to a probability of responding of 0.4 (determined from a baseline block of trials). On stop-trials, a SAS was presented either simultaneously with the go-signal or stop-signal or 100, 150, or 200 ms following the stop-signal. Results showed that presenting a SAS during stop-trials led to an increase in probability of responding when presented with or following the stop-signal. The latency of SAS responses at the stop-signal + 150 ms and stop-signal + 200 ms probe times suggests that they would have been voluntarily inhibited but instead were involuntarily initiated by the SAS. Thus results demonstrate that go-activation endures even 200 ms following a stop-signal and remains accessible well after the response has been inhibited, providing evidence against a winner-take-all race between independent go- and stop-processes. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, a startling acoustic stimulus (SAS) was used to determine whether response outcome could be manipulated in a stop-signal task. Results revealed that presenting a SAS during stop-signal trials led to an increase in probability of responding even when presented 200 ms following the stop-signal. The latency of SAS responses indicates that go-activation remains accessible and modifiable well after the response is voluntarily inhibited, providing evidence against an irrevocable commitment to inhibition.
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Carlsen, Anthony N., Michael A. Hunt, J. Timothy Inglis, David J. Sanderson, and Romeo Chua. "Altered Triggering of a Prepared Movement by a Startling Stimulus." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): 1857–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00852.2002.
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An experiment is reported that investigated the effects of an auditory startling stimulus on a compound movement task. Previous findings have shown that, in a targeting task, a secondary movement can be initiated based on the proprioceptive information provided by a primary movement. Studies involving the presentation of a startling stimulus have shown that in reaction time (RT) tasks, prepared ballistic movements could be released early when participants are startled. In the present study we sought to determine whether the secondary component in an ongoing movement task, once prepared, could also be triggered by a startling stimulus. Participants performed a slow active elbow extension (22°/s), opening their hand when the arm passed 55° of extension from the starting point. An unexpected 124 dB startle stimulus was presented 5, 25, or 45° into the movement. Findings showed that, when participants were startled, the secondary component was triggered despite incongruent kinesthetic information. However, this only occurred when the startle was presented late in the primary movement. This suggests that the secondary movement was not prepared prior to task initiation, but was “loaded” into lower brain structures at some point during the movement in preparation to be triggered by the CNS. This occurred late in the movement sequence, but ≥400 ms prior to reaching the target. These findings indicate that, in addition to ballistic RT tasks, a startle can be used to probe response preparation in ongoing compound movement tasks.
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Hillman, Charles H., Bruce N. Cuthbert, Margaret M. Bradley, and Peter J. Lang. "Motivated Engagement to Appetitive and Aversive Fanship Cues: Psychophysiological Responses of Rival Sport Fans." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 26, no. 2 (June 2004): 338–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.26.2.338.
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Psychophysiological responses of two rival sport fan groups were assessed within the context of Lang’s biphasic theory of emotion. Twenty-four participants, placed in two groups based on their identification with local sport teams, viewed 6 pictures from 6 categories: team-relevant pleasant sport, team-irrelevant sport, team-relevant unpleasant sport, erotica, household objects, and mutilation. Fans rated appetitive sport pictures higher in pleasure and arousal compared to aversive sport pictures. Physiological measures (startle probe-P3, the startle eye-blink reflex, slow cortical potentials to picture onset, and skin conductance) differentiated both appetitive and aversive team-relevant categories from team-irrelevant pictures, and increased orbicularis oculi EMG was found only for team-relevant appetitive pictures. These results suggest there are differences between rival sport fans in response to the same pictorial stimuli, and further suggest that fans provide an ideal population in which to measure motivation toward appetitive stimuli.
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Dackis, Melissa N., Fred A. Rogosch, and Dante Cicchetti. "Child maltreatment, callous–unemotional traits, and defensive responding in high-risk children: An investigation of emotion-modulated startle response." Development and Psychopathology 27, no. 4pt2 (November 2015): 1527–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415000929.
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AbstractChild maltreatment is associated with disruptions in physiological arousal, emotion regulation, and defensive responses to cues of threat and distress, as well as increased risk for callous unemotional (CU) traits and externalizing behavior. Developmental models of CU traits have focused on biological and genetic risk factors that contribute to hypoarousal and antisocial behavior, but have focused less on environmental influences (Blair, 2004; Daversa, 2010; Hare, Frazell, & Cox, 1978; Krueger, 2000; Shirtcliff et al., 2009; Viding, Fontaine, & McCrory, 2012). The aim of the present investigation was to measure the independent and combined effects of child maltreatment and high CU traits on emotion-modulated startle response in children. Participants consisted of 132 low-income maltreated (n= 60) and nonmaltreated (n= 72) children between 8 and 12 years old who attended a summer camp program. Acoustic startle response (ASR) was elicited in response to a 110-dB 50-ms probe while children viewed a slideshow of pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant IAPS images. Maltreatment status was assessed through examination of Department of Human Services records. CU traits were measured using counselor reports from the Inventory of Callous and Unemotional Traits (Frick, 2004), and conduct problems were measured using counselor and child self-report. We found no significant differences in emotion-modulated startle in the overall sample. However, significant differences in ASR by maltreatment status, maltreatment subtype, and level of CU traits were apparent. Results indicated differential physiological responses for maltreated and nonmaltreated children based on CU traits, including a pathway of hypoarousal for nonmaltreated/high CU children that differed markedly from a more normative physiological trajectory for maltreated/high CU children. Further, we found heightened ASR for emotionally and physically neglected children with high CU and elevated antisocial behavior in these children. Results provide further support for differential trajectories by which experience and biology may influence the development of antisocial behavior in youth and highlight potential avenues for intervention.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Startle probe response"
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White, Melissa Lee, and melissa white@deakin edu au. "Emotional habituation to filmed violence employing the startle probe response." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20061207.131711.
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This thesis reports on research examining the habituation of emotional variables to filmed violence. The following subjective emotional variables were assessed: positive feelings, anxiety, disgust, entertainment and anger. In addition, an objective measure of emotional response was recorded physiologically, using the startle eyeblink response. The mediating influence of personality, individual differences and contextual features on an individuals perception of and reaction to filmed violence were also explored.
Study one was exploratory in nature served to identify and select the film stimuli to be employed in the subsequent studies. The primary aim of the study was to allow for the identification of violent stimuli considered to be most socially and culturally relevant. The present research builds on existing scientific literature which has began to appreciate that differences in the context of a portrayal holds important implications for its impact on viewers. Thus, a secondary and more specific desire of study one was to obtain an evaluation of the contextual features of the violent film segments. A sample of 30 participants viewed and rated the film stimuli on the variables of realism, fantasy and violence. From this exploratory study four violent film stimuli were subsequently employed.
Study 2 used the eyeblink startle response proposed by Vrana, Spence and Lang (1988) to explore the habituation of emotional variables to a realistic depiction of filmed violence. Emotional response was assessed both objectively, using the eyeblink startle response and subjectively through individuals self-reports. In addition the study investigated the significance of individual differences as mediators of emotional response. Questionnaire and physiological data were obtained from 30 participants. Overall, repeated exposure to filmed violence resulted in a decline in both objective and subjective emotional response. Differences were identified in the manner in which men and women responded to the film. Women reacted initially and over time with more intense physiological and psychological reactions to the violent film than males. Specifically, men displayed more curiosity and reported greater entertainment and positive feelings in response to the film, whilst women found the violence more disgusting and reported higher levels of anger and anxiety. It was found that the eyeblink startle magnitude paralleled the subjective emotional processing of the violent film, thus providing further confirmatory evidence of its validity in the investigation of emotional reactions to a stimulus. Personality factors were found to mediate emotional response to filmed violence, with neuroticism most powerfully implicated. High levels of neuroticism were found to be associated with greater anger and anxiety and less positive feelings whilst viewing violent film. A high score on extraversion was correlated with higher levels of anger and lower levels of curiosity and entertainment.
Whilst the aims of study 3 were identical to that of study 2, a variation in the contextual feature of the violent film stimuli under investigation was the distinguishing and pertinent feature. Study 2 provided data on the habituation of emotional response to a realistic depiction of filmed violence. Study 3 was concerned with emotional response over repeated exposure to a fantasized violent depiction. Therefore, allowing for a comparison regarding the effects of context on emotional response. The results of study 3, with respect to habituation of emotional response, personality and individual differences, were similar to that obtained in study 2. A comparison of the two studies, however, revealed that individuals responded significantly different to the contextual features of the violent portrayal. Compared to the fantasised portrayal the realistic film stimulus was reported to be more digusting, anxiety provoking and less entertaining. In addition, and not surprisingly respondents reported that the realistic portrayal resulted in the production of more anger and less positive feelings.
Books on the topic "Startle probe response"
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De Vries, Catherine E. Common People? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793380.003.0006.
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This chapter shows that the four types of support and scepticism characterize very different people within member states. Loyal supporters, and policy, regime, and exit sceptics differ in terms of socio-demographical background as well as their issue positions and priorities. The chapter shows that the arch Eurosceptic, an exit sceptic, is not economically deprived as much of the existing literature would predict, but rather economically relatively well-off. What is more, different types of sceptics within the same country as well as across different country contexts characterized by varying levels of economic and political performance hold starkly different issue priorities and positions. These findings are important because they suggest that European and national elites are faced with the difficult task of developing a policy response that would appease these constituencies simultaneously, both within and across countries. This will most likely prove to be a very difficult undertaking.
Book chapters on the topic "Startle probe response"
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Helgason, Agnar Freyr. "The Political Economy of Crisis Responses." In Welfare and the Great Recession, 43–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198830962.003.0003.
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Chapter 3, by Agnar Freyr Helgason, offers a review of political economy theories of crises responses. He starts by explaining the broad perspectives of the Keynesian and Austrian schools and then probes more deeply into recent work on government policy responses to economic crises, with a focus on the economic welfare of populations or households. The role of the welfare state and its importance during periods of crisis is considered, as well as the role of government policy more broadly, either that directed at the economy generally or at specific population groups. Key policy debates are covered, for example austerity versus stimulus, as well as mixed approaches.
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Goria, Cecilia. "Reflections on the impact of COVID-19 on teaching and learning in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Nottingham." In Languages at work, competent multilinguals and the pedagogical challenges of COVID-19, 47–55. Research-publishing.net, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.49.1217.
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It is widely believed that digitally-driven changes are not welcomed amongst academic staff in higher education. However, when in March 2020, the University of Nottingham went online in response to the UK government’s COVID-19 lockdown, a different picture started to emerge. This contribution reflects on the initial steps taken to respond to the COVID-19 emergency measures, including the support required to implement these steps and ensuing staff feedback. It also reflects on the process of moving forward from a state of emergency to a more thought-through digital pedagogical approach. In this scenario, the ultimate goal of this reflection is to argue that, as a consequence of the educational turbulence caused by COVID-19, the portrait of academics prone to resisting digitally-driven changes needs to be replaced by one that emphasises the significance of making the pedagogical values of these changes meaningful to the staff who eventually implement them.
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Kofler, Markus, Jörg Müller, and Josep Valls-Solè. "Chapter 19 Auditory startle responses as a probe of brainstem function in healthy subjects and patients with movement disorders." In Supplements to Clinical Neurophysiology, 232–48. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70072-8.
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O'Connor, Anne. "Eoliths: An Earlier Phase of the Stone Age?" In Finding Time for the Old Stone Age. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199215478.003.0013.
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In 1912, Edwin Ray Lankester (1847–1929), a well-regarded zoologist, was introducing some interesting and ancient flints to the academic world at a Royal Society soirée when he spotted Dawkins in the room. The two men started to quarrel over the stones. Soon afterwards, Lankester described the incident to a friend, explaining ‘Dawkins was there and I made him go over them with me’. Dawkins, though now elderly, was still outspoken. He proceeded to attack Lankester’s view that the flints in question were very early tools, arguing that they had not been flaked by human hands. Lankester recalled that Dawkins had ‘idiotically said that such conchoidal fractures as they showcould be produced by pressure’ and had placed the burden of proof on Lankester’s shoulders: ‘Well, unless you can show that these flints could not possibly be produced by natural agencies, I shall refuse to attribute them to man.’ Lankester had responded that this was ‘a preposterous & unscientific attitude’ and further informed Dawkins: ‘neither I nor any one who had studied the subject, attached any importance to his opinion!’ The kind of stones displayed by Lankester in 1912 aroused enthusiasm and irritation in Britain during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They were claimed as the artefacts of tool-makers who had lived before the Palaeolithic period, in Eolithic times (from the Greek eos: dawn and lithos: stone). Lankester’s flints, which came from East Anglia, belonged to the second major group of eoliths to be discovered in Britain; the first group had been reported from Kent in the 1880s and 1890s. His arguments with Dawkins in the rooms of the Royal Society encapsulate the character of the British eolith debates. Lankester was trying to describe what he thought was an important new Stone-Age industry and was irritated by the suggestion that he should prove they were not produced by natural agencies. Dawkins could see only natural chipping in these stones; neither was convinced by the case of the other and the discussion grew heated. Nowadays, both groups of eoliths are usually regarded as the natural products of geological forces; in these chapters, though, the eoliths will occasionally be described as artefacts to retain the atmosphere of the arguments.
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Riemann, Ute. "Benefits and Challenges for BPM in the Cloud." In Cloud Security, 1844–68. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8176-5.ch091.
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Business processes are not only variable, they are dynamic as well. A key benefit of BPM is the ability to adjust processes accordingly in response to changing market requirements. In parallel to BPM, enterprise cloud computing technology has emerged to provide a more cost effective solution to businesses and services while making use of inexpensive computing solutions, which combines pervasive, internet, and virtualization technologies (). Despite the slow start the business benefits of cloud computing are as such that the transition of BPM to the cloud is now underway. Cloud services refer to the operation of a virtualized, automated, and service-oriented IT landscape that allows the flexible provision and usage-based invoicing of resources, services, and applications via a network or the Internet. The generic term “X-as-a-Service” summarized the business models delivering almost everything as a service. BPM in the cloud is often regarded as a SaaS application. More recently, BPM is being regarded as a PaaS as it facilitates the creation and deployment of applications, in this case business process solutions. The PaaS landscape is the least developed of the four cloud based software delivery models previously discussed. PaaS vendors, such as IBM, Oracle, Microsoft delivered an application platform with managed cloud infrastructure services however more recently the PaaS market has begun to evolve to include other middleware capabilities including process management. BPM PaaS is the delivery of BPM technology as a service via a cloud service provider. In order to be classified as a PaaS a BPM suite requires the following capabilities: the architecture should be multi-tenant, it should be hosted off premise and it should offer elasticity and metering by use capabilities. When we refer to BPM in the cloud what we are really referring to is a combination of BPM PaaS and BPaaS (Business Process as a Service). Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) is a set of pre-defined business processes that allows the execution of customized business processes in the cloud. BPaaS is a complete pre-integrated BPM platform hosted in the cloud and delivered as a service, for the development and execution of general-purpose business process application. Although such a service harbors an economic potential, questions that need to be answered are as follows: Can an individual and company-specific business process supported by a standardized cloud solution, or should we protect process creativity and competitive differentiation by allowing the company to design the processes individually and solely support basic data flows and structures? Does it make sense to take a software solution “out of the box” that handles both data and process in a cloud environment, or would this hinder the creativity of business (process) development leading to a lower quality of processes and consequently to a decrease in the competitive positioning of a company? How to manage the inherent compliance and security topic. Within a completely integrated business application system, all required security aspects can be implemented as safeguards with just enough money. Within the cloud, however, advanced standards and identity prove is required to monitor and measure information exchange across the federation. Thereby there seems to be no need for developing new protocols, but a standardized way to collect and evaluate the collected information.
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Riemann, Ute. "Benefits and Challenges for BPM in the Cloud." In Web Services, 1681–705. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7501-6.ch087.
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Business processes are not only variable, they are dynamic as well. A key benefit of BPM is the ability to adjust processes accordingly in response to changing market requirements. In parallel to BPM, enterprise cloud computing technology has emerged to provide a more cost effective solution to businesses and services while making use of inexpensive computing solutions, which combines pervasive, internet, and virtualization technologies (). Despite the slow start the business benefits of cloud computing are as such that the transition of BPM to the cloud is now underway. Cloud services refer to the operation of a virtualized, automated, and service-oriented IT landscape that allows the flexible provision and usage-based invoicing of resources, services, and applications via a network or the Internet. The generic term “X-as-a-Service” summarized the business models delivering almost everything as a service. BPM in the cloud is often regarded as a SaaS application. More recently, BPM is being regarded as a PaaS as it facilitates the creation and deployment of applications, in this case business process solutions. The PaaS landscape is the least developed of the four cloud based software delivery models previously discussed. PaaS vendors, such as IBM, Oracle, Microsoft delivered an application platform with managed cloud infrastructure services however more recently the PaaS market has begun to evolve to include other middleware capabilities including process management. BPM PaaS is the delivery of BPM technology as a service via a cloud service provider. In order to be classified as a PaaS a BPM suite requires the following capabilities: the architecture should be multi-tenant, it should be hosted off premise and it should offer elasticity and metering by use capabilities. When we refer to BPM in the cloud what we are really referring to is a combination of BPM PaaS and BPaaS (Business Process as a Service). Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) is a set of pre-defined business processes that allows the execution of customized business processes in the cloud. BPaaS is a complete pre-integrated BPM platform hosted in the cloud and delivered as a service, for the development and execution of general-purpose business process application. Although such a service harbors an economic potential, questions that need to be answered are as follows: Can an individual and company-specific business process supported by a standardized cloud solution, or should we protect process creativity and competitive differentiation by allowing the company to design the processes individually and solely support basic data flows and structures? Does it make sense to take a software solution “out of the box” that handles both data and process in a cloud environment, or would this hinder the creativity of business (process) development leading to a lower quality of processes and consequently to a decrease in the competitive positioning of a company? How to manage the inherent compliance and security topic. Within a completely integrated business application system, all required security aspects can be implemented as safeguards with just enough money. Within the cloud, however, advanced standards and identity prove is required to monitor and measure information exchange across the federation. Thereby there seems to be no need for developing new protocols, but a standardized way to collect and evaluate the collected information.
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Riemann, Ute. "Benefits and Challenges for Business Process Management in the Cloud." In Web-Based Services, 2096–121. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9466-8.ch092.
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Business processes are not only variable they are as well dynamic. A key benefit of Business Process Management (BPM) is the ability to adjust business processes accordingly in response to changing market requirements. In parallel to BPM, enterprise cloud computing technology has emerged to provide a more cost effective solution to businesses and services while making use of inexpensive computing solutions, which combines pervasive, internet, and virtualization technologies (). Despite the slow start, the business benefits of cloud computing are as such that the transition of BPM to the cloud is now underway. Cloud services refer to the operation of a virtualized, automated, and service-oriented IT landscape allowing the flexible provision and usage-based invoicing of resources, services, and applications via a network or the internet. The generic term “X-as-a-Service” summarize the business models delivering almost everything as a service. BPM in the cloud is often regarded as a SaaS application. More recently, BPM is being regarded as a PaaS as it facilitates the creation and deployment of applications, in this case business process solutions. The PaaS landscape is the least developed of the four cloud based software delivery models previously discussed. PaaS vendors, such as IBM, Oracle, and Microsoft delivered an application platform with managed cloud infrastructure services however, more recently the PaaS market has begun to evolve to include other middleware capabilities including process management. BPM PaaS is the delivery of BPM technology as a service via a cloud service provider. For the classification as a PaaS a BPM suite requires the following capabilities: the architecture should be multi-tenant, hosting should be off premise and it should offer elasticity and metering by use capabilities. When we refer to BPM in the cloud, what we are really referring to is a combination of BPM PaaS and BPaaS (Business Process as a Service). Business Process as a Service (BPaaS) is a set of pre-defined business processes that allows the execution of customized business processes in the cloud. BPaaS is a complete pre-integrated BPM platform hosted in the cloud and delivered as a service, for the development and execution of general-purpose business process application. Although such a service harbors an economic potential there are remaining questions: Can an individual and company-specific business process supported by a standardized cloud solution, or should we protect process creativity and competitive differentiation by allowing the company to design the processes individually and solely support basic data flows and structures? Does it make sense to take a software solution “out of the box” that handles both data and process in a cloud environment, or would this hinder the creativity of business (process) development leading to a lower quality of processes and consequently to a decrease in the competitive positioning of a company? How to manage the inherent compliance and security topic. Within a completely integrated business application system, all required security aspects can be implemented as a safeguarding with just enough money. Within the cloud, however, advanced standards and identity prove is required to monitor and measure information exchange across the federation. Thereby there seems to be no need for developing new protocols, but a standardized way to collect and evaluate the collected information.
Conference papers on the topic "Startle probe response"
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Dénos, R., and C. H. Sieverding. "Assessment of the Cold Wire Resistance Thermometer for High Speed Turbomachinery Applications." In ASME 1995 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/95-gt-175.
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The paper first describes the fundamentals of cold wire resistance thermometry. The transfer function with and without wire-prong heat conduction effects are discussed and a new method for the description of complicated transfer functions describing both the prongs and wire frequency response is proposed. The experimental part of the paper starts with an investigation of the transfer function of various probes differing by the wire diameter, the l/d ratio and the wire-prong connection using two simple methods: (1) electrical heating of the wire by a sine current and (2) a temperature step test consisting in injecting the probe into a hot air stream. The first test provides information on the wire response whereas the second serves to study wire prong heat conduction effect. The tests cover a wide range of velocities and densities. A frequency bandwidth of 2 kHz is obtained with a 2.5 µm wire probe at an air velocity of 200 m/s at atmospheric pressure. A numerical compensation system allows to extend the use of this probe to much higher frequencies. Finally, the probe is mounted onto a wheel in a high speed rotating test rig allowing probe traverses through a stationary hot air jet at rotational speeds up to 5000 RPM with the probe positioned at a radius of 0.380 m. The probe signal is transmitted via an opto electronic data transmission system. It is demonstrated that using the numerical compensation method, it is possible to reconstruct the hot jet temperature profile at frequencies up to 6 kHz.
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Souza, Felipe Lopes de, Eduardo Aoun Tannuri, Pedro Cardozo de Mello, Guilherme Franzini, Jordi Mas-Soler, and Alexandre Nicolaos Simos. "Bayesian Estimation of Directional Wave-Spectrum Using Vessel Movements and Wave-Probes: Proposal and Preliminary Experimental Validation." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61241.
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The measurement of the directional wave spectrum in oceans has been done by different approaches, mainly wave-buoys, satellite imagery and radar technologies; these methods, however, present some inherent drawbacks, e.g., difficult maintenance, low-resolution around areas of interest and high-cost. In order to overcome those problems, recent works in the area proposed a motion-based estimation procedure using the vessel, or the floating facility, as a wave sensor, what was called wave-buoy analogy. Despite of solving the issues, the solution is still incomplete, since it suffers from low estimation capabilities of the spectral energy below the cut-off period of the systems, around eight seconds, a frequency range that is responsible for the drift effects, that are critical for operation planning and dynamic positioning. This work studies the usage of wave-probes installed on the hull of a moored vessel to enhance the estimation capabilities of the motion-based strategy, using a high-order estimation method based on Bayesian statistics. The proposal is founded on the asymptotical response of the oceanic systems facing low period waves, which starts to behave like a wall, reflecting all the incoming energy, i.e., the worst the motion-based estimation is, the better the wave-elevation based estimation should be. Firstly, the measurements from the wave-probes are incorporated to the dynamic system of the vessel as new degrees-of-freedom, using a linear model extension, thus the Bayesian method can be expanded without additional reasoning. Secondly, the linear model hypothesis and the possible improvements are validated by experiments conducted in a wave-basin with a scale model of a moored FPSO-VLCC, concluding that the approach is able to improve not only the estimation of spectra with low peak period, but also the estimation in the entire range of expected spectra, mainly the significant height and the peak period properties. Lastly, some drawbacks are discussed, as the effect of the non-linear roll movement, which must be taken in account when calculating the wave-probe response; and the poor mean-direction estimation capability in some particular wave directions and low peak periods, in which even the vessel motions allied with the wave-probe response are not able to provide the proper direction discrimination.
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Li, Wenlung, and S. P. Tseng. "Parameter Identification of a Cantilever Beam Immersed in Viscous Fluids With Potential Applications to the Probe Calibration of Atomic Force Microscopes." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-86415.
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The main objective of the report is to present a new identification method has been derived for single-degree, base-excited systems. The system is actually to mimic a probe of cantilever type of AFMs. In fact, the idea of the present report was initiated by needs for in situ spring constant calibration for such probe systems. Calibration processes can be treated as parameter identification for the stiffness of the probe before it is used. However, sine a real probe is too small to be seen by bare eyes and too costly to verify, a cantilever beam was adopted to replace it during the study. The present method starts with giving a chirp excitation to the target system, and to lock the damped natural frequency. Once the damped natural frequency is obtained, it is possible to locate the frequency at which the phase lag is equal to π/2. From which, the excitation frequency is then purposely changed to that frequency and the corresponding steady-state responses are measured. In the meantime, the system dissipative energy or power may also need to be stored. In fact, the present identification formulation is to express the spring constant of the target systems in terms of two measurable parameters: the phase angle and the system damping. The former can be computed from the damped natural frequency while the latter can be identified along with measuring the input power. The novel formulation is then numerically simulated using the Simulink toolbox of MATLAB. The simulation results clearly showed the current identification method can work with good accuracy. Following the numerical simulation, experimental measurements were also carried out by a cantilever beam that its free end was immersed to viscid fluids. The fluids of different viscosity were used to mimic the environments of a probe in use. The experimental results again substantiated the correctness of the present method. Thus it is accordingly concluded that the new recognition algorithm can be applied with confidence.
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Mustafy, Tanvir, Kodjo Moglo, Samer Adeeb, and Marwan El-Rich. "Investigation of Upper Cervical Spine Injury due to Frontal and Rear Impact Loading Using Finite Element Analysis." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-40209.
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Predicting neck response and injury resulting from motor vehicle crashes is essential for improving occupant protection, effective prevention, and in the evaluation and treatment of spinal injuries. Injury mechanism of upper cervical spine due to frontal/rear-end impacts was studied using Finite Element (FE) analyses. A FE model of ligamentous (devoid of muscles) occipito-C3 cervical spine was developed. Time and rate-dependent material laws were used for assessing bone and ligament failure. Frontal and rear-end impact loads at two rates of 5G and 10G accelerations were applied to analyze the model response in terms of stress distribution, intradiscal pressure change, and contact pressure in facet joints. Failure occurrence and initiation instants were investigated. Frontal and rear-end impacts increased stresses significantly producing failure in most components for both rates. However, transverse ligament and C2-vertebral endplate only failed under rear-end impact. No failure occurred in cortical bone, dens, disc, anterior or posterior longitudinal ligaments. The spine is more prone to injury under rear-end impact as most of the spinal components failed and failure started earlier. Ligaments and facet joints are the most vulnerable components of the upper cervical spine when subjected to frontal/rear end impacts and injury may occur at small ranges of displacement/rotation.
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Basirico, John, Bin Zhou, Amir Mujezinovic, Yuri Starodubtsev, and Boris Frolov. "Testing of Full Speed No Load Operating Conditions in a Subscale Steam Turbine Test Vehicle." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-46857.
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During the operation of a power plant, a steam turbine may experience operation at full speed with little or no load (FSNL). Such an operation can take place when power demand is low or during start-up. At such an operation turbine buckets, in particular last stage buckets (LSB), can experience high stimulus coming from unsteady loading due to the flow instability. In those conditions LSBs consume energy rather than produce it. In some cases stimulus can create high alternating stresses in the LSB. As such, operation at those conditions is a particular concern in bucket aeromechanical design. To properly simulate FSNL operation in a stand alone low-pressure (LP) subscale turbine test facility, an external drive motor is normally required due to the unavailability of high and intermediate-pressure sections that would drive the LP turbine at very low load. This work shows that such a simulation can be achieved in the absence of an external drive by running the LP test turbine at higher exhaust pressure and higher mass flow. In those conditions LP exit flow velocity (VAN) similar to an actual FSNL operation will be achieved. This work shows that achieving prototypical VAN is sufficient to simulate operation at FSNL. Measurement data of the test show correlations between bucket alternating stress and turbine operating parameters such as VAN and exhaust pressure. This demonstrates that bucket responses equal or greater than those which would occur in actual FSNL conditions can be tested in a lab setup, In other words, testing at a given combination of VAN and exhaust pressure provides a limiting bucket response case for an operation at the same VAN but lower exhaust pressure. Further, numerical simulations using computational fluid dynamics were performed to prove that steam flow parameters and bucket structural mechanics characteristics in a subscale test turbine are fully representative of its full-scale counterpart, even at low flow or FSNL operating conditions, where broad spectrum of steam stimuli and bucket responses are expected.
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Kohli, Abhinandan, Oscar Kelder, Ralph Castelijns, Rob van Eijs, and Maxim Volkov. "Downhole Monitoring of Fractures in a Waterflood Development – Part II." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205925-ms.
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Abstract For maintenance of the reservoir pressures and enhanced oil recovery in oil producing formations, waterflooding is often implemented by the Operators. This is achieved by drilling injection wells or converting the oil producing wells into injectors. The injection wells are located at carefully selected points in the oilfield so that the water displaces as much oil as possible to the production wells before the water starts to break through. A significant saving in an oilfield development can be obtained by reducing the actual number of injecting wells and increasing each of the injector wells’ capacity for injection. Balancing the injection and produced volumes often involves injecting at high pressures leading to the fracture of the reservoir rocks along a plane intersecting the wellbore. This happens when injection pressure exceeds the minimal principal stress and the tensile strength of the rock, thereby creating a hydraulic fracture. With continuous injection, these fractures start propagating into the reservoir and may reach the reservoir caprock, which may decrease the integrity and possibly lead to out of zone injection. The study of evaluation of downhole fracture monitoring is divided into two parts. In the first part of the paper (Kohli, et al., 2021), a downhole verification approach to identify the fracture initiation point(s) is the focus. It describes the planning, execution and interpretation of the downhole data. This includes spectral acoustic monitoring and modelling of the temperature responses to quantify the injectivity profile. In this second part of the paper, the direct business impact is discussed by further integration of acoustic monitoring and temperature modeling data with detailed results from of fracture dimension (height) measurement by means of pressure fall off tests. Combined, both studies form an integrated approach that the operator took to prove that the fracture network propagation remains within the reservoir and that the top seal integrity is maintained.
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San Andre´s, Luis, and Keun Ryu. "Dynamic Forced Response of a Rotor-Hybrid Gas Bearing System Due to Intermittent Shocks." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59199.
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Gas bearings in microturbomachinery (MTM) offer significant system level benefits, such as improved fuel efficiency, reduction in weight and number of components, extending life cycle and maintenance intervals, and reducing NOX emissions with a lower CO2 footprint. Emerging opportunities for gas bearings applications range from automotive turbochargers to engines for business jet aircraft, for example. Gas bearings, because of the inherently low gas viscosity, have low damping relative to oil-lubricated bearings and are prone to wear during rotor start-up and shut down procedures. The lack of damping brings concerns about rotor-gas bearing system robustness and endurance to tolerate shock induced loads, sudden while landing in jet engines, or intermittent in vehicles while moving across a rough terrain, for example. The paper demonstrates the reliability of a hybrid gas bearing system from rotor vibration measurements induced by sporadic shock loads acting on the base of a test rig and while the rotor is coasting down from a top speed of 60 krpm (1000 Hz). In the tests, (1) an electromagnetic pusher delivers impacts to the rig base, or (2) the whole rig is manually tilted and dropped. The test rig consists of a rigid rotor, 0.825 kg and 28.6 mm in diameter, supported on two flexure pivot tilting pad type, hybrid gas bearings, each with four pads and 60% pivot offset and 0.6 mm feeding holes. The bearings are supplied with feed pressures of 2.36, 3.72, and 5.08 bar (ab). Intermittent shocks, up to 30 g pk-pk and exciting a broad frequency range to 400 Hz, produce a remarkable momentary increase of the overall rotor response amplitude, up to 50 μm (pk-pk). The shocks readily excite the fundamental natural frequency of the rotor-bearing system (150–200 Hz), and on occasion the natural frequency (40 Hz) of the whole test rig. For operation at rotor speeds above the system critical speed, the rotor synchronous response is isolated; with transient motions induced by a shock, subsynchronous in whirl frequency, quickly disappearing. Full recovery takes place in ∼0.10 second. The measurements demonstrate that the hybrid gas bearings have enough damping to rapidly attenuate rotor transient motions and to dissipate the energy induced from intermittent shocks. Note that the shocks acted while the rotor traversed its critical speeds. The reliability of engineered gas bearings to forced transient events is no longer in question.
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Deif, Sameir, Brent Leier, Michael Snow, and Mojgan Daneshmand. "Microwave Sensor Array for Corrosion Prediction in Steel Tank Bottoms." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78224.
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Throughout North America there are many crude oil storage tank facilities — also called terminals — serving as hubs, transfer points and storage. Safety precautions such as pre-service integrity testing, cathodic protection, primary and secondary containment measures, and grounding techniques have been utilized to assure safety as a top priority. These tanks undergo an in-service API 653 external inspection at least every 5 years, and are taken out of service to undergo an API 653 internal/external inspection at least every 30 years [1], [2], [3]. For these aboveground storage tanks, the bottom plate is the most vulnerable area to corrosion [4] and is also the most challenge area to inspect visually. Both sides (product-side and soil-side) of the tank bottom plate are prone to high rates of corrosion in comparison to other components such as the roof and shell [5]. Corrosion generally starts with coating defects such as air or water ingress to underling layers and exposing the steel to uncontrolled environmental factors. Internal inspection can be performed using ultrasonic measures to calculate the sheet thickness, however, external inspection is impossible without having access to the tank bottom. This paper will introduce a novel inspection method for external monitoring of the surface of the tank bottom plate in real-time. The proposed technique proactively approaches the problem by predicting the corrosion before it occurs. In this technique an array of microwave-based sensors operating at ISM band (2.57 GHz) are introduced for defect prediction. The array is composed of equally-distant and identical microwave spiral ring resonators (SRR) [6] that are electromagnetically coupled to a transmission line. All resonances created by the array elements merge in one band-stop frequency response with very high isolation. Once the sensors’ environment is altered by any defects such as an air breach, liquid ingress [7] or corrosion initiated, a resonance shift will occur indicating coating risks. To prove the concept, an initial prototype for small tanks of 3–5 ft. diameter is investigated. Two-port system data illustrates that in case of a coating defect, the frequency profile accordingly changes and provides a signature. The obtained data is used to predict possible corrosion in timely manner. The proposed sensor array enables external monitoring of tank bottoms surface where visual inspection is impossible while the tank is in-service.
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Cai, Benan, Qi Zhang, Yu Weng, Hongfang Gu, and Haijun Wang. "Experimental Investigation on the Pipe Leakage." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67251.
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Pipelines are widely used in many fields including power industry, petroleum system etc. Pipelines such as the surge line and main pipe are easily subjected to thermal stratification as a result of the non-uniform temperature distribution in the nuclear power plants. Furthermore, pipelines can suffer from thermal fatigue in virtue of long-term uneven stress distribution. When the surge line or main pipe subjected to thermal stratification and thermal fatigue keeps operating for long time, the pipe leakage may happen because of the existence of pipeline crack. The thermal pipeline crack leakage mainly appears in the region with stress concentration. As the pipe system is always covered with thermal insulation layer in the actual nuclear power plants, it is hard for workers to observe pipeline leak, which can have a bad effect on the normal operation. Since the temperature and humidity close to the pipe crack due to leakage can change compared to the normal operation, we can infer from the temperature and humidity changes that the pipe leakage occurs. Based on this idea, the temperature and humidity near the crack of the pipe need to be measured to detect the leakage fields. As the fluids with high pressure and high temperature flow in the pipe system in an actual nuclear power plant, the pipe leakage experiment was performed in the high pressure and high temperature condition. When the fluids with high temperature and pressure leak in the crack, the water will evaporate quickly, which means this process belongs to spray flash evaporation process. The temperature and humidity variations were monitored in the experiment with temperature and humidity probes which have the advantage of responding to the change of temperature and humidity sensitively. The data collection program was mainly written based on the LABVIEW platform. The collecting time step was set 1s. As the measuring position and leakage flux are two key factors for the pipe leakage, the experiment was carried out with different measuring positions and leakage fluxes conditions. The experimental results showed that the leak flux had an important influence on the temperature and humidity near the pipe crack. The temperature and humidity started to change in a very short time with large leak flux. At the same time, the velocity of the temperature and humidity change was high with large leak flux. When the pipe leakage occurred in the location near the temperature and humidity probe, the temperature and humidity responded quickly and the velocity of temperature and humidity change was large. The experiment data can be used for the prediction of the pipe leakage in the nuclear power plants.
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Pennacchi, Paolo, Andrea Vania, Steven Chatterton, and Ezio Tanzi. "Detection of Unsteady Flow in a Kaplan Hydraulic Turbine Using Machine Mechanical Model and Rotor Measured Vibrations." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69995.
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Hydraulic stability is one of the key problems during the design stage of hydraulic turbines. Despite of modern computational tools that help to define dangerous operating conditions and optimize runner design, hydraulic instabilities may fortuitously arise during the turbine life, as a consequence of variable and different operating conditions at which a hydraulic turbine can be subject. In general, the presence of unsteady flow reveals itself in two different ways: at small flow rate, the swirling flow in the draft tube conical inlet occupies a large portion of the inlet and causes a strong helical vortex rope; at large flow rate conditions the unsteady flow starts midway and causes a breakdownlike vortex bubble, followed by weak helical waves. In any case, hydraulic instability causes mechanical effects on the runner, on the whole turbine and on the draft tube, which may eventually produce severe damages on the turbine unit and whose most evident symptoms are vibrations. This notwithstanding, condition monitoring systems seldom are installed on this purpose in hydraulic power plants and no examples are reported in literature about the use of model-based methods to detect hydraulic instability onset. In this paper, by taking the advantage of a testing campaign performed during the commissioning of a 23 MW Kaplan hydraulic turbine unit, a rotordynamic model-based method is proposed. The turbine was equipped by proximity and vibration velocity probes, that allowed measuring lateral and axial vibrations of the shaft-line, under many different operating conditions, including also some off-design ones. The turbine mechanical model, realized by means of finite beam elements and considering lateral and axial degrees of freedom, is used to predict turbine unit response to the unsteady flow. Mechanical system response is then compared to the measured one and the possibility to detect instability onset, especially in real-time, is discussed.