Relevant bibliographies by topics / Starch Synthesis

Academic literature on the topic 'Starch Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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Martin, Thomas, and Frank Ludewig. "Transporters in starch synthesis." Functional Plant Biology 34, no. 6 (2007): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp06280.

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Starch is synthesised and stored in plastids. In autotrophic tissues, the carbon skeletons and energy required for starch synthesis are directly available from photosynthesis. However, plastids of heterotrophic tissues require the metabolites for starch synthesis to be imported. Depending on plant species and tissue type, import is facilitated by several different plastid inner envelope metabolite transporters. Commonly, glucose-6-phosphate/phosphate translocators and adenylate translocators are used, but in the cereal endosperm, the role is carried out by ADP glucose transporters (Brittle1, BT1). This review predominantly focuses on transporters of the plastid inner envelope membrane. Their roles are discussed within an overview of starch synthesis. We also examine additional functions of these transporters according to our current knowledge.
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El-Alfy, E. A., S. H. Samaha, and F. M. Tera. "Synthesis of Diethylaminoethyl-Starch (DEAE-Starch). Part I." Starch - Stärke 43, no. 6 (1991): 235–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.19910430608.

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Michalik, Alicja, Bogna D. Napruszewska, Anna Walczyk, Joanna Kryściak-Czerwenka, Dorota Duraczyńska, and Ewa M. Serwicka. "Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Mg-Al Hydrotalcites in the Presence of Starch—the Effect on Structure and Composition." Materials 13, no. 3 (January 29, 2020): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13030602.

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The study describes the synthesis of Mg-Al hydrotalcite (Ht) with the use of starch as a structure controlling biotemplate. Syntheses were carried out at room temperature, by co-precipitation at pH = 10. The investigated synthesis parameters included the nature of the precipitating agent (NaOH/Na2CO3 or NH3aq/(NH4)2CO3), the nature of starch (potato, corn and cassava), the method of starch addition to reagents, the method of drying and the effect of washing. The materials were examined with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The data show that synthesis of Ht materials in the presence of starch, with use of the ammonia-based precipitant, enabled preparation of nanocrystalline Ht with very fine (<50 nm) particle size. All investigated starches had a similar effect on the crystallinity and the grain size of Ht precipitates. Ht with the smallest nanocrystals was obtained when starch was present in all solutions used for synthesis, and the final product subjected to freeze drying. Washing with water was found to enhance recrystallization and exchange of nitrates for carbonates. Infrared spectra showed that an interaction exists between the biopolymer template and the Ht particles, resulting in a higher degree of order within the Ht-adhering starch component.
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Völler, Jan-Stefan. "Starch synthesis from CO2." Nature Catalysis 4, no. 11 (November 2021): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41929-021-00712-z.

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Stojanović, Željko, Katarina Jeremić, and Slobodan Jovanović. "Synthesis of Carboxymethyl Starch." Starch - Stärke 52, no. 11 (November 2000): 413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-379x(200011)52:11<413::aid-star413>3.0.co;2-b.

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Denyer, K., CM Hylton, and AM Smith. "The Effect of High Temperature on Starch Synthesis and the Activity of Starch Synthase." Functional Plant Biology 21, no. 6 (1994): 783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9940783.

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The decrease in yield which is observed when developing storage organs such as cereal grains or potato tubers are exposed to high temperatures is due to a lower final starch content. The rate of starch synthesis during the development of these storage organs at high temperature, is either reduced or fails to increase sufficiently to compensate for the shorter developmental period. This effect on the rate of starch synthesis does not seem to be due to a reduction in the supply of photosynthate. One of the enzymes in the pathway of starch synthesis, soluble starch synthase, is susceptible to heat inactivation at unusually low temperatures and may also have a low optimum temperature for maximum activity. In some storage organs, the maximum catalytic activity of soluble starch synthase is not very much greater than the rate of starch synthesis. A decrease in the activity of this enzyme is therefore, likely to affect the rate of starch synthesis. Thus, the effect of high temperature on the rate of starch synthesis may be due, at least in part, to the properties of this enzyme. This review discusses the unusual heat-sensitivity of starch synthase in the context ofthe effects of high temperature on starch synthesis in storage organs.
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Mohanty, Debi Prasan. "Synthesis and Charcterization of Gold nanoparticles Stabilized by Cassava Starch Polymer." Journal of Advance Nanobiotechnology 2, no. 2 (April 30, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.28921/jan.2018.02.15.

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DAI, Z., Y. YIN, and Z. WANG. "Activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis in grains of wheat under different irrigation patterns." Journal of Agricultural Science 147, no. 4 (April 22, 2009): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859609008612.

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SUMMARYIt is generally accepted that sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SuSy), ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthase (SSS), granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) play a key role in starch synthesis in wheat grains. Starch synthesis in wheat grains is influenced by genotype and environment. However, what is not known is the degree of variation in enzyme activities during starch accumulation of wheat cultivars field-grown in different water regimes. The present study was undertaken to determine whether irrigation patterns could cause differences in starch accumulation and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis. Starch accumulation and related enzyme activities were investigated in two winter wheat varieties, JM20 and BY535, differing in grain starch content, under two irrigation patterns. Results showed that soil water deficit led to an increase at early grain filling and decrease during late grain filling in starch accumulation rate (SAR) and activities of key enzymes involved in starch synthesis, especially AGPase, SSS and SBE. Water deficit enhanced grain starch accumulation in two wheat cultivars, suggesting that rainfed treatments increase physiological activities during early grain filling and promote starch accumulation. Furthermore, the change of SAR is consistent with SuSy, AGPase, SSS and GBSS. The results suggest that these enzymes play a key role in starch synthesis, and the decrease of photosynthate produced in the source organ is not the factor inhibiting starch accumulation.
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Blohm, Sascha, Thomas Heinze, and Haisong Qi. "Starch Formates: Synthesis and Modification." Molecules 26, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4882. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26164882.

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Starch can be efficiently converted into the corresponding formates homogeneously using N-formyl imidazole obtained by the reaction of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole and formic acid in dimethyl sulfoxide as a solvent. Starch formates are soluble in polar aprotic solvents, not susceptible against hydrolysis, and not meltable. Thermoplastics could be generated by conversion of starch formates with long-chain fatty acids exemplified by the conversion with lauroyl chloride in N,N-dimethylacetamide, leading to mixed starch laurate formates. The mixed esters show melting temperatures mainly dependent on the amount of laurate ester moieties.
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Peng, Xiaojian, Wei Yu, Yirong Chen, Yingli Jiang, Yaru Ji, Long Chen, Beijiu Cheng, and Jiandong Wu. "A Maize CBM Domain Containing the Protein ZmCBM48-1 Positively Regulates Starch Synthesis in the Rice Endosperm." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 12 (June 13, 2022): 6598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126598.

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Starch directly determines the grain yield and quality. The key enzymes participating in the process of starch synthesis have been cloned and characterized. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of starch synthesis remain unclear. In this study, we identified a novel starch regulatory gene, ZmCBM48-1, which contained a carbohydrate-binding module 48 (CBM48) domain. ZmCBM48-1 was highly expressed in the maize endosperm and was localized in the plastids. Compared with the wild type lines, the overexpression of ZmCBM48-1 in rice altered the grain size and 1000-grain weight, increased the starch content, and decreased the soluble sugar content. Additionally, the transgenic rice seeds exhibited an alterant endosperm cell shape and starch structure. Meanwhile, the physicochemical characteristics (gelatinization properties) of starch were influenced in the transgenic lines of the endosperm compared with the wild type seeds. Furthermore, ZmCBM48-1 played a positive regulatory role in the starch synthesis pathway by up-regulating several starch synthesis-related genes. Collectively, the results presented here suggest that ZmCBM48-1 acts as a key regulatory factor in starch synthesis, and could be helpful for devising strategies for modulating starch production for a high yield and good quality in maize endosperm.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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Entwistle, Tina Gail. "Synthesis of storage starch." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316826.

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Ponstein, Anne Silene. "Starch synthesis in potato tubers." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 1990. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/291023398.

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Sweetlove, Lee. "The control of starch synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264287.

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Clarke, Belinda. "The rate of starch synthesis as a determinant of starch composition." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267540.

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Kolbe, Anna. "Redox-regulation of starch and lipid synthesis in leaves." Phd thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=978968182.

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Baguma, Yona. "Regulation of starch synthesis in cassava /." Uppsala : Dept. of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/a478.pdf.

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Peloewetse, Elias. "Control of starch synthesis in leaves." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326644.

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Blissett, Kerry Joy. "Starch synthesis in developing wheat endosperm." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488035.

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This work has investigated the permeability of amyloplasts isolated from developing wheat endosperm to a range of metabolites that could be taken lip by the amyloplasts for starch synthesis and carbohydrate oxidation. A rapid method for the isolation and purification of amyloplasts from the endosperm of spring wheat, Triticum aestivum L.cv Axona, has been developed. Amyloplasts were mechanically released from cells of plasmolysed endosperm tissue and purified by low speed centrifugation through 2% Nycodenz onto an agar cushion. Amyloplasts prepared by this method were routinely 55-65% intact and the recovery was greater than 20% as determined by the plastid marker enzyme, alkaline inorganic pyrophosphatase (APPase). Contamination by the cytosol determined by UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and alcohol dehydrogenase was less than 1% whilst the contamination attributable to mitochondria, the endomembrane system and microbodies was 0.2%, 0.5% and 0% respectively. Amyloplast integrity was dependent upon the sorbitol concentration of the extraction buffer and at the optimal concentration of O.8M sorbitol, intactness was maintained for up to 2 hours. Proteolytic protection experiments demonstrated that amyloplast marker enzymes were protected from digestion with trypsin. Preparations incubated with a range of [U_14C] labelled substrates, in the presence and absence of ATP, were able to support starch synthesis at physiological rates similar to rates obtained in whole endosperm when supplied with 5 mM GlclP and 1 mM ATP or 5 mM ADP-glucose. The Km for GlclP was calculated as 0.46 mM. The ability of amyloplast preparations to support starch synthesis from GlclP and ATP in the presence of known translocator inhibitor compounds was examined. DIDS, P5P and CAT, inhibitors of the phosphate and adenylate trans locators, reduced the amount label incorporation from [U_14C] GlclP, supplied in the presence of ATP, into starch by up to 80%. Stimulation" of the OPPP by the addition of substrates for the glutamate synthase reaction, 2-oxoglutarate and glutamine in the presence of either Gle 1P or Glc6P and ATP resulted in an asymmetric distribution of carbon utilisation between starch synthesis and carbohydrate oxidation. 14C from supplied [U_I4C] GlclP and [U_14C] Glc6P was measured in synthesized starch and evolved CO2. Whilst GlclP was clearly the preferred substrate for starch synthesis, Glc6P was readily oxidised when 2-oxoglutarate and glutamine were supplied to isolated plastid preparations. Metabolite levels inside the amyloplast were quantified under different conditions of starch synthesis and carbohydrate oxidation. Under conditions in which the OPPP was not stimulated, GlclP demonstrated no interconversion to Glc6P, suggesting that the enzyme which interconverts the two compounds is not catalysing an equilibrium reaction and may be the regulatory branchpoint between the pathways of starch biosynthesis and carbohydrate oxidation.
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Mitchell, Angela. "The effect of temperature on starch synthesis." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243060.

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Sugih, Asaf Kleopas. "Synthesis and properties of starch based biomaterials." [S.l. : [Groningen : s.n.] ; University Library Groningen] [Host], 2008. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn.

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Books on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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Blissett, Kerry Joy. Starch synthesis in developing wheat endosperm. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.

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Xie, Bixia. Zhongguo mu ben dian fen zhi wu =: Woody starch plants of China. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2008.

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Hill, Lionel Mark. The source of carbon for starch synthesis by amyloplasts from developing pea embryos. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1993.

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John, Philip. Biosynthesis of the major crop products: The biochemistry, cell physiology, and molecular biology involved in the synthesis by crop plants of sucrose, fructan, starch, cellulose, oil, rubber, and protein. Chichester: Wiley, 1992.

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Vardulakis, A. I. G. Linear multivariable control: Algebraic analysis and synthesis methods. Chichester, West Sussex, England: J. Wiley, 1991.

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Zuev, Sergey, Ruslan Maleev, and Aleksandr Chernov. Energy efficiency of electrical equipment systems of autonomous objects. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1740252.

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When considering the main trends in the development of modern autonomous objects (aircraft, combat vehicles, motor vehicles, floating vehicles, agricultural machines, etc.) in recent decades, two key areas can be identified. The first direction is associated with the improvement of traditional designs of autonomous objects (AO) with an internal combustion engine (ICE) or a gas turbine engine (GTD). The second direction is connected with the creation of new types of joint-stock companies, namely electric joint-stock companies( EAO), joint-stock companies with combined power plants (AOKEU). The energy efficiency is largely determined by the power of the generator set and the battery, which is given to the electrical network in various driving modes. Most of the existing methods for calculating power supply systems use the average values of disturbing factors (generator speed, current of electric energy consumers, voltage in the on-board network) when choosing the characteristics of the generator set and the battery. At the same time, it is obvious that when operating a motor vehicle, these parameters change depending on the driving mode. Modern methods of selecting the main parameters and characteristics of the power supply system do not provide for modeling its interaction with the power unit start-up system of a motor vehicle in operation due to the lack of a systematic approach. The choice of a generator set and a battery, as well as the concept of the synthesis of the power supply system is a problem studied in the monograph. For all those interested in electrical engineering and electronics.
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Magdalena, Nuñez, ed. Progress in electrochemistry research. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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Lorenzo, Pareschi, and Russo Giovanni, eds. Modelling and numerics of kinetic dissipative systems. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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P, Norris Charles, ed. Surface science: New research. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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N, Linke A., ed. Progress in chemical physics research. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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James, Martha, and Alan Myers. "Seed Starch Synthesis." In Handbook of Maize: Its Biology, 439–56. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79418-1_22.

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Preiss, Jack, Douglas Cress, Jan Hutny, Matthew Morell, Mark Bloom, Thomas Okita, and Joseph Anderson. "Regulation of Starch Synthesis." In ACS Symposium Series, 84–92. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0389.ch006.

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Preiss, Jack, Matthew Morell, Mark Bloom, Vicki L. Knowles, and Tsan Piao Lin. "Starch Synthesis and its Regulation." In Progress in Photosynthesis Research, 693–700. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0516-5_145.

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Geigenberger, P., and A. R. Fernie. "Starch Synthesis in the Potato Tuber." In Food Biochemistry and Food Processing, 613–26. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118308035.ch32.

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Hannah, L. Curtis. "Starch Synthesis in the Maize Seed." In Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, 375–405. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8909-3_10.

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Bernfeld, Peter. "Enzymes of Starch Degradation and Synthesis." In Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 379–428. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470122570.ch7.

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Ernes, Michael J., Gregory J. MacNeill, and Ian J. Tetlow. "Heteromeric Protein Interactions in Starch Synthesis." In Enzymology of Complex Alpha-Glucans, 259–89. First edition. Boca Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22412-11.

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Jyothi, A. N., and Antonio J. F. Carvalho. "Starch-g-Copolymers: Synthesis, Properties and Applications." In Polysaccharide Based Graft Copolymers, 59–109. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36566-9_3.

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Smith, Alison M. "Regulation of starch synthesis in storage organs." In Regulation of Primary Metabolic Pathways in Plants, 173–93. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4818-4_9.

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Preiss, Jack, Mark Bloom, Matthew Morell, Vicki L. Knowles, William C. Plaxton, Thomas W. Okita, Ray Larsen, Alice C. Harmon, and Cindy Putnam-Evans. "Regulation of Starch Synthesis: Enzymological and Genetic Studies." In Tailoring Genes for Crop Improvement, 133–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5329-4_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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Fatimah Zuhra, Cut, Mimpin Ginting, Arny Masyita, and Wilza Fithri Az-zahra. "Carboxymethyl Starch Synthesis from Breadfruit Starch (Artocarpus Communis) through Esterification Reaction with Monochloro Acetate." In The International MIPAnet Conference on Science and Mathematics (IMC-SciMath). SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010137800002775.

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SHANG, Jian-Jiang, Li-Na JIANG, De-Qiang LI, and Xiao-Yan ZHU. "Study on Synthesis of Maleic Anhydride Grafted Starch." In 3rd International Conference on Material Engineering and Application (ICMEA 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmea-16.2016.36.

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Mishra, Priya, Raghvendra S. Yadav, Avinash C. Pandey, M. R. Singh, and R. H. Lipson. "ZnO nanoparticle synthesis in presence of biocompatible carbohydrate starch." In TRANSPORT AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS: Proceedings of the International Conference—ICTOPON-2009. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3183445.

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Yuan Yao, Run Fang, and Xiansu Chen. "Synthesis and application of cationic flocculant with cassava starch." In 2011 International Conference on Remote Sensing, Environment and Transportation Engineering (RSETE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rsete.2011.5964178.

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Sun, Ping, Shao-ke Zhang, Yuan-yuan Chen, Hai-bo Wang, and Xiang-yang Zheng. "Notice of Retraction: Study on Enzymatic Synthesis of Starch Stearate." In 2011 5th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2011.5780124.

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Siswanto, Jan Ady, and Kus Andini Purbaningrum. "Synthesis and characterization of edible plastic made from tapioca starch." In THE 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHYSICAL INSTRUMENTATION AND ADVANCED MATERIALS 2019. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0034482.

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Junior, Adream Bais, Anisa Uswatun Hasanah, Mochamad Chalid, and Nelson Saksono. "Latex-starch hybrid synthesis using CGDE method optimization: Methanol addition." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TRENDS IN MATERIAL SCIENCE AND INVENTIVE MATERIALS: ICTMIM 2020. AIP Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0013605.

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Zuhra, Cut Fatimah, Mimpin Ginting, and Desi Sonya Siregar. "Synthesis of Cross-linked Breadfruit Starch (Artocarpus communis) using Epichlorohydrin." In International Conference on Chemical Science and Technology Innovation. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0008878902180222.

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Santibenchakul, Somtop, and Pirada Sudprasert. "Characterization of starch granules derived from Tacca leontopetaloides by green synthesis." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF EMERGING MATERIALS: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Science and Technology of Emerging Materials 2018. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5053182.

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Yu, Jiaqi, and Jiaying Xin. "Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of High Optical Purity (S) - Naproxen Starch Ester." In 2015 International Conference on Management, Education, Information and Control. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/meici-15.2015.78.

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Reports on the topic "Starch Synthesis"

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Nelson, O. E. (Starch synthesis in the maize endosperm as affected by starch-synthesizing mutants). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5623796.

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Nelson, O. E. [Starch synthesis in the maize endosperm as affected by starch-synthesizing mutants]. Progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10132350.

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Nelson, O. [Starch synthesis in the maize endosperm as affected by starch-synthesizing mutants]. [Annual report, March 1994--June 30, 1995]. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/90745.

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Nelson, O. E. Starch synthesis in the maize endosperm as affected by starch-synthesizing mutants. Final technical report, June 15, 1988--December 31, 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/290991.

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Schaffer, Arthur, Jack Preiss, Marina Petreikov, and Ilan Levin. Increasing Starch Accumulation via Genetic Modification of the ADP-glucose Pyrophosphorylase. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591740.bard.

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The overall objective of the research project was to utilize biochemical insights together with both classical and molecular genetic strategies to improve tomato starch accumulation. The proposal was based on the observation that the transient starch accumulation in the immature fruit serves as a reservoir for carbohydrate and soluble sugar content in the mature fruit, thereby impacting on fruit quality. The general objectives were to optimize AGPase function and activity in developing fruit in order to increase its transient starch levels. The specific research objectives were to: a) perform directed molecular evolution of the limiting enzyme of starch synthesis, AGPase, focussing on the interaction of its regulatory and catalytic subunits; b) determine the mode of action of the recently identified allelic variant for the regulatory subunit in tomato fruit that leads to increased AGPase activity and hence starch content. During the course of the research project major advances were made in understanding the interaction of the small and large subunits of AGPase, in particular the regulatory roles of the different large subunits, in determining starch synthesis. The research was performed using various experimental systems, including bacteria and Arabidopsis, potato and tomato, allowing for broad and meaningful conclusions to be drawn. A novel discovery was that one of the large subunits of tomato AGPase is functional as a monomer. A dozen publications describing the research were published in leading biochemical and horticultural journals. The research results clearly indicated that increasing AGPase activity temporally in the developing fruit increase the starch reservoir and, subsequently, the fruit sugar content. This was shown by a comparison of the carbohydrate balance in near-isogenic tomato lines differing in a gene encoding for the fruit-specific large subunit (LS1). The research also revealed that the increase in AGPase activity is due to a temporal extension of LS1 gene expression in the developing fruit which in turn stabilizes the limiting heterotetrameric enzyme, leading to sustained starch synthesis. This genetic variation can successfully be utilized in the breeding of high quality tomatoes.
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6

McGuire, Mark A., Amichai Arieli, Israel Bruckental, and Dale E. Bauman. Increasing Mammary Protein Synthesis through Endocrine and Nutritional Signals. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574338.bard.

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Objectives To determine endocrine factors that regulate the partitioning of amino acids by the mammary gland. To evaluate dietary flow and supply of energy and amino acids and their effects on milk protein synthesis and endocrine status. To use primary cultures of cow mammary epithelial cells to examine the role of specific factors on the rates and pattern of milk protein synthesis. Milk protein is an increasingly valuable component of milk but little is known regarding the specific hormonal and nutritional factors controlling milk protein synthesis. The research conducted for this project has determined that milk protein synthesis has the potential to be enhanced much greater than previously believed. Increases of over 25% in milk protein percent and yield were detected in studies utilizing abomasal infusion of casein and a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Thus, it appears that insulin, either directly or indirectly, can elicit a substantial increase in milk protein synthesis if additional amino acids are supplied. For additional amino acids, casein provided the best response even though substantial decreases in branched chain amino acids occur when the insulin clamp is utilized. Branched chain amino acids alone are incapable of supporting the enhanced milk protein output. The mammary gland can vary both blood flow and extraction efficiency of amino acids to support protein synthesis. A mammary culture system was used to demonstrate specific endocrine effects on milk protein synthesis. Insulin-like growth factor-I when substituted for insulin was able to enhance casein and a-lactalbumin mRNA. This suggests that insulin is a indirect regulator of milk protein synthesis working through the IGF system to control mammary production of casein and a-lactalbumin. Principal component analysis determined that carbohydrate had the greatest effect on milk protein yield with protein supply only having minor effects. Work in cattle determined that the site of digestion of starch did not affect milk composition alone but the degradability of starch and protein in the rumen can interact to alter milk yield. Cows fed diets with a high degree of rumen undegradability failed to specifically enhance milk protein but produced greater milk yield with similar composition. The mammary gland has an amazing ability to produce protein of great value. Research conducted here has demonstrated the unprecedented potential of the metabolic machinery in the mammary gland. Insulin, probably signaling the mammary gland through the IGF system is a key regulator that must be combined with adequate nutrition in order for maximum response.
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7

Delmer, Deborah P., and Prem S. Chourey. The Importance of the Enzyme Sucrose Synthase for Cell Wall Synthesis in Plants. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568771.bard.

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The goal of this work was to understand the role of the enzyme sucrose synthase (SuSy) in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. The work resulting from the this grant leads to a number of conclusions. SuSy clearly plays diverse roles in carbon metabolism. It can associate with the plasma membrane of cells undergoing rapid cellulose deposition, such as cotton fibers, developing maize endosperm, gravistimulated pulvini, and transfer cells of the cotton seed. It is also concentrated at sites of high callose deposition (tapetal cells; cell plates). When SuSy levels are lowered by mutation or by anti-sense technology, cell walls undergo degeneration (maize endosperm) and show reduced levels of cellulose (potato tubers). In sum, our evidence has very much strengthened the concept that SuSy does function in the plasma membrane to channel carbon from sucrose via UDP-glucose to glucan synthase complexes. Soluble SuSy also clearly plays a role in providing carbon for starch synthesis and respiration. Surprisingly, we found that the cotton seed is one unique case where SuSy apparently does not play a role in starch synthesis. Current evidence in sum suggests that no specific SuSy gene encodes the membrane-associated form, although in maize the SS 1 form of SuSy may be most important for cell wall synthesis in the early stages of endosperm development. Work is still in progress to determine what does control membrane localization - and the current evidence we have favors a role for Ca2+, and possibly also protein phosphorylation by differentially regulated protein kinases. Finally, we have discovered for the first time, a major new family of genes that encode the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase of plants - a result that has been widely cited and opens many new approaches for the study of this important plant function.
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8

Amir, Rachel, David J. Oliver, Gad Galili, and Jacline V. Shanks. The Role of Cysteine Partitioning into Glutathione and Methionine Synthesis During Normal and Stress Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699850.bard.

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The objective of this research is to study the nature of the competition for cysteine (Cys), the first organic sulfur-containing compound, between its two main metabolites, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met). GSH plays a central role in protecting plants during various stresses, while Met, an essential amino acid, regulates essential processes and metabolites in plant cells through its metabolite S-adenosyl-Met. Our results, which are based on flux analysis and measurements of Met- metabolites, show that the flux towards Met synthesis is high during non-stress conditions, however the flux is significantly reduced under stress conditions, when there is high synthesis of GSH. Under oxidative stress the expression level of the regulatory enzyme of Met synthesis, cystathionine g-synthase (CGS) was reduced. By using three different systems, we have found that that GSH down regulates the expression level of CGS, thus reducing Met synthesis. We have found that this regulation occurs at the post-transcriptional level, and further studies have shown that it occurs at post-translationaly. To reveal how oxidative stress affects the flux towards Met and GSH, flux analysis was performed. We have found that the level of Met is significantly reduced, while the level of glutathione significantly increases during stress. Under stress conditions most of the glutathione is converted from GSH to GSSG (the oxidised form of glutathione). These results suggest that under normal growth conditions, Cys is channelled towards both pathways to support GSH accumulation and the synthesis of growth-essential Met metabolites. However, during oxidative stress, when a high level of GSH is required to protect the plants, the levels of GSH increase while those of CGS are reduced. This reduction leaves more Cys available for GSH synthesis under stress conditions. In addition we have also studied the effects of high GSH level on the transcriptome profile. The analysis revealed that GSH affects the expression level of many major genes coding to enzymes or proteins associated with photosynthesis, starch degradation, hormone metabolism (especially genes associated with jasmonate), biotic stress (especially genes associated with PR-proteins), cytochrome P450 genes, regulation of transcription and signaling (especially genes associated with receptor kinases and calcium). These results suggest that indeed GSH levels affect different pathways and metabolites in plants.
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9

Varga, Gabriella A., Amichai Arieli, Lawrence D. Muller, Haim Tagari, Israel Bruckental, and Yair Aharoni. Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568103.bard.

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The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.
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10

Grafi, Gideon, and Brian Larkins. Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm: An Approach for Increasing Crop Productivity. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7575285.bard.

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The focus of this research project is to investigate the role of endoreduplication in maize endosperm development and the extent to which this process contributes to high levels of starch and storage protein synthesis. Although endoreduplication has been widely observed in many cells and tissues, especially those with high levels of metabolic activity, the molecular mechanisms through which the cell cycle is altered to produce consecutive cycles of S-phase without an intervening M-phase are unknown. Our previous research has shown that changes in the expression of several cell cycle regulatory genes coincide with the onset of endoreduplication. During this process, there is a sharp reduction in the activity of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) and activation of the S-phase CDK. It appears the M-phase CDK is stable, but its activity is blocked by a proteinaceous inhibitor. Coincidentally, the S-phase checkpoint protein, retinoblastoma (ZmRb), becomes phosphorylated, presumably releasing an E2F-type transcriptional regulator which promotes the expression of genes responsible for DNA synthesis. To investigate the role of these cell cycle proteins in endoreduplication, we have created transgenic maize plants that express various genes in an endosperm-specific manner using a storage protein (g-zein) promoter. During the first year of the grant, we constructed point mutations of the maize M-phase kinase, p34cdc2. One alteration replaced aspartic acid at position 146 with asparagine (p3630-CdcD146N), while another changed threonine 161 to alanine (p3630-CdcT161A). These mutations abolish the activity of the CDK. We hypothesized that expression of the mutant forms of p34cdc2 in endoreduplicating endosperm, compared to a control p34cdc2, would lead to extra cycles of DNA synthesis. We also fused the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the M- phase kinase, cyclin B, under the g-zein promoter. Normally, cyclin B is expected to be destroyed prior to the onset of endoreduplication. By producing high levels of this protein in developing endosperm, we hypothesized that the M-phase would be extended, potentially reducing the number of cycles of endoreduplication. Finally, we genetically engineered the wheat dwarf virus RepA protein for endosperm-specific expression. RepA binds to the maize retinoblastoma protein and presumably releases E2F-like transcription factors that activate DNA synthesis. We anticipated that inactivation of ZmRb by RepA would lead to additional cycles of DNA synthesis.
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