Journal articles on the topic 'Starkey, Thomas'

Thomas Starkey's (c. 1495–1538) Dialogue between Reginald Pole and Thomas Lupset is one of the most significant works of political thought written in English between Fortescue and Hooker, for several reasons. It gives insight into its author's intellectual background – Oxford, Paris, Avignon, Padua, Venice – which he shared with many of the other ideologues of the Henrician state. More than that, the Dialogue represents one of the first attempts to blend continental humanism of a Venetian variety, and perhaps Florentine as well, with native English traditions in the creation of a theoretical justification for what Starkey called a ‘mixed state’. In this and in the practical reform proposals which issued from it, Starkey went beyond Thomas More, however superior Utopia may be as a work of literature, or how much more directly it seems to speak to us. The work is also worthy of attention for Starkey's own standing, even if hisinfluence with Thomas Cromwell was shortlived. G. R. Elton has begun this sort of study by using Starkey'sreforms to explore the intellectual underpinnings of the Cromwellian reform. Aside from this effort, interpretation has not been very successful. The Dialogue is undoubtedly a daunting work, not because of the inherent difficulty of its arguments, but rather the extreme eclecticism of the author and his attempt to fulfil two apparently discrepant purposes. It is precisely on this last point that modern criticism has fallen down most seriously. I would like to suggest that placing the work in its proper context in Starkey's life allows not only the recovery of those two conflicting intentions, but also a sketch of the motives underlying them. This will involve an examination of the only surviving manuscript of the Dialogue.

IN June 1536 Thomas Starkey, a royal chaplain, humanist, and ‘commonwealth man’, wrote to Henry VIII concerning the Act passed in the spring of that year suppressing monasteries worth less than £200:many ther be wyche are mouyd to iuge playnly thys acte of suppressyon of certayn abbays bothe to be agayne the ordur of charyte & iniuryous to them wych be dede bycause the foundarys therof & the soulys departyd seme therby to be defraudyd of the benefyte of prayer & almys dede ther appoyntyd to be done for theyr releyffe …—to which he argued that the common weal of all took precedence over arrangements made for the private weal of the individual. Moreover, in answering those who would argue for ‘rather a just reformatyon then thys vthur ruynose suppressyon’, he went on,for though hyt be so that prayer & almys dede be much to the comfort of them wych be departyd, & though god delyte much in our charytabul myndys thereby declaryd, yet to conuerte ouer much possessyon to that end & purpos, & to appoynt ouer many personys to such offyce & exercyse, can not be wythout grete detryment & hurt to the chrystian commynwele … & though hyt be a gud thyng & much relygyouse to pray for them wych be departyd out of thys mysery, yet we may not gyue al our possessyonys to nurysch idul men in contynual prayer for them …Starkey was certain that the possessions of monasteries had been given to the ‘end and purpose’ of providing spiritual benefits for the ‘founders’, to help the passage of their souls through Purgatory.

The editors would like to thank the following colleagues for the time and careful attention given to manuscripts they reviewed for Volume 1 of HRER. Rebecca ADAMIUniversity of Stockholm, Sweden Paul BRACEYUniversity of Northampton, UK Kjersti BRATHAGENUniversity of South-Eastern Norway, Norway Cecilia DECARADanish Institute for Human Rights, Denmark Judith DUNKERLY-BEANOld Dominion University, USA Viola B. GEORGIUniversity of Hildesheim, Germany Carole HAHNEmory University, USA Brynja HALLDÓRSDÓTTIRUniversity of Iceland, Iceland Lisa HARTLEY Curtin University, Australia Lee JEROME Middlesex University, UK Claudia LENZ Norwegian School of Theology, Norway Hadi Strømmon LILE Østfold University College, Norway Anja MIHR Center on Governance though Human Rights, Germany Virginia MORROWUniversity of Oxford, UK Thomas NYGREN Uppsala University, Sweden Barbara OOMEN Roosevelt University College, The Netherlands Anatoli RAPOPORT Purdue University, USA Farzana SHAIN Keele University, UK Hugh STARKEY University College London, UK Sharon STEIN University of British Columbia, Canada

ABSTRACTIn the period 1520–50 there was a large English community in the Veneto. This has traditionally been associated with the household of Reginald Pole, who is believed to have dispensed learning and patronage to those who went to the University of Padua in search of a continental education. However, an examination of both primary and secondary sources for the life of Pole suggests that he was only one of a number of reference points for young English scholars and travellers. Of equal, and perhaps greater, importance was the household of Edmund Harvell, a merchant who became English ambassador to the Republic. His household was philo-protestant in tone, and linked to Venetian dissenters and literary circles. These two central figures presented English scholars with the chance to experience the varying strands of Venetian political and religious philosophy at a time of great intellectual vitality. Men such as Richard Morison and Thomas Starkey returned home to write books about English government and society. When their work is set against the Venetian milieu of Harvell and Pole, we can gain a greater understanding of those Venetian influences which underpinned English political thought in the Tudor period and beyond.

Abstract Adiaphora (‘indifferent matters’) and permissive natural law both conceptually pointed towards an arena of liberty in which the individual remained free to take up (or not) particular courses of action. In the Reformation debates over the external regulation of Christian freedom for the maintenance of peace and order, these two concepts became freighted with political significance; but they also in turn shaped attitudes over when and where obedience was due in relation to the civic regulation of liberty. Tudor apologetics deployed both ideas in order to defend the English Reformation, especially the claim of the royal supremacy to have due authority to regulate ecclesiastical affairs in indifferent matters, limiting Christian freedom and requiring obedience. By situating these debates within the context of the conceptual development of adiaphora and permissive natural law from their original philosophical roots through to the Reformation, this article establishes the genealogy of claims that defined such apologetics. After surveying the seemingly intractable dilemmas in the thought of Thomas Starkey and John Whitgift over why obedience to lay ecclesiastical supremacy was due, this article considers the radical return to the permissive natural law traditions of the medieval period in the Elizabethan conformist thought of Richard Hooker. In this return, Hooker supplanted divine permissions and scriptural principles as the guide for the proper regulation of indifferent matters with an appeal to the light of reason as the divine instrument through which binding human laws are made to govern society and limit freedom for the public good, even in the life of the national church.

The following is a critical appreciation of the Reformation theological foundations of English church establishment which seeks to demonstrate their importance not only for the Church of England in the current political and legal climate, but also for non-established Anglican churches and for the Anglican Communion. It identifies as their central structure the dialectic of church and nation, theologically articulated as the dialectic of proclamation and jurisdiction. The enduring achievement of this dialectic, the paper argues, is to hold in fruitful tension the two unifying authorities of sinful and redeemed human society: the authority of God's word of judgement and grace and the authority of the community of human judgement under God's word. The historical analysis traces the evolving ecclesiastical and civil poles of the dialectic through their Henrician, Edwardian and Elizabethan formulations, from William Tyndale and the early Cranmer to John Whitgift and Richard Hooker, clarifying the decisive late medieval and contemporary continental influences, and the key schematic contribution made by the humanist Thomas Starkey. A continuous concern of the exposition is with the paradigmatic place occupied by interpretations of monarchical Israel in the shifting constructions of both civil and ecclesiastical polity, with the attendant dangers from a relatively undialectical relation between the ‘old Israel’ and the ‘new Israel’. The concluding evaluation and application focuses on the contemporary need for a theological construction of the nation and the church that grasps the complexities of the dialectic of proclamation and jurisdiction, especially as they bear on the unity and discontinuity of ecclesiastical and secular law at the national and international levels.

In the autumn of 1529, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, who had served as Henry VIII's principal minister for a decade and a half, fell from power. On October 17 he surrendered the great seal, thus formally resigning as lord chancellor, the position he had held since 1515. A few days earlier, on October 9, he had been indicted in the Court of King's Bench for offenses under the fourteenth-century statute of praemunire (which restricted papal powers within England), and on October 22 he was to acknowledge his guilt in an indenture made with the king. Nevertheless, he was not utterly destroyed. He remained archbishop of York and was allowed to set off for his diocese in early 1530.The fashionable explanation for these events is to see Wolsey as the victim of faction, a notion briefly asserted or implied in much current writing and substantially elaborated by E. W. Ives. For J. J. Scarisbrick, Wolsey was “the victim of an aristocratic putsch”: “There can be no doubt that for long an aristocratic party, led by the dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk, had been hoping to ‘catch him in a brake’ and dispossess him, and that they looked to Anne Boleyn as their weapon … it was an aristocratic faction that led the way.” For David Starkey, “Boleyns, Aragonese, nobles … sank their fundamental differences and went into allegiance against him. Together they worked on Henry's temporary disillusionment with his minister, and the pressure coupled with Anne's skilful management of her lover, was enough to break the trust of almost twenty years and destroy Wolsey.”

Die Marke Underberg soll aktiviert werden. Dazu habe man sich im Unternehmen nach Angaben von Vorstandschef Thomas Mempel „komplett neu aufgestellt“. Dem Verpackungsrelaunch folgt nun ein starker Auftritt am POS.

Die Marke Underberg soll aktiviert werden. Dazu habe man sich im Unternehmen nach Angaben von Vorstandschef Thomas Mempel „komplett neu aufgestellt“. Dem Verpackungsrelaunch folgt nun ein starker Auftritt am POS.

Carbohydrates in dairy concentrate originate from cereals containing high starch and a variety of by-products with high levels of fibre. Selection is based on unit cost and chemical analysis. Comparisons between starchy and fibrous sources were made at a single level of crude protein (CP) by Thomas et al (1986) and Sutton et al (1987). Voluntary intake of forage increased and yields of fat and protein were similar when fibre replaced starch. The objective of this trial was to extend the range of comparisons by establishing the effects of three types of carbohydrate at four levels of crude protein given with grass silage ad libitum to lactating dairy cows.

The first half of the nineteenth century in Great Britain was one of nearly continuous controversy over monetary issues. The Restriction of Cash Payments and the Bullion Controversy dominated the first two decades. After Resumption in 1821, a series of banking crises kept monetary issues on the front burner, until they boiled over again in the Currency-Banking Controversy of the 1840s. Of the many writers contributing to the monetary literature during the period, few contributed so much as Thomas Tooke. Long recognized as a collector of economic data without peer in his era, Tooke's reputation as an economic theorist has grown in recent years (cf. Laidler 1972; Arnon 1991; M. Smith 2001). Readers of Tooke's works have long known that his views on monetary theory changed radically from the 1820s to the 1840s, when he adopted a starkly anti-quantity theory approach. In his early years as a collector of economic data, Tooke allied himself with David Ricardo in the effort to return Great Britain to the gold standard. But though both subscribed to the quantity-theory/price-specie-flow-mechanism (QT-PSFM) framework for analyzing the economy's adjustment to monetary disturbances, their theoretical approaches differed in important respects. The differences were great enough to lead Arnon (1989, 1991) to conclude that Tooke and Ricardo should be viewed primarily as political, not theoretical, allies and to suggest that Tooke's approach shared greater affinities with the work of moderate bullionists than with Ricardo (Arnon 1991, pp. 48, 58, 108).

Zusammenfassung: Ausbildungssysteme unterliegen dem Wandel der Zeit und sind dementsprechend immer und überall starker Kritik ausgesetzt. Dies ist gut so und führt im Idealfall zu Reformen, die die Ausbildung zeitgemäßer und berufsgerechter machen. Wird ein Reformmodell nicht für geeignet gehalten, diese Ziele zu erreichen, wird es abgelehnt, so wie 2005 in Deutschland die Parteien der Großen Koalition die Einführung des Bologna– Modells für die deutsche Juristenausbildung ablehnten. Damit war die Bologna–Debatte aber nicht etwa beendet, sie ging und geht vielmehr unvermindert weiter. Viele erhoffen sich von einer Reform im Sinne der Bologna–Beschlüsse die Beseitigung folgender immer wieder in der Öffentlichkeit formulierter Probleme: das zu hohe Alter der Absolventen, deren zu geringe Mobilität und Internationalität, die zu universelle Ausbildung. Das Bachelor–/Master–System wird hierbei als maßgeschneiderte Lösung empfunden, um alle diese Probleme auf einmal zu beseitigen. Die sich vor einer so einschneidenden Änderung aufdrängenden Fragen, wieso sich unsere derzeitige Ausbildung so entwickelt hat, warum sich in anderen Ländern abweichende Modelle gebildet haben und welche Erfahrungen man dort mit modularisierten Studiengängen gemacht hat, finden nahezu keine Beachtung. Deshalb hatte es sich die Trierer Tagung ‘Juristenausbildung in Europa zwischen Tradition und Reform’ unter der wissenschaftlichen Leitung von Christian Baldus (Heidelberg), Thomas Finkenauer (Tübingen) und Thomas Rüfner (Trier) zur Aufgabe gemacht, diesen Fragen nachzugehen. Wie Rüfner in seiner Begrüßung verdeutlichte, sollte mit der Tagung nicht die politische Diskussion fortgeführt, sondern eine wissenschaftliche Grundlegung für eine sachlichere Diskussion geschaffen werden. Abstract: As times change, so do educational systems. According to this they come under criticism anytime and anywhere. Criticism is a benefit and ideally causes contemporary and adequate reforms. If a reform is not considered as appropriate to achieve this objective, it gets refused. Correspondingly, 2005 the parties of the grand coalition refused to implement the Bologna reform to law studies in Germany. Nevertheless the public dispute on ‘Bologna’ continues to this day. Many people expect the Bologna model to be the tailor–made solution for the following problems, which are consistently verbalised in public: the old age of the alumni, their low mobility and internationality, the voluminous universality of studies. However, the bachelor/master system would be a drastic change and raises diverse questions: How did our present study system develop, why did other countries generate divergent systems and which experiences emerge from modularised programs of study? These questions so far attracted only marginal interest, for which reason the conference ‘Juristenausbildung in Europa zwischen Tradition und Reform’ under the academic direction of Christian Baldus (Heidelberg), Thomas Finkenauer (Tübingen) and Thomas Rüfner (Trier) entered into them. The conference’s aim was not to continue the political debate, but to create an academic basis for a realistic discussion, how Ruefner pointed out in his introduction.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag führt vor, wie puritanische Texte mit Julia Kristevas Theorie der Abjektion, die sie in Powers of Horror (1982) darlegt, analysiert werden können. Grenzüberschreitungen wie religiöser und ziviler Ungehorsam wurden von den Puritanern in Neuengland oft als Hinweis auf sexuelle Transgression und körperliche Abjektion verstanden. Puritanische Autoren, die oftmals auch Geistliche waren, brachten Grenzüberschreitungen gerne mit spiritueller Verderbtheit und Abjektion körperlicher Sekrete, Exkrete und Exkremente in Verbindung.Die puritanischen Texte, die Gegenstand dieses Beitrags sind, befassen sich mit der Abjektion von Sperma und „monströsen“ fehlgebildeten Föten: John Winthrop und Thomas Weld verfassten drastische Schilderungen von Anne Hutchinsons und Mary Dyers „Monstergeburten“, da sie diese als Beweis für die spirituelle Verderbtheit der beiden Antinomierinnen, die es gewagt hatten, puritanische Doktrinen zu kritisieren, verstanden. Der puritanische Pfarrer Michael Wigglesworth hingegen vertraute seine eigenen abjekten, unreinen Gedanken und Handlungen, die sich auf seine männlichen Studierenden bezogen und laut seiner Beschreibung zu starken sexuellen Lustgefühlen und ungewollter Triebabfuhr führten, seinem Tagebuch in verschlüsselter Form an.Als Repräsentant der puritanischen Obrigkeit war Wigglesworth imstande, seine spirituelle und sexuelle Überschreitung religiöser Grenzen unbemerkt auszuleben, da die Abjektion körperlicher Materie in seinen privaten Räumlichkeiten stattfand. Somit konnte er seine Abjektion erfolgreich vor der Öffentlichkeit verbergen. Hutchinson und Dyer hingegen, deren vermeintliche spirituelle Transgressionen durch abjekte „monströse“ Geburten zwangsweise öffentlich gemacht wurden, wurden von den puritanischen Geistlichen, die die symbolische Ordnung Neuenglands verkörperten, für ihre Verstöße gegen die religiös-staatliche Ordnung abgestraft und aus der Gemeinschaft verstoßen.

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag führt vor, wie puritanische Texte mit Julia Kristevas Theorie der Abjektion, die sie in Powers of Horror (1982) darlegt, analysiert werden können. Grenzüberschreitungen wie religiöser und ziviler Ungehorsam wurden von den Puritanern in Neuengland oft als Hinweis auf sexuelle Transgression und körperliche Abjektion verstanden. Puritanische Autoren, die oftmals auch Geistliche waren, brachten Grenzüberschreitungen gerne mit spiritueller Verderbtheit und Abjektion körperlicher Sekrete, Exkrete und Exkremente in Verbindung.Die puritanischen Texte, die Gegenstand dieses Beitrags sind, befassen sich mit der Abjektion von Sperma und „monströsen“ fehlgebildeten Föten: John Winthrop und Thomas Weld verfassten drastische Schilderungen von Anne Hutchinsons und Mary Dyers „Monstergeburten“, da sie diese als Beweis für die spirituelle Verderbtheit der beiden Antinomierinnen, die es gewagt hatten, puritanische Doktrinen zu kritisieren, verstanden. Der puritanische Pfarrer Michael Wigglesworth hingegen vertraute seine eigenen abjekten, unreinen Gedanken und Handlungen, die sich auf seine männlichen Studierenden bezogen und laut seiner Beschreibung zu starken sexuellen Lustgefühlen und ungewollter Triebabfuhr führten, seinem Tagebuch in verschlüsselter Form an.Als Repräsentant der puritanischen Obrigkeit war Wigglesworth imstande, seine spirituelle und sexuelle Überschreitung religiöser Grenzen unbemerkt auszuleben, da die Abjektion körperlicher Materie in seinen privaten Räumlichkeiten stattfand. Somit konnte er seine Abjektion erfolgreich vor der Öffentlichkeit verbergen. Hutchinson und Dyer hingegen, deren vermeintliche spirituelle Transgressionen durch abjekte „monströse“ Geburten zwangsweise öffentlich gemacht wurden, wurden von den puritanischen Geistlichen, die die symbolische Ordnung Neuenglands verkörperten, für ihre Verstöße gegen die religiös-staatliche Ordnung abgestraft und aus der Gemeinschaft verstoßen.

<p>I. Dimitroukas</p><p>Die Reise des Thomas Magistros im Herbst-Winter 1310 </p><p>Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde die sog. <em>Gesandtschaftsreise</em> des Thomas Magistros in bezug auf Fahrzeiten, Fahrtrouten und bestimmte technische Aspekte der byzantinischen Schiffahrt einer genaueren Analyse unterzogen. Das Handelsschiff, mit dem Thomas und seine Begleiter reisten, stach am 01.10.1310 in See; bei leichter Brise und zeitweilig auch bei ungünstigem Nordwind segelte es mit Mühe die Ostküste des Thermaikos entlang, bis die Stadt Pallene/Kassandra oder eine andere Ortschaft der gleichnamigen, von Thomas als ";;Insel„ aufgefaßten Halbinsel am 03.10. erreicht wurde. Am Spätnachmittag des nächsten Tages segelte das Schiff wieder ab und, nachdem es das Kap Kanastraion umfahren hatte, nahm es Kurs auf den Heiligen Berg Athos; jedoch sah sich der Kapitän wegen Gegenwinde auf hoher See gezwungen, die Fahrtrichtung zu ändern und den Hafen von Kupho, nordwestlich vom Kap Drapanon (am Südende der Halbinsel Sithonia/Longos), anzulaufen. Dort lag das Schiff 4 Tage lang vor Anker (wahrscheinlich 05-0 9.10).</p><p>Am 4. Tag stach es wieder in See; der Kapitän hatte anscheinend vor, der üblichen Direktroute über Lemnos nach Konstantinopel zu folgen. Diese Route diente dem Verkehr zwischen Konstantinopel und dem Heiligen Berg bzw. Thessalonike und wurde jahrhundertelang am meisten frequentiert, wie einige militärische und mönchische Itinerare zeigen. Die Absicht des Kapitäns, nach Lemnos zu reisen, machte ein sich plötzlich erhebender Nordwind zunichte und das Schiff wurde Richtung Süden getrieben; nach einer gefährlichen Irrfahrt auf der bewegten Hochsee wurde der vorzügliche und gut geschützte Hafen einer unbewohnten Insel der Nordsporadengruppe angesteuert. Nach den Informationen des Magistros über diesen Hafen sowie auch über die reiche Fauna der Insel ist sie mit Kyra Panagia (im Mittelalter Gymnopelagesion und Pelagonesion genannt), zwischen Giura und Chelidromia, zu identifizieren. Unklar bleibt nur, in welchem der beiden Zufluchtshäfen der Insel, die sich an der Nord- und der Südwestecke befanden, das Schiff vor Anker ging. Während des Aufenthalts der Schiffer und Passagiere auf der Insel (<em>ca</em> 11-14.10) kam eine Kriegsgaleere in Sicht; aus Furcht, es handle sich um ein Piratenschiff, begann die Mannschaft die Waffen zu ergreifen, um einen möglichen Angriff abzuwehren. Jedoch wurde beim Herannahen des Schiffes mit Erleichterung festgestellt, die angeblichen ";;Piraten„ seien in Wirklichkeit ";;Verbündete„ der Griechen gewesen (es handelte sich wahrscheinlich um Genuesen). </p><p>Das Ausmaß der von Piraten ausgeheden Gefahren, von denen die Meeresengen der Nordsporaden im Altertum und im Mittelalter besonders bedroht waren, zeigt der Brauch, an Bord der Handelsschiffe Waffen zu tragen; die Venezianer praktizierten diesen Brauch vom Jahre 971 an systematisch, die Byzantiner nur gelegentlich. Interessant ist auch, daß das Schiff, mit dem Magistros reiste, bei Windstille aus dem Hafen auslaufen konnte, indem es vom Beiboot ins Schlepptau genommen wurde. Anläßlich dieses Zwischenfalls wurden die verschiedenen Funktionen des Beiboots mit Hilfe der Texte erläutert.</p><p>Die nächste Reiseetappe bis Tenedos verlief sehr schnell. Bei stürmisch-günstigem Wind fuhr der Segler an der Nordseite der Insel Lemnos vorbei. Dann lief er nacheinander Imbros, Samothrake und Tenedos an. Man war schon im Begriff, in die hellespontische Meeresenge einzufahren, als Gegenwind aufkam und das Schiff bis Lemnos zurückgetrieben wurde, ohne daß es hier landen konnte (<em>ca</em> 14-17); der Segler setzte anschließend seine kreisförmige Fahrt fort, an den drei oben genannten Inseln vorbei, ehe er mit Mühe in die Dardanellen fuhr und im Hafen von Sestos festmachte (<em>ca</em> 17-19.10). Die letzte Etappe dauerte am kürzesten; es gelang dem Kapitän, vermutlich in zwei Tagen wegen des sehr günstigen Windes entlang der Nordküste des Propontismeeres Konstantinopel zu erreichen (<em>ca</em> 19. bis 20. oder 21.10).</p><p>In der Hauptstadt stieg die Gessellschaft in einem baufälligen, kalten und engen Häuschen ab und am selben Tag wurde Thomas vom Patriarchen Niphon und dem Großlogotheten Theodoros Metochites sehr freundlich empfangen. Bei der Audienz, die der Kaiser, mit verschiedenen dringlichen Angelegenheiten (insbesondere mit der Oktobersynode) beschäftigt, ihm erst nach einigen Tagen gewährte, zeigte Andronikos II. großes Entgegenkommen und erfüllte aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach die Bitte des Gesandten um Begnadigung des Feldherrn Chandrenos, der des Verrats beschuldigt worden war. In der Zwischenzeit nützte Thomas die Gelegenheit aus, um von Studenten und Gelehrten begleitet die Sehenswürdigkeiten der Hauptstadt zu besichtigen.</p><p>Die Rückfahrt erfolgte mit einem nach byzantinischen Maßstäben relativ großen einmastigen Lastschiff, das <em>ca</em> 200 Leute (Seeleute und Passagiere) an Bord und viele Waren ";;im inneren Schiffsraum'', d.h. im Kielraum aufnehmen konnte und in jedem Fall größer als das Schiffswrack von Yassi Ada (625/6) und jenes von Serçe Liman (1021/2) war. Da es notwendig war, Waren zu laden und zu löschen, und die Vorräte oft wegen der großen Menschenzahl an Bord zu erneuern, hielt der geldgierige Kapitän in (fast) jedem Hafen der Nordseite des Propontismeeres (Hagios Stephanos, Rhegion, Athyras, Selymbria, Daonion) an, so daß die nur 60 km lange Strecke bis Herakleia wahrscheinlich in gut 20 Tagen zurückgelegt wurde. Am Abend angekommen, lag der Segler noch einen Tag im (Ost-) Hafen von Herakleia vor Anker.</p><p>Am Frühmorgen des 22. Tages verließ der Frachter die Klistenlinie und bei Einbruch der Dunkelheit lief er in den Petale-Hafen ein, der an der Nordwestecke der Insel Proikonnesos/Marmaras lag. Bei sehr schlechten Wetterbedingungen ankerte das Schiff 8 Tage lang dort, während die Mannschaft und die Passagiere auf die Suche nach Lebensmitteln gingen. Dabei konnten sie sich Wein, Gemüse und Brennholz beschaffen.</p><p>Die Furcht vor einem Piratenangriff kam wieder vor, als man am Spätnachmittag des 8. Tages die aus ca. zwölf ";;Einruderern„ bestandene kaiserliche Flottille am Petale-Hafen vorbeifahren sah. Ein wenig später erhob sich ein leichter Nordwind, der das Auslaufen des Schiffes aus dem Hafen ermöglichte; da der Wind allmählich immer stärker wurde, konnte das Schiff die Strecke entlang der Nordküste der Propontis und dann durch die Meeresenge bis Lemnos wahrscheinlich in wenigen Stunden zurücklegen. Im Hafen kam das Schiff nachts an. Nachdem sich Schiffer und Passagiere auf der Insel wenige Lebensmittel ";;gegen viel Geld„ eingekauft hatten, stachen sie wieder in See. Südwestlich von Lemnos geriet das Schiff in schwerste Seenot. Der Wind zerfetzte das Hauptsegel, die Schiffswände erlitten große Schäden und das Stütztau, das die Antenne hochhielt, brach; im letzten Moment konnte die erfahrene Mannschaft Antenne und Mastbaum mit einem dicken Seil festmachen und glücklich in denselben Hafen der unbewohnten Insel einlaufen, in dem die Reisenden bei der Hinreise Zuflucht gefunden hatten. Der erneute Aufenthalt dort dauerte genau 5 Tage. Die letzte Fahrtetappe dauerte bei starkem Südwind nicht länger als zwei Tage, bis das Schiff vor das Kap Embolos kam. Dort behinderte der heftige Nordwind ";;Kaus'' (wahrscheinlich der heute ";;Vardares'' genannte eisige Winterwind) die Einfahrt in den innersten Teil des Thermaikos. Deshalb ging ein Teil der Passagiere und darunter die Gesellschaft des Magistros an Land, wo sie bei Bauern die Nacht verbrachten; am nächsten Tag erreichten sie zu Pferde auf dem Landweg ihre geliebte Stadt.</p><p>Mit Hilfe verschiedener Indizien konnte im letzten Teil des Aufsatzes die Zeit der Rückreise näher bestimmt werden: sie wurde wahrscheinlich am 30. Oktober oder Anfang November angetreten; daraus ergab sich, daß die Reisegesellschaft entweder am 14. oder zwischen dem 14. und dem 21. Dezember, d. h. einige Tage vor Weihnachten 1310, in Thessalonike ankam.</p>

Abstract Mutations matter in cancer. Loss of function in a gene such as tp53 is advantageous for tumor progression. However, we also know that cells can share similar mutational burdens but exhibit starkly different phenotypes. The heterogeneous nature of cancer cell populations that comprise a tumor compounds this problem, and is a known source of treatment failure. We hypothesize that density conditions in the tumor microenvironment select for particular cellular phenotypes. Additionally, we posit that a cell’s neighbor can affect its phenotypes through interactions such as the exchange of growth factors or competition for resources – a phenomenon known as frequency-dependent selection. To test these hypotheses and compare the relative effects of density and frequency dependent selection on tumor evolution, we have developed two mathematical models integrated with experimental and computational techniques. In both models, we investigate the growth dynamics of subclonal populations defined by somatic copy number alterations detected by single cell RNA/DNA-sequencing data in 5 gastric cancer cell lines. For density dependence, we have identified transcriptomic biomarkers of growth rate (r) and carrying capacity (K). These r/K biomarkers are used to parameterize logistic, power-law, and Gompertzian models to evaluate which best captures the observed growth. In the case of frequency dependent selection, we have deployed an inverse game theory algorithm which takes the subclonal frequencies and finds parameterizations for the replicator equation which can recapitulate the detected frequencies. The algorithm uses a penalized least squares method that takes the error in parameterization to be the difference between replicator equation output and detected subclonal frequencies. For density dependence, we tested 25 KEGG pathways as transcriptomic biomarkers of cell line growth parameters. Of these, ‘Pathways in cancer’ fit best for growth rate (R2 = 0.9965) and ‘p53 signaling pathway’ fit best for carrying capacity (R2 = 0.9701). In 4 out of 5 cells lines, all 3 growth models that were tested fit the data well (R2 ≥ 0.93), with logistic being the best fit or tied for best fit. In each cell line, an r/K tradeoff existed between at least 2 subclones, suggesting density conditions will indeed select for certain subclones. In the case of frequency dependence, we found the best fit parameterizations for the replicator equation indicate competition is less intense between different subclones than when a subclone competes with itself. This suggests a cell’s neighbor will have an effect on its growth. Taken together, these approaches reveal the dynamics of heterogeneous tumor growth, and make it possible to compare the relative influence of different types of evolutionarily selective pressures. For example, we can examine how the growth of a tumor would change with the elimination of one subclone. This greater understanding can contribute to a better design of evolution-based therapies that avoid, or at least delay, the evolution of resistance to treatment. Citation Format: Thomas Veith, Andrew Schultz, Saeed Alahmari, Noemi Andor. Models of neighbors and space: frequency and density dependent dynamics of tumor evolution [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Evolutionary Dynamics in Carcinogenesis and Response to Therapy; 2022 Mar 14-17. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A014.

Both case law and legal literature have recognized that all, and not just clearly statistical, evidence is probabilistic. Therefore, we have much to learn from the laws of probability with regard to the evaluation of evidence in a criminal trial. The present Article focuses on the confession. First, we review legal and psychological literature and show that the probability of a false confession and, consequently, a wrongful conviction, is far from insignificant. In light of this, we warn against the cognitive illusion, stemming from the fallacy of the transposed conditional, which is liable to mislead the trier of fact in evaluating the weight of a confession. This illusion in evaluating the weight of a confession occurs when the trier of fact believes that, if there is only a low probability that an innocent person would falsely confess, then there is also only a low probability of innocence in each and every case where a person does confess guilt. The surprising truth is that even if there is only little doubt regarding the credibility of confessions in general, in some cases, this raises considerable doubt regarding the certainty of a conviction. We demonstrate this through the case of George Allen, who was convicted in 1983 of the rape and murder of Mary Bell. This is an example of a case in which the fallacy reaches extreme proportions, since nothing connected the accused to the crime, apart from his confession. Following this, we turn to a Bayesian calculation of probability for evaluating the weight of a confession. First, we discuss the standard of proof required for a criminal conviction. We show that the optimistic expectation of the U.S. Supreme Court in Kansas v. Marsh regarding the rate of false convictions (0.027%) is inconsistent with Blackstone's famous approach, accepted by many judges, whereby it is better for ten criminals to be acquitted than for one innocent to be convicted (9.09% wrongful convictions). We then demonstrate the untenability of the optimistic estimate that it is possible to convict with a relatively low probability of guilt (approximately 91%) without paying a very heavy price in wrongful convictions. Considering this, we explain why we prefer the ratio proposed by Thomas Starkie, whereby it is better for a hundred criminals to be acquitted than for one innocent to be convicted. The probabilistic calculation that we perform based on this threshold of 1:100 dictates a new and surprising conclusion that calls for a significant reversal in how we view the confession: a confession should only be treated as corroboration of other solid evidence-if it exists-and not as key evidence for a conviction. Furthermore, even if we suffice with Blackstone's familiar threshold of 1:10, the strength of the other evidence against the suspect, apart from the confession, must still be at least a balance of probabilities (51%) in order to achieve proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, the burden required for a conviction. Given the real danger of convicting innocents, we call on law enforcement officials to refrain from interrogating a person, with the aim of extracting a confession, when there is no well-established suspicion against this person, and even when the law allows for such an interrogation. Moreover, we call on legislatures to amend the law so that such an interrogation would not be possible, and to set forth that a confession is insufficient to constitute the sole, or key, evidence for a conviction, but it can be used only as corroboration for other key evidence-if it exists.

Die Bedeutung der Bilder in der öffentlichen Kommunikation hat in den letzten Jahren stark zugenommen. Nicht umsonst spricht William Mitchell in seinem Buch «Picture Theory» (1994) von einem «pictorial turn», der sich an den «linguistic turn» anschliesse. Er konstatiert programmatisch: «we may find that the problem of the twenty-first century is the problem of the image». Betrachtet man den Bereich der erziehungs- und sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschung unter der Perspektive, welche Bedeutung hier visuellem Material zukommt, dann stellt man nüchtern fest, dass in den Bereichen der Datenerhebung wie auch der Datenauswertung in methodologischer wie auch in methodischer Hinsicht Defizite bestehen. Das gilt für qualitative wie auch für quantitative Forschungsmethoden gleichermassen. Die wesentlichen Fortschritte qualitativer Methoden in den letzten dreissig Jahren sind beispielsweise vor allem mit neuen Entwicklungen im Bereich der Interpretation von Texten (Interviews, Gruppendiskussion, ethnografische Verfahren) verbunden. Sie stehen im Zusammenhang mit dem «linguistic turn» in den Sozialwissenschaften (konversations- und narrationsanalytische Auswertungsverfahren) und gehen einher mit einer Marginalisierung der Interpretation visueller Dokumente. Bilder wurden wesentlich auch als Texte gesehen («Die Welt als Text»). Artikulation und kommunikative Verständigung vollziehen sich aber nicht nur im Medium der Sprache und des Textes, sondern auch in demjenigen des Bildes bzw. bewegter Bilder (Film). Die Methoden zum Sprach- und Textverstehen sind relativ gut ausgearbeitet, die Methoden zur Film- und Bildinterpretation sind es im Kontext sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung nicht. Natürlich gibt es ausgearbeitete Traditionen für die Bildinterpretation im Bereich der Kunstwissenschaft und für Filminterpretation im Bereich der Filmwissenschaft, aber hier liegen andere Fragestellungen zugrunde. Seit einigen Jahren hat eine stärkere Hinwendung zu visuellen Materialien stattgefunden. Inspiriert durch Modelle der Kunst- und Filmwissenschaft, der Medienwissenschaft und der Cultural Studies gibt es jetzt auch im deutschsprachigen Raum erste sozial-, erziehungs- und medientheoretische Versuche, visuelles Material in Forschungskontexten methodisch ernster zu nehmen. Ausdruck davon sind Publikationen wie das Handbuch «Foto- und Filmanalyse in der Erziehungswissenschaft» (Ehrenspeck/Schäffer 2003), die Tagungsdokumentation «Selbstausdruck mit Medien: Eigenproduktionen mit Medien als Gegenstand der Kindheits- und Jugendforschung» (Niesyto 2001) oder verschiedene Beiträge im Online-Magazin «MedienPädagogik» über «Methodologische Forschungsansätze» (Ausgabe 1/2001). Begonnen hatte dieser Prozess insbesondere in der Jugendforschung. So öffneten sich Teilbereiche der Jugendforschung auch für visuelle Methoden der Erhebung und Dokumentation. Zu erwähnen sind in diesem Zusammenhang u.a. Foto-Portraits im Rahmen der Shell-Jugendstudie von 1992, einzelne Projekte im Rahmen des DFG-Schwerpunktprogramms «Pädagogische Jugendforschung» (1980-1986) sowie Projekte der medienpädagogischen Praxisforschung auf der Basis von Eigenproduktionen mit Video (z.B. Projekt «VideoCulture – Video und interkulturelle Kommunikation»). Diese Eigenproduktionen können als Forschungsdaten genutzt werden; es lassen sich über sie auch weitere verbale Äusserungen anregen. Vor allem dann, wenn die sprachlichen Kompetenzen der Subjekte gering bzw. noch wenig ausgeprägt sind (Kinder, Migranten, Menschen aus benachteiligenden sozialen Milieus), ist es wichtig, non-verbale Äusserungsformen anzubieten (vgl. das aktuelle EU-Projekt «Chicam». In einer Zeit, in der Wahrnehmung und Welterleben von Kindern und Jugendlichen stark von Medienerfahrungen geprägt sind, eröffnet Forschung auf der Grundlage von Eigenproduktionen einen ergänzenden bzw. alternativen Zugang zu deren Lebenswelten. Die aktuelle Online-Ausgabe «Visuelle Methoden in der Forschung» knüpft an diesen Forschungsarbeiten und Diskussionen an und stellt mehrere Ansätze und Projektbeispiele für methodologische und methodische Reflexionen und Modelle zur Arbeit mit Visuellem und zur Interpretation solcher Materialien vor. Die Beiträge spiegeln unterschiedliche disziplinäre, thematische und methodische Zugänge zu visuellen Materialien wider und bieten zahlreiche Anregungen für Forscher/innen. Unabhängig von spezifischen Fragestellungen und Zugängen lassen sich drei Themenfelder benennen, die in unterschiedlicher Intensität und Breite in den Beiträgen deutlich werden: 1. Die Relevanz von medialen Dokumentationen und Eigenproduktionen als neuer Zugang zum Welterleben von Kindern und Jugendlichen DAVID GAUNTLETT (University of Bournemouth, UK) betont in seinem Beitrag «Using creative visual research methods to understand media audiences» vor allem die heuristische Dimension visueller Materialien und die Bedeutung künstlerisch-kreativer Ausdrucksformen, um einen Zugang zu Lebenswelten von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erhalten und diese zu verstehen. Er plädiert für ethnografische und explorative Vorgehensweisen, die sich auf diese Ausdrucksformen und ihre Entstehungsprozesse einlassen («avoiding linearity») und nach den «mental pictures» in der Weltaneignung junger Menschen fragen. GAUNTLETT referiert eine breite Palette von künstlerisch-kreativen Ausdrucksformen und intendiert mit seinem Ansatz auch ein besseres Zusammenwirken von Forschung und Praxis. HEINZ MOSER (Pädagogische Hochschule Zürich) rekurriert in seinem Artikel «Visuelle Forschung – Plädoyer für das Medium «Fotografie» u.a. auf GAUNTLETTS Argumentation, dass visuelle Erfahrungen heute immer wichtiger für den Alltag der Menschen werden: «Wenn man deshalb auf einer visuellen Ebene operiere, spiegelten diese visuellen beziehungsweise kreativen Methoden letztlich die visuelle Natur der heutigen Medien.» Moser entwickelt in seinem Beitrag systematisch die Möglichkeiten visueller Forschung und konzentriert sich dabei auf das Medium Fotografie in ethnografischen Kontexten. Im Mittelpunkt steht das Konzept der «photo elicitation», das unter verschiedensten Labels seit langem vor allem in der Visuellen Soziologie eingesetzt wird. Der methodische Reiz liegt insbesondere in den Möglichkeiten, «räumliche Elemente einer Bildsprache mit den verzeitlichten und chronologisch aufgebauten narrativen ‹Geschichten› derjenigen, die fotografiert haben, zu verknüpfen» (MOSER). Diese Möglichkeiten werden am Beispiel von Kinderzimmer-Fotografie und Fotoberichten aus einem Züricher Migrationsprojekt konkretisiert. 2. Die Reflexion methodischer Möglichkeiten, visuelle Ausdrucksformen und Aneignungsprozesse adäquat zu dokumentieren, zu beschreiben und zu analysieren GEORG PEEZ (Universität Duisburg-Essen) rückt im Beitrag «Im Foto ist alles gleichzeitig» die Frage ins Zentrum, wie sich die Simultaneität einer Fotografie und die Sequenzialität eines sprachlichen Textes aufeinander beziehen lassen. Er setzt sich mit verschiedenen Verfahren auseinander, die darauf abzielen, Bilder – insbesondere Fotografien – sequentiell zu erschliessen, um sie einer sprachlichen Interpretation zugänglich zu machen. Unter Bezug auf die Aufzeichnungsmöglichkeit visueller Abtastbewegungen, wie sie seit geraumer Zeit in der Neuropsychologie, der Medienwirkungs- und der Medienmarktforschung praktiziert werden, sieht PEEZ in Anlehnung an den Soziologen THOMAS LOER methodische Anschlussmöglichkeiten für eine objektiv hermeneutische Bildanalyse (sukzessive Erschliessung von Bildräumen, Ermittlung «ikonischer Pfade» im Bild). Auch ULRIKE STUTZ (Kunstpädagogin, Berlin) geht es in dem Beitrag über «Ästhetische Annäherungen an Bilder in der qualitativen empirischen Forschung» um das Wechselspiel von Wahrnehmung und begrifflicher Verarbeitung, insbesondere unter Einbeziehung von ästhetischem Handeln. Ausgehend von einer rezeptionsästhetischen Bildinterpretationsmethode und einem handlungsorientierten Bildauslegungsverfahren skizziert sie am Beispiel eines kunstpädagogischen Foto- und Videoprojekts ästhetische Analysewege (Perspektbildung, Perspektivenwechsel), die auf die Rekonstruktion von Wahrnehmungsprozessen und das Neuentdecken weiterer Deutungsmöglichkeiten abzielen. SIEGLINDE JORNITZ und STEFANIE KOLLMANN (Deutsches Institut für Internationale Pädagogische Forschung, Frankfurt/Main) stellen an Beispielen aus der pädagogischen Bilddatenbank «Pictura Paedagogica Online» (DFG-Projekt) Möglichkeiten der systematischen Erschliessung von Bildern unter thematischen Aspekten vor. «Ins Bild hinein und aus dem Bild heraus» – unter diesem Titel fassen die Autorinnen ihre Erfahrungen mit der begrifflichen Verschlagwortung von Bildern zusammen. Am Beispiel des Themenbereichs «Spiel» wird aufgezeigt, wie eine Bilddatenbank als Quelle für eine historisch-pädagogische Forschung genutzt werden kann. Die gewählten Beispiele verdeutlichen den Eigenwert von Bildern gegenüber dem Text, der über bloss illustrierende Funktionen hinausgeht: Visuelle Aneignungs- und Zugangsprozesse eröffnen – entgegen einer meist textlichen Eindeutigkeit – vielfältigere Deutungsmöglichkeiten von Situationen. STEFAN ISKE und CHRISTIAN SWERTZ (Universität Bielefeld/Universität Wien) beziehen sich in ihrem Beitrag über «Methodologische Fragen der Verwendung von Bild-, Ton- und Textdaten zur Navigationsanalyse» auf aktuelle Forschungen im Bereich E-Learning. Ihre Ausgangsthese ist, dass die Untersuchung der Aneignungsprozesse von Lernenden während des E-Learning in der Forschung bislang unberücksichtigt bleibt. In methodologischer Perspektive entwickeln die Autoren eine Datentriangulation, die auf der audiovisuellen und digitalen Dokumentation von Aneignungsprozessen in hypermedialen Lernumgebungen beruht und eine weitergehende Rekonstruktion der Aneignungsprozesse möglich macht, als dies durch die Beschränkung auf Text- oder Tonaufzeichnungen möglich ist. 3. Die konzeptionelle Entwicklung und forschungspraktische Erprobung von Video-Dokumentationen und computergestützten Video-Analysen SVEN KOMMER und RALF BIERMANN (Pädagogische Hochschule Freiburg) bieten in ihrem Beitrag «Video(technik) in der erziehungswissenschaftlichen Forschung» einen Überblick über den methodologisch-methodischen Entwicklungsstand und geben konkrete Einblicke in das Projekt «Medienbiografien mit Kompetenzgewinn», das aktuell im Rahmen des Kompetenzzentrums für Genderforschung und Bildungsfragen (PH Freiburg) durchgeführt wird. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass die ausschliessliche Nutzung von verbalen Selbstexplikationen in qualitativen Interviews nicht ausreicht, um die medialen Handlungspraxen der Befragten adäquat zu erfassen, stellen die Autoren ein Triangulations-Konzept vor, das wesentlich auf der videogestützten Beobachtung von Computerkursen beruht. Über rein methodologische Erörterungen hinausgehend werden die einzelnen Schritte der Datenerhebung sowie die Aufgaben bei der quantitativen Kodierung des aufgenommenen Videomaterials sehr konkret auf dem Hintergrund der Projekterfahrungen beschrieben. Die detaillierte Darstellung der Möglichkeiten der computergestützten Filmanalyse-Programme «Catmovie und Videograph», die für die Auswertung umfangreichen Materials geeignet sind (u.a. SPSS-Files), vermittelt eine Reihe forschungspraktischer Erfahrungswerte, die für die Planung eigener Vorhaben dienlich sein können. In einem Fazit-Kapitel halten KOMMER und BIERMANN im Hinblick auf die analysierten Befunde fest, dass sich erst über die Integration der Videodaten Erkenntnisse ergaben, die bei den Interviews von den Befragten nicht expliziert wurden und auch in einer vertiefenden Interpretation dieser Interviews nur bedingt herausgearbeitet werden konnten. PHILIPP MAYRING (Universität Klagenfurt), MICHAELA GLÄSER-ZIKUDA und SASCHA ZIEGELBAUER (Pädagogische Hochschule Ludwigsburg) stellen in ihrem Beitrag «Auswertung von Videoaufnahmen mit Hilfe der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse» ein Projektbeispiel aus der Unterrichtsforschung vor, das den Einfluss emotionaler Faktoren auf schulische Lernprozesse untersucht. Um die emotionale Befindlichkeit analysieren zu können, wurden Emotionen wie Langeweile, Freude oder Angst von SchülerInnen nicht nur nicht nur mit Hilfe von Befragungen erfasst, sondern darüber hinaus Videomitschnitte von Unterrichtsstunden angefertigt. Der Beitrag skizziert zunächst verschiedene Methoden und Instrumente zur videobasierten Unterrichtsbeobachtung, um dann am Beispiel der qualitativen Video-Inhaltsanalyse von Schüleremotionen detailliert das methodische Vorgehen unter Einbeziehen des Programms Videograph darzustellen. In der Diskussion ihrer methodischen Erfahrungen heben die AutorInnen hervor, dass die Logik der «Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse» (MAYRING) auch für Beobachtungsstudien gut anwendbar sei: Qualitative Video-Inhaltsanalyse versuche theoriegeleitet Kategorien zu definieren, genaue Zuordnungsregeln und Analyseablaufmodelle festzulegen und diese mit der Beobachterübereinstimmung zu überprüfen. Erst in der Zusammenschau von verbal und audio-visuell erhobenen Daten ergebe sich ein schlüssiges Bild der emotionalen Befindlichkeit der untersuchten Person. LARS GERHOLD und STEFAN BORNEMANN (Universität Kassel) stellen in ihrem Beitrag über «Qualitative Analyse audiovisueller Informationen mit ATLAS.ti» dar, weshalb das Videoanalyse-Programm ATLAS.ti aus ihrer Sicht besonders geeignet ist, um filmisches Material interpretativ zu erschliessen. Hervorgehoben werden – unter Verweis auf die konzeptionelle Anbindungsmöglichkeit an den Analyseansatz der Grounded Theory nach GLASER/STRAUSS – vor allem die einzelnen Komponenten der hermeneutischen Einheit (Primärdokumente, Kodes, Zitate und Memos). Die enge Verbundenheit von Analyse, Thesen- und Theorieentwicklung sei inhärenter Bestandteil sowohl der Grounded Theory als auch im strukturgebenden Umgang mit der Software ATLAS.ti. An einem Fallbeispiel aus der Nachrichtensendung «Wochenspiegel» stellen die Autoren die einzelnen Schritte des Kodierprozesses sowie die Entwicklung von Netzwerken vor. Abschliessend werden Vor- und Nachteile diskutiert und ein Ausblick auf mögliche Einsatzfelder der Filmanalyse mit ATLAS.ti gegeben. Neben den genannten Beiträgen erreichten uns weitere Artikel, die zwar auf Visualität eingingen, jedoch aus unterschiedlichen Gründen nicht zu den Intentionen des «Call for Papers» passten. Insgesamt zeigte sich ein starkes Interesse am Thema «Visuelle Methoden in der Forschung». Erfreulich ist die zunehmende Öffnung für interdisziplinär angelegte Diskurse und Projekte. Visuelle Methoden werden in den letzten Jahren in wachsendem Umfang in unterschiedlichen Forschungskontexten angewendet. Auch wenn die methodologische Diskussion und der Austausch über forschungspraktische Erfahrungen beim Einsatz visueller Methoden – gerade im Bereich computergestützter Dokumentations- und Analyseverfahren – erst begonnen haben, so zeigen doch verschiedene Beiträge in dieser Ausgabe des Online-Magazins: die Erhebung und die Zusammenschau von verbalen und nicht-verbalen Daten ist notwendig, um umfassendere Zugänge zum Welterleben von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu bekommen. Literatur Ehrenspeck, Yvonne / Schäffer, Burkhard (Hrsg.): Foto- und Filmanalyse in der Erziehungswissenschaft. Opladen 2003. Mitchell, William: Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation. University of Chicago Press 1994. Niesyto, Horst (Hrsg.): Selbstausdruck mit Medien: Eigenproduktionen mit Medien als Gegenstand der Kindheits- und Jugendforschung. München 2001.

<p><strong>List of Abstract Titles and authors:<br /></strong></p><p><strong>1. Psychosis: A matter of mental effort?</strong></p><p>M Borg, Y Y van der Zee, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>2.In search of an affordable, effective post-discharge intervention: A randomised control trial assessing the influence of a telephone-based intervention on readmissions for patients with severe mental illness in a developing country</strong></p><p><strong></strong>U A Botha, L Koen, M Mazinu, E Jordaan, D J H Niehaus</p><p><strong>3. The effect of early abstinence from long-term methamphetamine use on brain metabolism using 1H-magnetic resonance spectro-scopy (1H-MRS)</strong></p><p>A Burger, S Brooks, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>4. The effect of <em>in utero exposure </em>to methamphetamine on brain metabolism in childhood using 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS)</strong></p><p>A Burger, A Roos, M Kwiatkowski, D J Stein, K A Donald, F M Howells</p><p><strong>5. A prospective study of clinical, biological and functional aspects of outcome in first-episode psychosis: The EONKCS Study</strong></p><p><strong></strong>B Chiliza, L Asmal, R Emsley</p><p><strong>6. Stimulants as cognitive enhancers - perceptions v. evidence in a very real world</strong></p><p><strong></strong>H M Clark</p><p><strong>7. Pharmacogenomics in antipsychotic drugs</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Ilse du Plessis</p><p><strong>8. Serotonin in anxiety disorders and beyond</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Ilse du Plessis</p><p><strong>9. HIV infection results in ventral-striatal reward system hypo-activation during cue processing</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S du Plessis, M Vink, J A Joska, E Koutsilieri, A Bagadia, D J Stein, R Emsley</p><p><strong>10. Disease progression in schizophrenia: Is the illness or the treatment to blame?</strong></p><p>R Emsley, M J Sian</p><p><strong>11. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p> S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat</p><p><strong>12. Iron deficiency in two children diagnosed with multiple sclerosis: Report on whole exom sequencing</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Janse van Rensburg, R van Toorn, J F Schoeman, A Peeters, L R Fisher, K Moremi, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>13. Benzodiazepines: Practical pharmacokinetics</strong></p><p><strong></strong>P Joubert</p><p><strong>14. What to consider when prescribing psychotropic medications</strong></p><p><strong></strong>G Lippi</p><p><strong>15. Current prescribing practices for obsessive-compulsive disorder in South Africa: Controversies and consensus</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Lochner, L Taljaard, D J Stein</p><p><strong>16. Correlates of emotional and behavioural problems in children with preinatally acquired HIV in Cape Town, South Africa</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K-A Louw, N Phillips, JIpser, J Hoare</p><p><strong>17. The role of non-coding RNAs in fear extinction</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Malan-Muller, L Fairbairn, W M U Daniels, M J S Dashti, E J Oakleley, M Altorfer, J Harvey, S Seedat, J Gamieldien, S M J Hemmings</p><p><strong>18. An analysis of the management og HIV-mental illness comorbidity at the psychiatric unit of the Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital</strong></p><p><strong></strong>M L Maodi, S T Rataemane, T Kyaw</p><p><strong>19. The identification of novel genes in anxiety disorders: A gene X environment correlation and interaction study</strong></p><p><strong></strong>N W McGregor, J Dimatelis, S M J Hemmings, C J Kinnear, D J Stein, V Russel, C Lochner</p><p><strong>20. Collaborations between conventional medicine and traditional healers: Obstacles and possibilities</strong></p><p><strong></strong>G Nortje, S Seedat, O Gureje</p><p><strong>21. Thought disorder and form perception: Relationships with symptoms and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia</strong></p><p>M R Olivier, R Emsley</p><p><strong>22. Investigating the functional significance of genome-wide variants associated with antipsychotic treatment response</strong></p><p><strong></strong>E Ovenden, B Drogemoller, L van der Merwe, R Emsley, L Warnich</p><p><strong>23. The moral and bioethical determinants of "futility" in psychiatry</strong></p><p><strong></strong>W P Pienaar</p><p><strong>24. Single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and volumetry of the amylgdala in social anxiety disorder in the context of early developmental trauma</strong></p><p>D Rosenstein, A T Hess, J Zwart, F Ahmed-Leitao, E Meintjies, S Seedat</p><p><strong>25. Schizoaffective disorder in an acute psychiatric unit: Profile of users and agreement with Operational Criteria (OPCRIT)</strong></p><p><strong></strong>R R Singh, U Subramaney</p><p><strong>26. The right to privacy and confidentiality: The ethics of expert diagnosis in the public media and the Oscar Pistorius trial</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Smith</p><p><strong>27. A birth cohort study in South Africa: A psychiatric perspective</strong></p><p>D J Stein</p><p><strong>28. 'Womb Raiders': Women referred for observation in terms of the Criminal Procedures Act (CPA) charged with fetal abduction and murder</strong></p><p><strong></strong>U Subramaney</p><p><strong>29. Psycho-pharmacology of sleep wake disorders: An update</strong></p><p>R Sykes</p><p><strong>30. Refugee post-settlement in South Africa: Role of adjustment challenges and family in mental health outcomes</strong></p><p><strong></strong>L Thela, A Tomita, V Maharaj, M Mhlongo, K Jonathan</p><p><strong>31. Dstinguishing ADHD symptoms in psychotic disorders: A new insight in the adult ADHD questionnaire</strong></p><p>Y van der Zee, M Borg, J H Hsieh, H Temmingh, D J Stein, F M Howells</p><p><strong>32. Oscar Pistorius ethical dilemmas in a trial by media: Does this include psychiatric evaluation by media?</strong></p><p>M Vorster</p><p><strong>33. Genetic investigation of apetite aggression in South African former young offenders: The involvement of serotonin transporter gene</strong></p><p>K Xulu, J Somer, M Hinsberger, R Weierstall, T Elbert, S Seedat, S Hemmings</p><p><strong>34. Effects of HIV and childhood trauma on brain morphemtry and neurocognitive function</strong></p><p>G Spies, F Ahmed-Leitao, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat</p><p><strong>35. Measuring intentional behaviour normative data of a newly developed motor task battery</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Bakelaar, J Blampain, S Seedat, J van Hoof, Y Delevoye-Turrel</p><p><strong>36. Resilience in social anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder in the context of childhood trauma</strong></p><p>M Bship, S Bakelaar, D Rosenstein, S Seedat</p><p><strong>37. The ethical dilemma of seclusion practices in psychiatry</strong></p><p>G Chiba, U Subramaney</p><p><strong>38. Physical activity and neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia</strong></p><p>O Esan, C Osunbote, I Oladele, S Fakunle, C Ehindero</p><p><strong>39. A retrospective study of completed suicides in the Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Area from 2008 to 2013 - preliminary results</strong></p><p><strong></strong>C Grobler, J Strumpher, R Jacobs</p><p><strong>40. Serotonin transporter variants play a role in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S M J Hemmings, L I Martin, L van der Merwe, R Benecke, K Domschke, S Seedat</p><p><strong>41. Investigation of variants within antipsychotic candidate pharmacogenes associated with treatment outcome</strong></p><p>F Higgins, B Drogmoller, G Wright, L van der Merwe, N McGregor, B Chiliza, L Asmal, L Koen, D Niehaus, R Emsley, L Warnich</p><p><strong>42. Effects of diet, smoking and alcohol consumption on disability (EDSS) in people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis</strong></p><p>S Janse van Rensburg, W Davis, D Geiger, F J Cronje, L Whati, M Kidd, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>43. The clinical utility of neuroimaging in an acute adolescnet psychiatric inpatient population</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Z Khan, A Lachman, J Harvey</p><p><strong>44. Relationships between childhood trauma (CT) and premorbid adjustment (PA) in a highly traumatised sample of patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES</strong>)</p><p>S Kilian, J Burns, S Seedat, L Asmal, B Chiliza, S du Plessis, R Olivier, R Emsley</p><p><strong>45. Functional and cognitive outcomes using an mTOR inhibitor in an adolescent with TSC</strong></p><p>A Lachman, C van der Merwe, P Boyes, P de Vries</p><p><strong>46. Perceptions about adolescent body image and eating behaviour</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K Laxton, A B R Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>47. Clinical relevance of FTO rs9939609 as a determinant of cardio-metabolic risk in South African patients with major depressive disorder</strong></p><p>H K Luckhoff, M J Kotze</p><p><strong>48. Childhood abuse and neglect as predictors of deficits in verbal auditory memory in non-clinical adolescents with low anxiety proneness</strong></p><p>L Martin, K Martin, S Seedat</p><p><strong>49. The changes of pro-inflammatory cytokines in a prenatally stressed febrile seizure animal model and whether <em>Rhus chirindensis</em> may attenuate these changes</strong></p><p><strong></strong>A Mohamed, M V Mabandla, L Qulu</p><p><strong>50. Influence of TMPRSS6 A736v and HFE C282y on serum iron parameters and age of onset in patients with multiple sclerosis</strong></p><p><strong></strong>K E Moremi, M J Kotze, H K Luckhoff, L R Fisher, M Kidd, R van Toorn, S Janse van Rensburg</p><p><strong>51. Polypharmacy in pregnant women with serious mental illness</strong></p><p>E Thomas, E du Toit, L Koen, D Niehaus</p><p><strong>52. Infant attachment and maternal depression as predictors of neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at follow-up</strong></p><p>J Nothling, B Laughton, S Seedat</p><p><strong>53. Differences in abuse, neglect and exposure to community violence in adolescents with and without PTSD</strong></p><p><strong></strong>J Nothling, S Suliman, L Martin, C Simmons, S Seedat</p><p><strong>54. Assessment of oxidative stress markers in children with autistic spectrum disorders in Lagos, Nigeria</strong></p><p><strong></strong>Y Oshodi, O Ojewunmi, T A Oshodi, T Ijarogbe, O F Aina, J Okpuzor, O C F E A Lesi</p><p><strong>55. Change in diagnosis and management of 'gender identity disorder' in pre-adolescent children</strong></p><p>S Pickstone-Taylor</p><p><strong>56. Brain network connectivity in women exposed to intimate partner violence</strong></p><p>A Roos, J-P Fouche, B Vythilingum, D J Stein</p><p><strong>57. Prolonged exposure treatment for PTSD in a Third-World, task-shifting, community-based environment</strong></p><p>J Rossouw, E Yadin, I Mbanga, T Jacobs, W Rossouw, D Alexander, S Seedat</p><p><strong>58. Contrasting effects of early0life stress on mitochondrial energy-related proteins in striatum and hippocampus of a rat model of attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder</strong></p><p><strong></strong>V Russell, J Dimatelis, J Womersley, T-L Sterley</p><p><strong>59. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A South African perspective</strong></p><p>R Schoeman, M de Klerk, M Kidd</p><p><strong>60. Cognitive function in women with HIV infection and early-life stress</strong></p><p>G Spies, C Fennema-Notestine, M Cherner, S Seedat</p><p><strong>61. Changes in functional connectivity networks in bipolar disorder patients after mindfulness-based cognitic therapy</strong></p><p>J A Starke, C F Beckmann, N Horn</p><p><strong>62. Post-traumatic stress disorder, overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis</strong></p><p><strong></strong>S Suliman, L Anthonissen, J Carr, S du Plessis, R Emsley, S M J Hemmings, C Lochner, N McGregor L van den Heuvel, S Seedat</p><p><strong>63. The brain and behaviour in a third-trimester equivalent animal model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders</strong></p><p>P C Swart, C B Currin, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell</p><p><strong>64. Irritability Assessment Model (IAM) to monitor irritability in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders.</strong></p><p>D van der Westhuizen</p><p><strong>65. Outcome of parent-adolescent training in chilhood victimisation: Adaptive functioning, psychosocial and physiological variables</strong></p><p>D van der Westhuizen</p><p><strong>66. The effect of ketamine in the Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague Dawley rat models of depression</strong></p><p>P J van Zyl, J J Dimatelis, V A Russell</p><p><strong>67. Investigating COMT variants in anxiety sensitivity in South African adolescents</strong></p><p>L J Zass, L Martin, S Seedat, S M J Hemmings</p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p>

ZusammenfassungIm Jahr 2003 legten Thomas Olk, Hans-Uwe Olk und Holger Backhaus-Maul eine starke Positionierung der Sozialen Arbeit als personenbezogene Dienstleistungsarbeit vor. Diese Standortbestimmung Sozialer Arbeit zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts enthält sowohl einen Rückblick auf die Entwicklung Sozialer Arbeit seit den 1970er Jahren als auch einen engagierten sozialpolitischen Aufruf für die damaligen Gegenwart, der auch heute noch wegweisend sein kann.

Prof. Thomas Cottier und Rachel Liechti lic. iur. behandeln im ersten Teil dieser Ausgabe das Verhältnis der Schweiz zur Europäischen Union. Dieses ist geprägt durch eine starke wirtschaftliche Integration, die sich rechtlich in Formen und Verfahren einer weitgehenden differenziellen Integration im Drittstaatenverhältnis manifestiert. Sie hat pragmatisch und in Schritten zur Schaffung von Rahmenbedingungen geführt, die Rücksicht auf die direktdemokratische Tradition und Verfahren der Schweiz und die wirtschaftliche Notwendigkeit nehmen.Der zweite Beitrag wurde von Prof. Thomas Cottier zusammen mit Alexandra Dengg verfasst. Er liefert zunächst eine Definition des Freihandels sowie einen geschichtlichen Überblick. Dann beschäftigt er sich mit dem Beitrag der WTO sowie der europäischen Integration. Schliesslich geht er auch auf den Beitrag der Schweiz sowie auf einen möglichen Beitritt der Schweiz in die Europäische Union ein.

Allgemeines Das ist Militärgeschichte! Probleme - Projekte - Perspektiven. Hrsg. mit Unterstützung des MGFA von Christian Th. Müller und Matthias Rogg Dieter Langewiesche Lohn der Gewalt. Beutepraktiken von der Antike bis zur Neuzeit. Hrsg. von Horst Carl und Hans-Jürgen Bömelburg Birte Kundrus Piraterie von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Hrsg. von Volker Grieb und Sabine Todt. Unter Mitarb. von Sünje Prühlen Martin Rink Robert C. Doyle, The Enemy in Our Hands. America's Treatment of Enemy Prisoners of War from the Revolution to the War on Terror Rüdiger Overmans Maritime Wirtschaft in Deutschland. Schifffahrt - Werften - Handel - Seemacht im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Jürgen Elvert, Sigurd Hess und Heinrich Walle Dieter Hartwig Guntram Schulze-Wegener, Das Eiserne Kreuz in der deutschen Geschichte Harald Potempa Michael Peters, Geschichte Frankens. Von der Zeit Napoleons bis zur Gegenwart Helmut R. Hammerich Johannes Leicht, Heinrich Claß 1868-1953. Die politische Biographie eines Alldeutschen Michael Epkenhans Altertum und Mittelalter Anne Curry, Der Hundertjährige Krieg (1337-1453) Martin Clauss Das Elbinger Kriegsbuch (1383-1409). Rechnungen für städtische Aufgebote. Bearb. von Dieter Heckmann unter Mitarb. von Krzysztof Kwiatkowski Hiram Kümper Sascha Möbius, Das Gedächtnis der Reichsstadt. Unruhen und Kriege in der lübeckischen Chronistik und Erinnerungskultur des späten Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit Hiram Kümper Frühe Neuzeit Mark Hengerer, Kaiser Ferdinand III. (1608-1657). Eine Biographie Steffen Leins Christian Kunath, Kursachsen im Dreißigjährigen Krieg Marcus von Salisch Robert Winter, Friedrich August Graf von Rutowski. Ein Sohn Augusts des Starken geht seinen Weg Alexander Querengässer Die Schlacht bei Minden. Weltpolitik und Lokalgeschichte. Hrsg. von Martin Steffen Daniel Hohrath 1789-1870 Riccardo Papi, Eugène und Adam - Der Prinz und sein Maler. Der Leuchtenberg-Zyklus und die Napoleonischen Feldzüge 1809 und 1812 Alexander Querengässer Eckart Kleßmann, Die Verlorenen. Die Soldaten in Napoleons Rußlandfeldzug Daniel Furrer, Soldatenleben. Napoleons Russlandfeldzug 1812 Heinz Stübig Hans-Dieter Otto, Für Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit. Die deutschen Befreiungskriege gegen Napoleon 1806-1815 Heinz Stübig 1871-1918 Des Kaisers Knechte. Erinnerungen an die Rekrutenzeit im k.(u.)k. Heer 1868 bis 1914. Hrsg., bearb. und erl. von Christa Hämmerle Tamara Scheer Kaiser Friedrich III. Tagebücher 1866-1888. Hrsg. und bearb. von Winfried Baumgart Michael Epkenhans Tanja Bührer, Die Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Ostafrika. Koloniale Sicherheitspolitik und transkulturelle Kriegführung 1885 bis 1918 Thomas Morlang Krisenwahrnehmungen in Deutschland um 1900. Zeitschriften als Foren der Umbruchszeit im wilhelminischen Reich = Perceptions de la crise en Allemagne au début du XXe siècle. Les périodiques et la mutation de la société allemande à l'époque wilhelmienne. Hrsg. von/ed. par Michel Grunewald und/et Uwe Puschner Bruno Thoß Peter Winzen, Im Schatten Wilhelms II. Bülows und Eulenburgs Poker um die Macht im Kaiserreich Michael Epkenhans Alexander Will, Kein Griff nach der Weltmacht. Geheime Dienste und Propaganda im deutsch-österreichisch-türkischen Bündnis 1914-1918 Rolf Steininger Maria Hermes, Krankheit: Krieg. Psychiatrische Deutungen des Ersten Weltkrieges Thomas Beddies Ross J. Wilson, Landscapes of the Western Front. Materiality during the Great War Bernd Jürgen Wendt Jonathan Boff, Winning and Losing on the Western Front. The British Third Army and the Defeat of Germany in 1918 Christian Stachelbeck Glenn E. Torrey, The Romanian Battlefront in World War I Gundula Gahlen Uwe Schulte-Varendorff, Krieg in Kamerun. Die deutsche Kolonie im Ersten Weltkrieg Thomas Morlang 1919-1945 »Und sie werden nicht mehr frei sein ihr ganzes Leben«. Funktion und Stellenwert der NSDAP, ihrer Gliederungen und angeschlossenen Verbände im »Dritten Reich«. Hrsg. von Stephanie Becker und Christoph Studt Armin Nolzen Robert Gerwarth, Reinhard Heydrich. Biographie Martin Moll Christian Adam, Lesen unter Hitler. Autoren, Bestseller, Leser im Dritten Reich Gabriele Bosch Alexander Vatlin, »Was für ein Teufelspack«. Die Deutsche Operation des NKWD in Moskau und im Moskauer Gebiet 1936 bis 1941 Helmut Müller-Enbergs Rolf-Dieter Müller, Hitlers Wehrmacht 1935 bis 1945 Armin Nolzen Felix Römer, Kameraden. Die Wehrmacht von innen Martin Moll Johann Christoph Allmayer-Beck, »Herr Oberleitnant, det lohnt doch nicht!« Kriegserinnerungen an die Jahre 1938 bis 1945 Othmar Hackl Stuart D. Goldman, Nomonhan, 1939. The Red Army's Victory that shaped World War II Gerhard Krebs Francis M. Carroll, Athenia torpedoed. The U-boat attack that ignited the Battle of the Atlantic Axel Niestlé Robin Higham, Unflinching zeal. The air battles over France and Britain, May-October 1940 Michael Peters Anna Reid, Blokada. Die Belagerung von Leningrad 1941-1944 Birgit Beck-Heppner Jack Radey and Charles Sharp, The Defense of Moscow. The Northern Flank Detlef Vogel Jochen Hellbeck, Die Stalingrad-Protokolle. Sowjetische Augenzeugen berichten aus der Schlacht Christian Streit Robert M. Citino, The Wehrmacht retreats. Fighting a lost war, 1943 Martin Moll Carlo Gentile, Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS im Partisanenkrieg: Italien 1943-1945 Kerstin von Lingen Tim Saunders, Commandos & Rangers. D-Day Operations Detlef Vogel Frederik Müllers, Elite des »Führers«? Mentalitäten im subalternen Führungspersonal von Waffen-SS und Fallschirmjägertruppe 1944/45 Sebastian Groß, Gefangen im Krieg. Frontsoldaten der Wehrmacht und ihre Weltsicht John Zimmermann Tobias Seidl, Führerpersönlichkeiten. Deutungen und Interpretationen deutscher Wehrmachtgeneräle in britischer Kriegsgefangenschaft Alaric Searle Nach 1945 Wolfgang Benz, Deutschland unter alliierter Besatzung 1945-1949. Michael F. Scholz, Die DDR 1949-1990 Denis Strohmeier Bastiaan Robert von Benda-Beckmann, A German Catastrophe? German historians and the Allied bombings, 1945-2010 Horst Boog Hans Günter Hockerts, Der deutsche Sozialstaat. Entfaltung und Gefährdung seit 1945 Ursula Hüllbüsch Korea - ein vergessener Krieg? Der militärische Konflikt auf der koreanischen Halbinsel 1950-1953 im internationalen Kontext. Hrsg. von Bernd Bonwetsch und Matthias Uhl Gerhard Krebs Andreas Eichmüller, Keine Generalamnestie. Die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von NS-Verbrechen in der frühen Bundesrepublik Clemens Vollnhals Horst-Eberhard Friedrichs, Bremerhaven und die Amerikaner. Stationierung der U.S. Army 1945-1993 - eine Bilddokumentation Heiner Bröckermann Russlandheimkehrer. Die sowjetische Kriegsgefangenschaft im Gedächtnis der Deutschen. Hrsg. von Elke Scherstjanoi Georg Wurzer Klaus Naumann, Generale in der Demokratie. Generationsgeschichtliche Studien zur Bundeswehrelite Rudolf J. Schlaffer John Zimmermann, Ulrich de Maizière. General der Bonner Republik 1912 bis 2006 Klaus Naumann Nils Aschenbeck, Agent wider Willen. Frank Lynder, Axel Springer und die Eichmann-Akten Rolf Steininger »Entrüstet Euch!«. Nuklearkrise, NATO-Doppelbeschluss und Friedensbewegung. Hrsg. von Christoph Becker-Schaum [u.a.] Winfried Heinemann Volker Koop, Besetzt. Sowjetische Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland Silke Satjukow, Besatzer. »Die Russen« in Deutschland 1945-1994 Heiner Bröckermann Marco Metzler, Nationale Volksarmee. Militärpolitik und politisches Militär in sozialistischer Verteidigungskoalition 1955/56 bis 1989/90 Klaus Storkmann Rüdiger Wenzke, Ab nach Schwedt! Die Geschichte des DDR-Militärstrafvollzugs Silke Satjukow Militärs der DDR im Auslandsstudium. Erlebnisberichte, Fakten und Dokumente. Hrsg. von Bernd Biedermann und Hans-Georg Löffler Rüdiger Wenzke Marianna Dudley, An Environmental History of the UK Defence Estate, 1945 to the Present Michael Peters

Zu den Problemen, deren rechtliche Regelung im aktuellen CIC ernste Bedenken hervorrufen, gehört zweifelsohne der c. 868 § 2, in dem festgelegt wird: „In Todesgfahr wird ein Kind katholischer, ja sogar auch nichtkatholischer Eltern auch gegen den Willen der Eltern erlaubt getauft.” Die Lebengefahr stellt im kanonischen Recht eine besondere Situation dar und ist immer die bedeutendste Ursache für die Dispens vom rein kirchlichen Gesetz. Es ist jedoch fraglich, ob sie eine ratio ultima jeder Sakramentenspendung oder jeglichen kirchlichen Gesetzes sein darf. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Geschichte des zitierten Kanons (I) und dessen legislativ-redaktionelle Entwicklung (II) dargestellt. Abschließend wird der Versuch einer kritischen Auslegung unternommen (III). I. Dem heutigen Kanon entsprach im CIC 1917 der c. 750 § 1, der sich übrigens nur auf die Erlaubtheit der Taufe in Todesgefahr der Kinder nichtchristlicher Eltern bezogen hat. In Quellen zu diesem Gesetz werden die Aussagen des Papstes Benedikt XIV., der Kongregationen des Hl. Offiziums und der Propaganda Fidei angegeben. Es zeigt sich jedoch, daß sich schon u. a. die IV. Synode von Toledo, Gratian und der hl. Thomas von Aquin mit diesem Problem auseinandergesetzt haben. Grunsätzlich war die Kindertaufe gegen den Willen der Eltern verboten, ausgenommen bei Todesgefahr. Dieses Problem wurde im 16. Jahrhundert wieder aktuell aufgrund der wachsenden Missionstätigkeit der Kirche. Es wurden konkrete Fragen an den Apostolischen Stuhl gerichtet, und somit kam es allmählich zur allgemeinrechtlichen Regelung dieses Problems. Papst Benedikt XIV. beschäftigt sich mit ihm in seinen Schreiben Postremo mense (28. Feb. 1747) und Probe (15. Dez. 1751). Er verbietet grunstäzlich die Kindertaufe gegen den elterlichen Willen, ausgenommen bei Todesgefahr, läßt jedoch eine erweiterte Auslegung der paternitas aufgrund des favor fidei zu. Dieselbe Stellung haben auch die beiden erwähnten Kongregationen eingenommen. So kam es zu der inhaltlichen Formulierung des c. 750 § 1, der auf damaligen ekklesiologischen und kanonistischen Voraussetzungen basierte und in den Kommentaren zum CIC 1917 fast einheitlich ausgelegt wurde. II. Das Zweite Vatikanische Konzil hat gute doktrinäre Voraussetzungen für die Änderung dieses Kanons geschaffen. Die erste Redaktionsphase zeigte, daß eine neue Regelung zu treffen sei dahingehend, dann die Kindertaufe sogar in Todesgefahr unerlaubt ist, wenn beide Eltern ausdrücklich dagegen sind (vgl. can. 16 - Schema I zum Sakramentenrecht 1975). Leider kehrte man im Schema II von 1980 (can. 822 §2) ohne eine Begründung anzugeben zur alten Normierung zurück, lediglich unter der Klausel „nisi exinde periculum exsurgat odii in religionem”. Im Schema novissimum von 1982 wurde sogar diese Klausel gestrichen. III. In den ersten Stelungnahmen zum CIC 1983 erfuhr dieser Kanon starke Kritik. Es soll jedoch zugegeben werden, daß H. Schmitz schon 1972 eine Kindertaufe gegen den Willen der Eltern ausdrücklich kritisch beurteilte. Die negative Bewertung dieses kirchlichen Gesetzes kann man folgendermassen begründen: 1. Es stimmt nicht mit der Lehre des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils überein, um nicht zu sagen, es widerspricht ihr. Das Konzil hat die Eltern als die ersten und bevorzugten Erzieher ihrer Kinder anerkannt und festgestellt, daß sie zuerst und unveräßerlich die Pflicht und das Recht zu deren Erziehung haben (GE 3 und 6). Dieser Kanon schränkt im formellen und faktischen Sinn auch die Religionsfreiheit ein (DH 10). Nach dem II. Vatikanum kann man außerdem die Kindertaufe in Todesgefahr nicht mehr mit der Heilsnotwendigkeit begründen. 2. C. 868 § 2 steht auch nicht in logischer und inhaltlicher Beziehung zu anderen Kanones des CIC 1983. Es genügt, sich beispielsweise auf cc. 226 § 2 und 1136 zu berufen. Zudem widerspricht er dem c. 748 § 2. 3. Trotz dieser kritischen Bewertung ist dieser Kanon ein geltendes kirchliches Gesetz. Deswegen muß man bei seiner positiven Auslegung zuerst den Kanonisten Recht geben, die auf eine behutsame und vernünftige Anwendung dieser Norm hinweisen. Sie darf keinesfalls als Mittel zur Evangelisierung oder Zwangskatholisierung dienen. Man muß auch unterscheiden, ob die Taufe eines sich in Todesgefahr befindlichen Kindes ohne ausdrückliche Bitte der Eltern geschieht oder gegen ihren ausdrücklichen Willen. Im ersten Fall könnte man sie noch als erlaubt betrachten, im zweiten dagegen sollte man dem Willen der Eltern entsprechen. Am Ende seines Artikels stellt der Verfasser fest, welche theologischen und praktischen Schwierigkeiten ein „rechtlich zulässiges Handeln” bereiten kann. Man darf jedoch, seiner Meinung nach, davon ausgehen, daß es den Spendern der Taufe bei eventueller Anwendung dieser recht problematischen Norm an seelsorglicher Vernunft und Weisheit wie auch an gut verstandener Liebe zur Kirche und an der Schätzung des elterlichen Willens nicht fehlen wird.

Bihrer, Andreas / Miriam Czock / Uta Kleine (Hrsg.), Der Wert des Heiligen. Spirituelle, materielle und ökonomische Verflechtungen (Beiträge zur Hagiographie, 23), Stuttgart 2020, Steiner, 234 S. / Abb., € 46,00. (Carola Jäggi, Zürich) Leinsle, Ulrich G., Die Prämonstratenser (Urban Taschenbücher; Geschichte der christlichen Orden), Stuttgart 2020, Kohlhammer, 250 S. / Abb., € 29,00. (Joachim Werz, Frankfurt a. M.) Gadebusch Bondio, Mariacarla / Beate Kellner / Ulrich Pfisterer (Hrsg.), Macht der Natur – gemachte Natur. Realitäten und Fiktionen des Herrscherkörpers zwischen Mittelalter und Früher Neuzeit (Micrologus Library, 92), Florenz 2019, Sismel, VI u. 345 S. / Abb., € 82,00. (Nadine Amsler, Berlin) Classen, Albrecht (Hrsg.), Pleasure and Leisure in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Age. Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Toys, Games, and Entertainment (Fundamentals of Medieval and Early Modern Culture, 23), Berlin / Boston 2019, de Gruyter, XIII u. 751 S. / Abb., € 147,95. 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(Christoph Mauntel, Tübingen) Dokumente zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches und seiner Verfassung 1360, bearb. v. Ulrike Hohensee / Mathias Lawo / Michael Lindner / Olaf B. Rader (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 13.1), Wiesbaden 2016, Harrassowitz, L u. 414 S., € 120,00. (Martin Bauch, Leipzig) Dokumente zur Geschichte des Deutschen Reiches und seiner Verfassung 1361, bearb. v. Ulrike Hohensee / Mathias Lawo / Michael Lindner / Olaf B. Rader (Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 13.2), Wiesbaden 2017, Harrassowitz, VI u. 538 S. (S. 415 – 952), € 140,00. (Martin Bauch, Leipzig) Forcher, Michael / Christoph Haidacher (Hrsg.), Kaiser Maximilian I. Tirol. Österreich. Europa. 1459 – 1519, Innsbruck / Wien 2018, Haymon Verlag, 215 S. / Abb., € 34,90. (Jörg Schwarz, Innsbruck) Weiss, Sabine, Maximilian I. 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(Benjamin Durst, Augsburg) Rohrschneider, Michael (Hrsg.), Frühneuzeitliche Friedensstiftung in landesgeschichtlicher Perspektive. Unter redaktioneller Mitarbeit v. Leonard Dorn (Rheinisches Archiv, 160), Wien / Köln / Weimar 2020, Böhlau, 327 S. / Abb., € 45,00. (Benjamin Durst, Augsburg) Richter, Susan (Hrsg.), Entsagte Herrschaft. Mediale Inszenierungen fürstlicher Abdankungen im Europa der Frühneuzeit, Wien / Köln / Weimar 2019, Böhlau, 223 S. / Abb., € 45,00. (Andreas Pečar, Halle) Astorri, Paolo, Lutheran Theology and Contract Law in Early Modern Germany (ca. 1520 – 1720) (Law and Religion in the Early Modern Period / Recht und Religion in der Frühen Neuzeit, 1), Paderborn 2019, Schöningh, XX u. 657 S., € 128,00. (Cornel Zwierlein, Berlin) Prosperi, Adriano, Justice Blindfolded. The Historical Course of an Image (Catholic Christendom, 1300 – 1700), übers. v. John Tedeschi / Anne C. Tedeschi, Leiden / Boston 2018, Brill, XXIV u. 260 S., € 105,00. (Mathias Schmoeckel, Bonn) Ceglia, Francesco Paolo de (Hrsg.), The Body of Evidence. Corpses and Proofs in Early Modern European Medicine (Medieval and Early Modern Philosophy and Science, 30), Leiden / Boston 2020, Brill, X u. 355 S., € 154,00. (Robert Jütte, Stuttgart) Río Parra, Elena del, Exceptional Crime in Early Modern Spain. Taxonomic and Intellectual Perspectives (The Medieval and Early Modern Iberian World, 68), Leiden / Boston 2019, Brill, XI u. 218 S. / Abb., € 95,00. (Ralf-Peter Fuchs, Essen) Moreno, Doris (Hrsg.), The Complexity of Hispanic Religious Life in the 16th–18th Centuries (The Iberian Religious World, 6), Leiden / Boston 2020, Brill, 225 S. / Abb., € 165,00. (Joël Graf, Bern) Kaplan, Benjamin J., Reformation and the Practice of Toleration. Dutch Religious History in the Early Modern Era (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History), Leiden / Boston 2019, Brill, IX u. 371 S. / Abb., € 128,00. (Olaf Mörke, Kiel) Cecere, Domenico / Chiara De Caprio / Lorenza Gianfrancesco / Pasquale Palmieri (Hrsg.), Disaster Narratives in Early Modern Naples. Politics, Communication and Culture, Rom 2018, Viella, 257 S. / Abb., € 45,00. (Cornel Zwierlein, Berlin) Prak, Maarten / Patrick Wallis (Hrsg.), Apprenticeship in Early Modern Europe, Cambridge [u. a.] 2020, Cambridge University Press, XII u. 322 S. / Abb., £ 75,00. (Patrick Schmidt, Rostock) Bracht, Johannes / Ulrich Pfister, Landpacht, Marktgesellschaft und agrarische Entwicklung. Fünf Adelsgüter zwischen Rhein und Weser, 16. bis 19. Jahrhundert (Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Beihefte, 247), Stuttgart 2020, Steiner, 364 S. / Abb., € 59,00. (Nicolas Rügge, Hannover) Kenny, Neil, Born to Write. Literary Families and Social History in Early Modern France, Oxford / New York 2020, Oxford University Press, XII u. 407 S. / Abb., £ 65,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Capp, Bernard, The Ties That Bind. 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Eine Untersuchung zu Wirtschaftsstil und Wirtschaftskultur einer geistlichen Gemeinschaft (Schriften zur Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 35), Hamburg 2020, Dr. Kovaç, 530 S. / graph. Darst., € 139,80. (Maria Weber, München) Fuchs, Gero, Gewinn als Umbruch der Ordnung? Der Fall des Siegburger Töpfers Peter Knütgen im 16. Jahrhundert (Rechtsordnung und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 19), Tübingen 2019, Mohr Siebeck, XIII u. 195 S. / Abb., € 59,00. (Anke Sczesny, Augsburg) Lotito, Mark A., The Reformation of Historical Thought (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History), Leiden / Boston 2019, Brill, XX u. 542 S. / Abb., € 160,00. (Andreas Bihrer, Kiel) Georg III. von Anhalt, Abendmahlsschriften, hrsg. v. Tobias Jammerthal / David B. Janssen (Anhalt‍[er]‌kenntnisse), Leipzig 2019, Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 440 S., € 48,00. (Eike Wolgast, Heidelberg) Bauer, Stefan, The Invention of Papal History. 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Die Vorträge der Tagung des Instituts für kunst- und musikhistorische Forschungen der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, des Niederösterreichischen Instituts für Landeskunde und des Instituts für Österreichische Geschichtsforschung der Universität Wien, Krems, 28. bis 29. Oktober 2016 (Studien und Forschungen aus dem Niederösterreichischen Institut für Landeskunde, 71), St. Pölten 2018, Verlag Niederösterreichisches Institut für Landeskunde, 432 S. / Abb., € 25,00. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Die „litterae annuae“ der Gesellschaft Jesu von Otterndorf (1713 bis 1730) und von Stade (1629 bis 1631), hrsg. v. Christoph Flucke / Martin J. Schröter, Münster 2020, Aschendorff, 154 S. / Abb., € 24,90. (Markus Friedrich, Hamburg) Como, David R., Radical Parliamentarians and the English Civil War, Oxford 2018, Oxford University Press, XV u. 457 S. / Abb., £ 85,00. (Torsten Riotte, Frankfurt a. M.) 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(Beate Kusche, Leipzig) Häberlein, Mark / Helmut Glück (Hrsg.), Matthias Kramer. Ein Nürnberger Sprachmeister der Barockzeit mit gesamteuropäischer Wirkung (Schriften der Matthias-Kramer-Gesellschaft zur Erforschung der Geschichte des Fremdsprachenerwerbs und der Mehrsprachigkeit, 3), Bamberg 2019, University of Bamberg Press, 221 S. / Abb., € 22,00. (Helga Meise, Reims) Herz, Silke, Königin Christiane Eberhardine – Pracht im Dienste der Staatsraison. Kunst, Raum und Zeremoniell am Hof der Frau Augusts des Starken (Schriften zur Residenzkultur 12), Berlin 2020, Lukas Verlag, 669 S. / Abb., € 70,00. (Katrin Keller, Wien) Schaad, Martin, Der Hochverrat des Amtmanns Povel Juel. Ein mikrohistorischer Streifzug durch Europas Norden der Frühen Neuzeit (Histoire, 176), Bielefeld 2020, transcript, 249 S., € 39,00. (Olaf Mörke, Kiel) Overhoff, Jürgen, Johann Bernhard Basedow (1724 – 1790). Aufklärer, Pädagoge, Menschenfreund. Eine Biografie (Hamburgische Lebensbilder, 25), Göttingen 2020, Wallstein, 200 S. / Abb., € 16,00. (Mark-Georg Dehrmann, Berlin) Augustynowicz, Christoph / Johannes Frimmel (Hrsg.), Der Buchdrucker Maria Theresias. Johann Thomas Trattner (1719 – 1798) und sein Medienimperium (Buchforschung, 10), Wiesbaden 2019, Harrassowitz, 173 S. / Abb., € 54,00. (Mona Garloff, Innsbruck) Beckus, Paul, Land ohne Herr – Fürst ohne Hof? Friedrich August von Anhalt-Zerbst und sein Fürstentum (Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte Sachsen-Anhalts, 15), Halle 2018, Mitteldeutscher Verlag, 604 S. / Abb., € 54,00. (Michael Hecht, Halle) Whatmore, Richard, Terrorists, Anarchists and Republicans. The Genevans and the Irish in Time of Revolution, Princeton / Oxford, Princeton University Press 2019, XXIX u. 478 S. / Abb., £ 34,00. (Ronald G. Asch, Freiburg i. Br.) Elster, Jon, France before 1789. The Unraveling of an Absolutist Regime, Princeton / Oxford 2020, Princeton University Press, XI u. 263 S. / graph. 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This article analyses the public persona of Jeremy Gilley, a documentary filmmaker, peace campaigner, and the founder of the organisation Peace One Day (POD). It begins by outlining how Gilley’s persona is presented in a manner which resonates with established archetypes of social campaigners, and how this creates POD’s legitimacy among grassroots organisations. I then describe a distinct, but not inconsistent, facet of Gilley’s persona which speaks specifically to entrepreneurs. The article outlines how Gilley’s individuality works to simultaneously address these overlapping audiences and argues that his persona can be read as an articulation of social entrepreneurship. Gilley represents an example of a public personality working to “crystallise issues and to normativise debates” (Marshall “Personifying” 370) concerning corporate involvement with non-profit organisations and the marketisation of the non-profit sector. Peace One Day (POD) is a UK-based non-profit organisation established in 1999 by actor-turned-documentary-filmmaker Jeremy Gilley. In the 1990s, while filming a documentary about global conflict, Gilley realised there was no internationally recognised day of ceasefire and non-violence. He created POD to found such a day and began lobbying the United Nations. In 2001, the 111th plenary meeting of the General Assembly passed a resolution which marked 21 September as the annual International Day of Peace (United Nations). Since 2001, POD has worked to create global awareness of Peace Day. By 2006, other NGOs began using the day to negotiate 24-hour ceasefires in various conflict zones, allowing them to carry out work in areas normally too dangerous to enter. For example, in 2007, the inoculation of 1.3 million Afghan children against polio was possible due to an agreement from the Taliban to allow safe passage to agencies working in the country during the day. This was repeated in subsequent years and, by 2009, 4.5 million children had been immunised (POD Part Three). While neither POD nor Gilley played a direct part in the polio vaccination programmes or specific ceasefires, his organisation acted as a catalyst for such endeavours and these initiatives would not have occurred without POD’s efforts.Gilley is not only the founder of POD, he is also the majority shareholder, key decision-maker, and predominant public spokesperson in this private, non-charitable, non-profit organisation (Frances 73). While POD’s celebrity supporters participate in press conferences, it is Gilley who does most to raise awareness. His public persona is inextricably linked with POD and is created through a range of presentational media with which he is engaged. These include social media content, regular blogposts on POD’s website, as well as appearances at a series of speaking events. Most significantly, Gilley establishes his public persona through a number of documentary films (Peace One Day; Day After; POD Part Three), which are shot largely from his perspective and narrated by his voiceover, and which depict POD’s key struggles and successes.The Peace Campaigner as an Activist and Entrepreneur In common with other non-profit organisations, POD relies on celebrities from the entertainment industries. It works with them in two key ways: raising the public profile of the organisation, and shaping the public persona of its founder by inviting comparisons of their perceived exceptionalness with his ostensible ordinariness. For example, Gilley’s documentaries depict various press conferences held by POD over a number of years. Those organised prior to POD recruiting celebrity spokespeople were “completely ignored by the media” whereas those held after celebrity backing from Jude Law and Angelina Jolie had been secured attracted considerable interest (Day After). Gilley explains his early difficulties in publicising his message by suggesting that he “was a nobody” (POD Part Three). This representation as a “nobody” or, more diplomatically, as “ordinary,” is a central component of Gilley’s persona. “Ordinariness” here means situating Gilley outside the political and entertainment elites and aligning him with more everyday suburban settings. This is done through a combination of the aesthetic qualities of his public presentation and his publically narrated back-story.Aesthetically speaking, Gilley presents his ordinariness through his casual attire and long hair. His appearance is similar to the campaigners, youth groups and school children he addresses, suggesting he is a representative of that demographic but also distancing him from political elites. The diplomats Gilley meets, such as those at the UN, wear the appropriate attire for their elite political setting: suits. In one key scene in the documentary Peace One Day, Gilley makes his first trip to the UN to meet Kofi Annan, UN General Secretary at the time, and appears at their doors clean cut and suitably dressed. He declares that his new appearance was designed to aid his credibility with the UN. Yet, at the same time, he makes explicit that he borrowed the suit from a friend and the tie from his grandfather and, prior to the meeting, it was decided, “the pony tail had to go.” Thus Gilley seeks the approval of both political elites and the ordinary public, and constructs a persona that speaks to both, though he aligns himself with the latter.Gilley’s back-story permeates his films and works to present his ordinariness. For example, POD has humble beginnings as an almost grassroots, family-run organisation, and Gilley depicts a campaign run on a shoestring from his mother’s spare bedroom in an ordinary suburban home. Although British Airways provided free flights from the organisation’s outset, Gilley shows his friends volunteering their time by organising fundraising events. POD’s modest beginnings are reflected in its founder, who confides about both his lack of formal education and lack of success as an actor (Day After). This “ordinariness” is constructed in opposition to the exceptional qualities of POD’s A-list celebrity backers—such as Angelina Jolie, who does enjoy success as an actor. This contrast is emphasised by inviting Jolie into Gilley’s everyday domestic setting and highlighting the icons of success she brings with her. For example, at his first meeting with Jolie, Gilley waits patiently for her and remarks about the expensive car which eventually arrives outside his house, denoting Jolie’s arrival. He notes in the voiceover to his The Day after Peace documentary, “this was unbelievable, Angelina Jolie sat on my sofa asking me what she could do, I couldn’t stop talking. I was so nervous.”Gilley promotes his ordinariness by using aesthetics and personal narrative. Evidence of how he struggled to realise his goals and the financial burdens he carried (Peace One Day) suggest that there is something authentic about Gilley’s vision for Peace Day. This also helps Gilley to align his public persona with common understandings of the political activist as a prophetic social visionary. POD is able to tap into the idea of the power of the individual as a force for change with references to Martin Luther King and Gandhi. Although Gilley makes no direct comparison between himself and these figures, blog entries such as “ten years ago, I had an idea; I dared to dream that I could galvanise the countries of the world to recognise an official day of ceasefire and nonviolence. Mad? Ambitious? Idealistic? All of the above” (Gilley “Dream”), invite comparisons with King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. This is further augmented by references to Gilley as an outsider to political establishments, such as the UN, which he is sure have “become cynical about the opportunity” they have to unite the world (BBC Interview).Interestingly, Gilley’s presentation as a pragmatic “change-maker” whose “passion is contagious” (Ahmad Fawzi, in POD Concert) also aligns him with a second figure: the entrepreneur. Where Gilley’s performances at school and community groups present his persona as an activist, his entrepreneur persona is presented through his performances at a series of business seminars. These seminars, entitled “Unleash Your Power of Influence,” are targeted towards young entrepreneurs and business-people very much consistent with the “creative class” demographic (Florida). The speakers, including Gilley, have all been successful in business (POD is a private company) and they offer to their audiences motivational presentations, and business advice. Although a semi-regular occurrence, it is the first two events held in July 2010 (Unleash 1) and November 2010 (Unleash 2) that are discussed here. Held in a luxury five-star London hotel, the events demonstrate a starkly different aspect of POD than that presented to community groups and schools, and the amateur grassroots ethic presented in Gilley’s documentary films—for example, tickets for Unleash 2 started at £69 and offered ‘goody bags’ for £95 (author’s observation of the event)—yet consistencies remain.Aesthetically speaking, Gilley’s appearance signifies a connection with these innovative, stereotypically young, founders of start-up companies and where Gilley is an outsider to political organisations; they are outsiders to business establishments. Further, many of these companies typically started, like POD, in a spare bedroom. The speakers at the Unleash events provide insights into their background which frequently demonstrate a rise from humble beginnings to business success, in the face of adversity, and as a result of innovation and perseverance. Gilley is not out of place in this environment and the modest beginnings of POD are relayed to his audience in a manner which bears a striking similarity to his for-profit counterparts.An analysis of Gilley’s presentations at these events demonstrates clear links between the dual aspects of Gilley’s public persona, the political economy of POD, and the underlying philosophy of the organisation—social entrepreneurship. The next section sets out some of the principals of social entrepreneurship and how the aspects of Gilley’s persona, outlined above, reinforce these.Personifying Social EnterpriseGenerally speaking, the business literature greatly emphasises entrepreneurs as “resourceful, value-creating change agents” who are “never satisfied with the status quo [... and are] a forceful engine of growth in our economy” (Dees and Economy 3-4). More recently, the focus of discussion has included social entrepreneurs. These individuals work within “an organisation that attacks [social and environmental] problems through a business format, even if it is not legally structured as a profit-seeking entity” (Bornstein and Davis xv) and advocate commercially oriented non-profit organisations that establish “win-win” relationships between non-profits and business.This coming together of the for- and non-profit sectors has range of precedents, most notably in “philanthrocapitalism” (Bishop and Green) and the types of partnerships established between corporations and environmentalists, such as Greenpeace Australia (Beder). However, philanthrocapitalism often encompasses the application of business methods to social problems by those who have amassed fortunes in purely commercial ventures (such as Bill Gates), and Beder’s work describes established for- and non-profit institutions working together. While social entrepreneurship overlaps with these, social entrepreneurs seek to do well by doing good by making a profit while simultaneously realising social goals (Bornstein and Davis 25).Read as an articulation of the coming together of the activist and the entrepreneur, Gilley’s individuality encapsulates the social enterprise movement. His persona draws from the commonalities between the archetypes of the traditional grassroots activist and start-up entrepreneur, as pioneering visionary and outsider to the establishment. While his films establish his authenticity among politically attuned members of the public, his appearances at the Unleash events work to signify the legitimacy of his organisation to those who identify with social entrepreneurialism and take the position that business should play a positive role in social causes. As an activist, Gilley’s creates his persona through his aesthetic qualities and a performance that draws on historical precedents of social prophets. As an entrepreneur, Gilley draws on the same aesthetic qualities and, through his performance, mitigates the types of disjuncture evident in the 1980s between environmental activists, politicians and business leaders, when environmentalist’s narratives “were perceived as flaky and failed to transform” (Robèrt 7). To do this, Gilley reconstitutes social and environmental problems (such as conflict) within a market metric, and presents the market as a viable and efficient solution. Consequently, Gilley asserts that “we live in a culture of war because war makes money, we need to live in a culture of peace,” and this depends on “if we can make it economical, if we can make the numbers add up” (Unleash).Social enterprises often eschew formal charity and Gilley is consistent with this when he states that “for me, I think it has to be about business. [...] I think if it’s about charity it’s not going to work for me.” Gilley asserts that partnerships with corporations are essential as “our world is going to change, when the corporate sector becomes engaged.” He, therefore, “want[s] to work with large corporations” in order to “empower individuals to be involved in the process of [creating] a more peaceful and sustainable world” (Unleash). One example of POD’s success in this regard is a co-venture with Coca-Cola.To coincide with Peace Day in 2007, POD and Coca-Cola entered into a co-branding exercise which culminated in a sponsorship deal with the POD logo printed on Coca-Cola packaging. Prior to this, Gilley faced a desperate financial situation and conceded that the only alternative to a co-venture with Coca-Cola was shutting down POD (Day After). While Coca-Cola offered financial support and the potential to spread Gilley’s message through the medium of the Coke can, POD presumably offered good publicity to a corporation persistently the target of allegations of unethical practice (for example, Levenson-Estrada; Gill; Thomas). Gilley was aware of the potential image problems caused by a venture with Coke but accepted the partnership on pragmatic grounds, and with the proviso that Coke’s sponsorship not accompany any attempt to influence POD. Gilley, in effect, was using Coca-Cola, displaying the political independence of the social visionary and the pragmatism of the entrepreneur. By the same token, Coca-Cola was using POD to garner positive publicity, demonstrating the nature of this “win-win” relationship.In his film, Gilley consults Ray C. Anderson, social enterprise proponent, about his ethical concerns. Anderson explains the merits of working with Coke. In his Unleash addresses, such ethical considerations do not feature. Instead, it is relayed that Coca-Cola executives were looking to become involved with a social campaign, consistent with the famous 1970s hilltop advertisement of “teaching the world to sing in harmony.” From a meeting at Coca-Cola’s headquarters in Atlanta, Gilley reveals, a correlation emerged between Gilley’s emphasis on Peace Day as a moment of global unity—encapsulated by his belief that “the thing about corporations [...] the wonderful thing about everybody […] is that everybody’s just like us” (Unleash)—and the image of worldwide harmony that Coca-Cola wanted to portray. It is my contention that Gilley’s public persona underpinned the manner in which this co-branding campaign emerged. This is because his persona neatly tied the profit motive of the corporation to the socially spirited nature of the campaign, and spoke to Coca-Cola in a manner relatable to the market. At the same time, it promoted a social campaign premised on an inclusiveness that recast the corporation as a concerned global citizen, and the social campaigner as a free-market agent.Persona in the Competitive Non-Profit SectorThrough a series of works P. David Marshall charts the increasing centrality of individuality as “one of the ideological mainstays of consumer capitalism [...and] equally one of the ideological mainstays of how democracy is conceived” (Marshall “New Media-New Self” 635). Celebrity, accordingly, can be thought of as a powerful discourse that works “to make the cultural centrality of individuality concretely real” (Marshall “New Media-New Self” 635). Beyond celebrity, Marshall offers a wider framework that maps how “personalisation, individuality, and the move from the private to the public are now part of the wider populace rather than just at play in the representational field of celebrity” (Marshall, “Persona” 158). This framework includes fundamental changes to the global, specifically Western, labour market that, while not a fait accompli, point to a more competitive environment in which “greater portions of the culture are engaged in regular—probably frequent—selling of themselves” and where self-promotion becomes a key tool (Marshall, “Persona” 158). Therefore, while consumerism comprises a backdrop to the proliferation of celebrity culture, competition within market capitalism contributes to the wider expansion of personalisation and individualism.The non-profit sector is also a competitive environment. UK studies have found an increase in the number of International NGOs of 46.6% from 1995/6-2005/6 (Anheier, Kaldor, and Glasius. 310). At the same time, the number of large charities (with an income greater than £10 million) rose, between 1999-2013, from 307 to 1,005 and their annual income rose from approximately £10bn to £36bn (Charity Commission). These quantitative changes in the sector have occurred alongside qualitative changes in terms of the orientation of individual organisations. For example, Epstein and Gang describe a non-profit sector in which NGOs compete against each other for funds from aid donors (state and private). It is unclear whether “aid will be allocated properly, say to the poorest or to maximize the social welfare” or to the “efficient aid-seekers” (294)—that is, NGOs with the greatest competitive capabilities. A market for public awareness has also emerged and, in an increasingly crowded non-profit sector, it is clearly important for organisations to establish a public profile that can gain attention.It is in this competitive environment that the public personae of activists become assets for NGOs, and Gilley constitutes a successful example of this. His persona demonstrates an organisation’s response to the competitive nature of the non-profit sector, by appealing to both traditional activist circles and the business sector, and articulating the social enterprise movement. Gilley effectively embodies social entrepreneurship—in his appearance, his performance and his back-story—bridging a gap between the for- and non-profit sectors. His persona helps legitimate efforts to recast the activist as an entrepreneur (and conversely, entrepreneurs as activists) by incorporating activist ideals (in this instance, peace) within a market framework. This, to return to Marshall’s argument, crystallises the issue of peace within market metrics such and normativises debates about the role of corporate actors as global citizens, presenting it as pragmatism and therefore “common sense.” This is not to undermine Gilley’s achievements but, instead, to point out how reading his public persona enables an understanding of efforts to marketise the non-profit sector and align peace activism with corporate power.References Anheier, Helmut K., Mary Kaldor, and Marlies Glasius. Global Civil Society 2006/7. London: Sage, 2007.BBC Storyville. Director Interview: Jeremy Gilley. BBC. 2004. 7 Feb. 2010.Beder, Sharon. Global Spin: The Corporate Assault on Environmentalism. Totnes, UK: Green Books, 2002.Bishop, Matthew, and Michael Green. Philanthrocapitalism. London: A&C Black, 2008.Bornstein, David, and Susan Davis. Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.Charity Commission for England and Wales. “Sector Facts and Figures.” N.d. 5 Apr 2014.Day after Peace, The. Dir. Jeremy Gilley. Peace One Day, 2008.Dees, J. Gregory, and Peter Economy. "Social Entrepreneurship." Enterprising Nonprofits: A Toolkit for Social Entrepreneurs. Eds. J. Gregory Dees, Jed Emerson, and Peter Economy. New York: Wiley, 2001. 1-18.Epstein, Gil S., and Ira N. Gang. “Contests, NGOs, and Decentralizing Aid.” Review of Development Economics 10. 2 (2006): 285-296.Florida, Richard. The Flight of the Creative Class: The New Global Competition for Talent. New York: Harper Business, 2006.Frances, Nic. The End of Charity: Time for Social Enterprise. New South Wales: Allen & Unwin, 2008.Fraser, Nick. “Can One Man Persuade the World, via the UN, to Sanction a Global Ceasefire Day?” BBC. 2005. 7 Feb. 2010.Gill, Leslie. “Labor and Human Rights: The ‘Real Thing’ in Colombia.” Transforming Anthropology 13.2 (2005): 110-115.Gilley, Jeremy. “Dream One Day.” Peace One Day. 2009. 23 Jun 2010.Levenson-Estrada, Deborah. Trade Unionists against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954-1985. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1994.Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.Marshall, P. David. “Intimately Intertwined in the Most Public Way: Celebrity and Journalism.” The Celebrity Culture Reader. Ed. P. David Marshall. Oxon: Routledge, 2006. 316-323.Marshall, P. David. “New Media – New Self: The Changing Power of Celebrity.” The Celebrity Culture Reader. Ed. P. David. Marshall. Oxon: Routledge, 2006. 634-644.Marshall, P. David. “Personifying Agency: The Public–Persona–Place–Issue Continuum.” Celebrity Studies 4.3 (2013): 369-371.Marshall, P. David. “Persona Studies: Mapping the Proliferation of the Public Self.” Journalism 15.2 (2014): 153-170.Newsnight. BBC 2. 20 Sep. 2010. 22.30-23.00.Peace One Day. Dir. Jeremy Gilley. Peace One Day, 2004.Peace One Day Concert: Live at the Royal Albert Hall Gilley. Dir. Jeremy Gilley. Peace One Day, 2008.Peace One Day Part Three. Dir. Jeremy Gilley. Peace One Day, 2010.Robèrt, Karl-Henrik. The Natural Step: Seeding a Quiet Revolution. Gabriola Island, British Columbia: New Society Publishers, 2002.Thomas, Mark. Belching Out the Devil: Global Adventure with Coca-Cola. London: Ebury Press, 2008.United Nations General Assembly. “International Day of Peace. A/RES/55/282" 111th Plenary Meeting. 2001. 10 June 2014 ‹http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/55/282&Lang=E›.Unleash Your Power of Influence. Triumphant Events and Peace One Day. 2010.

When we think of disability today in the Western world, Christopher Reeve most likely comes to mind. A film star who captured people’s imagination as Superman, Reeve was already a celebrity before he took the fall that would lead to his new position in the fame game: the role of super-crip. As a person with acquired quadriplegia, Christopher Reeve has become both the epitome of disability in Western culture — the powerful cultural myth of disability as tragedy and catastrophe — and, in an intimately related way, the icon for the high-technology quest for cure. The case of Reeve is fascinating, yet critical discussion of Christopher Reeve in terms of fame, celebrity and his performance of disability is conspicuously lacking (for a rare exception see McRuer). To some extent this reflects the comparative lack of engagement of media and cultural studies with disability (Goggin). To redress this lacuna, we draw upon theories of celebrity (Dyer; Marshall; Turner, Bonner, & Marshall; Turner) to explore the production of Reeve as celebrity, as well as bringing accounts of celebrity into dialogue with critical disability studies. Reeve is a cultural icon, not just because of the economy, industrial processes, semiotics, and contemporary consumption of celebrity, outlined in Turner’s 2004 framework. Fame and celebrity are crucial systems in the construction of disability; and the circulation of Reeve-as-celebrity only makes sense if we understand the centrality of disability to culture and media. Reeve plays an enormously important (if ambiguous) function in the social relations of disability, at the heart of the discursive underpinning of the otherness of disability and the construction of normal sexed and gendered bodies (the normate) in everyday life. What is distinctive and especially powerful about this instance of fame and disability is how authenticity plays through the body of the celebrity Reeve; how his saintly numinosity is received by fans and admirers with passion, pathos, pleasure; and how this process places people with disabilities in an oppressive social system, so making them subject(s). An Accidental Star Born September 25, 1952, Christopher Reeve became famous for his roles in the 1978 movie Superman, and the subsequent three sequels (Superman II, III, IV), as well as his role in other films such as Monsignor. As well as becoming a well-known actor, Reeve gained a profile for his activism on human rights, solidarity, environmental, and other issues. In May 1995 Reeve acquired a disability in a riding accident. In the ensuing months, Reeve’s situation attracted a great deal of international attention. He spent six months in the Kessler Rehabilitation Institute in New Jersey, and there gave a high-rating interview on US television personality Barbara Walters’ 20/20 program. In 1996, Reeve appeared at the Academy Awards, was a host at the 1996 Paralympic Games, and was invited to speak at the Democratic National Convention. In the same year Reeve narrated a film about the lives of people living with disabilities (Mierendorf). In 1998 his memoir Still Me was published, followed in 2002 by another book Nothing Is Impossible. Reeve’s active fashioning of an image and ‘new life’ (to use his phrase) stands in stark contrast with most people with disabilities, who find it difficult to enter into the industry and system of celebrity, because they are most often taken to be the opposite of glamorous or important. They are objects of pity, or freaks to be stared at (Mitchell & Synder; Thomson), rather than assuming other attributes of stars. Reeve became famous for his disability, indeed very early on he was acclaimed as the pre-eminent American with disability — as in the phrase ‘President of Disability’, an appellation he attracted. Reeve was quickly positioned in the celebrity industry, not least because his example, image, and texts were avidly consumed by viewers and readers. For millions of people — as evident in the letters compiled in the 1999 book Care Packages by his wife, Dana Reeve — Christopher Reeve is a hero, renowned for his courage in doing battle with his disability and his quest for a cure. Part of the creation of Reeve as celebrity has been a conscious fashioning of his life as an instructive fable. A number of biographies have now been published (Havill; Hughes; Oleksy; Wren). Variations on a theme, these tend to the hagiographic: Christopher Reeve: Triumph over Tragedy (Alter). Those interested in Reeve’s life and work can turn also to fan websites. Most tellingly perhaps is the number of books, fables really, aimed at children, again, on a characteristic theme: Learning about Courage from the Life of Christopher Reeve (Kosek; see also Abraham; Howard). The construction, but especially the consumption, of Reeve as disabled celebrity, is consonant with powerful cultural myths and tropes of disability. In many Western cultures, disability is predominantly understood a tragedy, something that comes from the defects and lack of our bodies, whether through accidents of birth or life. Those ‘suffering’ with disability, according to this cultural myth, need to come to terms with this bitter tragedy, and show courage in heroically overcoming their lot while they bide their time for the cure that will come. The protagonist for this this script is typically the ‘brave’ person with disability; or, as this figure is colloquially known in critical disability studies and the disability movement — the super-crip. This discourse of disability exerts a strong force today, and is known as the ‘medical’ model. It interacts with a prior, but still active charity discourse of disability (Fulcher). There is a deep cultural history of disability being seen as something that needs to be dealt with by charity. In late modernity, charity is very big business indeed, and celebrities play an important role in representing the good works bestowed on people with disabilities by rich donors. Those managing celebrities often suggest that the star finds a charity to gain favourable publicity, a routine for which people with disabilities are generally the pathetic but handy extras. Charity dinners and events do not just reinforce the tragedy of disability, but they also leave unexamined the structural nature of disability, and its associated disadvantage. Those critiquing the medical and charitable discourses of disability, and the oppressive power relations of disability that it represents, point to the social and cultural shaping of disability, most famously in the British ‘social’ model of disability — but also from a range of other perspectives (Corker and Thomas). Those formulating these critiques point to the crucial function that the trope of the super-crip plays in the policing of people with disabilities in contemporary culture and society. Indeed how the figure of the super-crip is also very much bound up with the construction of the ‘normal’ body, a general economy of representation that affects everyone. Superman Flies Again The celebrity of Christopher Reeve and what it reveals for an understanding of fame and disability can be seen with great clarity in his 2002 visit to Australia. In 2002 there had been a heated national debate on the ethics of use of embryonic stem cells for research. In an analysis of three months of the print media coverage of these debates, we have suggested that disability was repeatedly, almost obsessively, invoked in these debates (‘Uniting the Nation’). Yet the dominant representation of disability here was the cultural myth of disability as tragedy, requiring cure at all cost, and that this trope was central to the way that biotechnology was constructed as requiring an urgent, united national response. Significantly, in these debates, people with disabilities were often talked about but very rarely licensed to speak. Only one person with disability was, and remains, a central figure in these Australian stem cell and biotechnology policy conversations: Christopher Reeve. As an outspoken advocate of research on embryonic stem-cells in the quest for a cure for spinal injuries, as well as other diseases, Reeve’s support was enlisted by various protagonists. The current affairs show Sixty Minutes (modelled after its American counterpart) presented Reeve in debate with Australian critics: PRESENTER: Stem cell research is leading to perhaps the greatest medical breakthroughs of all time… Imagine a world where paraplegics could walk or the blind could see … But it’s a breakthrough some passionately oppose. A breakthrough that’s caused a fierce personal debate between those like actor Christopher Reeve, who sees this technology as a miracle, and those who regard it as murder. (‘Miracle or Murder?’) Sixty Minutes starkly portrays the debate in Manichean terms: lunatics standing in the way of technological progress versus Christopher Reeve flying again tomorrow. Christopher presents the debate in utilitarian terms: CHRISTOPHER REEVE: The purpose of government, really in a free society, is to do the greatest good for the greatest number of people. And that question should always be in the forefront of legislators’ minds. (‘Miracle or Murder?’) No criticism of Reeve’s position was offered, despite the fierce debate over the implications of such utilitarian rhetoric for minorities such as people with disabilities (including himself!). Yet this utilitarian stance on disability has been elaborated by philosopher Peter Singer, and trenchantly critiqued by the international disability rights movement. Later in 2002, the Premier of New South Wales, Bob Carr, invited Reeve to visit Australia to participate in the New South Wales Spinal Cord Forum. A journalist by training, and skilled media practitioner, Carr had been the most outspoken Australian state premier urging the Federal government to permit the use of embryonic stem cells for research. Carr’s reasons were as much as industrial as benevolent, boosting the stocks of biotechnology as a clean, green, boom industry. Carr cleverly and repeated enlisted stereotypes of disability in the service of his cause. Christopher Reeve was flown into Australia on a specially modified Boeing 747, free of charge courtesy of an Australian airline, and was paid a hefty appearance fee. Not only did Reeve’s fee hugely contrast with meagre disability support pensions many Australians with disabilities live on, he was literally the only voice and image of disability given any publicity. Consuming Celebrity, Contesting Crips As our analysis of Reeve’s antipodean career suggests, if disability were a republic, and Reeve its leader, its polity would look more plutocracy than democracy; as befits modern celebrity with its constitutive tensions between the demotic and democratic (Turner). For his part, Reeve has criticised the treatment of people with disabilities, and how they are stereotyped, not least the narrow concept of the ‘normal’ in mainstream films. This is something that has directly effected his career, which has become limited to narration or certain types of television and film work. Reeve’s reprise on his culture’s notion of disability comes with his starring role in an ironic, high-tech 1998 remake of Alfred Hitchcock’s Rear Window (Bleckner), a movie that in the original featured a photojournalist injured and temporarily using a wheelchair. Reeve has also been a strong advocate, lobbyist, and force in the politics of disability. His activism, however, has been far more strongly focussed on finding a cure for people with spinal injuries — rather than seeking to redress inequality and discrimination of all people with disabilities. Yet Reeve’s success in the notoriously fickle star system that allows disability to be understood and mapped in popular culture is mostly an unexplored paradox. As we note above, the construction of Reeve as celebrity, celebrating his individual resilience and resourcefulness, and his authenticity, functions precisely to sustain the ‘truth’ and the power relations of disability. Reeve’s celebrity plays an ideological role, knitting together a set of discourses: individualism; consumerism; democratic capitalism; and the primacy of the able body (Marshall; Turner). The nature of this cultural function of Reeve’s celebrity is revealed in the largely unpublicised contests over his fame. At the same time Reeve was gaining fame with his traditional approach to disability and reinforcement of the continuing catastrophe of his life, he was attracting an infamy within certain sections of the international disability rights movement. In a 1996 US debate disability scholar David T Mitchell put it this way: ‘He’s [Reeve] the good guy — the supercrip, the Superman, and those of us who can live with who we are with our disabilities, but who cannot live with, and in fact, protest and retaliate against the oppression we confront every second of our lives are the bad guys’ (Mitchell, quoted in Brown). Many feel, like Mitchell, that Reeve’s focus on a cure ignores the unmet needs of people with disabilities for daily access to support services and for the ending of their brutal, dehumanising, daily experience as other (Goggin & Newell, Disability in Australia). In her book Make Them Go Away Mary Johnson points to the conservative forces that Christopher Reeve is associated with and the way in which these forces have been working to oppose the acceptance of disability rights. Johnson documents the way in which fame can work in a variety of ways to claw back the rights of Americans with disabilities granted in the Americans with Disabilities Act, documenting the association of Reeve and, in a different fashion, Clint Eastwood as stars who have actively worked to limit the applicability of civil rights legislation to people with disabilities. Like other successful celebrities, Reeve has been assiduous in managing his image, through the use of celebrity professionals including public relations professionals. In his Australian encounters, for example, Reeve gave a variety of media interviews to Australian journalists and yet the editor of the Australian disability rights magazine Link was unable to obtain an interview. Despite this, critiques of the super-crip celebrity function of Reeve by people with disabilities did circulate at the margins of mainstream media during his Australian visit, not least in disability media and the Internet (Leipoldt, Newell, and Corcoran, 2003). Infamous Disability Like the lives of saints, it is deeply offensive to many to criticise Christopher Reeve. So deeply engrained are the cultural myths of the catastrophe of disability and the creation of Reeve as icon that any critique runs the risk of being received as sacrilege, as one rare iconoclastic website provocatively prefigures (Maddox). In this highly charged context, we wish to acknowledge his contribution in highlighting some aspects of contemporary disability, and emphasise our desire not to play Reeve the person — rather to explore the cultural and media dimensions of fame and disability. In Christopher Reeve we find a remarkable exception as someone with disability who is celebrated in our culture. We welcome a wider debate over what is at stake in this celebrity and how Reeve’s renown differs from other disabled stars, as, for example, in Robert McRuer reflection that: ... at the beginning of the last century the most famous person with disabilities in the world, despite her participation in an ‘overcoming’ narrative, was a socialist who understood that disability disproportionately impacted workers and the power[less]; Helen Keller knew that blindness and deafness, for instance, often resulted from industrial accidents. At the beginning of this century, the most famous person with disabilities in the world is allowing his image to be used in commercials … (McRuer 230) For our part, we think Reeve’s celebrity plays an important contemporary role because it binds together a constellation of economic, political, and social institutions and discourses — namely science, biotechnology, and national competitiveness. In the second half of 2004, the stem cell debate is once again prominent in American debates as a presidential election issue. Reeve figures disability in national culture in his own country and internationally, as the case of the currency of his celebrity in Australia demonstrates. In this light, we have only just begun to register, let alone explore and debate, what is entailed for us all in the production of this disabled fame and infamy. Epilogue to “Fame and Disability” Christopher Reeve died on Sunday 10 October 2004, shortly after this article was accepted for publication. His death occasioned an outpouring of condolences, mourning, and reflection. We share that sense of loss. How Reeve will be remembered is still unfolding. The early weeks of public mourning have emphasised his celebrity as the very embodiment and exemplar of disabled identity: ‘The death of Christopher Reeve leaves embryonic-stem-cell activism without one of its star generals’ (Newsweek); ‘He Never Gave Up: What actor and activist Christopher Reeve taught scientists about the treatment of spinal-cord injury’ (Time); ‘Incredible Journey: Facing tragedy, Christopher Reeve inspired the world with hope and a lesson in courage’ (People); ‘Superman’s Legacy’ (The Express); ‘Reeve, the Real Superman’ (Hindustani Times). In his tribute New South Wales Premier Bob Carr called Reeve the ‘most impressive person I have ever met’, and lamented ‘Humankind has lost an advocate and friend’ (Carr). The figure of Reeve remains central to how disability is represented. In our culture, death is often closely entwined with disability (as in the saying ‘better dead than disabled’), something Reeve reflected upon himself often. How Reeve’s ‘global mourning’ partakes and shapes in this dense knots of associations, and how it transforms his celebrity, is something that requires further work (Ang et. al.). The political and analytical engagement with Reeve’s celebrity and mourning at this time serves to underscore our exploration of fame and disability in this article. Already there is his posthumous enlistment in the United States Presidential elections, where disability is both central and yet marginal, people with disability talked about rather than listened to. The ethics of stem cell research was an election issue before Reeve’s untimely passing, with Democratic presidential contender John Kerry sharply marking his difference on this issue with President Bush. After Reeve’s death his widow Dana joined the podium on the Kerry campaign in Columbus, Ohio, to put the case herself; for his part, Kerry compared Bush’s opposition to stem cell research as akin to favouring the candle lobby over electricity. As we write, the US polls are a week away, but the cultural representation of disability — and the intensely political role celebrity plays in it — appears even more palpably implicated in the government of society itself. References Abraham, Philip. Christopher Reeve. New York: Children’s Press, 2002. Alter, Judy. Christopher Reeve: Triumph over Tragedy. Danbury, Conn.: Franklin Watts, 2000. Ang, Ien, Ruth Barcan, Helen Grace, Elaine Lally, Justine Lloyd, and Zoe Sofoulis (eds.) Planet Diana: Cultural Studies and Global Mourning. Sydney: Research Centre in Intercommunal Studies, University of Western Sydney, Nepean, 1997. Bleckner, Jeff, dir. Rear Window. 1998. Brown, Steven E. “Super Duper? The (Unfortunate) Ascendancy of Christopher Reeve.” Mainstream: Magazine of the Able-Disabled, October 1996. Repr. 10 Aug. 2004 http://www.independentliving.org/docs3/brown96c.html>. Carr, Bob. “A Class Act of Grace and Courage.” Sydney Morning Herald. 12 Oct. 2004: 14. Corker, Mairian and Carol Thomas. “A Journey around the Social Model.” Disability/Postmodernity: Embodying Disability Theory. Ed. Mairian Corker and Tom Shakespeare. London and New York: Continuum, 2000. Donner, Richard, dir. Superman. 1978. Dyer, Richard. Heavenly Bodies: Film Stars and Society. London: BFI Macmillan, 1986. Fulcher, Gillian. Disabling Policies? London: Falmer Press, 1989. Furie, Sidney J., dir. Superman IV: The Quest for Peace. 1987. Finn, Margaret L. Christopher Reeve. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1997. Gilmer, Tim. “The Missionary Reeve.” New Mobility. November 2002. 13 Aug. 2004 http://www.newmobility.com/>. Goggin, Gerard. “Media Studies’ Disability.” Media International Australia 108 (Aug. 2003): 157-68. Goggin, Gerard, and Christopher Newell. Disability in Australia: Exposing a Social Apartheid. Sydney: UNSW Press, 2005. —. “Uniting the Nation?: Disability, Stem Cells, and the Australian Media.” Disability & Society 19 (2004): 47-60. Havill, Adrian. Man of Steel: The Career and Courage of Christopher Reeve. New York, N.Y.: Signet, 1996. Howard, Megan. Christopher Reeve. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications, 1999. Hughes, Libby. Christopher Reeve. Parsippany, NJ.: Dillon Press, 1998. Johnson, Mary. Make Them Go Away: Clint Eastwood, Christopher Reeve and the Case Against Disability Rights. Louisville : Advocado Press, 2003. Kosek, Jane Kelly. Learning about Courage from the Life of Christopher Reeve. 1st ed. New York : PowerKids Press, 1999. Leipoldt, Erik, Christopher Newell, and Maurice Corcoran. “Christopher Reeve and Bob Carr Dehumanise Disability — Stem Cell Research Not the Best Solution.” Online Opinion 27 Jan. 2003. http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=510>. Lester, Richard (dir.) Superman II. 1980. —. Superman III. 1983. Maddox. “Christopher Reeve Is an Asshole.” 12 Aug. 2004 http://maddox.xmission.com/c.cgi?u=creeve>. Marshall, P. David. Celebrity and Power: Fame in Contemporary Culture. Minneapolis and London: U of Minnesota P, 1997. Mierendorf, Michael, dir. Without Pity: A Film about Abilities. Narr. Christopher Reeve. 1996. “Miracle or Murder?” Sixty Minutes. Channel 9, Australia. March 17, 2002. 15 June 2002 http://news.ninemsn.com.au/sixtyminutes/stories/2002_03_17/story_532.asp>. Mitchell, David, and Synder, Sharon, eds. The Body and Physical Difference. Ann Arbor, U of Michigan, 1997. McRuer, Robert. “Critical Investments: AIDS, Christopher Reeve, and Queer/Disability Studies.” Journal of Medical Humanities 23 (2002): 221-37. Oleksy, Walter G. Christopher Reeve. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2000. Reeve, Christopher. Nothing Is Impossible: Reflections on a New Life. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 2002. —. Still Me. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1998. Reeve, Dana, comp. Care Packages: Letters to Christopher Reeve from Strangers and Other Friends. 1st ed. New York: Random House, 1999. Reeve, Matthew (dir.) Christopher Reeve: Courageous Steps. Television documentary, 2002. Thomson, Rosemary Garland, ed. Freakery: Cultural Spectacles of the Extraordinary Body. New York: New York UP, 1996. Turner, Graeme. Understanding Celebrity. Thousands Oak, CA: Sage, 2004. Turner, Graeme, Frances Bonner, and David P Marshall. Fame Games: The Production of Celebrity in Australia. Melbourne: Cambridge UP, 2000. Wren, Laura Lee. Christopher Reeve: Hollywood’s Man of Courage. Berkeley Heights, NJ : Enslow, 1999. Younis, Steve. “Christopher Reeve Homepage.” 12 Aug. 2004 http://www.fortunecity.com/lavender/greatsleep/1023/main.html>. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Goggin, Gerard & Newell, Christopher. "Fame and Disability: Christopher Reeve, Super Crips, and Infamous Celebrity." M/C Journal 7.5 (2004). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/02-goggin.php>. APA Style Goggin, G. & Newell, C. (Nov. 2004) "Fame and Disability: Christopher Reeve, Super Crips, and Infamous Celebrity," M/C Journal, 7(5). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0411/02-goggin.php>.

If thinking about home necessitates thinking about “place, space, scale, identity and power,” as Alison Blunt and Robyn Dowling (2) suggest, then thinking about home themes in popular music makes no less a conceptual demand. Song lyrics and titles most often invoke dominant readings such as intimacy, privacy, nurture, refuge, connectedness and shared belonging, all issues found within Blunt and Dowling’s analysis. The spatial imaginary to which these authors refer takes vivid shape through repertoires of songs dealing with houses and other specific sites, vast and distant homelands, communities or, less tangibly, geographical or cultural settings where particular relationships can be found, supporting Blunt and Dowling’s major claim that home is complex, multi-scalar and multi-layered. Shelley Mallett’s claim that the term home “functions as a repository for complex, inter-related and at times contradictory socio-cultural ideas about people’s relationships with one another…and with places, spaces and things” (84) is borne out heavily by popular music where, for almost every sentiment that the term home evokes, it seems an opposite sentiment is evoked elsewhere: familiarity versus alienation, acceptance versus rejection, love versus loneliness. Making use of conceptual groundwork by Blunt and Dowling and by Mallett and others, the following discussion canvasses a range of meanings that home has had for a variety of songwriters, singers and audiences over the years. Intended as merely partial and exploratory rather than exhaustive, it provides some insights into contrasts, ironies and relationships between home and gender, diaspora and loss. While it cannot cover all the themes, it gives prominence to the major recurring themes and a variety of important contexts that give rise to these home themes. Most prominent among those songs dealing with home has been a nostalgia and yearning, while issues of how women may have viewed the home within which they have often been restricted to a narrowly defined private sphere are almost entirely absent. This serves as a reminder that, while some themes can be conducive to the medium of popular music, others may be significantly less so. Songs may speak directly of experience but not necessarily of all experiences and certainly not of all experiences equally. B. Lee Cooper claims “most popular culture ventures rely upon formula-oriented settings and phrasings to attract interest, to spur mental or emotional involvement” (93). Notions of home have generally proved both formulaic and emotionally-charged. Commonly understood patterns of meaning and other hegemonic references generally operate more successfully than alternative reference points. Those notions with the strongest cultural currency can be conveyed succinctly and denote widely agreed upon meanings. Lyrics can seldom afford to be deeply analytical but generally must be concise and immediately evocative. Despite that, this discussion will point to diverse meanings carried by songs about home. Blunt and Dowling point out that “a house is not necessarily nor automatically a home” (3). The differences are strongly apparent in music, with only a few songs relating to houses compared with homes. When Malvina Reynolds wrote in 1962 of “little boxes, on the hillside, little boxes made of ticky-tacky,” she was certainly referring to houses, not homes, thus making it easier to bypass the relationships which might have vested the inhabitants with more warmth and individuality than their houses, in this song about conformity and homogeneity. The more complex though elusive concept of home, however, is more likely to feature in love songs and to emanate from diasporal songs. Certainly these two genres are not mutually exclusive. Irish songs are particularly noteworthy for adding to the array of music written by, or representational of, those who have been forced away from home by war, poverty, strife or other circumstances. They manifest identities of displacement rather than of placement, as studied by Bronwen Walter, looking back at rather than from within their spatial imaginary. Phil Eva claims that during the 19th Century Irish émigrés sang songs of exile in Manchester’s streets. Since many in England’s industrial towns had been uprooted from their homes, the songs found rapport with street audiences and entered popular culture. For example, the song Killarney, of hazy origins but thought to date back to as early as 1850, tells of Killarney’s lakes and fells, Emerald isles and winding bays; Mountain paths and woodland dells… ...her [nature’s] home is surely there. As well as anthropomorphising nature and giving it a home, the song suggests a specifically geographic sense of home. Galway Bay, written by A. Fahy, does likewise, as do many other Irish songs of exile which link geography with family, kin and sometimes culture to evoke a sense of home. The final verse of Cliffs of Doneen gives a sense of both people and place making up home: Fare thee well to Doneen, fare thee well for a while And to all the kind people I’m leaving behind To the streams and the meadows where late I have been And the high rocky slopes round the cliffs of Doneen. Earlier Irish songs intertwine home with political issues. For example, Tho’ the Last Glimpse of Erin vows to Erin that “In exile thy bosum shall still be my home.” Such exile resulted from a preference of fleeing Ireland rather than bowing to English oppression, which then included a prohibition on Irish having moustaches or certain hairstyles. Thomas Moore is said to have set the words of the song to the air Coulin which itself referred to an Irish woman’s preference for her “Coulin” (a long-haired Irish youth) to the English (Nelson-Burns). Diasporal songs have continued, as has their political edge, as evidenced by global recognition of songs such as Bayan Ko (My Country), written by José Corazon de Jesus in 1929, out of love and concern for the Philippines and sung among Filipinos worldwide. Robin Cohen outlines a set of criteria for diaspora that includes a shared belief in the possibility of return to home, evident in songs such as the 1943 Welsh song A Welcome in the Hillside, in which a Welsh word translating roughly as a yearning to return home, hiraeth, is used: We’ll kiss away each hour of hiraeth When you come home again to Wales. However, the immensely popular I’ll Take You Home Again, Kathleen, not of Irish origin but written by Thomas Westendorf of Illinois in 1875, suggests that such emotions can have a resonance beyond the diaspora. Anti-colonial sentiments about home can also be expressed by long-time inhabitants, as Harry Belafonte demonstrated in Island in the Sun: This is my island in the sun Where my people have toiled since time begun. Though I may sail on many a sea, Her shores will always be home to me. War brought a deluge of sentimental songs lamenting separation from home and loved ones, just as likely to be parents and siblings as sweethearts. Radios allowed wider audiences and greater popularity for these songs. If separation had brought a longing previously, the added horrors of war presented a stronger contrast between that which the young soldiers were missing and that which they were experiencing. Both the First and Second World Wars gave rise to songs long since sung which originated in such separations, but these also had a strong sense of home as defined by the nationalism that has for over a century given the contours of expectations of soldiers. Focusing on home, these songs seldom speak of the details of war. Rather they are specific about what the singers have left behind and what they hope to return to. Songs of home did not have to be written specifically for the war effort nor for overseas troops. Irving Berlin’s 1942 White Christmas, written for a film, became extremely popular with US troops during WWII, instilling a sense of home that related to familiarities and festivities. Expressing a sense of home could be specific and relate to regions or towns, as did I’m Goin’ Back Again to Yarrawonga, or it could refer to any home, anywhere where there were sons away fighting. Indeed the American Civil War song When Johnny Comes Marching Home, written by Patrick Sarsfield Gilmour, was sung by both Northerners and Southerners, so adaptable was it, with home remarkably unspecified and undescribed. The 1914 British song Keep the Home Fires Burning by Ivor Novello and Lena Ford was among those that evoked a connection between home and the military effort and helped establish a responsibility on those at home to remain optimistic: Keep the Homes fires burning While your hearts are yearning, Though your lads are far away They dream of home, There’s a silver lining Through the dark clouds shining, Turn the dark clouds inside out, Till the boys come Home. No space exists in this song for critique of the reasons for war, nor of a role for women other than that of homemaker and moral guardian. It was women’s duty to ensure men enlisted and home was rendered a private site for emotional enlistment for a presumed public good, though ironically also a point of personal hope where the light of love burned for the enlistees’ safe return. Later songs about home and war challenged these traditional notions. Two serve as examples. One is Pink Floyd’s brief musical piece of the 1970s, Bring the Boys Back Home, whose words of protest against the American war on Viet Nam present home, again, as a site of safety but within a less conservative context. Home becomes implicated in a challenge to the prevailing foreign policy and the interests that influence it, undermining the normal public sphere/private sphere distinction. The other more complex song is Judy Small’s Mothers, Daughters, Wives, from 1982, set against a backdrop of home. Small eloquently describes the dynamics of the domestic space and how women understood their roles in relation to the First and Second World Wars and the Viet Nam War. Reinforcing that “The materialities and imaginaries of home are closely connected” (Blunt and Dowling 188), Small sings of how the gold frames held the photographs that mothers kissed each night And the doorframe held the shocked and silent strangers from the fight. Small provides a rare musical insight into the disjuncture between the men who left the domestic space and those who return to it, and we sense that women may have borne much of the brunt of those awful changes. The idea of domestic bliss is also challenged, though from the returned soldier’s point of view, in Redgum’s 1983 song I Was Only Nineteen, written by group member John Schuman. It touches on the tragedy of young men thrust into war situations and the horrific after-affects for them, which cannot be shrugged off on return to home. The nurturing of home has limits but the privacy associated with the domestic sphere has often concealed the violence and mental anguish that happens away from public view. But by this time most of the songs referring to home were dominated once more by sentimental love, often borne of travel as mobility rose. Journeys help “establish the thresholds and boundaries of home” and can give rise to “an idealized, ideological and ethnocentric view of home” (Mallett 78). Where previously songsters had sung of leaving home in exile or for escape from poverty, lyrics from the 1960s onwards often suggested that work had removed people from loved ones. It could be work on a day-by-day basis, as in A Hard Day’s Night from the 1964 film of the same name, where the Beatles illuminate differences between the public sphere of work and the private sphere to which they return: When I’m home, everything seems to be alright, When I’m home feeling you holding me tight, tight, yeah and reiterated by Paul McCartney in Every Night: And every night that day is through But tonight I just want to stay in And be with you. Lyrics such as these and McCartney’s call to be taken “...home to the Mull of Kintyre,” singled him out for his home-and-hearth messages (Dempsey). But work might involve longer absences and thus more deepfelt loneliness. Simon and Garfunkel’s exemplary Homeward Bound starkly portrays a site of “away-ness”: I’m sittin’ in the railway station, got a ticket for my destination… Mundaneness, monotony and predictability contrast with the home to which the singer’s thoughts are constantly escaping. The routine is familiar but the faces are those of strangers. Home here is, again, not simply a domicile but the warmth of those we know and love. Written at a railway station, Homeward Bound echoes sentiments almost identical to those of (Leaving on a) Jet Plane, written by John Denver at an airport in 1967. Denver also co-wrote (Take Me Home) Country Roads, where, in another example of anthropomorphism as a tool of establishing a strong link, he asks to be taken home to the place I belong West Virginia, mountain momma, Take me home, Country Roads. The theme has recurred in numerous songs since, spawning examples such as Darin and Alquist’s When I Get Home, Chris Daughtry’s Home, Michael Bublé’s Home and Will Smith’s Ain’t No Place Like Home, where, in an opening reminiscent of Homeward Bound, the singer is Sitting in a hotel room A thousand miles away from nowhere Sloped over a chair as I stare… Furniture from home, on the other hand, can be used to evoke contentment and bliss, as demonstrated by George Weiss and Bob Thiele’s song The Home Fire, in which both kin and the objects of home become charged with meaning: All of the folks that I love are there I got a date with my favourite chair Of course, in regard to earlier songs especially, while the traveller associates home with love, security and tenderness, back at home the waiting one may have had feelings more of frustration and oppression. One is desperate to get back home, but for all we know the other may be desperate to get out of home or to develop a life more meaningful than that which was then offered to women. If the lot of homemakers was invisible to national economies (Waring), it seemed equally invisible to mainstream songwriters. This reflects the tradition that “Despite home being generally considered a feminine, nurturing space created by women themselves, they often lack both authority and a space of their own within this realm” (Mallett 75). Few songs have offered the perspective of the one at home awaiting the return of the traveller. One exception is the Seekers’ 1965 A World of Our Own but, written by Tom Springfield, the words trilled by Judith Durham may have been more of a projection of the traveller’s hopes and expectations than a true reflection of the full experiences of housebound women of the day. Certainly, the song reinforces connections between home and intimacy and privacy: Close the door, light the lights. We’re stayin’ home tonight, Far away from the bustle and the bright city lights. Let them all fade away, just leave us alone And we’ll live in a world of our own. This also strongly supports Gaston Bachelard’s claim that one’s house in the sense of a home is one’s “first universe, a real cosmos” (qtd. in Blunt and Dowling 12). But privacy can also be a loneliness when home is not inhabited by loved ones, as in the lyrics of Don Gibson’s 1958 Oh, Lonesome Me, where Everybody’s going out and having fun I’m a fool for staying home and having none. Similar sentiments emerge in Debbie Boone’s You Light up My Life: So many nights I’d sit by my window Waiting for someone to sing me his song. Home in these situations can be just as alienating as the “away” depicted as so unfriendly by Homeward Bound’s strangers’ faces and the “million people” who still leave Michael Bublé feeling alone. Yet there are other songs that depict “away” as a prison made of freedom, insinuating that the lack of a home and consequently of the stable love and commitment presumably found there is a sad situation indeed. This is suggested by the lilting tune, if not by the lyrics themselves, in songs such as Wandrin’ Star from the musical Paint Your Wagon and Ron Miller’s I’ve Never Been to Me, which has both a male and female version with different words, reinforcing gendered experiences. The somewhat conservative lyrics in the female version made it a perfect send-up song in the 1994 film Priscilla: Queen of the Desert. In some songs the absentee is not a traveller but has been in jail. In Tie a Yellow Ribbon round the Ole Oak Tree, an ex-inmate states “I’m comin’ home. I’ve done my time.” Home here is contingent upon the availability and forgivingness of his old girl friend. Another song juxtaposing home with prison is Tom Jones’ The Green, Green Grass of Home in which the singer dreams he is returning to his home, to his parents, girlfriend and, once again, an old oak tree. However, he awakes to find he was dreaming and is about to be executed. His body will be taken home and placed under the oak tree, suggesting some resigned sense of satisfaction that he will, after all, be going home, albeit in different circumstances. Death and home are thus sometimes linked, with home a euphemism for the former, as suggested in many spirituals, with heaven or an afterlife being considered “going home”. The reverse is the case in the haunting Bring Him Home of the musical Les Misérables. With Marius going off to the barricades and the danger involved, Jean Valjean prays for the young man’s safe return and that he might live. Home is connected here with life, safety and ongoing love. In a number of songs about home and absence there is a sense of home being a place where morality is gently enforced, presumably by women who keep men on the straight and narrow, in line with one of the women’s roles of colonial Australia, researched by Anne Summers. These songs imply that when men wander from home, their morals also go astray. Wild Rover bemoans Oh, I’ve been a wild rover for many a year, and I’ve spent all my money on whiskey and beer… There is the resolve in the chorus, however, that home will have a reforming influence. Gene Pitney’s Twenty-Four Hours from Tulsa poses the dangers of distance from a wife’s influence, while displaying opposition to the sentimental yearning of so many other songs: Dearest darlin’, I have to write to say that I won’t be home anymore ‘cause something happened to me while I was drivin’ home And I’m not the same anymore Class as well as gender can be a debated issue in meanings attached to home, as evident in several songs that take a more jaundiced view of home, seeing it as a place from which to escape. The Animals’ powerful We Gotta Get Outta This Place clearly suggests a life of drudgery in a home town or region. Protectively, the lyrics insist “Girl, there’s a better life for me and you” but it has to be elsewhere. This runs against the grain of other British songs addressing poverty or a working class existence as something that comes with its own blessings, all to do with an area identified as home. These traits may be loyalty, familiarity or a refusal to judge and involve identities of placement rather than of displacement in, for instance, Gerry and the Pacemakers’ Ferry Cross the Mersey: People around every corner, they seem to smile and say “We don’t care what your name is, boy. We’ll never send you away.” This bears out Blunt and Dowling’s claim that “people’s senses of themselves are related to and produced through lived and metaphorical experiences of home” (252). It also resonates with some of the region-based identity and solidarity issues explored a short time later by Paul Willis in his study of working class youth in Britain, which help to inform how a sense of home can operate to constrict consciousness, ideas and aspirations. Identity features strongly in other songs about home. Several years after Neil Young recorded his 1970 song Southern Man about racism in the south of the USA, the group Lynyrd Skynyrd, responded with Sweet Home Alabama. While the meaning of its lyrics are still debated, there is no debate about the way in which the song has been embraced, as I recently discovered first-hand in Tennessee. A banjo-and-fiddle band performing the song during a gig virtually brought down the house as the predominantly southern audience clapped, whopped and stamped its feet. The real meanings of home were found not in the lyrics but in the audience’s response. Wally Johnson and Bob Brown’s 1975 Home Among the Gum Trees is a more straightforward ode to home, with lyrics that prescribe a set of non-commodified values. It is about simplicity and the right to embrace a lifestyle that includes companionship, leisure and an enjoyment of and appreciation of nature, all threatened seriously in the three decades since the song’s writing. The second verse in which large shopping complexes – and implicitly the consumerism they encourage – are eschewed (“I’d trade it all tomorrow for a little bush retreat where the kookaburras call”), is a challenge to notions of progress and reflects social movements of the day, The Green Bans Movement, for instance, took a broader and more socially conscientious attitude towards home and community, putting forward alternative sets of values and insisting people should have a say in the social and aesthetic construction of their neighbourhoods as well as the impacts of their labour (Mundey). Ironically, the song has gone on to become the theme song for a TV show about home gardens. With a strong yet more vague notion of home, Peter Allen’s I Still Call Australia Home, was more prone to commodification and has been adopted as a promotional song for Qantas. Nominating only the desire to travel and the love of freedom as Australian values, both politically and socially innocuous within the song’s context, this catchy and uplifting song, when not being used as an advertisement, paradoxically works for a “diaspora” of Australians who are not in exile but have mostly travelled for reasons of pleasure or professional or financial gain. Another paradox arises from the song Home on the Range, dating back to the 19th century at a time when the frontier was still a strong concept in the USA and people were simultaneously leaving homes and reminiscing about home (Mechem). Although it was written in Kansas, the lyrics – again vague and adaptable – were changed by other travellers so that versions such as Colorado Home and My Arizona Home soon abounded. In 1947 Kansas made Home on the Range its state song, despite there being very few buffalo left there, thus highlighting a disjuncture between the modern Kansas and “a home where the buffalo roam” as described in the song. These themes, paradoxes and oppositional understandings of home only scratch the surface of the wide range of claims that are made on home throughout popular music. It has been shown that home is a flexible concept, referring to homelands, regions, communities and private houses. While predominantly used to evoke positive feelings, mostly with traditional views of the relationships that lie within homes, songs also raise challenges to notions of domesticity, the rights of those inhabiting the private sphere and the demarcation between the private and public spheres. Songs about home reflect contexts and challenges of their respective eras and remind us that vigorous discussion takes place about and within homes. The challenges are changing. Where many women once felt restrictively tied to the home – and no doubt many continue to do so – many women and men are now struggling to rediscover spatial boundaries, with production and consumption increasingly impinging upon relationships that have so frequently given the term home its meaning. With evidence that we are working longer hours and that home life, in whatever form, is frequently suffering (Beder, Hochschild), the discussion should continue. In the words of Sam Cooke, Bring it on home to me! References Bacheland, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1994. Beder, Sharon. Selling the Work Ethic: From Puritan Pulpit to Corporate PR. London: Zed Books, 2000. Blunt, Alison, and Robyn Dowling. Home. London: Routledge, 2006. Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: UCL Press, 1997. Cooper, B. Lee. “Good Timin’: Searching for Meaning in Clock Songs.” Popular Music and Society 30.1 (Feb. 2007): 93-106. Dempsey, J.M. “McCartney at 60: A Body of Work Celebrating Home and Hearth.” Popular Music and Society 27.1 (Feb. 2004): 27-40. Eva, Phil. “Home Sweet Home? The Culture of ‘Exile’ in Mid-Victorian Popular Song.” Popular Music 16.2 (May 1997): 131-150. Hochschild, Arlie. The Time Bind: When Work Becomes Home and Home Becomes Work. New York: Metropolitan/Holt, 1997. Mallett, Sonia. “Understanding Home: A Critical Review of the Literature.” The Sociological Review 52.1 (2004): 62-89. Mechem, Kirke, “The Story of ‘Home on the Range’.” Reprint from the Kansas Historical Quarterly (Nov. 1949). Topeka, Kansas: Kansas State Historical Society. 28 May 2007 http://www.emporia.edu/cgps/tales/nov2003.html>. Mundey, Jack. Green Bans and Beyond. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1981. Nelson-Burns, Lesley. Folk Music of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and America. 29 May 2007 http://www.contemplator.com/ireland/thoerin.html>. Summers, Anne. 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