Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Starch Synthesis'
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Entwistle, Tina Gail. "Synthesis of storage starch." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316826.
Full textPonstein, Anne Silene. "Starch synthesis in potato tubers." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 1990. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/291023398.
Full textSweetlove, Lee. "The control of starch synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264287.
Full textClarke, Belinda. "The rate of starch synthesis as a determinant of starch composition." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267540.
Full textKolbe, Anna. "Redox-regulation of starch and lipid synthesis in leaves." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=978968182.
Full textBaguma, Yona. "Regulation of starch synthesis in cassava /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a478.pdf.
Full textPeloewetse, Elias. "Control of starch synthesis in leaves." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326644.
Full textBlissett, Kerry Joy. "Starch synthesis in developing wheat endosperm." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488035.
Full textMitchell, Angela. "The effect of temperature on starch synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243060.
Full textSugih, Asaf Kleopas. "Synthesis and properties of starch based biomaterials." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn.
Full textHawker, John Seth. "Sucrose and starch metabolism in leaves, storage organs and developing fruits of higher plants." Title page, contents and summary only, 1988. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SD/09sdh392.pdf.
Full textForrest, Sharon Irene. "The metabolism of starch in effective and ineffective nodules of soybean /." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64078.
Full textDutton, Sarah L. "The regulation of starch synthesis in non-photosynthetic tissues." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289285.
Full textTomlinson, Kim Louise. "Starch synthesis in leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.297009.
Full textChauhan, Geeta. "Molecular characterisation of the small and large subunits of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase genes in Solanum tuberosum L." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.281956.
Full textShah, Brinda. "Synthesis of polyethylene/starch hybrids using aqueous mini emulsion polymerization /." Online version of thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/12265.
Full textWallwork, Meredith Anne Blesing. "Investigation of the physiological basis of malting quality of grain developing under high temperature conditions." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw215.pdf.
Full textTillett, Ian J. L. "The size distribution and synthesis of starch granules in cereal endosperms." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/733.
Full textAnthony, Renil John. "Cationic Starch Synthesis, Development, and Evaluation for Harvesting Microalgae for Wastewater Treatment." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2005.
Full textTang, Xiaozhi. "Use of extrusion for synthesis of starch-clay nanocomposites for biodegradable packaging films." Diss., Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/546.
Full textHill, Loinel Mark. "The source of carbon for starch synthesis by amyloplasts from developing pea embryos." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334704.
Full textCraig, Josephine. "The use of mutants to understand starch synthesis in the pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338244.
Full textGoodpaster, Bret H. "The effects of pre-exercise starch feedings on blood glucose responses and performance during strenuous exercise." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/941582.
Full textHuman Performance Laboratory
Kang, Fan. "Carbon sources for starch and fatty acid synthesis in plastids from developing embryos of oilseed rape." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240398.
Full textZakharova, K., A. Mednikova, V. Rumyantsev, and T. Genusova. "Synthesis of Boron Carbide from Boric Acid and Carbon-Containing Precursors." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35601.
Full textHerrera, y. Saldana Rolando Ernesto. "The effect of synchronization of protein and starch degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization and milk production in dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184373.
Full textFerreira, Stephanus Johannes. "The analysis and reduction of starch in sugarcane by silencing ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and over-expressing β-amylase." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2880.
Full textSugarcane is cultivated because of the high levels of sucrose it stores in its internodes. Starch metabolism has been a neglected aspect of sugarcane research despite the problems caused by it during sugarcane processing. Currently there is no information available on the starch content in different South African commercial sugarcane varieties. This project had two main aims of which the first was to determine the starch content in the internodal tissues of six commercial sugarcane varieties. The activities of ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) and β- amylase were also determined. The second aim of the project was to manipulate starch metabolism in sugarcane using transgenesis. To achieve this, transformation vectors for the down-regulation of AGPase activity and over-expression of β-amylase activity were designed. These vectors were then used to transform sugarcane calli and the results were analysed in suspension cultures. Starch levels in sugarcane internodal tissue increased more than 4 times from young to mature internodes. There were also large differences between varieties. When mature tissues of different varieties were compared, their starch concentration varied between 0.18 and 0.51 mg g-1 FW, with the majority of the varieties having a starch concentration between 0.26 and 0.32 mg g-1 FW. NCo376’s starch concentration was much lower than the rest at 0.18 mg g-1 FW and N19’s was much higher at 0.51 mg. g-1 FW. There was also a very strong correlation between starch and sucrose concentration (R2 = 0.53, p ≤ 0.01) which could be due to the fact that these metabolites are synthesized from the same hexose-phosphate pool. No correlation was evident between starch concentration and AGPase activity. This was true for correlations based on either tissue maturity or variety. β-amylase activity expressed on a protein basis was almost 5 times higher in the young internodes compared to mature internodes, suggesting that carbon might be cycled through starch in these internodes. AGPase activity in the transgenic suspension cultures was reduced by between 0.14 and 0.54 of the activity of the wild type control. This reduction led to a reduction in starch concentration of between 0.38 and 0.47 times that of the wild type control. There was a significant correlation between the reduction in AGPase activity and the reduction in starch (R2 = 0.58, p ≤ 0.05). β-amylase activity in the transgenic suspension cultures was increased to 1.5-2 times that of the wild type control. This led to a reduction in starch concentration of between 0.1 and 0.4 times that of the wild type control. Once again the increase in β-amylase activity could be correlated to the reduction in starch concentration of the transgenic suspension cultures (R2 = 0.68, p ≤ 0.01). In both experiments there was no significant effect on sucrose concentration.
Xu, Jingwen. "Biobased nanocomposites for packaging applications — synthesis using melt extrusion of poly (lactic acid), poly (butylene succinate) and/or starch blended with natural nanofillers." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20561.
Full textDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Sajid Alavi
There is a renewed focus on biodegradable polymers in packaging applications due to environmental concerns associated with conventional plastics. Melt extrusion was used to synthesize nanocomposites from poly (lactic acid) (PLA) or poly (butylene succinate) (PBS) blended with natural nanofillers — chitin whiskers (CHW, 1-5%), nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, 1-5%) or lignin-coated nanocrystalline cellulose (LNCC, 3%). Transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction indicated that the natural nanofillers were uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix. For PLA based nanocomposites, differential scanning calorimetry showed a decrease in change of heat capacity at glass transition (ΔCp) with increased nanofiller addition, indicating greater confinement of polymer chains. For PBS based nanocomposites, nanofillers acted as nucleating agents and promoted recrystallization of polymer as reflected in increase of degree of crystallinity (Xc) from 65.9-66.8 to 75.6%. By addition of NCC and CHW, tensile strength (TS) of PLA based films increased from 50.2 MPa to 70.9 MPa and 52.1 MPa, respectively, while TS of PBS increased from 23.2-24.9 MPa to 32.9 MPa and 43.6 MPa, respectively. Elongation at break (E%) of nanocomposite films ranged from 9.1 to 15.3, and in general decreased with addition of nanofillers. LNCC did not significantly improve mechanical properties of PBS and PLA films. Additionally, 3% NCC addition reduced oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of PLA from 209.9 to 180.8 cc/m[superscript]2/day, which further reduced to 109.3 cc/m[superscript]2/day by adding compatibilizer methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, 4%). Water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of PLA also reduced from 44.4 to 28.6 g/m[superscript]2/day with 3% NCC and 4% MDI addition. Similarly OTR and WVTR of PBS decreased from 737.7 to 280 cc/m[superscript]2/day and 83.8 to 49.4 g/m[superscript]2/day, respectively with 3% NCC. Use of 4% MDI further reduced OTR and WVTR to 23.8 cc/m[superscript]2/day and 30.8 g/m[superscript]2/day, respectively. Use of starch can potentially reduce the costs of bio-based nanocomposites films. Up to 40% starch was incorporated during synthesis of PLA and NCC nanocomposites using solution mixing method. Addition of starch decreased TS from 35.8 MPa to 18.4 MPa and E% from 8.3% to 6.0%. Use of NCC (1%) and MDI (4%) improved the mechanical properties to a certain extent.
Besheer, Ahmed Ibrahim Hamed [Verfasser], Karsten [Akademischer Betreuer] Mäder, Jörg [Akademischer Betreuer] Kressler, and Alfred [Akademischer Betreuer] Fahr. "Nanomedicines based on modified hydroxyethyl starch : from synthesis to in vivo evaluation / Ahmed Ibrahim Hamed Besheer. Betreuer: Karsten Mäder ; Jörg Kressler ; Alfred Fahr." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2009. http://d-nb.info/1024859061/34.
Full textLiiving, Tiina Verfasser], Björn [Akademischer Betreuer] Junker, Eva Maria [Akademischer Betreuer] Farré, and Nicolaus von [Akademischer Betreuer] [Wirén. "Subcellular network of starch synthesis in maturing embryos of pea Pisum sativum L. (Fabaceae) / Tiina Liiving. Betreuer: Björn Junker ; Eva Maria Farré ; Nicolaus Wirén." Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1067842616/34.
Full textGibbs, Bernard F. "Characteristics of isolated and synthetic a-amylase inhibitors." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=24006.
Full textThe supernatant from ground beans was subjected to reverse phase chromatography. The separated peaks were lyophilized and assayed for alpha-amylase inhibitory activity. The inhibitor with the highest activity (peak 6) was repurified and fully characterized. It was exposed to physiological amounts of endoproteases to check its stability.
A known inhibitor of alpha-amylase was synthesized and studied. Its binding constant has not been previously reported. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
Ihemere, Uzoma Enyinnaya. "Somatic embryogenesis and transformation of cassava for enhanced starch production." Connect to this title online, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1070549008.
Full textTitle from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xxiii, 184 p.; also includes graphics (some color). Includes bibliographical references (p. 166-184).
Winkler, Henning. "Synthese von thermoplastisch verarbeitbaren Fettsäure-Acylderivaten der Stärke und Proteine." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7108/.
Full textIn recent years, a steadily growing production capacity of bioplastic based on renewable resources was noticed. Despite its huge production capacities and an appropriate property profile (ubiquitous occurrence, easy extraction), starch is only applied in addition of plasticizers in a hydrophilic, thermoplastic form in blends with e. g. polyesters. The same applies to bioplastics based on proteins. The actual study has the aim to develop starch-based bioplastics, which are hydrophobic, thermoplastic without the addition of any plasticizer and have mechanical properties to be a suitable alternative material in the area of food packaging. To obtain a variation of the raw materials for bioplastics, the concept shall be applied to two types of industrial available proteins, whey protein isolate (WPI) and Zein. Fatty acid esters of starch came out to be a suitable class of materials. Initially, the methods of esterifying acid chlorides and the transesterification of fatty acid vinyl esters were compared with the latter being more appropriate. Reaction parameters of this method were optimized and it was applied to a complete series of vinyl ester reagents (butanoate to stearate), leading to degree of substitution (DS)-values up to 2.2-2.6. With that, a systematic study of the variation of the fatty acid ester chain as well as the DS became possible. It came out that all products with a DS >1.5 showed a well-marked solubility in organic solvents, whereby solution NMR-studies as well as measurements of the molecular weight distributions by using size exclusion chroma-tography with multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) were possible. The different solution behavior was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS). All soluble products could be formed into films via casting, where materials with a DS of 1.5-1.7 showed the highest values concerning tensile strength (up to 42 MPa) and Youngs modulus (up to 1390 MPa). Especially starch hexanoate with DS <2 and starch butanoate with a DS >2 revealed mechanical properties which are comparable to usually applied polymers for food packaging, e. g. polyethylene (tensile strength: 15-20 MPa, E-Mod: 300-1300 MPa). Tensile strength and Youngs modulus were reduced with increasing length of the esterified fatty acid. Wide-angle X-Ray scattering (WAXS) and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) explained this tendency by an increasing intermolecular distance of the starch in the material. Glassy transitions of the materials were detected and showed a dependency on the type of esterified fatty acid and the DS. The crystalline structures of the esterified long-chain fatty acids revealed a melting peak. All films came out to be hydrophobic with contact angles against water >95°. The tensile strength and the Youngs modulus of the highly substituted products could be further improved by blending them with biobased polyterpenes as well as the acylated Zein. A thermoplastic processing without the use of any plasticizer additives was possible for products with a medium and high DS. Homogeneous, transparent testing specimens were obtained. The specific mechanical values were comparable with the casted films, although the highest values for the tensile strength and the elongation were lower. Investigations of the hardness showed comparable values to polyethylene. Selected samples were further processed to fibers by melt spinning. Especially starch esters with high DS revealed homogeneous fibers with a significant increase in the tensile strength compared to the film or testing specimen. Even fatty acid starch esters with a medium DS were processed by the melt-spinning, but their higher glassy transition lead to a reduced softening behavior. To transfer this concept to the class of proteins, different methods of synthesis were studied in the first step, which differed in their amount of acylation. The acylation using fatty acid chlorides lead to highest values. With regard to a well-marked organic solvent solubility, in the case of WPI the acylation with carbonyldiimidazol (CDI)-activated fatty acid was established. For Zein, the acid chloride acylation in pyridine gave the desired results. It came out the fatty acid acylated soluble WPI could not be thermoplastic processed without additional plasticizers. By using biobased oleic acid as additive, the potential of acylated WPI as a thermoplastic filler in blends with e. g. fatty acid esters of starch was shown. In contrast, fatty acid acyl derivatives of Zein revealed well marked glassy transitions <100 °C with an adequate thermal stability. While Zeinoleate could be formed into transparent films via solvent casting without any plasticizer additives, low amounts of tall oil enabled film-forming in the case of acyl derivatives with shorter fatty acids as well. All derivatives revealed a well-marked hydrophobicity. Finally, Zeinoleate was thermoplastically processed into fibers by melt-spinning without any further additives.
Kim, Jae Eung. "In Vitro Synthetic Biology Platform and Protein Engineering for Biorefinery." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/86645.
Full textPh. D.
Erik, Johansson. "Molecular Interactions in Thin Films of Biopolymers, Colloids and Synthetic Polyelectrolytes." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Fiberteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-41023.
Full textQC 20110923
Yam, Elodie. "Low molecular weight synthetic colloid fluids, 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and 4% succinylated gelatine, interfere with refractometric tests of total protein concentration and urine specific gravity." Thesis, Yam, Elodie (2018) Low molecular weight synthetic colloid fluids, 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 and 4% succinylated gelatine, interfere with refractometric tests of total protein concentration and urine specific gravity. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2018. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/46176/.
Full textStauch, Claudia [Verfasser], Karl Sebastian [Gutachter] Mandel, Robert [Gutachter] Luxenhofer, and Klaus [Gutachter] Müller-Buschbaum. "Synthese und Charakterisierung nanostrukturierter Mikropartikel mit einstellbarem Zerfallsverhalten als Additive für Elastomerkomposite / Claudia Stauch ; Gutachter: Karl Sebastian Mandel, Robert Luxenhofer, Klaus Müller-Buschbaum." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1180982266/34.
Full textBernardo, Angela Silva Di. "Influência das condições de aplicação de polímeros catiônicos na eficiência da floculação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-02122015-112130/.
Full textThis present work was based on the fact that native and cationic starches are not harmful to man\'s health, since they have been largely used in food processing industries, and that they may be potentially used as flocculation aids in water treatment. Jar Test assays were performed, including coagulation with aluminum sulphate, flocculation and sedimentation, aiming to study the influence of the velocity gradient and mixing time on flocculation, using a cationic synthetic polymer and cationic com and manioc starches as aids. In the main, it was concluded that the conditions under which the polymers were applied, affect the efficiency of turbidity and color removals and that each polymer studied presented an specific optimum condition. It was also observed that manioc cationic starch resulted more effective than the others polymers studied, when used as flocculation aids.
Yang, Chongqing, Dongqing Wu, Wuxue Zhao, Weizhen Ye, Zhixiao Xu, Fan Zhang, and Xinliang Feng. "Anion-induced self-assembly of positively charged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards nanostructures with controllable two-dimensional morphologies." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-224930.
Full textYang, Chongqing, Dongqing Wu, Wuxue Zhao, Weizhen Ye, Zhixiao Xu, Fan Zhang, and Xinliang Feng. "Anion-induced self-assembly of positively charged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons towards nanostructures with controllable two-dimensional morphologies." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2016. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A30330.
Full textCheviron, Perrine. "Nanostructuration de films nanocomposites amidon / argent et amidon / argent / montmorillonites par procédé de « chimie verte » : influence des voies de génération des nanoparticules métalliques sur la structure et les propriétés de transport." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10047/document.
Full textThe present work reports a strategy involving the preparation of silver nanoparticles in a biodegradable polymer stemming from either an ex situ or an in situ method, using in both cases a completely green chemistry process. The influence of the reducing agent concentration and the silver nanoparticles generation route is investigated on the structure, the morphology and the properties of the nanocomposite films. In both routes, silver nanoparticles with a diameter below 30 nm were highlighted in the nanocomposite films. For all nanocomposite films, no modification on the crystalline structure of the starch matrix is observed in the presence of silver. The in situ generation route allowed to obtain the smallest silver nanoparticles with a diameter below 10 nm. Crystalline silver nanoparticles were obtained only from the in situ generation route at the temperature of 85°C. The introduction of montmorillonites in both generation routes was also studied. The decrease of the water sorption and the improvement of water and oxygen barrier properties were found to be not dependent on the reducing agent concentration but mainly on the presence of the crystalline structure of the silver nanoparticles. Thus, significant enhancement of the barrier properties were finally obtained for the in situ nanocomposite films thanks to an efficient interaction between the crystalline silver nanoparticles and the starch matrix
Higgins, Jody Estelle. "The role of starch phosphorylase in cereal starch synthesis." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151653.
Full textLuo, Jixun. "Understanding the impact of starch synthase IIa on starch structure and function in cereal endosperm." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/156138.
Full textChen, Chen-Kai, and 沈聖凱. "Utilization of starch for polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis by microorganism." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39413061250603328422.
Full text元智大學
生物科技暨生物資訊研究所
93
The aim of this study is to evaluate the utilization of starch as sole carbon source in the process of producing polyhydroxylalkanoates (PHAs) by microorganisms. The main purpose was to lowering the production cost of PHAs. We isolated numerous microorganisms from different environment able to accumulate various types of PHAs. We screened the ability for producing amylase by these isolates and evaluated those amylase-producing strains for their ability to utilize starch as sole carbon source. Among them, strain KC013 showed the ability of producing alpha-amylase and be able to utilize starch as sole carbon source. KC013 was cultivated with soluble starch as sole carbon source and PHAs produced under this growth condition was analyzed by Fourier-Transform Infracted spectrometer (FT-IR) and gas chromatography (GC). The results showed strain KC013 (identified as an Aeromonas sp.), along with some other isolates, were able to utilize starch to produce PHAs.
劉書劍. "Synthesis and characterization of starch-acrylamide graft copolymer." Thesis, 1989. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57897178374686733689.
Full textTsai, Huang-Lung, and 蔡皇龍. "Starch synthesis in Arabidopsis is achieved by spatial co-transcription of core starch metabolism genes." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25469928569497455103.
Full text國防醫學院
生命科學研究所
98
Starch synthesis and degradation require the participation of many enzymes, occur in both photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues, and are subject to environmental and developmental regulation. We examine the distribution of starch in vegetative tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. We observe that starch is accumulated ubiquitously in plastids of cells aboveground (e.g., epidermal, mesophyll and vascular cells) and in root tips cells but not in root proper cells. We also identify cells that can synthesize starch heterotrophically in albino mutants. We hypothesize that exogenous Glc-6-P source can be utilized in epidermal cells, vascular bundles and root tips for heterotrophic starch synthesis. From the distribution pattern of starch accumulated in leaves indicates that starch synthesis in leaves is regulated by developmental stage and light. To find out whether expression of starch metabolism genes are correlated with starch accumulation, we examine the distribution of starch and spatial expression of five synthesis genes, i.e., PGI1 (PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE1), PGM1 (PHOSPHOGLUCOSE MUTASE1), APS1 (ADPG PYROPHOSPHORYLASE SMALL SUBUNIT1), APL1 (ADPG PYROPHOSPHORYLASE LARGE SUBUNIT1) and SS1 (STARCH SYNTHASE1), in Arabidopsis seedlings. Except PGI1, the enzyme activities and transcripts of other genes are detected in cells with starch, but are absent in root proper cells. PGI1 gene is expressed ubiquitously, even in root proper cells which have no starch accumulation. The expression of PGI1 in root proper cells suggests that PGI may play roles other than starch synthesis in root propers. Expression of gene promoter--glucuronidase fusion constructs in transgenic seedlings shows that starch synthesis genes are transcriptionally active in cells with starch synthesis and are inactive in root proper cells except the plastidial phosphoglucose isomerase. Suprisingly, APL1 encoding the dominant large subunit of APGase (ADPG pyrophosphorylase) in leaves, is not expressed and not required for starch synthesis in root cap cells. Our data indicate that there are differential regulations among starch synthesis genes, and spatially distinct routes are used by starch synthesis machinery in plant tissues. Expression profile analysis reveals that starch metabolism genes can be clustered into two sets based on their tissue-specific expression patterns. To investigate the regulatory elements for starch metabolism genes, we generate transgenic plants carrying serial deletion of APS1 promoter-GUS constructs. The expression pattern of GUS reporter in these transgenic plants indicates that the 5’ distal region of APS1 promoter contains a fragment which may be responsible for the repression of APS1 promoter activity in lateral root bases. Detailed mutation analysis of this region, we identify a conserved motif, which is essential for the repression, present in many co-expressed starch metabolism genes. Starch distribution and expression pattern of core starch synthesis genes are common in Arabidopsis and rice (Oryza sativa), suggesting that the regulatory mechanism for starch metabolism genes may be conserved evolutionarily. We conclude that starch synthesis in Arabidopsis is achieved by spatial co-expression of core starch metabolism genes regulated by their promoter activities and is fine-tuned by cell specific endogenous and environmental controls.
Liu, H. P., and 劉小萍. "Studies on the Synthesis and Properties of Starch-g-Poly(vinyl acetate) and Starch-g-Poly(vinyl alcohol) Copolymers." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84478959055659517447.
Full text國立臺灣大學
化學工程學研究所
89
Cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and potassium persulfate (KPS) were used to initiate the polymerization of vinyl acetate (VAc) monomer onto corn starch and soluble starch respectively to produce starch-graft-PVAc copolymers, and starch-graft-PVOH copolymers with an additional alcoholysis treatment. The main aspects of this research were the analysis of resulting copolymers including the elucidation of micro-structure with the morphology observations through transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), and product identifications based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Meanwhile, the reaction kinetics, such as the conversion, the grafting ratio and grafting efficiency, were monitored throughout the experiments. Enzymatic degradation and cell culture were also carried out to evaluate the biodegradability and biocompatibility for PVOH grafted copolymers. Due to the basic differences of characteristics in types of starch and initiating mechanisms of initiators, the grafted products were quite different in terms of aforementioned characterizations. It was found that the monomer conversion, grafting ratio and grafting efficiency were higher for soluble starch system. The conversion and grafting ratio were increased with increasing monomer ratio. Not only the extracted-PVAc, but also the grafted-PVAc, molecular weights of which attained were higher for KPS systems and soluble starch systems. According to the observation of TEM and SEM, particles are generally smaller and more uniform in sizes for CAN than for KPS system. In addition, a flexible starch-PVOH film capable of enzymatic degradation and cell culture was obtained. The weight loss was higher for a corn starch-PVOH film, and the test results of fibroblast culture showed positive effects only for KPS system.
Kolbe, Anna [Verfasser]. "Redox-regulation of starch and lipid synthesis in leaves / Anna Kolbe." 2005. http://d-nb.info/978968182/34.
Full text"Proteomic study on the starch synthesis and regulation in developing hybrid rice seeds." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892918.
Full textThesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-155).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Thesis/Assessment Committee --- p.I
Statement from Author --- p.II
Acknowledgements --- p.III
Abstract --- p.V
摘要 --- p.VII
Table of Contents --- p.IX
List of Tables --- p.XV
List of Figures --- p.XVI
List of Abbreviations --- p.XVIII
Chapter Chapter 1 --- General Introduction and Literature Review --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- General introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Rice --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Classification of rice --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Rice grain quality --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Overview of current information on the starch biosynthesis and regulation during seed development --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Starch property --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Structure of rice starch granules --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Properties of rice starch --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Starch synthesis related proteins --- p.8
Chapter 1.2.2.2.1 --- The formation of ADP-glucose through AGPase --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.2.2.2 --- The synthesis of starch by starch synthases --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.2.2.2.1 --- Amylose biosynthesis --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.2.2.2.2 --- Amylopectin biosynthesis --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.2.2.3 --- Branching of the glucan chain by starch branching enzymes --- p.12
Chapter 1.2.2.2.4 --- The role of debranching enzymes in polymer synthesis --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2.2.5 --- Starch degradation in plastids --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2.2.6 --- Other enzymes involved in starch synthesis pathway --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Starch biosynthesis regulation --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.2.3.1 --- Developmental regulation --- p.14
Chapter 1.2.2.3.2. --- Diurnal regulation --- p.15
Chapter 1.2.2.3.3 --- 3-PGA/Pi regulation --- p.16
Chapter 1.2.2.3.4. --- Sugar signaling --- p.17
Chapter 1.2.2.3.5. --- Hormonal signaling --- p.18
Chapter 1.2.2.3.6 --- Post translational modification regulation --- p.18
Chapter 1.2.2.3.6.1 --- Post translational redox modulation --- p.18
Chapter 1.2.2.3.6.2 --- Protein phosphorylation --- p.19
Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- Rice grain quality improvement by genetic engineering --- p.20
Chapter 1.2.2.4.1 --- Cooking and eating quality improvement --- p.20
Chapter 1.2.2.4.1.1 --- Manipulation of starch content --- p.20
Chapter 1.2.2.4.1.2 --- Manipulation of amylose/ amylopectin ratio --- p.20
Chapter 1.2.2.4.2 --- Other targets for manipulating starch quality and quantity --- p.21
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Proteomics --- p.23
Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- General introduction --- p.23
Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Current technologies of proteomics --- p.25
Chapter 1.2.3.2.1 --- Protein separation by 2D or non-2D method --- p.25
Chapter 1.2.3.2.2 --- Protein visualization --- p.26
Chapter 1.2.3.2.3 --- Computer-assisted image analysis --- p.27
Chapter 1.2.3.2.4 --- Protein identification by mass spectrometry --- p.28
Chapter 1.2.3.2.5 --- Database search --- p.28
Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.1 --- Database searching software --- p.29
Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.2 --- Protein sequence database --- p.29
Chapter 1.2.3.2.5.3 --- Evaluating database hits --- p.30
Chapter 1.2.3.2.6 --- Bioinformatics involved in proteomics --- p.31
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7 --- Post translational modification --- p.32
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1 --- Glycosylation --- p.32
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1.1 --- N-linked glycosylation --- p.33
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.1.2 --- O-linked glycosylation --- p.33
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.2 --- Phosphorylation --- p.33
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7.3 --- Strategies for studying PTMs --- p.34
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8 --- Other aspects of proteomics --- p.36
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.1 --- 2D DIGE --- p.36
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2 --- LC/LC-MS/MS --- p.36
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2.1 --- MudPIT --- p.36
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8.2.2 --- ICAT --- p.37
Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- Plant proteomics --- p.37
Chapter 1.2.3.3.1 --- Proteome analysis of plant tissues and organs --- p.38
Chapter 1.2.3.3.2 --- Plant organelle proteomics --- p.39
Chapter 1.2.3.3.3 --- Post translational modifications in plant --- p.41
Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- Recent progress in rice proteomics --- p.42
Chapter 1.2.3.4.1 --- General introduction of rice proteomics --- p.42
Chapter 1.2.3.4.2 --- Rice proteome database construction --- p.43
Chapter 1.2.3.4.3 --- Comparative proteomics --- p.43
Chapter 1.2.3.4.4 --- Post translational modification study of rice proteome --- p.44
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods --- p.45
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.45
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Plant materials --- p.45
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Chemical reagents and commercial kits --- p.46
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Instruments --- p.46
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Software --- p.46
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Fractionation of amyloplast and amyloplast membrane proteins --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Marker enzyme assays --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.3 --- 2D gel electrophoresis --- p.48
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Silver staining of 2D gel --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.5 --- In-gel digestion of protein spots --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Desalination of the digested sample with ZipTip --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Protein identification by mass spectrometry and database searching --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Image and data analysis --- p.50
Chapter 2.2.9 --- Extraction of starch granule associated proteins --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.10 --- Western blot analysis --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.11 --- Sample preparation for N terminal sequencing --- p.51
Chapter 2.2.12 --- Phosphorylation and glycosylation assays --- p.52
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.53
Chapter 3.1 --- Protein identification by ID and 2D PAGE --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Isolation and purification of amyloplasts from rice seeds --- p.53
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Identification of amyloplast and amyloplast membrane proteins by MS/MS --- p.54
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Sample preparation --- p.54
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- 2D and ID gel electrophoresis --- p.55
Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Protein identification by MS and MS/MS --- p.56
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Functional classification of identified proteins --- p.69
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Metabolism proteins --- p.71
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Non starch synthesis metabolism proteins --- p.73
Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Protein destination --- p.73
Chapter 3.1.3.4 --- Proteins with other functions --- p.74
Chapter 3.1.4 --- Cross-correlation of experimental and calculated Mw of proteins --- p.74
Chapter 3.1.5 --- Granule bound starch synthase (GBSS) --- p.75
Chapter 3.1.5 --- N-terminal sequencing --- p.77
Chapter 3.2 --- Protein profiling --- p.80
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Seed collection and stages chosen --- p.80
Chapter 3.2.2 --- The proteomic profiles of rice amyloplasts at different developing stages --- p.81
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Comparing the proteome of three rice lines --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.4.1 --- Spot number analysis --- p.85
Chapter 3.2.4.2 --- Functional distribution analysis --- p.86
Chapter 3.2.4.3 --- Protein amount analysis --- p.87
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Comparison of expression pattern: cluster analysis (SOM) --- p.88
Chapter 3.2.5.1 --- Cluster analysis of rice amyloplast proteome --- p.88
Chapter 3.2.5.2 --- Three major categories of rice amyloplast proteome expression patterns --- p.91
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Scatter plots analysis --- p.94
Chapter 3.2.7 --- Comparison of changes in proteins related to starch synthesis --- p.96
Chapter 3.2.7.1 --- GBSS --- p.96
Chapter 3.2.7.2 --- AGPase --- p.98
Chapter 3.2.7.3 --- SSS --- p.98
Chapter 3.2.7.4 --- SBE --- p.98
Chapter 3.2.7.5 --- SP --- p.98
Chapter 3.3 --- Study on protein post translational modifications --- p.102
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Post translational modifications that potentially regulate starch synthesis --- p.102
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Post translational modifications at different developing stages --- p.104
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Profiling of post translational modifications of rice amyloplast proteome --- p.104
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Starch synthesis related proteins --- p.106
Chapter 3.3.2.2.1 --- GBSS --- p.106
Chapter 3.3.2.2.2 --- SSS --- p.108
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.111
Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology --- p.111
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Amyloplast isolation --- p.111
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Protein extraction from amyloplasts --- p.111
Chapter 4.1.3 --- Protein identification by PMF and MS/MS --- p.112
Chapter 4.1.4 --- Methods used to study protein expression patterns --- p.113
Chapter 4.1.5 --- New methods introduced to study post translational modifications --- p.114
Chapter 4.2 --- Characteristics of rice amyloplast proteins --- p.115
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Amyloplast proteins associated with starch granules --- p.116
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Most proteins in amyloplast proteome contain the transit peptide --- p.116
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Multiple isoforms of starch synthesis related proteins --- p.117
Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Multiple spots of GBSS --- p.118
Chapter 4.2.4 --- Expression patterns of amyloplast proteome --- p.120
Chapter 4.2.5 --- Post translational modifications potentially regulate starch synthesis --- p.122
Chapter 4.3 --- Other characteristic aspects of amyloplast proteome --- p.123
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Comparison between the rice and wheat amyloplast proteomes --- p.123
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Proteomic comparisons among the three rice lines --- p.124
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Comparison of starch synthesis enzymes at protein and transcript levels --- p.124
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Comparison of the starch synthesis related proteins among the three rice lines --- p.126
Chapter 4.4 --- Limitations of proteomic approach in directly answering the question on how to improve eating and cooling quality --- p.126
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Conclusion --- p.128
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Future perspectives --- p.130
References --- p.132
Wu, Sih-Pei, and 吳思佩. "Association analysis of sorghum quality and their starch synthesis genes SSIIa、Wx、Ae1." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27022778055554058426.
Full text國立臺灣大學
園藝學研究所
100
Sorghum is rich in starch content, the starch quality contributes to its nutritional value and processing attributes tremendously. In this study, seven varieties of soghum were collected for analysis in their starch content, amylose content, pasting properties, thousand grain weight, and grain size. To identify the correlation of gene variation and the phenotype in starch content, genes including soluble starch synthases (SSIIa), granule-bound starch synthase (Wx) and starch branching enzyme (Ae1) were chosen for association analysis using statistical software. A total of 9 polymorphisms in SSIIa and 7 polymorphisms in Wx were identified, which were greatly associated with starch pasting properties. A total of 29 polymorphisms in two fragments of Ae1 were identified. Single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) and InDel in Ae1 were found associated with gelatinization temperature, which with a difference of 9.4℃ in gelatinization temperature. One SNP in non-coding region of Ae1 were found associated with amylase content (p<0.05), inferred deletion of a adenine base would cause a decrease in non-branching starch. The polymorphism we identified in this study may provide a genetic explanation to variation in sorghum starch properties.