Journal articles: 'Starch Synthesis'

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Martin, Thomas, and Frank Ludewig. "Transporters in starch synthesis." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 6 (2007): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06280.

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Starch is synthesised and stored in plastids. In autotrophic tissues, the carbon skeletons and energy required for starch synthesis are directly available from photosynthesis. However, plastids of heterotrophic tissues require the metabolites for starch synthesis to be imported. Depending on plant species and tissue type, import is facilitated by several different plastid inner envelope metabolite transporters. Commonly, glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators and adenylate translocators are used, but in the cereal endosperm, the role is carried out by ADP glucose transporters (Brittle1, BT1). This review predominantly focuses on transporters of the plastid inner envelope membrane. Their roles are discussed within an overview of starch synthesis. We also examine additional functions of these transporters according to our current knowledge.

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El-Alfy, E. A., S. H. Samaha, and F. M. Tera. "Synthesis of Diethylaminoethyl-Starch (DEAE-Starch). Part I." Starch - Stärke 43, no. 6 (1991): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.19910430608.

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Michalik, Alicja, Bogna D. Napruszewska, Anna Walczyk, Joanna Kryściak-Czerwenka, Dorota Duraczyńska, and Ewa M. Serwicka. "Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Mg-Al Hydrotalcites in the Presence of Starch—the Effect on Structure and Composition." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030602.

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The study describes the synthesis of Mg-Al hydrotalcite (Ht) with the use of starch as a structure controlling biotemplate. Syntheses were carried out at room temperature, by co-precipitation at pH = 10. The investigated synthesis parameters included the nature of the precipitating agent (NaOH/Na2CO3 or NH3aq/(NH4)2CO3), the nature of starch (potato, corn and cassava), the method of starch addition to reagents, the method of drying and the effect of washing. The materials were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The data show that synthesis of Ht materials in the presence of starch, with use of the ammonia-based precipitant, enabled preparation of nanocrystalline Ht with very fine (<50 nm) particle size. All investigated starches had a similar effect on the crystallinity and the grain size of Ht precipitates. Ht with the smallest nanocrystals was obtained when starch was present in all solutions used for synthesis, and the final product subjected to freeze drying. Washing with water was found to enhance recrystallization and exchange of nitrates for carbonates. Infrared spectra showed that an interaction exists between the biopolymer template and the Ht particles, resulting in a higher degree of order within the Ht-adhering starch component.

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Völler, Jan-Stefan. "Starch synthesis from CO2." Nature Catalysis 4, no. 11 (November 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00712-z.

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Stojanović, Željko, Katarina Jeremić, and Slobodan Jovanović. "Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Starch." Starch - Stärke 52, no. 11 (November 2000): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-379x(200011)52:11<413::aid-star413>3.0.co;2-b.

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Denyer, K., CM Hylton, and AM Smith. "The Effect of High Temperature on Starch Synthesis and the Activity of Starch Synthase." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 6 (1994): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940783.

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The decrease in yield which is observed when developing storage organs such as cereal grains or potato tubers are exposed to high temperatures is due to a lower final starch content. The rate of starch synthesis during the development of these storage organs at high temperature, is either reduced or fails to increase sufficiently to compensate for the shorter developmental period. This effect on the rate of starch synthesis does not seem to be due to a reduction in the supply of photosynthate. One of the enzymes in the pathway of starch synthesis, soluble starch synthase, is susceptible to heat inactivation at unusually low temperatures and may also have a low optimum temperature for maximum activity. In some storage organs, the maximum catalytic activity of soluble starch synthase is not very much greater than the rate of starch synthesis. A decrease in the activity of this enzyme is therefore, likely to affect the rate of starch synthesis. Thus, the effect of high temperature on the rate of starch synthesis may be due, at least in part, to the properties of this enzyme. This review discusses the unusual heat-sensitivity of starch synthase in the context ofthe effects of high temperature on starch synthesis in storage organs.

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Mohanty, Debi Prasan. "Synthesis and Charcterization of Gold nanoparticles Stabilized by Cassava Starch Polymer." Journal of Advance Nanobiotechnology 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28921/jan.2018.02.15.

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DAI, Z., Y. YIN, and Z. WANG. "Activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of wheat under different irrigation patterns." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 4 (April 22, 2009): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609008612.

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SUMMARYIt is generally accepted that sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) play a key role in starch synthesis in wheat grains. Starch synthesis in wheat grains is influenced by genotype and environment. However, what is not known is the degree of variation in enzyme activities during starch accumulation of wheat cultivars field-grown in different water regimes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether irrigation patterns could cause differences in starch accumulation and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis. Starch accumulation and related enzyme activities were investigated in two winter wheat varieties, JM20 and BY535, differing in grain starch content, under two irrigation patterns. Results showed that soil water deficit led to an increase at early grain filling and decrease during late grain filling in starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis, especially AGPase, SSS and SBE. Water deficit enhanced grain starch accumulation in two wheat cultivars, suggesting that rainfed treatments increase physiological activities during early grain filling and promote starch accumulation. Furthermore, the change of SAR is consistent with SuSy, AGPase, SSS and GBSS. The results suggest that these enzymes play a key role in starch synthesis, and the decrease of photosynthate produced in the source organ is not the factor inhibiting starch accumulation.

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Blohm, Sascha, Thomas Heinze, and Haisong Qi. "Starch Formates: Synthesis and Modification." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164882.

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Starch can be efficiently converted into the corresponding formates homogeneously using N-formyl imidazole obtained by the reaction of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. Starch formates are soluble in polar aprotic solvents, not susceptible against hydrolysis, and not meltable. Thermoplastics could be generated by conversion of starch formates with long-chain fatty acids exemplified by the conversion with lauroyl chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide, leading to mixed starch laurate formates. The mixed esters show melting temperatures mainly dependent on the amount of laurate ester moieties.

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Peng, Xiaojian, Wei Yu, Yirong Chen, Yingli Jiang, Yaru Ji, Long Chen, Beijiu Cheng, and Jiandong Wu. "A Maize CBM Domain Containing the Protein ZmCBM48-1 Positively Regulates Starch Synthesis in the Rice Endosperm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126598.

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Starch directly determines the grain yield and quality. The key enzymes participating in the process of starch synthesis have been cloned and characterized. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of starch synthesis remain unclear. In this study, we identified a novel starch regulatory gene, ZmCBM48-1, which contained a carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain. ZmCBM48-1 was highly expressed in the maize endosperm and was localized in the plastids. Compared with the wild type lines, the overexpression of ZmCBM48-1 in rice altered the grain size and 1000-grain weight, increased the starch content, and decreased the soluble sugar content. Additionally, the transgenic rice seeds exhibited an alterant endosperm cell shape and starch structure. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics (gelatinization properties) of starch were influenced in the transgenic lines of the endosperm compared with the wild type seeds. Furthermore, ZmCBM48-1 played a positive regulatory role in the starch synthesis pathway by up-regulating several starch synthesis-related genes. Collectively, the results presented here suggest that ZmCBM48-1 acts as a key regulatory factor in starch synthesis, and could be helpful for devising strategies for modulating starch production for a high yield and good quality in maize endosperm.

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Yu, Guowu, Yuanzhu Gaoyang, Lun Liu, Noman Shoaib, Yawen Deng, Na Zhang, Yangping Li, and Yubi Huang. "The Structure, Function, and Regulation of Starch Synthesis Enzymes SSIII with Emphasis on Maize." Agronomy 12, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061359.

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Starch biosynthesis is a complex and highly controlled process that requires coordinated activities among multiple enzymes. Starch synthase III (SSIII) is the largest protein in the starch synthase complex and its function is to lengthen long-chain amylopectin in starch synthesis. It potentially affects the activity of other key enzymes in starch synthesis through protein–protein interactions; therefore, its function and regulation play a predominant role in starch synthesis. In this review, we summarized the main research of SSIII including its biochemical characteristics, structural features, expression atlas, and regulation means. Structural features and expressional analysis indicated that SSIIIa is the main functional protein in maize endosperm rather than SSIIIb-a and SSIIIb-b, even though they are similar in the tertiary structures. The regulation investigation of SSIIIa showed that there are 13 transcription factors that control the transcription of SSIIIa. Interaction network analysis showed that SSIIIa could be involved with ten other key enzymes in starch synthesis. In conclusion, this review considerably extends our understanding of SSIII and provides the theoretical basis for improving starch synthesis by SSIII in maize.

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Guessasma, Sofiane, Sofiane Belhabib, Ferhat Benmahiddine, Ameur El Amine Hamami, and Sylvie Durand. "Synthesis of a Starchy Photosensitive Material for Additive Manufacturing of Composites Using Digital Light Processing." Molecules 27, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 5375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175375.

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In this study, digital light processing (DLP) was used to achieve 3D-printed composite materials containing photosensitive resin blended with starch and hemp fibers. The synthesis of 3D-printed composites was performed without heating, according to various material combinations ranging from pure photosensitive resin to a mixture of three phases, including resin, starch, and hemp fibers, with the weight content for each reinforcing phase reaching up to a third of the formulation. The morphology, composition, and structure of the 3D-printed composites were assessed using infrared spectroscopy, laser granulometry, X-ray diffraction, and optical and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, thermal behavior and mechanical performance were studied using calorimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile testing combined with high-speed optical imaging. The results showed that the post-curing step is a leading factor for improving the mechanical performance of the 3D-printed composites. In addition, hemp fiber or starch did not alter the tensile strength. However, the largest reinforcing effect in terms of stiffness improvement was obtained with starch. Additionally, starchy composites demonstrated the strongest dependence of heat capacity on operating temperature.

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MÖHLMANN, Torsten, Joachim TJADEN, Gundrun HENRICHS, Paul W. QUICK, Rainer HÄUSLER, and Ekkehard H. NEUHAUS. "ADP-glucose drives starch synthesis in isolated maize endosperm amyloplasts: characterization of starch synthesis and transport properties across the amyloplast envelope." Biochemical Journal 324, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 503–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3240503.

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We recently developed a method of purifying amyloplasts from developing maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm tissue [Neuhaus, Thom, Batz and Scheibe (1993) Biochem. J. 296, 395–401]. In the present paper we analyse how glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P) and other phosphorylated compounds enter the plastid compartment. Using a proteoliposome system in which the plastid envelope membrane proteins are functionally reconstituted, we demonstrate that this type of plastid is able to transport [14C]Glc6P or [32P]Pi in counter exchange with Pi, Glc6P, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. Glucose 1-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate do not act as substrates for counter exchange. Besides hexose phosphates, ADP-glucose (ADPGlc) also acts as a substrate for starch synthesis in isolated maize endosperm amyloplasts. This process exhibits saturation kinetics with increasing concentrations of exogenously supplied [14C]ADPGlc, reaching a maximum at 2 mM. Ultrasonication of isolated amyloplasts greatly reduces the rate of ADPGlc-dependent starch synthesis, indicating that the process is dependent on the intactness of the organelles. The plastid ATP/ADP transporter is not responsible for ADPGlc uptake. Data are presented that indicate that ADPGlc is transported by another translocator in counter exchange with AMP. To analyse the physiology of starch synthesis in more detail, we examined how Glc6P- and ADPGlc-dependent starch synthesis in isolated maize endosperm amyloplasts interact. Glc6P-dependent starch synthesis is not inhibited by increasing concentrations of ADPGlc. In contrast, the rate of ADPGlc-dependent starch synthesis is reduced by increasing concentrations of ATP necessary for Glc6P-dependent starch synthesis. The possible modes of inhibition of ADPGlc-dependent starch synthesis by ATP are discussed with respect to the stromal generation of AMP required for ADPGlc uptake.

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Murphy, J. Brad, and Mark F. Hammer. "Starch synthesis and localization in post-germination Pinusedulis seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 7 (July 1, 1994): 1457–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-188.

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Following pine seed germination, lipids in the megagametophyte are converted to sucrose, which is transported to the emerging seedling to support its growth. In several conifer species, an increase in the seedling starch content following germination has been reported. To further characterize this phenomenon, starch accumulation and localization, starch synthase (EC 2.4.1.21) activity (both soluble and granule-bound), and partitioning of exogenous 14C-sucrose were determined following germination of pinyon (Pinusedulis Engelm.) seeds. Starch was a minor component in dry embryos, accounting for only 3% of the dry weight. Starch levels increased 22-fold and 15-fold in the cotyledons and hypocotyl, respectively, by 8 days after germination. Starch accumulated to 65% of the dry weight in the cotyledons and 46% in the hypocotyl. The root and epicotyl accumulated relatively low levels of starch, only about 7%. Starch was localized primarily in the cortex and pith of the hypocotyl, the cortex of the cotyledons, and the root cap. Only granule-bound starch synthase showed a significant increase in activity during germination, and its changes more closely followed the pattern of starch accumulation. Exogenous 14C-sucrose was partitioned primarily into starch. After a 24-h labeling period, starch in both the cotyledons and hypocotyl accounted for 38% of total label (61% of the incorporated label) in these organs. In the roots, starch accounted for only 2.5 and 14%, respectively, of the total and incorporated label. The spatial and temporal pattern of starch accumulation closely paralleled previously reported patterns for the activity of sucrose synthase, which is apparently associated with the sucrose–starch conversion. Starch accumulation in the seedling accounts for approximately 50% of the sucrose transported from the megagametophyte following pinyon seed germination. Thus, starch appears to serve as an important transitory carbon pool for the growing seedling and may serve additional functions during seedling development.

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Morell, MK, S. Rahman, SL Abrahams, and R. Appels. "The Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Starch Synthesis in Cereals." Functional Plant Biology 22, no. 4 (1995): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9950647.

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Starch is a key constituent of plant products finding utility as both a major component of a wide range of staple and processed foods, and as a feedstock for industrial processes. While there has traditionally been a focus on the quantity of starch production, starch quality is of increasing importance to the end-user as consumer demands become more sophisticated and as the range of industrial applications of starch broadens. Determinants of starch quality include the amylose to amylopectin ratio, the distribution of molecular structures within these fractions, and the packaging of the starch in granules. The biochemical processes involved in the transformation of the sucrose delivered to the endosperm cytosol to starch in the amyloplast are understood in broad outline. The importance of particular isoenzymes or processes to the production of starches of specific structures are, however, not well understood. This paper reviews aspects of the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of starch in plants, with an emphasis on the synthesis of starch in the cereal endosperm. Progress in understanding the linkages between the molecular events in starch synthesis and developing strategies for the manipulation of starch quantity and quality in cereals are discussed.

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Nelson, Oliver, and David Pan. "Starch Synthesis in Maize Endosperms." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 46, no. 1 (June 1995): 475–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.46.060195.002355.

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HE, Guang-Cen, Kiyoshi KOGURE, and Hiroshi SUZUKI. "Development of endosperm and synthesis of starch in rice grain. II. Synthesis of starch." Japanese journal of crop science 58, no. 2 (1989): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1626/jcs.58.253.

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Tay, Soon Hiang, Suh Cem Pang, and Suk Fun Chin. "Facile synthesis of starch-maleate monoesters from native sago starch." Carbohydrate Polymers 88, no. 4 (May 2012): 1195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.079.

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Sakil, Md Arif, Kyosuke Mukae, Ryo Funada, Toshihisa Kotake, Shigeaki Ueno, Most Mohoshena Aktar, Md Shyduzzaman Roni, Yuko Inoue-Aono, and Yuji Moriyasu. "Amino Acids Supplied through the Autophagy/Endocytosis Pathway Promote Starch Synthesis in Physcomitrella Protonemal Cells." Plants 11, no. 16 (August 19, 2022): 2157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11162157.

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The physiological implications of autophagy in plant cells have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the consequences of autophagy in the moss Physcomitrella by measuring biochemical parameters (fresh and dry weights; starch, amino acid, carbohydrate, and NH3 content) in wild-type (WT) and autophagy-deficient atg5 Physcomitrella cells. We found higher starch levels and a higher net starch synthesis rate in WT cells than in atg5 cells cultured in a glucose-containing culture medium, whereas net starch degradation was similar in the two strains cultured in a glucose-deficient culture medium. Additionally, the treatment of cells with the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine suppressed starch synthesis. Loading bovine serum albumin into atg5 cells through endocytosis, i.e., supplying proteins to vacuoles in the same way as through autophagy, accelerated starch synthesis, whereas loading glutamine through the plasma membrane had no such effect, suggesting that Physcomitrella cells distinguish between different amino acid supply pathways. After net starch synthesis, NH3 levels increased in WT cells, although the change in total amino acid content did not differ between WT and atg5 cells, indicating that autophagy-produced amino acids are oxidized rapidly. We conclude that autophagy promotes starch synthesis in Physcomitrella by supplying the energy obtained by oxidizing autophagy-produced amino acids.

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Alkhursani, Sheikha A., Mohamed Mohamady Ghobashy, and Mohamed Madani. "Radiation Synthesis of Organostarch as Fluorescence Label." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 7 (2020): 1799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22593.

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Fluorescence label preparation, being the core of sensing and imaging, is the most interesting aspect of label technology. Using the gamma irradiation technique, a facial method is proposed to prepare organostarch consisting of polyaniline and starch. Polyaniline was introduced into starch molecules to form an inclusion complex between V-type starch and aniline monomer. The inclusion complex thus formed consisted of starch-aniline crosslink caused by gamma irradiation through organostarch crosslinks. Thus, organostarch develops fluorescence property at 470 nm possibly through the interaction of aniline and starch, which are both fluorophores. A comparative analysis of variations is performed in common fluorescent labels of starch and organostarch based on their physico-chemical properties. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry were utilized to confirm the inclusion of polyaniline into starch molecules. Furthermore, using a fluorescence microscope, the positive implementation of fluorescent organostarch was verified. Fluorescent organostarch can be synthesized through this simple method and can be widely used for developing biomarkers and biosensors in food and biomedical industries. Organostarch produces florescence under mild conditions even without complicated preparations, such as additives for labelling with dye fluorescence. The intensity of fluorescence of organostarch was 17,000 times that of natural starch.

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Mastalska-Popławska, Joanna, Marek Sikora, Piotr Izak, and Zuzanna Góral. "Role of starch in the ceramic powder synthesis: a review." Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 96, no. 3 (September 10, 2020): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10971-020-05404-x.

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Abstract The main goal of this work was to demonstrate a broad range of starch applications in ceramic powder synthesis, and to point out that starch and its derivatives can successfully replace polyvinyl derivatives commonly used in ceramic formulations, as they are water-soluble saccharides, burn out more easily, reduce the exothermicity of the combustion reaction, and allow to receive fine and uniform ceramic powders. Starch is an eco-friendly and easily transformable natural carbohydrate polymer that is found in a variety of applications in ceramics and materials science. In this paper, we review the influence of starch on the physicochemical properties of the ceramic powders obtained by means of various synthesis methods (sol–gel method, combustion process, combined methods, and hydrothermal synthesis). Starch plays a differentiated role in each of these methods, i.e., it is a polymerizing agent in sol–gel method, a fuel in combustion process, and a substrate for carbon spheres in hydrothermal synthesis.

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Geiger, Donald R., Jerome C. Servaites, and Mark A. Fuchs. "Role of starch in carbon translocation and partitioning at the plant level." Functional Plant Biology 27, no. 6 (2000): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp99128.

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Endogenous regulation of translocation and of carbon partitioning, major factors for integrating plant function, depend on diurnal regulation of starch synthesis and mobilization. Regulated diurnal cycling of transitory starch provides a steady carbon supply to sink growth and avoids potentially adverse high sugar levels. Carbon availability from starch affects development and alters carbon availability with respect to nitrogen. Along with sugar sensing, the level and turnover of starch are involved in endogenous regulation in response to carbohydrate status. Despite their key roles in plant metabolism, mechanisms for endogenous regulation of starch synthesis and degradation are not well characterized. Time course studies with labeled carbon reveal endogenous diurnal regulation of starch metabolism, by which sucrose synthesis from starch and newly-fixed carbon are mutually regulated in support of translocation at night, under low light, and during periods of water stress. Even under steady irradiance, which supports photosynthesis at midday levels, starch synthesis begins gradually and slows under an end-of-day circadian regulation that anticipates the dark period. Studies with Arabidopsis mutants identified two requisite components of starch mobilization, endoamylase, and glucose transport across the chloroplast inner envelope. Time course studies of carbohydrate levels and labeling studies of plant-level carbon metabolism in mutant plants with impaired ability to mobilize starch identified steps in starch mobilization that support diurnal regulation of translocation. Endogenously regulated exit of glucose across the chloroplast membrane appears to regulate starch mobilization.

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Yang, Jiang, Xin Jin, Wen Yu Wang, and Yong Hao Zhu. "Synthesis of Starch Acetates and Electrospinning." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 1031–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.1031.

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Acetylation of high amylose (50%) maize starch to high degree of substitution (DS) was synthesised by reacting starch with acetic anhydride using sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. Starch Acetate was dissolved in Dimethyl Sulphoxide (DMSO), the DS of which ranged from 0.8 to 1.8. Ultrafine fibers were made by the method of electrospinning. FTIR, NMR and SEM were used to characterize the structure and surface morphology of the product.

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Towill, Leslie R. "Mobilisation of carbohydrates during germination of spores of Onoclea sensibilis L." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000008149.

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SynopsisA high percentage of germination of Onoclea sensibilis L. spores is initiated by a low fluence of red light while imbibed but unirradiated spores exhibit a very low percentage of germination. Onoclea spores contain lipid, protein and sucrose reserves. Sucrose is degraded and starch is synthesised during germination while lipid reserves are mobilised during early gametophytic development. The amount of protein remains constant during both developmental stages. There is very little detectable mobilisation of any of the reserves in the imbibed but ungerminating spores maintained in the dark for up to 18 days. Sucrose degradation and starch synthesis are not interrelated because photoenhanced sucrose degradation can occur without starch synthesis and photoinduction of starch synthesis can occur without sucrose degradation. Evidence is presented to suggest that the mode of action of light in enhancing starch synthesis is to increase the availability of a starch precursor rather than the activities of starch synthesising enzymes. Sucrose may be mobilised after irradiation because it becomes accessible to the sucrose degrading enzymes which are in abundance in the spores.

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Liu, Yunchuan, Jian Hou, Xiaolu Wang, Tian Li, Uzma Majeed, Chenyang Hao, and Xueyong Zhang. "The NAC transcription factor NAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat developing endosperm." Journal of Experimental Botany 71, no. 19 (August 17, 2020): 5794–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa333.

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Abstract Starch is a major component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) endosperm and is an important part of the human diet. The functions of many starch synthesis genes have been elucidated. However, little is known about their regulatory mechanisms in wheat. Here, we identified a novel NAC transcription factor, TaNAC019-A1 (TraesCS3A02G077900), that negatively regulates starch synthesis in wheat and rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms. TaNAC019-A1 was highly expressed in the endosperm of developing grains and encoded a nucleus-localized transcriptional repressor. Overexpression of TaNAC019-A1 in rice and wheat led to significantly reduced starch content, kernel weight, and kernel width. The TaNAC019-A1-overexpression wheat lines had smaller A-type starch granules and fewer B-type starch granules than wild-type. Moreover, TaNAC019-A1 could directly bind to the ‘ACGCAG’ motif in the promoter regions of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase small subunit 1 (TaAGPS1-A1, TraesCS7A02G287400) and TaAGPS1-B1 (TraesCS7B02G183300) and repress their expression, thereby inhibiting starch synthesis in wheat endosperm. One haplotype of TaNAC019-B1 (TaNAC019-B1-Hap2, TraesCS3B02G092800) was positively associated with thousand-kernel weight and underwent positive selection during the Chinese wheat breeding process. Our data demonstrate that TaNAC019-A1 is a negative regulator of starch synthesis in wheat endosperm and provide novel insight into wheat yield improvement.

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Hagenimana, Vital, Ronald E. Simard, and Louis-P. Vézina. "Amylolytic Activity in Germinating Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Roots." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (March 1994): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.313.

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In vitro activity measurements indicate that storage sweetpotato roots contain high amounts of extractable amylolytic enzymes. These storage roots also have a very high starch content, a characteristic indicating that the in vitro measurements estimate potential amylolytic activity rather than actual physiological activity. We are interested in optimizing the use of endogenous amylases when processing sweetpotato roots and have undertaken a study to identify physiological parameters that control in vivo starch breakdown. Sweetpotato roots were allowed to germinate for 35 days in controlled conditions. Using a combination of in vitro activity measurements and immunochemical detection, the spatial distribution and changes in activity levels for the three major amylolytic enzymes in storage sweetpotato roots—α-amylase, β-amylase, and starch phosphorylase—have been followed. After 6 days, α-amylase protein increased in the outer starchy parenchymatous tissues surrounding the cambium layers, a result suggesting a de novo synthesis of the enzyme in cambium or laticifers layers. β-Amylase was abundant throughout the root at all times, and its high levels did not directly affect starch degradation rates. Starch phosphorylase protein level remained constant, while its extractable activity increased. Starch content decreased during sweetpotato seed root germination. However, the amount of starch that disappeared during germination was low compared with the calculated starch hydrolysis potential estimated by amylolytic activity measurements.

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Kang, Guo-Zhang, Wei Xu, Guo-Qin Liu, Xiao-Qi Peng, and Tian-Cai Guo. "Comprehensive analysis of the transcription of starch synthesis genes and the transcription factor RSR1 in wheat (Triticum aestivum) endosperm." Genome 56, no. 2 (February 2013): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2012-0146.

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The cDNA sequences of 26 starch synthesis genes were identified in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and their transcript levels were measured using quantitative real-time RT–PCR to assess the function of individual genes and the regulatory mechanism in wheat endosperm. The expression patterns of 26 genes in wheat endosperm were classified into three groups. The genes in group 1 were richly expressed in the early stage of grain development and may be involved in the construction of fundamental cell machinery, synthesis of glucan primers, and initiation of starch granules. The genes in group 2 were highly expressed during the middle and late stages of grain development, and their expression profiles were similar to the accumulation rate of endosperm starch; these genes are presumed to play a crucial role in starch production. The genes in group 3 were scantily expressed throughout the grain development period and might be associated with transitory starch synthesis. Transcripts of the negative transcription factor TaRSR1 were high at the early and late stages of grain development but low during the middle stage. The expression pattern of TaRSR1 was almost opposite to those of the group 2 starch synthesis genes, indicating that TaRSR1 might negatively regulate the expression of many endosperm starch synthesis genes during grain development.

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Islam, Fakhar, Muhammad Noman, Muhammad Afzaal, Farhan Saeed, Shabana Ahmad, Muhammad Waqas Zubair, Syeda Mahvish Zahra, Muzzamal Hussain, Huda Ateeq, and Chinaza Godswill Awuchi. "Synthesis and Food Applications of Resistant Starch-Based Nanoparticles." Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (September 14, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8729258.

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Starch is recognized biopolymer because it is abundant in nature. Dietary starches are major energy source for various human civilizations, and it is obvious that they may also contribute to health in very particular ways. Resistant starch has got a lot of interest because of its possible health advantages (similar to soluble fibre) as well as its functional qualities. Resistant starch improves blood cholesterol levels, microbial flora, gastrointestinal tract function, the glycemic index, and helps with diabetes management. Aside from the significant health advantages of starch, there is an additional benefit that it has a smaller effect on food sensory characteristics than usual sources of fibre, such as grains, bran, or fruits. Moreover, when boiled, many starches form weak-bodied and unpleasant gels, which are influenced negatively by temperature, humidity, and storage duration. The present review article highlights resistant starch as a functional food, starch extraction method, preparation of starch nanoparticles, and nano- and microencapsulation of probiotics in detail.

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Ismail, Nurul Aina, Syuhada Mohd Tahir, Yahya Norihan, Muhamad Firdaus Abdul Wahid, Nur Ezzati Khairuddin, Ibtihah Hashim, Nurfarhana Rosli, and Maryam Aqilah Abdullah. "Synthesis and Characterization of Biodegradable Starch-Based Bioplastics." Materials Science Forum 846 (March 2016): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.846.673.

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This study was carried out to evaluate the potential of plastic synthesized using bio-based starch. The method began with extraction of starch from chosen tubers with high content of starch; potato and yam. The samples were first grated, grinded and strained to obtain crude starch, which then centrifuged and rinsed to get pure starch. The starch was then reacted with hydrochloric acid to breakdown amylopectin to prevent the starch from becoming plastic-like. Finally, propan-1,2,3-triol was added as a plasticizer to increase the elasticity of the product. The chemical, mechanical, and thermal properties of the products were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), tensile strength tester and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR spectra of the product displayed the presence of O-H, C-H, C=O and C-O absorption peaks, which indicate the formation of bioplastic has already occured. The tensile strength obtained for potato and yam starch-based bioplastic are 0.6 MPa and 1.9 MPa, respectively. The result gained from TGA showed that 50% weight loss occurred at 250°C for potato and 310°C for yam-based plastic. The highly biodegradability of the plastic was proven using soil burial test, which observed the percentage of soil biodegradation for potato and yam-based bioplastic in 1 week duration is 43% and 26%, respectively. These bio-based plastics have exhibited good thermal and mechanical properties with high biodegradability that makes them a suitable alternative for the existing conventional plastics.

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Zhou, Rui, Lailiang Cheng, and Abhaya Dandekar. "Mechanism of Up-regulation of Starch Synthesis in Mature Leaves of Transgenic Apple Trees with Decreased Sorbitol Synthesis." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1009D—1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1009d.

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The reaction catalyzed by ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) to form ADP-glucose is a regulatory and rate-limiting step in starch synthesis in plants. In response to decreased sorbitol synthesis, starch synthesis was up-regulated in the transgenic apple plants. In this study, we examined both redox and metabolite regulation of AGPase to understand the mechanism responsible for the up-regulation of starch synthesis. No difference in the monomerization/dimerization of apple leaf AGPase small subunits was observed between the transgenic plants and the untransformed control. NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase, indicative of chloroplastic redox status, did not show significant change in the transgenic plants either. Determination of key metabolites with nonaqueous fractionation indicated that concentrations of hexose phosphates (mainly glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate) were higher in both the cytosol and chloroplasts of the transgenic plants than in the control, whereas 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA) concentration in the chloroplast was not higher in the transgenic plants. We conclude that accumulation of hexose-phosphates results in a decrease in inorganic phosphate (Pi) concentration and an increase in PGA/Pi ratio in the chloroplast, leading to up-regulation of starch synthesis via activating AGPase.

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RAVEN, JOHN A. "CELLULAR LOCATION OF STARCH SYNTHESIS AND EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF STARCH GENES." Journal of Phycology 41, no. 6 (December 19, 2005): 1070–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00157.x.

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32

Lin, Rihui, He Li, Han Long, Jiating Su, and Wenqin Huang. "Synthesis of Rosin Acid Starch Catalyzed by Lipase." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/647068.

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Rosin, an abundant raw material from pine trees, was used as a starting material directly for the synthesis of rosin acid starch. The esterification reaction was catalyzed by lipase (Novozym 435) under mild conditions. Based on single factor experimentation, the optimal esterification conditions were obtained as follows: rosin acid/anhydrous glucose unit in the molar ratio 2 : 1, reaction time 4 h at 45°C, and 15% of lipase dosage. The degree of substitution (DS) reaches 0.098. Product from esterification of cassava starch with rosin acid was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and iodine coloration analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the morphology and crystallinity of the cassava starch were largely destroyed. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that thermal stability of rosin acid starch decreased compared with native starch.

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33

Hoffmannowa, Aleksandra, and Grażyna Zielińska. "Storage polysaccharides in germinating yellow lupine (Lupinus luteus L.)." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 50, no. 3 (2014): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1981.065.

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The yellow lupine (<em>Lupinus luteus</em> L. cv. Express) was cultured for 16 days in light or in darkness. During the first 3 days of germination starch and hemicelluloses were estimated in the seed organs, cotyledons and axis. Later the estimations were performed daily in cotyledons, shoots and roots of the cultured seedlings. Absence of starch was noted in cotyledons of airdry seeds and an abrupt starch synthesis in the first 24 hours of germination. nation. Degradation of starch, and hemicelluloses in cotyledons of the germinating yellow lupine was rapid and correlated strictly with losses in their dry weight. Similarly to starch synthesis, it showed no light dependence. On the other hand, light influenced synthesis of the studied polysaccharides in the shoot and the root of a develaping lupine seedling.

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34

Lu, Xue-Chun, Jia-Ying Xin, Tian-Yu Cui, Qing-Yun Liu, and Chun-Gu Xia. "Biocatalytic Synthesis and Characterization of Starch Ferulate Based on Ultrasonic Pretreatment of Substrate." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 15, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2021.2147.

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To improve the hydrophobicity and biological activity of corn starch, starch ferulate was prepared by Novozym 435 lipase catalyzed transesterification of ultrasonic pretreated corn starch and ethyl ferulate. The ferulic acylation of starch was confirmed by UV and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Starch ferulate was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). In addition, the hygroscopicity and free radical scavenging ability of esterified starch (ES) were evaluated. In the results, the maximum degree of substitution (DS) of ES was 0.0728 under the optimal ultrasonic pretreatment conditions, which was much higher than that of 0.0142 without ultrasonic pretreatment. The XRD and DSC analysis showed that ferulic acylation destroyed the crystalline structure of corn starch to a certain extent. Moreover, ferulic acylation can improve the hydrophobicity and free radical scavenging ability of starch. In conclusion, ES obtained with ultrasonic pretreatment followed by enzyme catalysis can improve physical and chemical properties of starch. Ultrasonic provides an effective method for synthesizing high-quality modified starch and lays a theoretical foundation for expanding the application of corn starch.

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Tetlow, Ian J. "Starch biosynthesis in developing seeds." Seed Science Research 21, no. 1 (November 19, 2010): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258510000292.

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AbstractStarch is globally important as a source of food and, in addition, has a wide range of industrial applications. Much of this agriculturally produced starch is synthesized in developing seeds, where its biological function is to provide energy for seedling establishment. Storage starch in developing seeds is synthesized in heterotrophic plastids called amyloplasts and is distinct from the transient synthesis of starch in chloroplasts. This article reviews our current understanding of storage starch biosynthesis occurring in these organelles and discusses recent advances in research in this field. The review discusses starch structure and granule initiation, emerging ideas on the evolution of the pathway, the enzymes of starch synthesis, and the post-translational modification and regulation of key enzymes of amylopectin biosynthesis.

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Irving, Donald E., Glen J. Shingleton, and Paul L. Hurst. "Starch Degradation in Buttercup Squash (Cucurbita maxima)." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 124, no. 6 (November 1999): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.124.6.587.

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Extractable activities of α-amylase, β-amylase, and starch phosphorylase were investigated in order to understand the mechanism of starch degradation in buttercup squash (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lam. `Delica') with the ultimate goal of improving the conversion of starch into sweet sugars. During rapid starch synthesis (0 to 30 days after flowering), extractable activities of α-amylase and β-amylase were low, but those of starch phosphorylase increased. After harvest, during ripening at 12 °C, or in fruit left in the field, activities of α-amylase and β-amylase increased. Starch contained 20% to 25% amylose soon after starch synthesis was initiated and until 49 days after harvest irrespective of whether the crop remained in the field or in storage at 12 °C. Maltose concentrations were low prior to harvest, but levels increased during fruit ripening. Data suggest starch breakdown is hydrolytic in buttercup squash, with α-amylase being the primary enzyme responsible for initiating starch breakdown.

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KOTHARI, SHARAT. "Nanoclay biopolymer composites: Synthesis, characterization and nitrogen release under controlled conditions." Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10188.

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As the production sector of N fertilizer challenged by energy crisis of the world and consumption sector is challenged by the environmental impacts, there is an urgent need to improve the nitrogen use efficiency for the sustainable growth of agriculture sector. The controlled release/ slow-release N fertilizers are smart choices to serve this purpose. So, this manuscript aims to synthesise nano clay bio-polymer composites (NCBPC) and using it for controlled N release. Nano clay bio-polymer composites were prepared by aqueous copolymerization of acrylic acid with acrylamide in presence of bentonite nano clay and starch as a partial replacement for synthetic polymers. Maize and wheat flour (maida) were used as starch source at 20 and 30% replacement level to synthesise different NCBPC products. The resulting products were characterized using FTIR and SEM which revealed the participation of bentonite and starch in the polymerization reaction at the nano level. The incubation study in soil disclosed the slow-release of nitrogen by these materials. Therefore, bentonite clay with cereal grain flours may be used for the synthesis of nano clay bio-polymer composites for slow-release of nitrogen.

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RUPINSKI, SLAWOMIR, and ZBIGNIEW BRZOZOWSKI. "Synthesis and properties of carbamoylethyl starch." Polimery 48, no. 02 (February 2003): 122–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14314/polimery.2003.122.

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39

Smith, A. M., K. Denyer, and C. Martin. "THE SYNTHESIS OF THE STARCH GRANULE." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 48, no. 1 (June 1997): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.67.

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40

Kazachenko, A. S., N. Yu Vasilyeva, Y. N. Malyar, A. S. Kazachenko, and E. A. Slyusareva. "Synthesis of sulfated starch-casein complex." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 862 (May 28, 2020): 062013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/862/6/062013.

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41

James, Martha G., Kay Denyer, and Alan M. Myers. "Starch synthesis in the cereal endosperm." Current Opinion in Plant Biology 6, no. 3 (June 2003): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1369-5266(03)00042-6.

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42

Ponstein, A. S., G. H. Vos-Scheperkeuter, W. J. Feenstra, and B. Witholt. "Starch synthesis in potato tuber slices." Food Hydrocolloids 1, no. 5-6 (December 1987): 497–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-005x(87)80048-6.

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43

Teli, M. D., and Nilesh G. Waghmare. "Synthesis of superabsorbents from Amaranthus starch." Carbohydrate Polymers 81, no. 3 (July 2010): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.03.037.

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44

Keeling, Peter L., and Alan M. Myers. "Biochemistry and Genetics of Starch Synthesis." Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (April 2010): 271–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.102308.124214.

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45

SMITH, ALISON M., and KAY DENYER. "Starch synthesis in developing pea embryos." New Phytologist 122, no. 1 (September 1992): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1992.tb00049.x.

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46

Staroszczyk, Hanna. "Synthesis and characterisation of starch cuprate." Food Chemistry 129, no. 3 (December 2011): 1217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.114.

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47

El-Sheikh, Manal A. "New technique in starch nanoparticles synthesis." Carbohydrate Polymers 176 (November 2017): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.08.033.

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48

Passauer, Lars, Hans Bender, and Steffen Fischer. "Synthesis and characterisation of starch phosphates." Carbohydrate Polymers 82, no. 3 (October 2010): 809–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.05.050.

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49

Khanna, N. Deepika, Inderjeet Kaur, and Anil Kumar. "Starch-grafted polypropylene: Synthesis and characterization." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 119, no. 1 (July 27, 2010): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.32680.

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50

Napruszewska, Bogna D., Anna Walczyk, Dorota Duraczyńska, Joanna Kryściak-Czerwenka, Alicja Michalik, Robert Karcz, Michał Śliwa, and Ewa M. Serwicka. "The Synthesis of Cu–Mn–Al Mixed-Oxide Combustion Catalysts by Co-Precipitation in the Presence of Starch: A Comparison of NaOH with Organic Precipitants." Catalysts 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2022): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12101159.

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Cu–Mn mixed oxides are well known as active combustion catalysts. The common method for their synthesis is based on co-precipitation, with NaOH as a precipitant, and is burdened with the possibility of introducing undesired Na contamination. This work describes the use of two organic bases, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide and choline hydroxide, as precipitating agents in a novel alkali-free route for Cu–Mn–Al catalyst synthesis. To obtain fine crystalline precursors, which are considered advantageous for the preparation of active catalysts, co-precipitation was carried out in the presence of starch gel. Reference materials prepared with NaOH in the absence of starch were also obtained. Mixed oxides were produced by calcination at 450 °C. The precursors contained MnCO3 doped with Cu and Al, and an admixture of amorphous phases. Those prepared in the presence of starch were less crystalline and retained biopolymer residues. The combustion of these residues during calcination enhanced the formation of larger amounts of the Cu1.5Mn1.5O4 spinel phase, with better crystallinity in comparison to catalysts prepared from conventionally synthesized precursors. Tests of toluene combustion demonstrated that the catalysts prepared with starch performed better than those obtained in starch-free syntheses, and that the mixed oxides obtained by the alkali-free route were more active than catalysts prepared with NaOH. Catalytic data are discussed in terms of property–performance relationships.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Starch Synthesis'

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