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1
POSTIGLIONE, MIRIAM. "IL VALORE DEL 'PRECEDENTE' NELLA GIURISPRUDENZA DEL GIUDICE DELL'UNIONE EUROPEA." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/789947.
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The value of “precedent” in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union and the attempt to identify its characteristics within the European Union legal framework cannot be proceeded without the preemptive analysis of the legal reasoning and of the creative role of the judge.
The role of the precedent in the legal reasoning and in the interpretation of the European Union law, as well as the unanimously accepted capacity of the judge to “create” law, are to be indented as the pivotal conditions allowing the development of a stare decisis system.
The second part of the present thesis is focused on the peculiar features of the judicial precedent in the case law of the Court of Justice. In particular, we could notice, firstly, the absence of a clear definition and distinction between the concept of ratio decidendi and obiter dicta; secondly, we underline the need to overcome the classical distinction between persuasive precedent and binding precedent, in order to properly evaluate the scale of value that the precedent can take following the use and the function that is playing from time to time. Moreover, the analysis of the efficacy of the precedent will be confined, in this second part of the work, to the “self-precedent” of the Court, meaning to the obligation for the judge to follow his own precedent. The analysis will then highlight the role of precedent in case it is overruled or distinguished by the Court: practice that, ultimately, has to be conceived as a confirmation, as well as a recognition, of the precedent’s value.
Furthermore, in spite of the absence of a doctrine of precedent in the European Union legal system, we recall two circumstances in which the judicial precedent assumes a de facto binding value. Firstly, we analyse the use of precedent in the decision-making activity of the judge, and then those norms of the rules of procedure that required the Court of Justice to decide by explicit reference to the previous judgment.
Lastly, the analysis will be focus on the efficacy of the Court’s precedent with respect to the Tribunal is the evaluation of the impact of the vertical relationship between the two judges and the extension to which the Tribunal is bound by the Court’s as well as in the relationship between the Court and the national judge.
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SILVA, CELSO DE ALBUQUERQUE. "STARE DECISIS: ITS LEGITIMATION AND APPLYING." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=6140@1.
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A presente tese de doutoramento em direito constitucional
versa sobre a
temática da doutrina do stare decisis que impõe às Cortes
de nível hierárquico
inferior o dever de obedecer e seguir os precedentes
judiciais das Cortes Superiores.
A tese está dividida em duas partes. A primeira parte
analisa os princípios
constitucionais da isonomia, da rule of law e democrático
como fatores
justificadores e legitimadores da adoção da doutrina do
stare decisis, na medida em
que asseguram coerência e consistência nas decisões
judiciais e concretizam o ideal
de segurança jurídica e justiça. A segunda parte analisa o
papel desempenhado pelas
Cortes Judiciais nos Estados modernos, descreve a analisa
criticamente os diversos
modelos teóricos de aplicação da doutrina do stare decisis
com o objetivo de
estruturar uma teoria coerente os fundamentos doutrinários
para uma correta
aplicação da doutrina e, finalmente, elabora os princípios
institucionais que
governam o abandono da doutrina anteriormente estabelecida
para harmonizar as
tensões entre as necessidades de estabilidade e
flexibilidade da ordem jurídica, que
decorrem das demandas da segurança jurídica e as exigências
dos princípios morais
mutáveis concernentes à justiça social.This present Ph.D. thesis in Constitutional Law is about stare decisis which imposes to the inferior Courts the duty of obeying and following the judicial Superior Courts precedents. This thesis is divided in two parts. The first part analyses the constitutionals principles of equality, rule of law and democratic as both justifying and legitimating factors of the adoption of the stare decisis, since they both assure coherency and consistency in the judicial decisions and reaffirm the ideal of stability and justice. The second part analyses the role played by Judicial Courts in the modern States, it describes and critically analyses the various theoretical models about the stare decisis doctrine in order to develop a coherent theory for a correct use of the doctrine and, finally, develop the institutional principles that the rule the overruling to harmonize the tensions between the needs of stability and flexibility of judicial system, that come from the demands of juridical certainty and the demands of the changing moral principles that concern to the social justice.
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COLONNA, DANIELE. "La Cassazione tra prototipo francese e stare decisis: una prospettiva storica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1076327.
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La natura della corte di cassazione italiana è oggi oggetto di profondi cambiamenti. La presente Tesi di Dottorato cerca di leggere in maniera consapevole questa metamorfosi ripercorrendo gli accadimenti che hanno condotto al formarsi del modello della cassation francese, in ancien régime e nel contesto rivoluzionario, e a quello dello stare decisis, strutturatosi a partire dalle vicende del Seicento inglese e affermatosi nel XIX secolo in coerenza con la riforma delle strutture giudiziarie.The nature of the Italian Court of cassation is now undergoing profound changes. The present Doctoral Thesis seeks to read this metamorphosis by tracing the events that led to the development of the model of the French cassation, in ancien régime and in the revolutionary context, and that of stare decisis, structured in the English Seventeenth Century and established in the Nineteenth Century in line with the reform of judicial structures.
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Sheehan, Daniel E. "Dynamic in-store decision making." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54871.
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Much of our current understanding of how consumers shop for goods and services is based on cross-sectional analyses of end-of-trip variables (e.g., basket composition, total spending) that has largely assumed purchase behavior is constant over the course of a shopping trip, however research has begun to demonstrate how an initial purchase can influence a subsequent purchase decision. This suggests shopping behavior may not only vary throughout a shopping trip, but rather is specifically influenced by when a purchase decision occurs within a shopping trip. I build on this foundation through two essays that show how and why a consumer’s in-store purchasing behavior is influenced by both the decisions they have made and the decisions they anticipate to make later. The first essay demonstrates that a consumer’s relative spending— the price of an item, relative to the prices of the other items in the same product category—evolves nonlinearly over a single shopping trip, and this pattern is distinct for budget and nonbudget shoppers. The second essay examines whether and how encountering promotions in-store, but temporally in advance of the promoted product influences a consumer’s redemption decision. These findings suggest that shoppers’ decisions evolve of a single shopping trip as a function of the decisions and evaluations the have made earlier in the shopping trip, as well the decisions they still have left to make. In each essay, implications for researchers and practitioners are presented and opportunities for future research are discussed.
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Yardley, Keith Brian. "An investigation of two-stage decision making." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.424322.
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Jacobs, Elina Alexandra Katariina. "Cortical state dynamics during sensory decision-making." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2018. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10056729/.
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Cortical states, defined as the dynamics of cortical neural activity on the timescale of seconds or more, vary during different behavioural states. Originally associated mainly with the sleep-wake cycle, it is now recognised that cortical states present subtle changes during waking that reflect the cognitive and behavioural demands an individual is pursuing. Therefore, it has been suggested that attention leads to a desynchronised cortical state, characterised by the absence of low frequency oscillations, which is thought to improve the information processing of the object of interest and thereby improve performance in attention demanding tasks. To maximise the beneficial effects of desynchronisation, it has been proposed that this state should occur locally, as this may spot-light the attended feature. I investigated this hypothesis by asking whether attending to a specific sensory modality leads to local desynchronisation of the sensory cortex of the modality being used. I trained mice to perform visual and auditory decision making tasks, and assessed cortical state through spectral analysis of widefield calcium signals. Genetically encoded calcium indicators were expressed in cortical excitatory neurons, and their activity was imaged simultaneously across cortex while the animals were performing the different tasks. Cortical states correlated with task engagement rather than with task performance, and this effect was global. Unexpectedly, the biggest desynchronisation was seen in somatosensory cortex in all tasks, and there was along lasting effect of reward. These effects could not be explained by movement or pupil diameter, a commonly used measure of arousal. Furthermore, desynchronisation correlated with reaction time. Thus, variations in cortical state closely relate to changes in task engagement, demands and outcome. This suggests that desynchronization is not a causal effect of attention that improves performance, but instead may be a cognitive state related to preparing rapid and coordinated responses to sensory stimuli.
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MacAdam, Alastair I. "The doctrine of precedent in Australia." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1995. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36893/1/36893_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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Despite what the realists and other critics might say, Australian judges in particular, do take the doctrine of precedent seriously. This is evidenced by the volume of cases that are discussed in this thesis. Included in these cases are numerous decisions of the High Court of Australia. My approach to the topic has been wherever possible, to rely on primary authorities - the cases and legislative provisions - with reference being made to secondary materials only where such materials are of undoubted standing. As a general rule, I have limited discussion to the operation of the doctrine
in courts of general jurisdiction, with only occasional references to specialized courts and tribunals such as the Family Court of Australia and Administrative Appeal The Doctrine of Precedent in Australia Tribunals.
The focus of the thesis is on what the judges actually do. It is not intended to approach the topic from a jurisprudential perspective. I have not attempted to
develop a Grand Theory, but there is a theme: that as Australian judges in courts below the High Court, and in some cases in that court itself, often regard it as
'invidious'1 to have to decide matters for themselves, the judges frequently concern themselves with what the doctrine of precedent demands of them. My approach has been to synthesize many scattered observations on the doctrine of
precedent - which has not been done before in Australia. In a number of areas where the rulings and dicta of the courts have left contradictions or a gap I have attempted
to derive and to articulate a set of rules from such hints as can be found in relevant judgments. I trust others will find such rules helpful, logical and persuasive.
The law is stated as at 31 July 1995.
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Ferns, Norman Francis. "State-similarity metrics for continuous Markov decision processes." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103383.
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In recent years, various metrics have been developed for measuring the similarity of states in probabilistic transition systems (Desharnais et al., 1999; van Breugel & Worrell, 2001a). In the context of Markov decision processes, we have devised metrics providing a robust quantitative analogue of bisimulation. Most importantly, the metric distances can be used to bound the differences in the optimal value function that is integral to reinforcement learning (Ferns et al. 2004; 2005). More recently, we have discovered an efficient algorithm to calculate distances in the case of finite systems (Ferns et al., 2006). In this thesis, we seek to properly extend state-similarity metrics to Markov decision processes with continuous state spaces both in theory and in practice. In particular, we provide the first distance-estimation scheme for metrics based on bisimulation for continuous probabilistic transition systems. Our work, based on statistical sampling and infinite dimensional linear programming, is a crucial first step in real-world planning; many practical problems are continuous in nature, e.g. robot navigation, and often a parametric model or crude finite approximation does not suffice. State-similarity metrics allow us to reason about the quality of replacing one model with another. In practice, they can be used directly to aggregate states.
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Kantas, Nikolas. "Sequential decision making in general state space models." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.611272.
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Fernandes, Tânia Sofia da Costa. "A tomada de decisão dos Venture Capitalists e dos Business Angels : critérios e factores decisórios." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6814.
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Mestrado em Ciências EmpresariaisEste trabalho pretende identificar e analisar quais são os critérios mais importantes utilizados pelos Business Angels e pelos Venture Capitalists no processo de tomada de decisão de investimento às start-ups, e posteriormente, compará-los, de forma a verificar se existem diferenças significativas entre os dois tipos de investidores. Para tal recorreu-se à aplicação de um questionário enviado por email, no qual foi solicitado aos participantes que classificassem a importância dos critérios propostos com base numa escala do tipo Likert de cinco pontos, de nada importante a muito importante. No total, foram submetidas 15 respostas, 10 por parte dos Venture Capitalists, e 5 provenientes dos Business Angels. A análise dos dados foi efetuada com recurso à estatística descritiva e as hipóteses foram testadas com base em testes não paramétricos. Os resultados indicam que, para os dois tipos de investidores, os critérios mais importantes dizem respeito aos aspetos relacionados com o produto.
This study pretends to identify and analyze the most important criteria used by the Business Angels and the Venture Capitalists in the investment process to start-ups, and then, compare them, in order to verify whether there are significant differences between the two types of investors. To this end was used a questionnaire sent by email with a Likert scale with five points, (between “not important at all” and “very important”), where the investors were asked to rate the importance of the proposed criteria. In total, 15 responses were submitted, 10 by the Venture Capitalists and 5 from the Business Angels. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested using non-parametric tests. The findings show that, for the two types of investors, the most important criteria are related to the aspects of the product.
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Cuba, Barriga Luisa Alejandra, and La Cruz Velásquez Lady Diana De. "Motivación del consumidor en su preferencia por las tiendas de conveniencia en el distrito de Miraflores." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626344.
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La siguiente investigación pretende analizar las motivaciones del consumidor en su preferencia por las tiendas de conveniencia en el distrito de Miraflores. Para la ejecución del estudio, se han examinado los factores del mix del marketing, tales como producto, plaza, promoción, precio y calidad del servicio; los cuales determinarán en qué grado intervienen en la decisión de compra del cliente.
Las tiendas de conveniencia han presentado una expansión en Lima, desde el 2015. Este formato de tiendas es una propuesta que se puede considerar como un punto medio entre el canal moderno y el tradicional, ocasionando el surgimiento de un nuevo grupo estratégico. Se espera que la investigación pueda contribuir a optimizar las estrategias de este grupo empresarial y en la propuesta de valor ofrecida a los consumidores, integrantes de este nuevo formato de negocio; es por ello, que se proporciona información que evidencia la experiencia real de los consumidores.
La investigación involucra a 381 personas que hayan realizado compras en las tiendas de conveniencia del distrito de Miraflores. La data recolectada, mediante el cuestionario, se analizó con el software IBM SPSS Statistics, utilizando métodos tales como estadística Descriptiva, Chi Cuadrado y Análisis de Correlación de Spearman, para ver en qué grado afectan las variables del marketing mix en la decisión de compra del cliente.
Finalmente, los resultados revelan que el consumidor valora más la localización de la tienda y el amplio horario de atención; así como también, los productos y promociones que son ofrecidos en estas tiendas de conveniencia.This research proposes to analyze the motivations of consumers in their preferences for convenience stores in Miraflores district. In order to carry out the study, the factors of the marketing mix has been studied, such as product, place, promotion, price and quality service; which will determine if these factors influence the customer’s purchase decision. The convenience stores have presented an expansion in Lima, since 2015. This kind of retail is a proposal that can be considered as a mid-point between the modern and traditional channels, causing the emergence of a new strategic group. It is expected that the research can contribute to improve the strategies of this business group and the value proposal offered to the users among the members of this new business format. That is why, it provides information that demonstrates the real experience of consumers. The research involves 381 persons approached while purchasing at convenience stores in Miraflores district. The data collected, based on the questionnaire, has been analyzed with IBM SPSS Statistics software, and it was evaluated through statistical methods such as descriptive statistics, Chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis in order to see at what extend, the variables of marketing mix affect the customer's purchase decision. Finally, the results reveal that the consumer values the location, products and promotions offered by convenience stores.
Tesis
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Andersen, David Ray. "Foreign policy decision-making and violent non-state actors." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2038.
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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.Thesis research directed by: Government and Politics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Vaassen, Edmond Hubert Johannes. "Auditors' decision processes in audit planning stage materiality judgments." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1994. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=6552.
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Starke, Stephanie [Verfasser]. "Fostering Networking as a Decisive Entrepreneurial Ability / Stephanie Starke." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102253551X/34.
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Miller, Banks P. "State Success in State Supreme Courts: Judges, Litigants and State Solicitors." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1243004656.
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Shaw, Katherine Anne. "Visual merchandising : the effects of store image and store design on the female consumer decision process /." View online, 2004. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211131200578.pdf.
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Brooks, Alex. "Parametric POMDPs for planning in continuous state spaces." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/1861.
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PhDThis thesis is concerned with planning and acting under uncertainty in partially-observable continuous domains. In particular, it focusses on the problem of mobile robot navigation given a known map. The dominant paradigm for robot localisation is to use Bayesian estimation to maintain a probability distribution over possible robot poses. In contrast, control algorithms often base their decisions on the assumption that a single state, such as the mode of this distribution, is correct. In scenarios involving significant uncertainty, this can lead to serious control errors. It is generally agreed that the reliability of navigation in uncertain environments would be greatly improved by the ability to consider the entire distribution when acting, rather than the single most likely state. The framework adopted in this thesis for modelling navigation problems mathematically is the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP). An exact solution to a POMDP problem provides the optimal balance between reward-seeking behaviour and information-seeking behaviour, in the presence of sensor and actuation noise. Unfortunately, previous exact and approximate solution methods have had difficulty scaling to real applications. The contribution of this thesis is the formulation of an approach to planning in the space of continuous parameterised approximations to probability distributions. Theoretical and practical results are presented which show that, when compared with similar methods from the literature, this approach is capable of scaling to larger and more realistic problems. In order to apply the solution algorithm to real-world problems, a number of novel improvements are proposed. Specifically, Monte Carlo methods are employed to estimate distributions over future parameterised beliefs, improving planning accuracy without a loss of efficiency. Conditional independence assumptions are exploited to simplify the problem, reducing computational requirements. Scalability is further increased by focussing computation on likely beliefs, using metric indexing structures for efficient function approximation. Local online planning is incorporated to assist global offline planning, allowing the precision of the latter to be decreased without adversely affecting solution quality. Finally, the algorithm is implemented and demonstrated during real-time control of a mobile robot in a challenging navigation task. We argue that this task is substantially more challenging and realistic than previous problems to which POMDP solution methods have been applied. Results show that POMDP planning, which considers the evolution of the entire probability distribution over robot poses, produces significantly more robust behaviour when compared with a heuristic planner which considers only the most likely states and outcomes.
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Diaz, Sara Katherine. "Where do I start? decision making in complex novel environments." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/5132.
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CHDS State/LocalApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Threats to our country have never been more real, nor had more potential to impact large populations of Americans. From the homeland defense perspective, some ideology-based groups have the ability and intention to attack the United States in ways that we as a nation have never imagined. As our world grows more complex and unpredictable, our first responders need tools to enable them to operate in this space. This thesis focuses on how decisions are made in complex novel environments. Using Grounded Theory methodology, interviews were conducted with public safety personnel who had past experience managing incidents that matched the study criteria. Aspects of Complexity Theory and Recognition-Primed Decision Making were identified as core components. Based on these findings, a descriptive process model was developed that modifies the existing Recognition-Primed Decision Making model in order to account for novel situations, in addition to those cases where the decision maker has previous experience. The Exploration and Exploitation Decision Making model (Ex2DM) is based on actual practices by both law enforcement and fire-rescue professionals. With an understanding of the unique characteristics of complex environments and how decisions are made under these conditions, public safety personnel will be better prepared to manage complex incidents.
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Smith, B. D. "State responsibility and the marine environment : The rules of decision." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372921.
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LEANZA, FEDERICA. "CONSUMER SPATIAL BEHAVIOR: L'INFLUENZA DELLO STORE LAYOUT SUL DECISION-MAKING." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/39112.
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Oggi le aziende riconoscono come i comportamenti d’acquisto del cliente siano influenzati dall’atmosfera del mondo retail. Le caratteristiche del punto vendita e le sue potenzialità multisensoriali rappresentano una componente fondamentale capace di influenzare il processo di scelta del consumatore da un punto di vista cognitivo ma soprattutto emotivo. Il presente lavoro di tesi propone un’indagine interdisciplinare con l’intenzione di analizzare la figura del consumatore in diversi contesti d’acquisto. Il macro-obiettivo è verificare l’impatto percettivo, cognitivo ed emotivo per comprendere come lo spazio influenzi i processi decisionali di acquisto e come gli elementi contestuali e architettonici ne favoriscano la fruizione. Gli store non sono più considerati semplici luoghi dove acquistare un prodotto ma ambienti in grado di regalare un’esperienza emozionante. L’uso di differenti strumenti d’indagine ha permesso di analizzare le risposte implicite (con l’utilizzo di strumenti neuroscientifici) ed esplicite (grazie all’uso di strumenti tradizionali di psicologia quali questionari e interviste) per avere una visione globale della percezione e delle emozioni del consumatore all’interno di un contesto d’acquisto. Diversamente delle altre ricerche di Consumer Neuroscience fino ad ora esistenti, il lavoro proposto si discosta dalle dinamiche puramente di laboratorio per studiare il cliente all’interno del punto vendita preservando così un ambiente ecologico.Nowadays the companies are aware that the consumer’s buying behavior is influenced by the atmosphere of the retail world. The features of point of sale and its multi-sensory potential are important components which influence cognitively and emotively the consumer choice process. The present thesis aims to present an interdisciplinary research with the intention to analyze the consumer in different sales contexts. The macro-objective is to verify the perceptive, cognitive and emotional impact to understand how the space influences decision-making process and how the contextual and architectural elements encourage its fruition. Stores are no longer considered as simple places to buy a product but environments able to give an emotional experience. The use of different tools allowed us to analyze implicit responses (with neuroscientific tools) and explicit responses (thanks to the use of traditional tools of psychology such as questionnaires and interviews) to have a global view of consumer perception and emotion within the sales context. Unlike other consumer neuroscience research, this work was done outside of laboratory to study the consumer in point of sale and preserving an ecological environment.
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Au, Manix. "Automatic State Construction using Decision Trees for Reinforcement Learning Agents." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15965/1/Manix_Au_Thesis.pdf.
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning framework in which an agent learns a policy from continual interaction with the environment. A policy is a mapping from states to actions. The agent receives rewards as feedback on the actions performed. The objective of RL is to design autonomous agents to search for the policy that maximizes the expectation of the cumulative reward.
When the environment is partially observable, the agent cannot determine the states with certainty. These states are called hidden in the literature. An agent that relies exclusively on the current observations will not always find the optimal policy. For example, a mobile robot needs to remember the number of doors went by in order to reach a specific door, down a corridor of identical doors.
To overcome the problem of partial observability, an agent uses both current and past (memory) observations to construct an internal state representation, which is treated
as an abstraction of the environment.
This research focuses on how features of past events are extracted with variable granularity regarding the internal state construction. The project introduces a new method that applies Information Theory and decision tree technique to derive a tree structure, which represents the state and the policy. The relevance, of a candidate feature, is assessed by the Information Gain Ratio ranking with respect to the cumulative expected reward.
Experiments carried out on three different RL tasks have shown that our variant of the U-Tree (McCallum, 1995) produces a more robust state representation and faster learning. This better performance can be explained by the fact that the Information Gain Ratio exhibits a lower variance in return prediction than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test used in the original U-Tree algorithm.
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Au, Manix. "Automatic State Construction using Decision Trees for Reinforcement Learning Agents." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15965/.
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Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning framework in which an agent learns a policy from continual interaction with the environment. A policy is a mapping from states to actions. The agent receives rewards as feedback on the actions performed. The objective of RL is to design autonomous agents to search for the policy that maximizes the expectation of the cumulative reward. When the environment is partially observable, the agent cannot determine the states with certainty. These states are called hidden in the literature. An agent that relies exclusively on the current observations will not always find the optimal policy. For example, a mobile robot needs to remember the number of doors went by in order to reach a specific door, down a corridor of identical doors. To overcome the problem of partial observability, an agent uses both current and past (memory) observations to construct an internal state representation, which is treated as an abstraction of the environment. This research focuses on how features of past events are extracted with variable granularity regarding the internal state construction. The project introduces a new method that applies Information Theory and decision tree technique to derive a tree structure, which represents the state and the policy. The relevance, of a candidate feature, is assessed by the Information Gain Ratio ranking with respect to the cumulative expected reward. Experiments carried out on three different RL tasks have shown that our variant of the U-Tree (McCallum, 1995) produces a more robust state representation and faster learning. This better performance can be explained by the fact that the Information Gain Ratio exhibits a lower variance in return prediction than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test used in the original U-Tree algorithm.
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Liu, Kuangyi. "Start-up manufacturing firms : operations for survival." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5929.
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Start-up firms play an important role in the economy. Statistics show that a large percent of start-up firms fail after few years of establishment. Raising capital, which is crucial to success, is one of the difficulties start-up firms face. This Ph. D thesis aims to draw suggestions for start-up firm survival from mathematical models and numerical investigations. Instead of the commonly held profi t maximizing objective, this thesis assumes that a start-up firm aims to maximize its survival probability during the planning horizon. A firm fails if it runs out of capital at a solvency check. Inventory management in manufacturing start-up firms is discussed further with mathematical theories and numerical illustrations, to gain insight of the policies for start-up firms. These models consider specific inventory problems with total lost sales, partial backorders and joint inventory-advertising decisions. The models consider general cost functions and stochastic demand, with both lead time zero and one cases. The research in this thesis provides quantitative analysis on start-up firm survival, which is new to the literature. From the results, a threshold exists on the initial capital requirement to start-up firms, above which the increase of capital has little effect on survival probability. Start-up firms are often risk-averse and cautious about spending. Entering the right niche market increases their chance of survival, where the demand is more predictable, and start-ups can obtain higher backorder rates and product price. Sensitivity tests show that selling price, purchasing price and overhead cost have the most impact on survival probability. Lead time has a negative effect on start-up firms, which can be offset by increasing the order frequent. Advertising, as an investment in goodwill, can increase start-up firms' survival. The advertising strategies vary according to both goodwill and inventory levels, and the policy is more flexible in start-up firms. Externally, a slightly less frequency solvency check gives start-up firms more room for fund raising and/or operation adjustment, and can increase the survival probability. The problems are modelled using Markov decision processes, and numerical illustrations are implemented in Java.
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Ivanauskaitė, Eglė. "Teismo precedento kaip teisės šaltinio problematika Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090908_194055-30721.
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Teismo precedento kaip teisės šaltinio problematika Lietuvoje Santrauka Konstituciniam Teismui paskelbus 2006 m. kovo 28 d. ir 2007 m. spalio 24 d. nutarimus, Lietuvoje precedentas pirmą kartą oficialiai pripažintas privalomu teisės šaltiniu. Lietuvos teisininkų bendruomenėje buvo ir vis dar yra svarstoma, kokos priežastys lėmė, kad bendrosios teisės institutas tapo Lietuvos teisės sistemos dalimi. Darbe, remiantis statutinės teisės normomis, Lietuvos teisės mokslo atstovų darbais, bei konkrečiais pavyzdžiais iš Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo ir Lietuvos apeliacinio teismo praktikos, stengiamasi ištirti ir atskleisti prielaidas bei aplinkybes, lėmusias precedento susiformavimą dabartinėje Lietuvos teisės sistemoje. Precedento instituto užuomazgų būta jau tarpukario Lietuvoje, tačiau pasireiškus tarybinės teisės intervencijai, jis taip ir liko nesusiformavęs. Vėliau, Lietuvai atkūrus nepriklausomybę, teismų vaidmuo ir jų formuojamos praktikos reikšmė palaipsniui didėjo, kol galiausiai Konstitucinis Teismas konstatavo, jog teismai, spręsdami analogiškas bylas, privalo vadovautis jau sukurtais precedentais, o ne kurti naujus. Tai buvo precedento doktrinos formavimosi Lietuvoje pradžia.A Precedent as a Source of Law Issues in Lithuania Summary A judicial precedent was established as a binding source of law in the Lithuanian law system by the resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Republic Lithuania, dated 28h March 2006, and the resolution of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania, dated 24th October 2007. The question whether the institute of the common law tradition should have had to become a part of Lithuanian law system is still considered and discussed among the Lithuanian lawyers. This paper, which is based on the analysis of legal acts, works of Lithuanian law scientists and decisions of the Supreme Court of Lithuania and the Court of Appeals of Lithuania, seeks to analyse the background and circumstances under which the precedent institute was established in Lithuanian law system. A germ of the precedent already existed in the interwar Lithuania. However, due to the historical reasons and an intervention of the Soviet law, the precedent institute was not further developed. Later, after Lithuania announced independence, the role of Lithuanian courts and their jurisprudence has become important again. Finally, the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania has stated that the same cases must be decided in the same way, i.e. they have to be decided not by creating new court precedents, competing with the existing ones, but by taking account of the already consolidated ones.
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Swayn, Natalie F. "Influences on the exclusion decisions of Queensland state secondary school principals." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/118673/1/Natalie_Swayn_Thesis.pdf.
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How principals make the decision to exclude a student from school and what factors, in addition to the student's behaviour, influence their decision-making were key questions explored in this study. These school discipline decisions were cast as genuinely 'wicked policy problems', characterised by social complexity, unintended consequences and multiple interdependencies and causes. Principals in the study exposed the reality of executing discipline policies at the school level, including the impact of staff attitudes and the broader community on their decisions. These textural features improve our understanding of how and why different exclusion decisions occur.
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Garcia, Tommy. "Decision making model for municipal planners in the state of Texas /." View online version, 2009. http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/324.
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Chen, Han-shin. "The making of Taiwan's mainland policy milieu, state, and decision-making /." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33051230.html.
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Lee, Kyoungwoo. "State Children's Health Insurance Program participation decision and labor supply effects/." unrestricted, 2007. http://etd.gsu.edu/theses/available/etd-04262007-025200/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Georgia State University, 2007.Title from file title page. Mary Beth Walker, committee chair; Paul G. Farnham, Erdal Tekin, Patricia G. Ketsche, committee members. Electronic text (140 p. : ill. (some col.)) : digital, PDF file. Description based on contents viewed Dec. 31, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 136-139).
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Lee, Andrew Moses. "Neural circuit for locomotor control, brain state modulation, and decision-making." Thesis, University of California, San Francisco, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3599392.
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Locomotion is a behavior essential for survival. It is important for guiding goal-directed approach towards desired outcomes and avoidance of aversive stimuli. To this end, a large number of processes in the brain are both regulated by and serve to inform the locomotor behavior of animals. Here, we attempt to define the neural circuits underlying locomotor control, the associated changes that locomotion has upon brain states, and the neurobiological basis of locomotor decisions. In Chapter 1, we describe what is known regarding the neural circuits guiding locomotor behaviors. We provide background also regarding the known mechanisms that guide changes in brain states and are associated with locomotion. We then touch upon recent literature attempting to understand how information is used to guide decision-making to better understand the specific problem of how locomotor decisions are made. In Chapter 2, we then present novel findings, identifying brainstem circuits that control locomotion and concurrently regulate visual processing of information in the cortex through the basal forebrain. These findings may apply to other networks beyond the visual system and form a general mechanism by which various brain regions are modulated by behavioral state. In Chapter 3, we demonstrate that these brainstem circuits are under the regulation of the basal ganglia. These studies identify a conserved, phylogenetically ancient pathway for guiding locomotion that may exist in all vertebrates and represent one of the earliest functions of the basal ganglia system. In chapter 4, we leverage our understanding of the basal ganglia pathways for locomotor control to understand the processes of goal-directed decision-making. In chapter 5, we find that the ventral striatal shares a parallel organization to the dorsal striatum for implementing reinforcement learning to guide future locomotor decision-making. These studies into the basis of goal-directed locomotor behaviors may elucidate general principles for decision-making. Collectively, these results demonstrate control systems for locomotion are deeply interconnected with a diverse array of processes throughout the brain that guide goal-directed locomotor behaviors.
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Gotzes, Uwe. "Decision making with dominance constraints in two-stage stochastic integer programming." Wiesbaden : Vieweg + Teubner, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993614078/04.
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Luo, Yi. "DECISION MAKING UNDER UNCERTAINTY IN DYNAMIC MULTI-STAGE ATTACKER-DEFENDER GAMES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204331.
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This dissertation presents efficient, on-line, convergent methods to find defense strategies against attacks in dynamic multi-stage attacker-defender games including adaptive learning. This effort culminated in four papers submitted to high quality journals and a book and they are partially published. The first paper presents a novel fictitious play approach to describe the interactions between the attackers and network administrator along a dynamic game. Multi-objective optimization methodology is used to predict the attacker's best actions at each decision node. The administrator also keeps track of the attacker's actions and updates his knowledge on the attacker's behavior and objectives after each detected attack, and uses this information to update the prediction of the attacker's future actions to find its best response strategies. The second paper proposes a Dynamic game tree based Fictitious Play (DFP) approach to describe the repeated interactive decision processes of the players. Each player considers all possibilities in future interactions with their uncertainties, which are based on learning the opponent's decision process (including risk attitude, objectives). Instead of searching the entire game tree, appropriate future time horizons are dynamically selected for both players. The administrator keeps tracking the opponent's actions, predicts the probabilities of future possible attacks, and then chooses its best moves. The third paper introduces an optimization model to maximize the deterministic equivalent of the random payoff function of a computer network administrator in defending the system against random attacks. By introducing new variables the transformed objective function becomes concave. A special optimization algorithm is developed which requires the computation of the unique solution of a single variable monotonic equation. The fourth paper, which is an invited book chapter, proposes a discrete-time stochastic control model to capture the process of finding the best current move of the defender. The defender's payoffs at each stage of the game depend on the attacker's and the defender's accumulative efforts and are considered random variables due to their uncertainty. Their certain equivalents can be approximated based on their first and second moments which is chosen as the cost functions of the dynamic system. An on-line, convergent, Scenarios based Proactive Defense (SPD) algorithm is developed based on Differential Dynamic Programming (DDP) to solve the associated optimal control problem.
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Al, Dahami Abdulelah. "A stage-based model for enabling decision support in process mining." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/103533/1/Abdulelah%20Saleh%20A_Al%20Dahami_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis introduces a decision support system tool that is representing the process tasks of a spaghetti-like model in stages for understanding business process mining results. In addition, this representation helps to evaluate the proposed solution and compare it with others. This tool can break the issue of visualising and aligning tasks in process model and clearly show the comprehensive flow relations with more accurate dependencies for decision-makers in terms of the business's perspective.
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Townsend, Whitney Jeanne. "Discrete function representations utilizing decision diagrams and spectral techniques." Thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2002. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-07012002-160303.
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Leonard, Meghan Elizabeth. "Delegation and Policy-Making on State High Courts." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193807.
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As courts in separation-of-powers systems are said to have the power of neither the purse nor the sword, their institutional legitimacy is essential for ensuring compliance with their decisions. While institutional legitimacy has been examined in-depth for national high courts, the legitimacy of sub-national courts has been overlooked. In this dissertation I develop a new measure of court-level institutional legitimacy for state high courts. I use multilevel regression and poststratification to create state-level measures from individual-level survey results. In this dissertation, I develop a theory of review and delegation by state high courts. I argue that these courts work toward two main goals: implementing their policy preferences and maintaining the legitimacy of their institution. I argue for a two-stage process that considers whether or not the court will decide on the constitutionality of a statute in the first stage and whether they will overturn the statute and delegate policy control back to the other branches of government in the second. Relying on the literatures on both institutional legitimacy and political delegation, I suggest that courts may delegate policy control back to the other branches of government by specifically stating this in their opinion. Finally, I examine the conditions under which a state high court will delegate to either the state legislature or the executive branch. Overall, I find that legitimacy is important when considering state high court decision-making; and it must be considered along with political context and institutional rules as one of the central motivations for state high courts in separation of powers theories.
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Abu-Shawish, Reem Khalid. "Perceptions of schoolteachers' involvement in educational decision-making in the State of Qatar." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/22973.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of selected high school administrators and schoolteachers regarding the extent to which schoolteachers should be involved in making educational decisions in light of the recent educational reform initiatives in the State of Qatar. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a survey questionnaire and semi-structured interviews that centered on schools’ developmental and implemental decisions related to educational goals and policies, curriculum and instruction, schools’ administrative policies for teachers, and for students. Participants included 182 school administrators and 480 schoolteachers who completed the 40-item questionnaire while five school administrators and five schoolteachers participated in the interviews. Findings demonstrate that school administrators were more enthusiastic than schoolteachers about schoolteachers’ involvement in making decisions related to school’s educational goals and policies. School administrators and schoolteachers recorded some similar responses regarding schoolteachers’ involvement in decision-making in the area of curriculum and administrative policies for students but there were differences between schoolteachers and administrators in several areas related to administrative policies for teachers. Findings also indicate differences between the perspectives of male and female school administrators, male and female schoolteachers, and the citizen and expatriate schoolteachers. A number of recommendations are made that highlight the importance of considering schoolteachers’ involvement in any educational reform attempting to improve the decision-making process and the educational system.
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Givens, Wade Alexander. "Development of a site-specific herbicide application decision support system." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Tang, Lai-yee Sandy. "Retail location decision analysis : the cases of chain stores /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25803517.
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Dimperio, Eric. "A dynamic model of planning behaviors in multi-stage risky decision tasks." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3380074.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Psychological and Brain Sciences and the Program in Cognitive Science, 2009.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Jul 19, 2010). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-12, Section: B, page: 7870. Adviser: Jerome Busemeyer.
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Oledibenma, Itumoh Martin. "Decision aid for resource management in ebonyi state (Nigeria) small-scale agriculture." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503914.
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Victoria, Michele. "Developing decision support models for early stage embodied carbon management in buildings." Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36182/.
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Ara, Roberta. "Issues encountered when using health state utility values in decision analytic models." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2017. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21186/.
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The publications used in this thesis consist of eight first author publications (2008 to 2013) exploring three technical issues that arise when using health state utility values (HSUVs) in decision analytic models in health care. The research provides analysts with HSUVs that may be used to describe the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) associated with not having particular conditions (i.e., the baseline evidence), recommendations on the preferred method to estimate HSUVs for comorbidities when the required evidence is not available, functions that can be used to map between two of the most commonly used HRQoL instruments (EQ-5D and SF-6D) using individual level patient data, and showed how well these functions estimate mean HSUVs from non-preference-based mean scores. The collection of work provides a unique and original contribution to the evidence base by bringing several previously overlooked issues into the public domain. This was an underdeveloped area of health economics and the lack of methodological guidelines in this area could result in sub-optimal allocation of scarce resources. This undermines the rationale behind the use of the quality adjusted life-year (QALY) and decision-making informed by cost per QALY thresholds. The publications received positive comments during the peer-review process and have been cited in approximately 280 journal articles. The condition-specific and general population HSUVs, and the mapping functions, have been used to inform the HSUVs used in 146 different decision analytic models. The mapping functions have also been used to predict HSUVs in an additional 37 articles. The remaining articles use the research to either support their choice of methods or to support or compare the results with their own results. The body of work has informed Technical Support Documents commissioned by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, a book chapter, methodological reports and training courses provided to the pharmaceutical industry, lectures on a post-graduate degree course, and an annual short-course at the University of Sheffield.
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Harpe, Spencer E. "Assessing health state preferences and the decision to medicate in overactive bladder." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1078937770.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 154 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Sheryl L. Szeinbach, College of Pharamcy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-154).
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Nuqui, Reynaldo Francisco. "State Estimation and Voltage Security Monitoring Using Synchronized Phasor Measurements." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28266.
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The phasor measurement unit (PMU) is considered to be one of the most important measuring devices in the future of power systems. The distinction comes from its unique ability to provide synchronized phasor measurements of voltages and currents from widely dispersed locations in an electric power grid. The commercialization of the global positioning satellite (GPS) with accuracy of timing pulses in the order of 1 microsecond made possible the commercial production of phasor measurement units.
Simulations and field experiences suggest that PMUs can revolutionize the way power systems are monitored and controlled. However, it is perceived that costs and communication links will affect the number of PMUs to be installed in any power system. Furthermore, defining the appropriate PMU system application is a utility problem that must be resolved. This thesis will address two key issues in any PMU initiative: placement and system applications.
A novel method of PMU placement based on incomplete observability using graph theoretic approach is proposed. The objective is to reduce the required number of PMUs by intentionally creating widely dispersed pockets of unobserved buses in the network. Observable buses enveloped such pockets of unobserved regions thus enabling the interpolation of the unknown voltages. The concept of depth of unobservability is introduced. It is a general measure of the physical distance of unobserved buses from those known. The effects of depth of unobservability on the number of PMU placements and the errors in the estimation of unobserved buses will be shown.
The extent and location of communication facilities affects the required number and optimal placement of PMUs. The pragmatic problem of restricting PMU placement only on buses with communication facilities is solved using the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm. SA energy functions are developed so as to minimize the deviation of communication-constrained placement from the ideal strategy as determined by the graph theoretic algorithm.
A technique for true real time monitoring of voltage security using synchronized phasor measurements and decision trees is presented as a promising system application. The relationship of widening bus voltage angle separation with network stress is exploited and its connection to voltage security and margin to voltage collapse established. Decision trees utilizing angle difference attributes are utilized to classify the network voltage security status. It will be shown that with judicious PMU placement, the PMU angle measurement is equally a reliable indicator of voltage security class as generator var production.
A method of enhancing the weighted least square state estimator (WLS-SE) with PMU measurements using a non-invasive approach is presented. Here, PMU data is not directly inputted to the WLS estimator measurement set. A separate linear state estimator model utilizing the state estimate from WLS, as well as PMU voltage and current measurement is shown to enhance the state estimate.
Finally, the mathematical model for a streaming state estimation will be presented. The model is especially designed for systems that are not completely observable by PMUs. Basically, it is proposed to estimate the voltages of unobservable buses from the voltages of those observable using interpolation. The interpolation coefficients (or the linear state estimators, LSE) will be calculated from a base case operating point. Then, these coefficients will be periodically updated using their sensitivities to the unobserved bus injections. It is proposed to utilize the state from the traditional WLS estimator to calculate the injections needed to update the coefficients. The resulting hybrid estimator is capable of producing a streaming state of the power system. Test results show that with the hybrid estimator, a significant improvement in the estimation of unobserved bus voltages as well as power flows on unobserved lines is achieved.Ph. D.
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Tsai, Julia Chia-Chieh. "Statistical modeling of the value function in high-dimensional, continuous-state SDP." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/23344.
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MACCAGNANO, Francesco. ""La garanzia della prevedibilità della legge penale fra law on the books e law in action: ipotesi di procedimentalizzazione dell'attività ermeneutica del giudice e nuove domande in tema di stare decisis"." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2487851.
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La presente tesi di dottorato si concentra sulla problematica della prevedibilità del diritto penale sotto tre profili. In primo luogo, sul piano della law on the books, attraverso una riflessione sull'opportunità di introdurre nuove logiche per giustiziare il principio di legalità di cui all'art. 25 Cost.. In secondo luogo, si sono verificati i limiti di un'ermeneutica prescrittiva, tesa a rendere prevedibili gli output dell'attività interpretativa del giudice penale. Infine, si sono verificate le problematiche attinenti un eventuale transplant della stare decisis doctrine nell'ordinamento italiano.This doctoral thesis focuses on the problem of the predictability of criminal law under three profiles. Firstly, in terms of law on the books, through a reflection on the appropriateness of introducing new logic to execute the principle of legality set forth in art. 25 of the Constitution. Secondly, this work focuses on the limits of a prescriptive hermeneutics, aimed at rendering the outputs of the interpretative activity of the criminal judge predictable. Finally, it focuses on the problems related to a possible transplant of the stare decisis doctrine in the Italian legal.
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Tao, Xiaoyong. "Cash & carry sector : location models and GIS decision support." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2003. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/cash--carry-sector(3dd17c18-e63f-40af-b0f8-53b827b2b6a5).html.
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Although diverse methods/models have been studied and applied in general retail location areas, very few actually related to an important trade sector - Cash & Carry/Warehouse Club. Because of the distinguishing characteristics of this sector, the methods and models successfully used in other sectors cannot be simply transferred. To solve this problem, a thorough study has been conducted to compare the characteristics of the sector with available methods/models. Based on the outcome of this study, the regression model has been identified to be a better choice for the sector. Multiple key regression issues, such as model selection, trade area definition, overfilling and multicol linearity, measurement of competitiveness, subjective judgements and quantitative modelling, etc., have been explored in the configuration of a regression model for the sector. The resulting model based on the data from a British Cash & Carry company has achieved the highest R2 and R 2 (adj) when compared to similar research (based on literature search up to the year 2003). With the emergence of Geographic Information System (GIS), a powerful spatial information analysis tool, retail location enters the era of the use of Spatial Decision Support System technology to enhance the decision efficiency. Meanwhile, a dynamic location analysis system is important and necessary to retailers. This is why a Spatial-DSS is proposed and designed in the thesis. The designed system integrates technologies such as Database Management Systems (DBMS), Statistics Software, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Decision Support Systems (DSS) and others. Although these technologies have been used in various areas before, integrating them to form a coherent unity is new.
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Taylor, Sarah Margaret Berghofer. "Examining the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty as a model for "stage one" international decision-making." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11895.
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This thesis is an examination the feasibility of using the International Commission on
Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) as the model for a new form of international
decision-making increasingly visible at this time in history. The term this thesis proposes is
"Stage One" international decision-making. The term is defined as the formation of a carefully
constructed international gathering of eminent thinkers and actors, similarly interested in a
particularly complex, controversial, and current problem for international relations, in need of
immediate and widespread debate, but which the established international institutions for
international debate are unwilling or unable to address.
The structure of the ICISS is such that issues of state reception and inclusion, legitimacy,
timing, participant selection, and political fall-out are overarching concerns that arise, and will
be addressed, in this analysis of the structure and impact of the ICISS as a model for future
"stage one" (initializing) international dialogue of controversial yet imminent matters affecting
international peace and security.
The methods of investigation used include analysis of scholastic and governmental
literature related to Canadian foreign policy on human security, interviews with and analysis of
various individuals involved in the ICISS, and analysis of preliminary findings and reports by the
Commission.
The general conclusions drawn are that the ICISS' dedication to maintaining the sanctity
of the UN while seeking other means for fostering international action, and its attempt to provide
an open discussion forum, are positive features. However, the Commission is not an ideal model
for "stage one" international decision-making mainly as a result of the idiosyncratic nature of its
participant selection and the inference of secondary mandates, which go beyond simply initiating
international debate.
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Pei-Chun, Chen, and 陳佩君. "A Study on Non-metropolitan area drug store consumer consumption decisi." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77428441953489489808.
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碩士亞洲大學
經營管理研究所
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A Study on Non-metropolitan area drug store consumer consumption decision-making Student: Chen Pei-Chun Advisor:Prof. & Dr. Huang Wan-Tran & Dr. Chen Chao-Jian Graduate Institute of Business Administration Asia University Abstract With drug stores in Taiwan now being nearly saturated, they are currently in the so-called “War-Era” where “low-price offer” is the only way to stay competitive. Drug store distribution greatly varies in metropolitan areas and non-metropolitan areas, added that scholars often only focus on the drug store industry in metropolitan areas instead of non-metropolitan ones. This study is a discussion of non-metropolitan drug store consumer characteristics in different non-metropolitan drug store settings. (Categorized into beauty drug store and non-beauty drug store) Literature reviews show that the main decision-making variables and characteristics during the first 3-stage decision-making process before consumer consumption are extracted. Case studies of the first 3-stage factors that affect consumer consumption decision-making are then measured. Finally, based on study results, more suitable marketing and sales strategies are expected to be provided to drug stores in non-metropolitan areas. The questionnaire design in this study is divided into 4 main aspects in the questionnaire survey namely: demand confirmation, information search, pre-purchase project evaluation and social economic change. A total of 800 copies are given out with 499 valid samples returned. Descriptive Statistics adopted include: Frequency Distribution Table, Percentage, Reliability Analysis, Chi-square Test for Independence（χ2）and 2-dimensional Logistic Model of Qualitative Response Mode（Logistic Regression Model）Analysis are adopted for interviewee samples. Survey results show the following findings: (1) Consumers visiting non-beauty drug stores: simulated variables such as habitual place, self-healing, convenient location, past experience ,good manufacturing practices (GMP), shopping, and female gender etc. have reached significant standards.（2）Consumers visiting beauty drug stores: simulated variables such as media advertising, advertised drug store, franchise drug store, introduced by friends, convenient parking, member discounts, promotional giveaways, targeted marketing and sales, selection of high quality product with remarkable curative effects, holidays, western region, southern region, and northern region etc. have reached significant standards Keywords: Non-metropolitan area, drug store, consumer, consumption decision-making
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Craig, Mckinzie. "Legal Doctrine and Self Imposed Norms: Examining the Politics of Stare Decisis." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2012-08-11588.
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The "law versus politics" debate is central in the study of the Supreme Court's institutional role in US democracy and law making. Research has sought to determine if the Supreme Court is an unconstrained political actor or if it is constrained by precedent. This dissertation contributes to this debate by theorizing that there is not a direct tradeoff; instead, even a politically motivated Court can be constrained by precedent. Given precedent is an internally imposed norm, what incentive does a politically motivated Supreme Court have to adhere to precedent when it results in outcomes that deviate from the Court's most preferred ideological outcome?
There has been a lack of theoretical development and empirical testing that would explain the Court's incentive to adhere to precedent. I argue that even a politically motivated Supreme Court has an interest in adhering to precedent as a means of control over the lower courts. The Court has a role as a principal with the Courts of Appeals acting as an agent. The Supreme Court uses precedent as a standard that guides lower court decision-making in thousands of cases that the Court will never hear. The Supreme Court is willing to sacrifice the dispositional outcome (who wins and who loses) in a given case to issue or adhere to a precedent that will better guide lower court decision-making in a given area.
To test this theory, this project will construct an original data set using a new measure of precedent. Specifically, "the law" and "precedent" for a case will be coded in terms of the standard of review. The standard of review can be understood as a precise legal statement of which party has the burden of proof or justification in a given case and the nature of that burden. This is an ordinal measure (coded 0-4) based on the Court's finite legal rules in a given area of law (rational basis, heightened rational basis, intermediate, heightened intermediate and strict). This novel understanding better captures the legal content of court opinions.
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Chang, Hsi, and 張璽. "Channel Decision Matrix：Micro Start-Up Firm." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53597230946967159713.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院經營管理學程
100
Purpose of this study is to deliver a better way for micro start-up firm to help pioneers, who have professional skill in technology but not good enough in product sale competence, choose the best appropriate channel to promote and sell their products. Hopefully, the pioneers can find a right channel for their business via this approach. The research methods as follows： 1. According to Costa and McCrae（1992）proposed five-factor personality trait theory, summarized the entrepreneur’s personality trait. 2. According to Rowe, Mason, Dickel, Mann, Mockler and others(1989) proposed SPACE Matrix, where the sum “position” and should be taken of strategy. 3. According to existing research literature, generalized channel characteristics. 4. Consideration of the above categories 1 to 3, to sum up the channel decision matrix by real case.