Academic literature on the topic 'Start-up size'
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Journal articles on the topic "Start-up size"
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Colombo, Massimo G., and Luca Grilli. "Start-up size: The role of external financing." Economics Letters 88, no. 2 (August 2005): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.02.018.
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Mata, José, and José A. F. Machado. "Firm start-up size: a conditional quantile approach." European Economic Review 40, no. 6 (June 1996): 1305–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(95)00034-8.
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Gottschalk, Sandra, Kathrin Muller, and Michaela Niefert. "Entry strategies, founder's human capital and start-up size." International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business 11, no. 4 (2010): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijesb.2010.036294.
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Lisi, Gaetano. "Does Firm Size Matter? The Impact of Homeownership on Business Start-up in Italy." Applied Economics Quarterly: Volume 65, Issue 3 65, no. 3 (July 1, 2019): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/aeq.65.3.237.
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Abstract This paper is the first attempt to empirically test the relationship between homeownership and business start-up by putting emphasis on the characteristics of both homeowners and firms. It relies on the fact that the firm size is relevant when considering the relationship between homeownership (outright or with mortgage) and new enterprises (small-sized or medium- and large-sized). A cross-section analysis of Italy supports our hypothesis that firm size matters in estimating the actual effect of homeownership on business start-up: Homeownership has a negative effect on large-sized business start-up; in contrast, outright homeownership has a positive effect on small business start-up, whereas homeownership with mortgage payments has a negative effect only on small business start-up. Theoretical explanations are also provided. JEL Classifications: C31, L25, L26, M13, R21, R31 firm size, business start-up, homeownership
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Martin-Sanchez, Victor, Ignacio Contín-Pilart, and Martin Larraza-Kintana. "The Influence of Entrepreneurs' Social Referents on Start-up Size." Academy of Management Proceedings 2017, no. 1 (August 2017): 17707. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2017.17707abstract.
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Choudhari, S. H. "Start-Up and Shut-Down of Large Size Turbo Sets." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 19, no. 16 (December 1986): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)59384-2.
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Martin-Sanchez, Victor, Ignacio Contín-Pilart, and Martin Larraza-Kintana. "The influence of entrepreneurs’ social referents on start-up size." International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal 14, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 173–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0454-7.
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Audretsch, David B., Enrico Santarelli, and Marco Vivarelli. "Start-up size and industrial dynamics: some evidence from Italian manufacturing." International Journal of Industrial Organization 17, no. 7 (October 1999): 965–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7187(98)00002-2.
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Folta, Timothy B., Frederic Delmar, and Francesca Melillo. "Endogeneity in Start-Up Size. Selection Effects among Types of Entrants." Academy of Management Proceedings 2012, no. 1 (July 2012): 17852. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2012.231.
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Nurmi, Satu. "Sectoral Differences in Plant Start-up Size in the Finnish Economy." Small Business Economics 26, no. 1 (February 2006): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-004-6482-z.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Start-up size"
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Melillo, Francesca. "Selection Effects in Entrepreneurship." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200806.
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My work is positioned within an emerging trend in entrepreneurial research which revises prior work by considering the impact of selection effects. Prior research on the individual-level determinants of start-up size, performance, and exit has ignored that individuals select into entrepreneurship and this might seriously bias our understanding of the post-entry process. I'm particularly well positioned to investigate the nature, the extent, and the consequences of these selection effects because I could access extraordinary data on the Swedish population, which allows me to incorporate information on individuals who were at risk but did not enter entrepreneurship. Yet, the overall contribution of my dissertation goes beyond flagging a selection problem and developing a method to cope with it. It comes up with reexamining and even questioning some of the most prominent theoretical explanations to fundamental issues in entrepreneurship, such as the notion of initial size, the liability of smallness, and the interplay between entrepreneurial performance and firm exit.
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Ayele, Seife. "The role and impact of investment incentives on small and medium-sized enterprise development in Ethiopia." Thesis, n.p, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/.
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Tioni, Estevan. "Optimization of a tool to study the start-up of the gas phase olefin polymerization." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10338/document.
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La phase initiale (de quelque fractions de seconde à quelques minutes) de la polymérisation catalytique des oléfines est encore peu comprise. Elle est pourtant reconnue comme une étape cruciale pour contrôler la morphologie de la particule de polymère et pour garantir la performance optimale du catalyseur et une certaine stabilité thermique du procédé. Ce travail présente l'étude et l'optimisation d'un mini réacteur à lit fixe pour mener des polymérisations catalytiques en phase gaz avec des durées très faibles (minimum 0.1s) dans des conditions proches à celles utilisées industriellement. La possibilité de suivre la température du gaz et de récupérer les particules de polymère pour les caractériser permet de décrire d'une façon complète le comportement du catalyseur au début de la réaction. L'étude a été limitée à la polymérisation de l'éthylène (avec un catalyseur métallocène supporté sur silice) et l'attention a été particulièrement mise sur la relation entre transfert de chaleur de la particule et performance du catalyseur. Il a été montré que des températures trop élevées peuvent être responsable localement de la modification du comportement du site active et de l'altération des propriétés des polymères. Un choix adéquat des conditions de réaction permet de suivre indirectement l'évolution de la température des particules en mesurant celle de la phase gaz. Dans un deuxième temps différents métallocènes ont été utilisés pour étudier l'influence des conditions de réaction, de la préparation du catalyseur et des propriétés du support sur l'activité, les propriétés du polymère et la morphologie des particules au temps court. Une attention particulière a été portée sur l'évolution des sites actifs et sur la cristallisation des chaînes de polymère dans un support poreux en évolution. Une activité élevée a été mesurée dans les premières cinq secondes et les températures de fusion et cristallisation des polymères ont été utilisées comme sondes pour mesurer l'avancement de la fragmentation du support. Les résultats ainsi obtenus peuvent non seulement clarifier certains aspects clé du début de la polymérisation mais aussi être utilisés comme donnés de départ pour modéliser la particule en croissance et contribuer à réduire l'écart qui est actuellement présent entre comportement réel du catalyseur et prédictions des modèlesThe early stages (from less than 1s to few minutes) of catalytic olefin polymerization are still fairly understood even if they are nowadays recognized to be crucial for the determination of the morphology of the polymer particle, the optimization of the whole catalyst performance and the thermal stability of the process. In this work we will present how we studied and optimized a specially conceived packed bed reactor to perform gas phase catalytic olefin polymerizations as short as 0.1s under industrially relevant conditions. The possibility to measure the reactor temperature and to recover unaltered the polymer particles allows to take a complete picture of the catalyst behavior at the reaction start-up. The study will be restrained to ethylene polymerization with silica supported metallocenes and special attention will be given to the relation between heat transfer from the growing particle and catalyst performance. It will be seen how particle temperature evolution can be followed indirectly by measuring the gas phase temperature .In the second part of this work different metallocene complexes will be used to study the influence of process conditions, catalyst preparation method and support properties on the evolution of reaction rate, and polymer MWD during the first reaction seconds. Special attention will be given to the active site evolution during the transient phase and it will be shown that temperature excursions can be responsible for a local variation in active site behavior thus altering the properties of the formed polymer. The last section will be dedicated to the study of the peculiar crystallization behavior of the polymer chains in an evolving inorganic support. It will be shown how the melting and crystallization temperatures of the polymers can be used as “sensors” to measure the degree of fragmentation of the support particle. The results obtained in this work allow to gain a deeper understanding of the key parameters for the polymerization start-up and can be used as input for single particle models thus allowing to reduce the gap actually present between real catalyst behavior and model predictions
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Van, der Walt Suanne. "Business plan for a start-up business venture : the establishment of on-site day-care centres at major corporates, office parks and government institutions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97290.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Little Office (TLO) is a proposed start-up that will enter the childcare industry as a provider of on-site day-care at office parks. The unique service offering that TLO will propose to the market is on-site day-care which will not only serve the employers in question, but also their employees. TLO offers organisations the opportunity to address employee productivity related to childcare, as well as to attract and retain skills, while being able to outsource the actual day-care function, which is unrelated to their core business. The service offering to the children and their parents will include a focus on educational, social, physical and emotional development. Market trend analysis indicates an increase in demand for day-care. Combined with the fact that companies are ramping up efforts to attract and retain employees, this results in a situation where the market size and market trends indicate significant opportunities for TLO. Competition is present but due to the size of the market and the core differences in the business model presented by TLO the threat of competition is not fierce. The strategy has been developed around the market analysis and by taking into account the opportunities and threats that exist for TLO. TLO’s strategy therefore serves to differentiate it from the rest of the market in terms of location of centres as well as primary target customers. Coupled with the research evidence of positive outcomes on employee performance, this suggests the concept will be welcomed by new economy organisations. The marketing strategy will aim at large businesses, office parks and government institutions. TLO will present custom feasibility studies to identified customers to establish whether the business is feasible in terms of space, number of employees with children in the organisation, requirements by parents etc. TLO’s strategy is to develop not only core service offerings but also distinctive competencies such as a lower child to carer ratio and high quality, cutting edge and innovative childcare. The various branches of TLO will be run by a central administrative hub, where most of the costs will initially be incurred. This centralised office will be run by the owner and would require administrative and qualified social worker staff. Each branch will require qualified educational staff in line with the number of children per branch. Due to the regulatory requirements inherent in the childcare industry, TLO will base their business operations around achieving compliance excellence in their business. In addition, a continuous evaluation of childcare sciences and re-evaluation of TLO’s service offering will ensure that the latest developments in childcare are addressed and thus TLO remains competitive and progressive. The business model is low risk and provides positive operating cash flow from year three. Through partnering with labour brokers and the use of intelligent placement strategies, TLO will ensure that they have the correct staff in the correct place. Combined with continual audits of performance, TLO will turn the human resources risk into a competitive advantage. The main objectives for the first three years of operation are: To open four branches averaging 20 children per branch within the first year; To increase the number of clients served by 100% in Year 2 and again in Year 3; and To develop a sustainable, profitable, start-up business.
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BUSK, ANDREY, and WARRENSTEIN ARVID JOELSSON. "Market analysis for electric vehicle supply equipment : The case of China." Thesis, KTH, Hållbarhet och industriell dynamik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-157997.
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Personliga eldrivna fordon (EV) är ett nytt teknikområde som är på väg att uppnå stort momentum på flera av världens marknader. Eftersom branschen fortfarande ligger i sin linda finns det i nuläget inga tydliga strukturer, som gäller för alla marknader världen över, gällande relationerna mellan aktörer, vilket leder till osäkerheter när det kommer till att ta strategiska beslut. Uppdragsgivaren för denna studie är Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), en Hongkong-baserad leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar och relaterade tjänster, som har ambitionen att inträda marknaden på det kinesiska fastlandet inom den närmaste framtiden. Emellertid har EV Power ännu inte bestämt sig vilken stad de vill rikta in sig på i det första skedet. Denna avhandling ämnar formulera en modell som kan användas för att utvärdera och jämföra geografiska marknader med avseende på lämpligheten för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. Dessutom kommer modellen testas på tre städer på kinas fastland (Peking, Shanghai och Shenzhen), med syfte att komma fram till vilken stad som är mest attraktiv för EV Power, samt att utvärdera modellens funktionsduglighet. Sist kommer resultaten från utvärderingen av de tre städerna att tjäna som utgångspunkten för en analys som ämnar ta fram framgångsfaktorer för ett marknadsinträde på kinas fastland. För att uppnå detta har fyra olika datainsamlingsmetoder använts: Först studerades teori, med syfte att få bakgrundskunskap likväl som att få förståelse för specifika faktorer som påverkar ett marknadsinträde som detta. För det andra observerades EV Powers nuvarande verksamhet i Hong Kong, i avsikt att förstå vad som har lett till den framgång som företaget upplevt på sin hemmamarknad. För det tredje intervjuades branschexperter för att få ett perspektiv på branschen som helhet. Sist samlades sekundär data kring de tre städerna in, för att kunna utvärdera de olika faktorerna som ingår i den framtagna modellen. Den slutgiltiga modellen består av fem faktorer som påverkar en stads attraktivitet för ett marknadsinträde av en leverantör av laddningsstationer för elbilar. De identifierade faktorerna är: ’Marknadens tillgänglighet’, ’Kortsiktig efterfrågan’, ’Förväntad marknadsandel’, ’Vinstmarginal’ och ’Långsiktig produktpotential’. Dessa faktorer är i sin tur indelade i subfaktorer som har sina egna uppsättningar av drivare. Efter att ha använt modellen för att utvärdera de tre städerna konstaterades det att Shanghai är den lämpligaste staden för ett marknadsinträde av EV Power, främst på grund av stadens dominans på marknaden för privatanvända elbilar och ett gynnsamt regelverk. Slutligen hittades tre framgångsfaktorer för ett sådant inträde: ’Fokusera på tjänster’, ’Bibehåll partner-relationer’ och ’Inträd tidigt’.Personal electric vehicles (EV) is an emerging technology that has gained much momentum in several markets during the past decade, and China is currently one of the markets where the growth in EV sales is the highest. Since the industry is still in its infancy, there are currently no clear structures regarding the relationships between different actors that apply to all markets globally, leading to great uncertainty in strategic decisions. The commissioner of this study is Hong Kong EV Power Ltd. (EV Power), a producer of EV supply equipment (EVSE) and related services in Hong Kong, which aspires to enter the Chinese mainland in the near future. However, EV Power has yet to decide which city they want to target first. This thesis aims to formulate a model that can be used to evaluate and compare geographic markets for a market entry by an EVSE company. Furthermore, the model is tested on three cities in Mainland China (Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen), in order to derive the most attractive city for EV Power and to evaluate the adequacy of the model. Lastly, with the results from the city evaluation, as a point of departure, success factors for an entry into Mainland China by the commissioning company will be summarized. In order to achieve this objective, four distinct data collection methods have been used: First, theory was studied, in order to gain background knowledge as well as to understand specific factors that impact a market entry decision such as this. Second, EV Power’s current business in Hong Kong was observed, with a view to achieve an understanding of what has led the company to experience success in its home market. Third, Interviews with industry experts were conducted, so as to get a perspective on the industry as a whole. Fourth and last, secondary data for the different cities was collected, for the sake of evaluating them according to the developed model. The final model consists of five main factors that encompass the elements that influence a cities level of attractiveness for entry by an EV charging station supplier. The identified factors are: ‘Market accessibility’, ‘Short-term demand’, ‘Expected market share’, ‘Profit margin’, and ‘Long-term product potential’. These factors are in turn divided into sub factors that have their own set of drivers. Using the model to evaluate the cities, it was found that Shanghai is the most suitable city for a market entry by EV Power, mainly due to its dominance in the market for private EVs and a favourable regulatory environment. Finally, three main success factors, for such a market entry, were found: ‘Focus on services’, ‘Maintain partner relationships’, and ‘Enter early’.
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Zehr, Brock Allyn. "Entrepreneurial Qualities for Successful Development and Sustainability of New Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3130.
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Entrepreneurial small businesses are significant to the U.S. economy, as they represent 99% of employer firms and employ 49% of the private sector. Nearly half of new businesses fail within the first 5 years of operation. While external factors beyond the control of business owners account for some failures, many occur because of managerial inadequacies. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of successful entrepreneurs to understand the qualities needed to create and sustain new small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) beyond 5 years. The sample consisted of 21 entrepreneurs from Northeastern Indiana who created and operated SMEs successfully for at least 5 years. The conceptual framework for this study was human capital theory and entrepreneurial leadership theory. The data were collected from semistructured interviews. Participants completed transcript reviews and member checking was conducted to enhance data credibility and trustworthiness. The phenomenological reduction method was used for data analysis and included bracketing, horizontalizing, clustering, integrating invariant statements, and synthesizing composites. The following themes emerged in addressing the guiding question: entrepreneurial intention recognized at a young age, creative problem-solving skills, business and support systems, entrepreneurial passion, opportunity recognition and seizure, and task and managerial delegation. The study findings can help inform best practices to help future entrepreneurs, and those who educate, train, and mentor them, create and operate successful new ventures.
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Ježová, Jana. "Podnikatelský plán společnosti SnackBag a její expanze na zahraniční trh." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261987.
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The aim of this thesis is to create a business plan for the newly established business subject in the health food industry and evaluate the viability of the plan. The plan also includes the choice of the appropriate form of potential expansion into the foreign market. This thesis is divided into theoretical and practical parts. To create this business plan, firstly it was necessary to write down the complex theoretical framework of the basic aspects which are crucial for small and medium businesses. Secondly, it was needed to sum up the general principles of creating a business plan, characterise its structure and mention the most common mistakes and problems that entrepreneurs may encounter. The theoretical part is concluded by a description of the appropriate forms of expansion for small and medium businesses. Based on this theoretical framework the business plan for the company SnackBag was created with the emphasis on the project´s financial calculation. The calculations confirm the business plan as viable. Analysis of the main advantages and disadvantages of particular forms of expansion to foreign markets concludes that the franchise was evaluated as the most suitable for SnackBag.
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Hladíkova, Kateřina. "Rozvoj malé firmy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-221611.
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The theme of this diploma work is to define of a business aim for a concrete small-sized enterprise and to transform it into a business plan. The first part is an entry to the sector of small and middle-sized enterprises; there are definitions of specific attributes of these enterprises, thein advantages and disadvantages, and their importance for an economy. In the sekond part is presented a ground of a theory for a business plan and SWOT analyse The next part is practical part of diplom work. In the practical part is suggested and work up the business plan of founding of small enterprises.
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Chiang, Jui-Feng, and 江瑞峰. "The Capital Finance Preference of Start-up Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) －The Application and Practice of the Pecking Order Hypothesis." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46961049008832620425.
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碩士朝陽科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
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When starting a business, financial teething problems encountered by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are highly influenced by information asymmetry and principle-agent problems. If an SME only has limited internal funds, its financing channels will likely be based on equity financing or debt financing, as entrepreneurs do not want to expose their business to risk by using their personal assets as collateral. However, this creates complications as the company’s confidential information must be exposed to external parties. The Pecking Order Hypothesis should be able to provide entrepreneurs with an analytical framework, in order to balance the asymmetry of information and principle-agent problems between debt investors and shareholders. It is not merely measured by the minimization of the cost of capital, but also by clarifying demands, risk awareness, and commitment, which all form a binding investment and financing portfolio model for entrepreneurs and fund-providers. The interest of this research is thus SMEs and their use of the Pecking Order Hypothesis. This study will be used as a basis to discuss the features and financing patterns of SMEs, and its suitability will be assessed when used by new businesses. This study will also explore how current financial mechanisms affect the localized financing of SMEs, and investigate the similarities and differences in decisive factors relevant to the SME financing environment. Finally, business strategy concerns, financing regulations, and available financing channels will also undergo thorough analysis.
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HRNČÍŘOVÁ, Jarmila. "Založení a řízení malého podniku." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-44859.
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This thesis is focused on the development of a business plan, which describes all of the essential internal and external factors related to the establishment of a new company. The business plan includes a questionnaire used in conducting a preliminary marketing survey, focused on potential customers and their requirements, in terms of the services sought after in the given field of business. This thesis should serve as an instruction manual for the establishment and management of the small company of Miroslav Malý, who is planning to start a business in website creation, web-design, and related services.
Books on the topic "Start-up size"
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Sunny-side up: Good morning recipes to start your day. Eugene, Or: Harvest House Publishers, 1997.
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13 steps to manufacturing in China: The definitive guide to opening a plant, from site location to plant start up. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.
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Challoner, Jack. Big and Small (Start-up-Science). Belitha Press Ltd, 1999.
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Zhou, Clarence. Primary-Side Start-Up IC for Isolated Converters. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.
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Padilla, Dario. MCP1012 - Primary-Side Start-Up IC for Isolated Converters. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.
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Boles, Melanie. MCP1012 - Primary Side Start-Up IC for Isolated Converters. Microchip Technology Incorporated, 2020.
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Goods, Peppy. Accounting Ledger Book : Accounting Ledger for Bookkeeping, Account Recorder and Tracker Logbook, Large Size : 8. 5 X 11 , 120 Pages, Glossy Silver Black Cover: For Businesses, Small Business, Start-Up, New Businesses, Home, Personal Use. Independently Published, 2021.
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Armitage, Dannielle. Eat Sleep Renovate Repeat Funny Renovation Fix up Homes Planner and Organizer: Renovate, A5 Size Weekly Planner, Goals Journal and Agenda to Improve Time Management, Productivity and Live Happier. Undated - Start Anytime, Lasts 1 Year,Tax. Independently Published, 2021.
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Jump Start PHP: Get Up to Speed With PHP in a Weekend. SitePoint, 2013.
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bach, rachid. Cute Anime Girl Calendar 2022-2023: Organizer Book for Time and Important Occasions with 2 Years and 24 Months, Gift for Anime and Manga Lovers , Start from January 2022 up to December 2023, Size 8. 5x11 Inches with 54 Pages. Independently Published, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Start-up size"
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Wang, Xuebin, Meiqi Wang, Jinqiao Shi, Zeyu Li, Kexin Zou, and Binxing Fang. "Efficient Classification of Darknet Access Activity with Partial Traffic." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 113–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9229-1_7.
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AbstractIn this paper we propose a novel approach to classify darknet-access traffic with only partial traffic data, which significantly reduces resource consumption and is as accuracy as prior work. Besides, in order to keep up with the users’ real access activity, we simulate new and old user by simply whether delete the cached consensus document before each access and apply our approach. The experiment results confirm that there does exist a window of cell sequence contributes greatly to distinguish darknet-access traffic. With the window size 75 and the start point 67, we can achieve 95.97% accuracy for new user access scenario. Similarly, with the window size 85 and the start point 44, we achieve 94.43% accuracy for old user access scenario.
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Lexa, Carsten. "Die Idee – Warum sie alles und das Business nichts ist." In Fail – Wie man als Start-up versagt, 21–27. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-29807-4_4.
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Reitz, Allen B., and Kathleen M. Czupich. "Entrepreneurship: Drug Discovery Innovation at Start-Up and Medium-Sized Biotechnology Companies." In Collaborative Innovation in Drug Discovery, 341–54. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118778166.ch21.
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Mosebach, Kai. "Ansätze der Heterodoxen Ökonomik." In Arzneimittel-Kompass 2021, 35–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63929-0_3.
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Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Heterodoxe Ansätze hinterfragen neoklassische Gewissheiten der Arzneimittelversorgung. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt zunächst die besonderen Grundannahmen der heterodoxen (Pharma-)Ökonomik. Im Anschluss daran werden heterodoxe Argumentationslinien dargestellt, welche die hochpreisigen Arzneimittelinnovationen der letzten 10–15 Jahre zu erklären versuchen. Die Kernthese der heterodoxen (Pharma-)Ökonomik ist, dass die großen Pharmaunternehmen aufgrund ihrer Preisführerschaft sich nicht nur die Wertbeiträge staatlicher Forschungs- und Technologieförderung, sondern auch die Innovationskraft von kleinen Start-Up-Unternehmen aneignen, um ihr börsenorientiertes Wachstumsmodell zu verfolgen. Sie nutzen ihre auf Preisführerschaft und immateriellen Vermögenswerten beruhende Marktmacht zur Maximierung ihres Unternehmenswertes und der Kapitalrendite, was – paradoxerweise – ihre Innovationskraft schwächt. Abschließend wird erörtert, welche Schlussfolgerungen die theoretischen Annahmen und empirischen Ergebnisse der heterodoxen Ökonomik bei der Reform des AMNOG-Prozesses nahelegen.
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Santarelli, Enrico, and David Audretsch. "Start-up size and industrial dynamics." In Entry and Post-Entry Performance of Newborn Firms, 44–61. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203934012.ch4.
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Choudhari, S. H. "START-UP AND SHUT-DOWN OF LARGE SIZE TURBO SETS." In Automation and Instrumentation for Power Plants, 231–34. Elsevier, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-034197-2.50037-9.
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"Start-up size and industrial dynamics: some evidence from Italian manufacturing." In Entry and Post-Entry Performance of Newborn Firms, 56–73. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203934012-9.
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Wiggins, Anne. "EU E-Commerce Policies." In e-Business, e-Government & Small and Medium-Size Enterprises, 156–84. IGI Global, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-202-2.ch008.
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This chapter not only presents an overview of the theoretical awareness and understanding of innovation, but also identifies and discusses existing EU innovation policy initiatives for SMEs, deliberating on the impact such policy initiatives have on their specific considerations. This chapter examines the strategic implications of the adoption and implementation of e-commerce by two successful start-up SMEs in the UK presented against a backdrop of relevant EU policy initiatives. SMEs, and start-ups particularly, find themselves having to operate without role models and tested business plans within an increasingly complex and competitive environment.
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Levey, Tristan, Andrew Wuenstel, and Amanda Foley. "Peripheral Intravenous Line Access." In Pediatric Anesthesia Procedures, edited by Anna Clebone and Barbara K. Burian, 113–20. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685188.003.0007.
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A peripheral intravenous catheter is used to access a peripheral vein. To start a peripheral intravenous line, identify the site, place a tourniquet, clean the skin, stabilize the vein, and insert the catheter. When a “flash” is obtained, thread off the catheter, connect it to the tubing, and secure. This chapter describes tips for finding common intravenous access sites in children, which are the metacarpal, saphenous, cephalic, median, and scalp veins. These veins vary in size, depth, and difficulty. Metacarpal/dorsal hand veins are on the dorsal aspect of the hand and typically arise from adjacent digital veins and form a network that usually provides several targets for access, although there is significant variation. These veins form the cephalic vein (radial side) and basilic vein (ulnar side) as they converge. The cephalic vein arises from the lateral (radial) side of the dorsal venous network before curving around the wrist to run along the anterolateral forearm, where it is frequently easily accessed. It continues on this course up the arm, but more proximally it is less superficial. The median cubital vein runs from the cephalic vein medially toward the basilic vein diagonally across the antecubital fossa and is reliably present if not always visible. The greater saphenous vein is formed on the foot from the dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal venous arch of the foot. It ascends anteriorly to the medial malleolus and superiorly up the medial calf.
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Lee, Keun. "Economics of Technological Leapfrogging." In The Challenges of Technology and Economic Catch-up in Emerging Economies, 123–59. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192896049.003.0005.
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Latecomer economies are firms which may be able to leapfrog older vintages of technology, and make pre-emptive investments in emerging technologies to catch up with advanced countries in new markets. Leapfrogging can be defined as latecomers trying something different ahead of the forerunners, thereby leaping over them. The answer to the question whether the fourth industrial revolution represents a new window of opportunity for leapfrogging or whether it constitutes a source of further risks for latecomers is that this depends entirely on the country’s response and readiness, that is, its industrial policy, digital literacy, the skill and education level, as well as domestic market size and position in the GVC. Policy recommendations for leapfrogging can also be made for different types of firms, such as incumbents and start-ups. The former comprises three types of firms, namely leaders, followers, and laggards. Path-creating type leapfrogging is more likely to take place in start-ups because they have invested the least in existing technologies or business models. Leader or follower type firms in emerging economies tend to have some experience with technology and absorptive capacity and are thus likely to be in a position to skip one or several stages, while managing the risks associated with leapfrogging. Lastly, laggard firms should not attempt pre-mature leapfrogging but should first build some absorptive capacity in their niche area and upgrade by moving up the higher end of the GVC.
Conference papers on the topic "Start-up size"
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Hammett, Robert. "Rapid start-up / restart avionics provide robust fault tolerance with reduced Size, Weight And Power." In 2011 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero.2011.5747473.
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Cheng, Dah Yu, and Albert L. C. Nelson. "Universal Electric Machine for the Start-Up and Power Generation of Large Frame Size Gas Turbines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30152.
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The Universal Electric Machine (UEM) separates the speed of the magnetic field on the rotor from the mechanical speed of the rotor. This fundamental ability has numerous consequences that are very appealing in the power industry. The UEM is capable of generating AC power at a frequency that is independent of the mechanical drive speed on the rotor. Thus the UEM generator is a single product that can efficiently convert power into either 50 Hz or 60 Hz regardless of prime mover speed. The UEM maintains a steady-state frequency through a load transient, however severe, from full load to no load or vice versa. As a motor, the UEM uses this same ability to control speed independently of line frequency. The UEM simulates the torque-rpm characteristics of a large mechanical prime mover as the torque increases with mechanical speed. The UEM is capable of automatic synchronization of the electrical output/input to the power source, in frequency, phase angle and voltage. Finally by using modern power electronics, the configuration of the machine is brushless. These properties are ideally suited for both startup and power generation of large gas turbines. The UEM is under development and testing. A patent has been granted in the United States and international patent applications are being submitted.
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Morini, Mirko, Giovanni Cataldi, Michele Pinelli, and Mauro Venturini. "A Model for the Simulation of Large-Size Single-Shaft Gas Turbine Start-Up Based on Operating Data Fitting." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27373.
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Start-up is an important aspect of gas turbine operation. In the last years plant operators have shown an ever increasing interest in this critical phase, with particular focus on start-up reliability and start-up time. Several issues should be considered in order to achieve optimal start-up behavior: operability issues (e.g. compressor aerodynamics, combustor light-off and light-around, shaft acceleration), impact of thermal stresses on cyclic life, proper sizing of external starting devices. Models for the simulation of gas turbine behavior during start-up are very useful both for the design of new gas turbines and for the analysis and improvement of engines already in operation. In this paper, a physics-based model for the simulation of the start-up phase of large-size single-shaft gas turbines is presented. The model is based on operating data fitting and covers machine operation from combustor light-off to compressor blow off valve closure. The model makes use of steady-state component characteristics, while dynamics is taken into account through shaft power balance. Special features are also included to properly model the effects of heat soakage, i.e. the dependence of the engine behavior on its thermal status before the start-up. The quality of the model has been proven by application to the gas turbine engine ALSTOM GT13E2 and by comparison between measured and simulated data.
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Bianchini, Alessandro, Francesco Balduzzi, Giovanni Ferrara, and Lorenzo Ferrari. "Aerodynamics of Darrieus Wind Turbines Airfoils During Start-Up." In ASME Turbo Expo 2016: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2016-57679.
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Recent studies have demonstrated that, when rotating around an axis orthogonal to the flow direction, airfoils are virtually transformed into equivalent airfoils with a camber line defined by their arc of rotation. In these conditions, the symmetric airfoils commonly used for Darrieus blades actually behaves like virtually cambered ones or, equivalently, rotors have to be manufactured with counter-cambered blades in order to have the performance of a symmetric airfoil. To complete these analyses, the present study focuses the attention on the airfoils’ aerodynamics during the start-up of the rotors. This phase of turbines’ functioning is indeed of particular interest since it actually defines the cut-in speed of the rotors and then notably impacts on the annual energy production, especially in case of small-size machines. In the work, unsteady CFD simulations have been carried out in start-up like conditions on three airfoils, i.e. a NACA 0018 and two modified profiles based on the same airfoil. The modified profiles have been conformally transformed to fit their camber lines to the arc of a circle, such that the ratio of the airfoil chord to the circle’s radius is 0.114 or 0.25. The study demonstrates that all the conventional theories based on one-dimensional aerodynamic coefficients (e.g. blade element momentum models) are affected by an intrinsic error in evaluating the starting torque profiles. Symmetric airfoils in fact exhibit a counter-intuitive non symmetric starting torque over the revolution. Conversely, airfoils compensated for the virtual camber effect show a substantially different starting torque profile, with a more symmetric distribution between the upwind and the downwind halves. This behavior is due to the effect of the pitching moment, which is usually neglected in lumped parameters models. At very low revolution speeds, its contribution becomes significant due to the very high angles of attack experienced by the blade. In particular, the pitching moment is non symmetric between the upwind and the downwind halves of the revolution. For upwind azimuthal positions the pitching moment reduces the overall torque output, while it changes sign in the downwind section, increasing the torque. The importance of accounting for the pitching moment contribution in low-order models (e.g. a blade element momentum model) is finally discussed by comparing the predicted torque profiles with those obtained by CFD.
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Srinivasan, Anand, and Peter Weber. "Start-Up Simulations for Induction and Synchronous Motor Driven Compressor Trains." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-47672.
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3-phase motors (both induction and synchronous) have remained the workhorse of the turbomachinery industry for several decades now. It is well known that motor driven centrifugal compressors give rise to transient torques during start-up of the drive train. The torsional nature of the shaft torques necessitates a thorough analysis at the design stage in order to adequately size the mechanical components of the drive train. This paper summarizes the mathematical equations to predict the air-gap torque for induction and synchronous motors that are available readily from electrical engineering literature, and extends it to present the electro-mechanical equations of motion for the motor-compressor system. Drive train studies have been simulated for both the traditional across-the-line start voltage systems and a simplified version of the more modern soft-start (variable frequency drive) systems.
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Botros, K. K., B. J. Jones, and D. J. Richards. "Recycle Dynamics During Centrifugal Compressor ESD, Start-Up and Surge Control." In 1996 1st International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc1996-1903.
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Recycle systems are important components in the operation of centrifugal compressor stations. They are essential during a start-up operation, for surge protection and for emergency shutdown (ESD). These operations are inherently dynamic where interactions between equipment, control and gas flow occur in a complex manner with the associated risk of compressor surge. Of particular importance are the effects of recycle system capacity, the recycle valve characteristics, check valve dynamic behavior, piping geometry and capacitance around the compressor unit, and the performance characteristics of the centrifugal compressor itself. This paper presents numerical results of the effects of some of these parameters on surge control, ESD and unit startup. These parameters are: i) The effects of damping the surge control flow signal in an attempt to suppress the signal noise, on the integrity of the surge control system, ii) The effects of recycle valve characteristics, stroke time and valve capacity on ESD, iii) The effects of recycle line size on ESD and iv) The effects of the recycle valve closing time (or rate) on the startup operation, with the intent of shortening this time to minimum for environmental reasons. Results were obtained from the solution of the pertinent dynamic equations describing the gas and equipment dynamics which has been verified against field and laboratory measurements. The examples presented in this paper were applied to a 24 MW natural gas compressor station on the NOVA Gas Transmission system, and to a scale-down laboratory model. Influence of other parameters from this investigation were published elsewhere and are cited in the reference section.
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Chukanova, Ekaterina, Nikola Stosic, Ahmed Kovacevic, and Sham Rane. "Identification and Quantification of Start Up Process in Oil Flooded Screw Compressors." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-86497.
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Oil injected screw compressors, used for air compression, refrigeration and air conditioning, are usually installed in simple packages which often do not include an oil pump to supply oil to the bearings and the working chamber, since the oil is pressurised, together with the gas being compressed, in the working chamber. Consequently, normal lubrication will only start when the back pressure reaches the chamber pressure,. Due to the lack of lubrication in this start up period, the rotors will be in direct contact with insufficient or no oil film between them, while the pressure in the compression chamber will increase causing the temperature to rise. The period of un-lubricated operation then depends on the size of the oil system and the length of the discharge piping. Also, during this time, due to the lack of oil in the working chamber, the leakage flow will be higher than normal. This will increase the overall temperature in the compression chamber. It is expected that some surface damage may occur on the rotors. When the compressor operates intermittently, with frequent starts and –stops, mode, this may result in rapid wear and decrease in the compressor performance. This paper addresses such issues through experimental investigation and simulation and defines the scope of work required to understand the oil flooded compressor process in transient operation mode. This will allow prediction of wear in such compressors and give some insight to the modifications required to increase the compressor reliability.
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Bianchini, Alessandro, Lorenzo Ferrari, and Sandro Magnani. "Start-Up Behavior of a Three-Bladed H-Darrieus VAWT: Experimental and Numerical Analysis." In ASME 2011 Turbo Expo: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2011-45882.
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Despite increasing attention paid by both the industrial and the academic worlds, an effective diffusion of Darrieus wind turbines is still hindered by productivity lower than that of classical HAWTs, mainly connected to the critical behavior of these machines during the transient phases and in particular, during the start-up transitory, which has not been investigated in depth in the past. In this paper, a numerical code for the evaluation of the transient behavior of H-Darrieus turbines is presented. The time-dependent code was based on a theoretical approach derived from the Momentum Models and completed by several sub-models for the evaluation of the main secondary and parasitic effects. The new software was validated with an extended experimental campaign in a wind tunnel on a three-bladed H-Darrieus turbine, obtaining constant agreement with experimental data. A sensitivity analysis was then performed in order to investigate the start-up behavior of a generic small size three-bladed H-Darrieus rotor. In particular, for a fixed turbine layout, the influence of the airfoil type and the blade shape on the startup capabilities of the rotor was investigated as a function of the initial position of the rotor and the oncoming wind velocity.
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Cabeza, Luisa F., Cristina Prieto, Laia Miró, Jaume Gasia, and Gerard Peiró. "Design and Start-Up of Two Pilot Plants for Molten Salts Storage Testing." In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59268.
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The design and building of two thermal energy storage (TES) pilot plants to be used for concentrated solar power (CSP) applications is explained and compared. Both pilot plants are based on a two-tank molten salt storage technology (composed by a hot and a cold tank) which works under a TES process. This process has three main steps: charge, storage and discharge. Charging and discharging cannot be performed simultaneously, and the whole process is considered to be cyclic: (1) during the charging process, the heat transfer fluid (HTF) is heated up with the solar collectors from the solar field up to a temperature of 393 °C. Then, the HTF exchanges its energy with the molten salts at the heat exchanger. During this process, the molten salts flow from the cold tank through the heat exchanger, arriving at the hot tank at a temperature up to 388 °C. (2) During the storage, the molten salts are stored in the hot tank at a temperature up to 388 °C. (3) Finally, during the discharging process, which corresponds to the period when no more solar radiation is available, the energy stored in the hot tank is used to produce electricity. Molten salts flow from the hot tank through the heat exchanger to the cold tank, heating up the HTF. This HTF carries the thermal energy to the power block, where it is converted to electricity. The first pilot plant presented in this study was designed and built by Abengoa in 2008 in Seville (Spain). It consisted of an 8.1 MWhth facility which contained all the components (successfully tested and optimized) that were lately used in commercial CSP plants. The second pilot plant consisted of a 0.3 MWhth facility designed, built and tested in 2008 at the University of Lleida (Spain) in conjunction with Abengoa. The TES material used in both pilot plants was a mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate (60% NaNO3 and 40% KNO3). The main differences between the two facilities fall on the size and on the operating mode: while the facility in Seville is charged with solar energy and discharged against a power cycle, the facility in Lleida is charged with an electrical boiler and discharged against a HTF-air heat exchanger. This paper presents the main components of both facilities and the lessons learnt during operation at pilot plant scale, which have been found to be useful to guarantee the correct start-up and operation of new commercial CSP plants built worldwide. These lessons learnt include key aspects like filling up the storage tanks, heat tracing systems and equipment used.
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White, A., R. Miller, E. Bellu, and J. J. Wylde. "Adaptation of Test Methodology and the Evolution of a Demulsifier Formulation for a Heavy Oil Start-Up." In SPE International Conference on Oilfield Chemistry. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204293-ms.
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Objectives/Scope Selection of "first fill" demulsifiers for new, undeveloped, oil fields has significant limitations, typically relying on data from test work with synthetic emulsion created in a laboratory using highly contaminated drilling samples of crude oil. Additional separation challenges related to offshore production of high viscosity, low API crude oil, from a low temperature reservoir results in a low probability of success in selecting a suitable first fill demulsifier using the traditional bottle test alone. Methods, Procedures, Process To give improved speed of oil/water separation, water quality, interface quality and top oil dehydration, samples of chemical free oil and produced water were used to screen alternative existing products against the base case demulsifier via bottle testing. The emulsions were created using a high shear stirrer to mimic the system conditions of the wells coming online and water droplet size within the emulsion was determined via cross polarizing thermal microscopy. For the purposes of these tests, demulsifier performance was ranked on speed and completeness of separation, interface quality, water quality and grind out (BS&W) characteristics. Results, Observations, Conclusions Several differences were observed between the initial and subsequent test work. The low shear emulsion created in the early work was found to be very unstable, separating easily with no residual emulsion in the crude oil. The emulsion created under high shear conditions gave a much closer correlation in terms of water droplet distribution to that measured during the field test and resulted in a much more stable emulsion that was more difficult to separate and typically left unresolved emulsion in the oil after the bulk of the water had separated. Whilst the original demulsifier recommendation was still able to facilitate separation it was found that it was no longer the optimum product, with other previously disregarded products able to provide a higher level of performance on the high shear emulsion. Novel/Additive Information This paper demonstrates that a higher level of performance was achieved with an enhanced screening process, namely through high shear stirring and confirmation of water droplet size within the emulsion. When added to the standard bottle testing conditions, the development of demulsifiers can better ensure an optimum result, fit for purpose for the application.
Reports on the topic "Start-up size"
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Leitner, Karl-Heinz, Georg Zahradnik, Bernhard Dachs, and Robert Hawlik. Ex-post-Evaluierung der Pilotförderungaktion für Inkubatoren JumpStart Phase 1 und Phase 2. AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.586.
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Start-up Inkubatoren bzw. Akzeleratoren nehmen am Innovationsstandort Österreich eine wachsende Rolle ein. Junge, dynamisch wachsende Unternehmen fragen zunehmend Arbeitsumgebungen nach, in denen sie Infrastruktur und Dienstleistungen aus einer Hand erhalten, um sich besser auf die Entwicklung des Unternehmens bzw. des Produkts fokussieren zu können. Obwohl es in Österreich bereits eine Reihe von Inkubatoren/Akzeleratoren gibt, so fehlen sehr oft die Mittel, um auch im internationalen Vergleich professionelle Dienstleistungen inkubierten Firmen anbieten zu können. Um diese Hindernisse zu überwinden, wurde im Jahr 2015 das Pilot-Programm "JumpStart" gestartet. Bisher wurden 2 Ausschreibungsrunden 2015/2016 für das Modul 1 erfolgreich abgeschlossen und die besten 10 Konzepte von Inkubatoren/Akzeleratoren ausgewählt und gefördert. Im Rahmen des Moduls 2 werden jeweils bis zu fünf Unternehmen, die in den unter Modul 1 geförderten Inkubatoren/Akzeleratoren betreut werden, für eine Förderung ausgewählt. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese Studie das Programmdesign, die Programmumsetzung sowie die Programmwirkung (Outputs, Outcomes und Impacts) des JumpStart-Programms. Darauf aufbauend werden Vorschläge für die Weiterentwicklung des Programms formuliert. Dazu wurden 25 Interviews mit den LeiterInnen der geförderten Inkubatoren, mit inkubierten Startups und weiteren Stakeholdern durchgeführt. Ferner wurde im Frühjahr 2021 eine Online-Befragung an Startups, die an JumpStart-Inkubatoren ansässig waren oder sind bzw. deren Dienstleistungen in Anspruch genommen haben, durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Befragung werden mit Daten von Startups aus dem ASM (Kontrollgruppe) vergleichend analysiert.
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Dubcovsky, Jorge, Tzion Fahima, and Ann Blechl. Molecular characterization and deployment of the high-temperature adult plant stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 from wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699860.bard.
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Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is one of the most destructive fungal diseases of wheat. Virulent races that appeared within the last decade caused drastic cuts in yields. The incorporation of genetic resistance against this pathogen is the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly solution to this problem. However, race specific seedling resistance genes provide only a temporary solution because fungal populations rapidly evolve to overcome this type of resistance. In contrast, high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance genes provide a broad spectrum resistance that is partial and more durable. The cloning of the first wheat HTAP stripe rust resistance gene Yr36 (Science 2009, 323:1357), funded by our previous (2007-2010) BARD grant, provided us for the first time with an entry point for understanding the mechanism of broad spectrum resistance. Two paralogous copies of this gene are tightly linked at the Yr36 locus (WKS1 and WKS2). The main objectives of the current study were to characterize the Yr36 (WKS) resistance mechanism and to identify and characterize alternative WKSgenes in wheat and wild relatives. We report here that the protein coded by Yr36, designated WKS1, that has a novel architecture with a functional kinase and a lipid binding START domain, is localized to chloroplast. Our results suggest that the presence of the START domain may affect the kinase activity. We have found that the WKS1 was over-expressed on leaf necrosis in wheat transgenic plants. When the isolated WKS1.1 splice variant transcript was transformed into susceptible wheat it conferred resistance to stripe rust, but the truncated variant WKS1.2 did not confer resistance. WKS1.1 and WKS1.2 showed different lipid binding profiling. WKS1.1 enters the chloroplast membrane, while WKS1.2 is only attached outside of the chloroplast membrane. The ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity of the recombinant protein of TmtAPXwas found to be reduced by WKS1.1 protein in vitro. The WKS1.1 mature protein in the chloroplast is able to phosphorylate TmtAPXprotein in vivo. WKS1.1 induced cell death by suppressing APX activity and reducing the ability of the cell to detoxify reactive oxygen. The decrease of APX activity reduces the ability of the plant to detoxify the reactive H2O2 and is the possible mechanism underlying the accelerated cell death observed in the transgenic plants overexpressing WKS1.1 and in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural WKS1.1 gene. WKS2 is a nonfunctional paralog of WKS1 in wild emmer wheat, probably due to a retrotransposon insertion close to the alternative splicing site. In some other wild relatives of wheat, such as Aegilops comosa, there is only one copy of this gene, highly similar to WKS2, which is lucking the retrotransposon insertion. WKS2 gene present in wheat and WKS2-Ae from A. showed a different pattern of alternative splice variants, regardless of the presence of the retrotransposon insertion. Susceptible Bobwhite transformed with WKS2-Ae (without retrotansposon insertion in intron10), which derived from Aegilops comosaconferred resistance to stripe rust in wheat. The expression of WKS2-Ae in transgenic plants is up-regulated by temperature and pathogen infection. Combination of WKS1 and WKS2-Ae shows improved stripe rust resistance in WKS1×WKS2-Ae F1 hybrid plants. The obtained results show that WKS1 protein is accelerating programmed cell death observed in the regions surrounding a stripe rust infection in the wheat plants carrying the natural or transgenic WKS1 gene. Furthermore, characterization of the epistatic interactions of Yr36 and Yr18 demonstrated that these two genes have additive effects and can therefore be combined to increase partial resistance to this devastating pathogen of wheat. These achievements may have a broad impact on wheat breeding efforts attempting to protect wheat yields against one of the most devastating wheat pathogen.