Journal articles: 'Staphylococcus pseudintermediu'

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Sleiniute, Jurate, and Jurate Siugzdaite. "Distribution of coagulase-positive staphylococci in humans and dogs." Acta Veterinaria Brno 84, no. 4 (2015): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201584040313.

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Staphylococci form part of the normal flora of humans and a wide variety of animals. Some staphylococcal species also cause infections for human and household pets. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in humans and dogs within a common household. Coagulase-positive staphylococci could not be identified phenotypically in all cases. Molecular methods were used for the correct identification of pathogenic staphylococci. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was identified in 26/72 (36.1%) dog owners and in 4/61 (6.6%) dogs. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was isolated from three (4.2%) humans, and from 28 dogs (45.9%). Other coagulase-positive staphylococci species were not isolated in this study. Colonization of S. aureus in humans was significantly higher than in dogs (P < 0.001). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was more common in dogs compared to humans (P < 0.001). Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains were isolated from dogs with clinical symptoms more frequently compared to healthy dogs (P = 0.02). Colonization of S. aureus in female dogs was significantly higher compared to male dogs (P = 0.045). The same staphylococci species were isolated from the dog and its owner in six households (12%, 6/50).

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Miszczak, Marta, Sonia Lachowska, and Karolina Bierowiec. "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: Is it a real threat to human health?" Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 75, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 980–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahem-2021-0029.

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Abstract Staphylococcus Intermedius Group (SIG) staphylococci, especially Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius), share many features with the common human Staphylococcus aureus. The similarities concern both the phenotypic characteristics and virulence of the bacteria. It is a cause of difficulties in identifying the species of isolated staphylococci. Until now, S. pseudintermedius was considered a typically animal species, of marginal importance for humans. However, it is likely that the incidence of this staphylococcus in humans is underestimated due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius strains as S. aureus. The cases of infections caused by S. pseudintermedius both in humans and animals described so far in the literature show that these bacteria have a similar pathogenic potential. S. pseudintermedius also produces virulence factors that favor colonization of various body regions and infections, and may affect the species composition of the natural microbiota and the host’s immune response mechanisms. Also, S. pseudintermedius may show the ability to grow in the form of a biofilm, which significantly impedes effective antibiotic therapy in clinical practice. Due to its zoonotic potential, S. pseudintermedius deserves the attention of physicians and animal owners.

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Devriese, Luc A., Marc Vancanneyt, Margo Baele, Mario Vaneechoutte, Evelyne De Graef, Cindy Snauwaert, Ilse Cleenwerck, et al. "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov., a coagulase-positive species from animals." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 1569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63413-0.

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Four staphylococcal isolates from clinical and necropsy specimens from a cat, a dog, a horse and a parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh) were found to constitute a distinct taxon. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that its closest phylogenetic relatives are Staphylococcus intermedius and Staphylococcus delphini. Growth characteristics, biochemical features and DNA–DNA hybridizations demonstrated that the strains differ from these and other known species and that they represent a single, novel Staphylococcus species for which the name Staphylococcus pseudintermedius sp. nov. is proposed. The novel species is commonly confused with S. intermedius in routine diagnostic veterinary bacteriology. Although the strains described were isolated from lesions and show several characteristics typical of pathogenic staphylococci, such as coagulase, DNase and β-haemolysin production, the pathogenic significance of the novel species remains unclear. The type strain, LMG 22219T (=ON 86T=CCUG 49543T), was isolated from lung tissue of a cat.

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PETRIDOU (Ε. ΠΕΤΡΙΔΟΥ), E., R. FARMAKI (Ρ. ΦΑΡΜΑΚΗ), and A. F. KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ). "New aspects upon the classification of Staphylococcus intermedins." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 61, no. 1 (November 13, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.14877.

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In 1976, Staphylococcus intermedins was first described as being a new species isolated from pigeons, dogs, mink and horses. Until recently, the majority of coagulase-positive staphylococci originating from animals such as dogs and pigeons have been classified as S. intermedins. This species has been recognized to constitute normal skin flora of various animal species and to occasionally cause a variety of infections in dogs and cats. There have been six species of coagulase-positive staphylococci other than Staphylococcus aureus, namely S.intermedius, S.schleiferì subsp. coagulans, S.hyicus, S. lutrae, S.delphini and S. pseudintermedius. Sequence similarities of 16S rRNA genes among four of these species, except S. hyicus and S. lutrae, are 99% identical. In addition, it is very difficult to differentiate among S. intermedius, S. delphini and S. pseudintermedius phenotypically, and commercial kits are not available for the differentiation between of S. pseudintermedius and S. delphini. It has been shown that isolates phenotypically identified as Staphylococcus intermedius consist of four distinct species, including S. intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus delphini group A and B, which together represent the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG). Moreover, S. delphini group Β might be a novel species. In 2009, a new, rapid and inexpensive PCR-RFLP was developed and is capable of discriminating the SIG strains.

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Bierowiec, K., A. Korzeniowska-Kowal, A. Wzorek, K. Rypuła, and A. Gamian. "Prevalence of Staphylococcus Species Colonization in Healthy and Sick Cats." BioMed Research International 2019 (January 20, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4360525.

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Staphylococcus is one of the most frequently isolated genera of opportunistic bacteria in animals and human beings. Staphylococci in mammals mostly inhabit the skin and mucous membranes. The objectives of the study were to investigate the distribution of staphylococcal species in healthy and sick cats in order to find diagnostic markers. The risk factors associated with colonization were also explored. Isolates from healthy (n=520) and sick cats (n=67) were identified at the species level using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Swabs from conjunctival sacs, nares, skin, anus, and wounds were investigated using this technique. The diversity of the Staphylococcus species was high: 26 and 17 species in healthy and sick cats, respectively, and predominantly coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were isolated. The most frequently observed were S. felis and S. epidermidis in healthy cats, whereas S. felis and S. haemolyticus were most often found in sick animals. S. aureus strains were only isolated from healthy cats, whereas the only coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) which occurred in the sick cats group was S. pseudintermedius. The sick, more frequently than the healthy animals, were colonized with S. pseudintermedius and S. haemolyticus and the relationship was statistically significant. Mostly, regardless of the state of their health, similar Staphylococcus species were isolated from cats; therefore, particular attention should be paid during the interpretation of diagnostic results.

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Andrade, Mariana, Ketlyn Oliveira, Catarina Morais, Patrícia Abrantes, Constança Pomba, Adriana E. Rosato, Isabel Couto, and Sofia Santos Costa. "Virulence Potential of Biofilm-Producing Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus coagulans Causing Skin Infections in Companion Animals." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101339.

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Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS) account for most bacteria-related pyoderma in companion animals. Emergence of methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP), Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Staphylococcus coagulans (MRSC), often with multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotypes, is a public health concern. The study collection comprised 237 staphylococci (S. pseudintermedius (n = 155), S. aureus (n = 55) and S. coagulans (n = 27)) collected from companion animals, previously characterized regarding resistance patterns and clonal lineages. Biofilm production was detected for 51.0% (79/155), 94.6% (52/55) and 88.9% (24/27) of the S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus and S. coagulans, respectively, and was a frequent trait of the predominant S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus clonal lineages. The production of biofilm varied with NaCl supplementation of the growth media. All S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus strains carried icaADB. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis of Galleria mellonella infected with different CoPS revealed a higher virulence potential of S. aureus when compared with other CoPS. Our study highlights a high frequency of biofilm production by prevalent antimicrobial-resistant clonal lineages of CoPS associated with animal pyoderma, potentially related with a higher virulence potential and persistent or recurrent infections.

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Older, Caitlin E., Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann, Kathleen Hoover, and Frane Banovic. "Characterization of Cutaneous Bacterial Microbiota from Superficial Pyoderma Forms in Atopic Dogs." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (August 6, 2020): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080638.

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Although Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is considered the major pathogen associated with superficial canine pyoderma, no study has investigated the entire bacterial community in these lesions with molecular techniques. The objectives of this study were to characterize the bacterial microbiota in two forms of superficial canine pyoderma lesions, superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) and epidermal collarette (EC), especially in terms of the staphylococcal community. Swabs from 12 SBF and 9 EC lesions were obtained from eight and six atopic dogs, respectively. Eight samples from the axilla and groin of four healthy dogs served as controls. DNA was extracted for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of Staphylococcus spp. and S. pseudintermedius. Healthy skin samples harbored significantly more diverse bacterial communities than pyoderma samples. Healthy samples had communities that were more similar to each other, and were distinct from pyoderma samples. Staphylococcus spp. abundance was increased in pyoderma samples, especially those from EC samples. Although determining species-level identities of staphylococcal sequences revealed many species, S. pseudintermedius was the primary staphylococcal species found in all sample types. As expected, there are many differences in the microbiota when comparing healthy and canine pyoderma lesions samples. These lesions do not seem to be associated with a change in the relative abundance of specific Staphylococcus species, but simply an overall increase in Staphylococcus spp. abundance. The results of this study provide a starting point for future studies investigating how antimicrobial treatments may further change the microbiota associated with these lesions.

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Jarosiewicz, Małgorzata, Katarzyna Garbacz, Damian Neubauer, and Wojciech Kamysz. "In Vitro Efficiency of Antimicrobial Peptides against Staphylococcal Pathogens Associated with Canine Pyoderma." Animals 10, no. 3 (March 11, 2020): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030470.

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The emergence of staphylococcal canine pathogens resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents is a growing and urgent problem in veterinary practice. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) seem to be a promising alternative to conventional antibiotics. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of selected AMPs against pathogenic staphylococcal strains, including multidrug- and methicillin-resistant strains isolated from canine pyoderma cases. Seven antimicrobial peptides (aurein 1.2, CAMEL, citropin 1.1, protegrin-1, pexiganan, temporin A and uperin 3.6) synthesized by the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) solid-phase method were tested. The minimal inhibitory and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) were determined by the broth microdilution method. The study showed that analyzed AMPs exerted an extensive effect against canine pathogens, with the most active peptide being uperin 3.6. The tested AMPs were equally efficient against both resistant- and susceptible staphylococcal strains and were more efficient against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius than against Staphylococcus aureus strains. Our findings are particularly interesting from a clinical perspective, as they point to AMPs as potential therapeutic topical agents in canine pyoderma cases associated with antimicrobial resistance of staphylococci.

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Elmoslemany, Ahmed, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Mohammed Alorabi, Mohamed Alkafafy, Theeb Al-Marri, Ali Aldoweriej, Fanan A. Alaql, Abdullah Almubarak, and Mahmoud Fayez. "Diversity and Risk Factors Associated with Multidrug and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia." Antibiotics 10, no. 4 (March 31, 2021): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10040367.

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Understanding the distribution, antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant (MDR) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolated from cats admitted to veterinary clinics may decrease the risk of MDR and MRS transmission to humans and other cats. As such, the objectives of this study were to investigate the diversity in Staphylococcus spp. recovered from different anatomical locations in healthy and diseased cats and to determine the occurrence of MDR and MRS spp. as well as possible risk factors associated with colonization in these cats. Five swabs were collected from the anus, skin, ear canal, conjunctival sac, and nares of each cat (209 healthy and 191 diseased) admitted to a veterinary clinic in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between January and December 2018. Prior to sample collection, cat owners completed a questionnaire collecting information on cat demographics, health status, management, and antimicrobial usage. In total, 179 Staphylococcus isolates were recovered from healthy (n = 71) and diseased (n = 108) cats, including 94 (52.5%) coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), and 85 (47.5%) coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Five Staphylococcus spp. were identified, namely, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Staphylococcus felis, Staphylococcus capitis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Staphylococcus isolates were most commonly resistant to penicillin (56.4%) and ciprofloxacin (25.7%); however, no isolate was resistant to clindamycin. Thirty (16.8%) Staphylococcus spp. (24 S. aureus and 6 S. pseudintermedius) isolates were MDR, with resistance to up to six different antibiotic classes. Only 17 (9.5%) Staphylococcus spp. (15 methicillin-resistant S. aureus and 2 methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius) harbored the mecA gene. Risk factor analysis showed that cats with a history of antibiotic therapy, those raised mainly indoors with a child, and those who visit a veterinary clinic for treatment were at higher risk of MDR and MRS colonization. In conclusion, MDR and MRS were common in healthy and diseased cats in Saudi Arabia. Thus, an effective antimicrobial stewardship program and further studies using a One Health approach are required to investigate the role of cats as vectors for AMR transmission to humans.

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Bemis, David A., Rebekah D. Jones, Ricardo Videla, and Stephen A. Kania. "Evaluation of cefoxitin disk diffusion breakpoint for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 24, no. 5 (July 11, 2012): 964–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638712452112.

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Cefoxitin disk diffusion susceptibility testing is a recommended screening method for the detection of methicillin resistance in human isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci. A retrospective analysis of 1,146 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from dogs was conducted to determine if screening by the cefoxitin disk method can be similarly useful with S. pseudintermedius. The distribution of cefoxitin growth inhibition zone diameters within this collection was bimodal and correlated well with the results of methicillin resistance gene ( mecA) detection by polymerase chain reaction. Of the isolates, 5% had discordant results and, when retested, 84% of these were in agreement. While a greater diversity of isolates and interlaboratory comparisons must be tested, the current study suggests that an epidemiological breakpoint (of approximately ≤30 mm = resistant; ≥31 = susceptible) can be established to predict methicillin resistance in S. pseudintermedius.

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János, Dégi, Herman Viorel, Iancu Ionica, Pascu Corina, Florea Tiana, and Dascălu Roxana. "Carriage of Multidrug Resistance Staphylococci in Shelter Dogs in Timisoara, Romania." Antibiotics 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070801.

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The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Staphylococcus species, which pose risks for public health, by evaluating skin samples collected from dogs in an animal shelter in Timisoara. Skin samples were taken from 78 dogs, which were either clinically healthy or suffering from dermatological conditions. Staphylococcus spp. was isolated and recognized based on conventional methods based on colony appearance, microscopic morphology, sugar fermentation, and coagulase activity. Following biochemical analysis, Staphylococcus isolates were subject to PCR tests to detect sa-f and sa-r genes to confirm the isolates to genus level. The typical colonies were identified to species level using biochemical methods, namely the VITEK®2 ID-GP64 identification card (bioMerieux, France). The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed using the VITEK®2 AST GP Gram-positive specific bacteria card (bioMerieux, France). Forty-three samples were confirmed as positive for Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus isolates were classified into the following categories: S. aureus, S. pseudintermedius, S. intermedius, S. epidermitis, S. haemolyticus, and S. hyicus. Eight (18.60%, 8/43) out of all the samples harbored the mecA gene, highlighting the distribution among isolated staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (4/43, 9.30%), Staphylococcus intermedius (1/43, 2.32%) and Staphylococcus aureus (3/43, 9.30%), respectively. The phenomenon of resistance was present, to the following antimicrobial agents: erythromycin (38/43, 88.37%), benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, and tetracycline with 37 strains (37/43, 86.04%), gentamycin (30/43, 69.76%), chloramphenicol (29/43, 67.44%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (27/43, 62.79%), ampicillin (26/43, 60,46%), rifampicin (25/43, 58,13%), imipenem (14/43, 32,55%), nitrofurantoin (11/43, 25.58%), oxacillin (8/43, 18.60%), vancomycin (4/43, 9.30%) and clindamycin (3/43, 6.97%), respectively. The presence of multidrug-resistant zoonotic staphylococci in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with skin lesions is an animal health and human health concern.

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Bannoehr, Jeanette, Nouri L. Ben Zakour, Andrew S. Waller, Luca Guardabassi, Keith L. Thoday, Adri H. M. van den Broek, and J. Ross Fitzgerald. "Population Genetic Structure of the Staphylococcus intermedius Group: Insights into agr Diversification and the Emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Strains." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 23 (September 28, 2007): 8685–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01150-07.

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ABSTRACT The population genetic structure of the animal pathogen Staphylococcus intermedius is poorly understood. We carried out a multilocus sequence phylogenetic analysis of isolates from broad host and geographic origins to investigate inter- and intraspecies diversity. We found that isolates phenotypically identified as S. intermedius are differentiated into three closely related species, S. intermedius, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Staphylococcus delphini. S. pseudintermedius, not S. intermedius, is the common cause of canine pyoderma and occasionally causes zoonotic infections of humans. Over 60 extant STs were identified among the S. pseudintermedius isolates examined, including several that were distributed on different continents. As the agr quorum-sensing system of staphylococci is thought to have evolved along lines of speciation within the genus, we examined the allelic variation of agrD, which encodes the autoinducing peptide (AIP). Four AIP variants were encoded by S. pseudintermedius isolates, and identical AIP variants were shared among the three species, suggesting that a common quorum-sensing capacity has been conserved in spite of species differentiation in largely distinct ecological niches. A lack of clonal association of agr alleles suggests that assortive recombination may have contributed to the distribution of agr diversity. Finally, we discovered that the recent emergence of methicillin-resistant strains was due to multiple acquisitions of the mecA gene by different S. pseudintermedius clones found on different continents. Taken together, these data have resolved the population genetic structure of the S. intermedius group, resulting in new insights into its ancient and recent evolution.

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Iyori, Keita. "Update on Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Japanese Journal of Veterinary Dermatology 20, no. 2 (2014): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2736/jjvd.20.73.

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Gagetti, Paula, Roberto R. Rosato, and Adriana E. Rosato. "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius’s PBP4 Is Directly Associated with the Dissociated Oxacillin and Cefoxitin Phenotype." Antibiotics 10, no. 11 (October 26, 2021): 1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10111299.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an important pathogen responsible for infections in dogs and in humans. The emergence and dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and the multidrug resistance frequently seen in this species make difficult the treatment of these pathogens. The cefoxitin disk is widely used as a marker of methicillin resistance mediated by the mecA gene in Staphylococcus aureus and other staphylococcal species; however, it is not useful to detect β-lactam resistance of MRSP in clinical microbiology laboratories. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the molecular bases of the dissociated phenotype between oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics. By using a combinatorial approach that included the Penicillin-Binding Proteins’ (PBP) profile, their affinity for different β-lactam antibiotics and the analyses of PBPs’ sequence, we provide evidence that PBP4 showed still affinity for its target cefoxitin, impairing its phenotypic resistant detection in MRSP. Together, these findings provide evidence that S. pseudintermedius PBP4 is directly associated with the dissociated oxacillin and cefoxitin phenotype.

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Sahin-Tóth, Judit, Eszter Kovács, Adrienn Tóthpál, János Juhász, Barbara Forró, Krisztián Bányai, Kata Havril, Andrea Horváth, Ágoston Ghidán, and Orsolya Dobay. "Whole genome sequencing of coagulase positive staphylococci from a dog-and-owner screening survey." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): e0245351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245351.

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Background Staphylococcus aureus and S. pseudintermedius are the two most common coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS). S. aureus is more prevalent among humans, whereas S. pseudintermedius is more commonly isolated from dogs, however, both can cause various community and hospital acquired diseases in humans. Methods In the current study we screened 102 dogs and 84 owners in Hungary. We tested the antibiotic susceptibility of the strains and in order to get a better picture of the clonal relationship of the strains, we used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. In addition, three pairs of isolates with identical PFGE patterns were whole genome sequenced, MLST and spa types were established. Results Carriage rate of S. aureus was 23.8% in humans and 4.9% in dogs and two cases of co-carriage were found among dogs and owners. S. pseudintermedius carriage rate was 2.4% and 34.3%, respectively, with only one co-carriage. The isolates were generally rather susceptible to the tested antibiotics, but high tetracycline resistance of S. pseudintermedius strains was noted. The co-carried isolates shared almost the same resistance genes (including tet(K), bla(Z), norA, mepR, lmrS, fosB) and virulence gene pattern. Apart from the common staphylococcal enzymes and cytotoxins, we found enterotoxins and exfoliative toxins as well. The two S. aureus pairs belonged to ST45-t630, ST45-t671 and ST15-t084, ST15-t084, respectively. The co-carried S. pseudintermedius isolates shared the same housekeeping gene alleles determining a novel sequence type ST1685. Conclusions Based on the genomic data, dog-owner co-carried strains displayed only insignificant differences therefore provided evidence for potential human-to-dog and dog-to-human transmission.

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Devriese, Luc A., Katleen Hermans, Margo Baele, and Freddy Haesebrouck. "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius versus Staphylococcus intermedius." Veterinary Microbiology 133, no. 1-2 (January 2009): 206–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.06.002.

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Pitchenin, Leticia Camara, Laila Natasha Santos Brandão, Janaina Marcela Assunção Rosa, Francielle Cristina Kagueyama, Alvair da Silva Alves, Ícaro Sergio Magalães Rocha, Luciano Nakazato, and Valéria Dutra. "Occurrence of toxin genes in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from diseased dogs and other domestic and wild species." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 11, no. 12 (January 10, 2018): 957–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.8261.

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Introduction: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is coagulase-positive species of the Staphylococcus intermedius group. It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infection in various parts of the body and has a zoonotic potential. Although studies on the pathogenicity and epidemiology of S. pseudintermedius are limited, it is known that this bacterium has several virulence factors, including toxins. These toxins can be classified into three main groups: pyrogenic toxins with superantigenic properties such as toxic shock syndrome toxin and staphylococcal enterotoxins, exfoliative toxins, and cytotoxins such as hemolysins and leukocidins. Methodology: In this study, the occurrence of eight toxin genes (sea, sec, tst, SIET, EXI, LuK F-I, Luk S-I, and hlg ƴ) was examined by PCR in 58 isolates of S. pseudintermedius from four domestic animal species. Results: All S. pseudintermedius isolates had at least one of the eight toxin genes. The predominant toxin genes were Luk S-I (95%), Luk F-I (91%), and EXI (91%), and the least prevalent gene was hlg ƴ (5%). Significant association (p = 0.0175) was found between the occurrence patterns of genes hlg ƴ and Luk F-I. Conclusions: The frequent occurrence of these genes in S. pseudintermedius obtained from diseased animals indicates that these toxins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of infection among domestic animals.

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Loncaric, Igor, Alexander Tichy, Silvia Handler, Michael Szostak, Mareike Tickert, Magda Diab-Elschahawi, Joachim Spergser, and Frank Künzel. "Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in Different Companion Animals and Determination of Risk Factors for Colonization with MRS." Antibiotics 8, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8020036.

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The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sp. (MRS) in populations of companion animals that either have previously been exposed or have not been exposed to antibiotic therapy or veterinary facilities, and if owners’ healthcare profession had an influence on colonization with MRS. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotype were investigated and risks for colonization with MRS were assessed. During this study, 347 nasal swabs (dogs n = 152; cats n = 107; rabbits n = 88) were investigated for the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In addition, 131 nasal swabs (dogs n = 79; cats n = 47; rabbits = 3; guinea pigs = 2) were examined for the presence of MRSA but also other MRS. In total, 23 MRS isolates belonged to nine staphylococcal species: Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 11), Staphylococcus warneri (n = 3), Staphylococcus hominis (n = 2), Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (n = 2), and singletons Staphylococcus cohnii, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus fleurettii, Staphylococcus lentus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Twenty isolates displayed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. Various resistance and biocide resistance genes were detected among the examined staphylococci. Risk assessment for MRS colonization was conducted using a number of factors, including animal species, breed, age, gender, recent veterinary health care hospitalization, and antibiotic prescription, resulting in recent veterinary health care hospitalization being a significant risk factor. The detection of multidrug-resistant MRS in healthy animals is of importance due to their zoonotic potential.

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Rusenova, Nikolina Velizarova, and Anton Georgiev Rusenov. "Detection of Staphylococcus Aureus Among Coagulase Positive Staphylococci from Animal Origin Based on Conventional and Molecular Methods." Macedonian Veterinary Review 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0095.

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Abstract The present study aimed to detect Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) among other coagulase positive staphylococci from animal origin by using conventional methods (biochemical tests and latex agglutination) and a molecular method, based on the nuc gene, as the gold standard and to assess the usefulness of these methods. For this purpose, total of 344 staphylococcal isolates were collected and analysed. A total of 156 isolates suspicious for S. aureus were detected by a conventional biochemical method - 88 from cows, 18 from goats, 7 from pigs, 17 from poultry, 7 from rabbits and 19 from dogs. The majority of S. aureus strains gave typical biochemical reactions with the exception of 30 (19.2%) and 25 (16%) that were VP negative and weak positive in fermenting mannitol, respectively. Twelve strains were found to be non-haemolytic (7.7%) and four strains did not ferment trehalose (2.6%). Other staphylococci were identified as S. pseudintermedius (n = 103), S. hyicus (n = 23) and the rest were coagulase-negative staphylococci. Latex agglutination test resulted in rapid positive reactions with S. aureus with exception of 5 strains (3.2%) from cow mastitis milk. Positive agglutination reactions were also established with S. pseudintermedius, and S. hyicus. PCR confirmed all strains that were preliminary identified as S. aureus by amplification of 270 bp fragment of nuc gene specific for this species. The atypical reactions in certain strains established in this study have shown that the precise detection of S. aureus from animal origin should be done by combination of conventional and molecular methods.

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Chrobak-Chmiel, Dorota, Anna Golke, Kourou Dembele, Katarzyna Ćwiek, Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda, Magdalena Rzewuska, and Marian Binek. "Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, both commensal and pathogen." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6042–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6042.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is considered to be a both commensal and opportunistic canine pathogen. The anal, perineal and nasal locations appear to be the main S. pseudintermedius colonization sites, from which bacteria are transmitted to other body sites, causing secondary infections. When the immune system is compromised because of an underlying condition, the skin becomes susceptible to infection. Thus, the host’s condition seems to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of S. pseudintermedius infections. There are some predisposing factors, one of which is atopic dermatitis. The pathogenic effects of S. pseudintermedius are mediated by several virulence factors, for instance superantigens, which play an important role by causing dermatitis. The immune system has evolved many different mechanisms to recognize and deal with pathogens, but bacteria have also developed various strategies to evade them. In this review, we focus on early stages of the innate immune response with particular emphasis on the mechanisms of recognition of staphylococci and the action of antimicrobial peptides. .

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Phensri, Patcharaporn, Kokaew Thummasema, Udomlak Sukatta, Serge Morand, and Chantima Pruksakorn. "In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Piper betle Leaf Extract and Some Topical Agents against Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus Strains from Canine Pyoderma." Animals 12, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 3203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12223203.

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As multidrug-resistant methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) is becoming more prevalent in canine pyoderma, the discovery of new therapeutic options is required. This study aimed to test the antimicrobial activity of crude Piper betle leaf extract and some topical antimicrobial agents against canine Staphylococcus clinical strains by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The results showed that the mean MICs of chlorhexidine, miconazole, crude P. betle leaf extract, azelaic acid, and benzoyl peroxide against Staphylococcus strains were 1.41, 1.62, 252.78, 963.49, and 1342.70 mg/L, respectively. Therefore, betel leaf extract demonstrated a superior efficacy to azelaic acid and benzoyl peroxide. Furthermore, the ratio of MBC/MIC of betel leaf extract was 1.75, indicating its bactericidal action. When applied to methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP), betel leaf extract was equally efficient towards both groups. S. pseudintermedius strains were more susceptible to betel leaf extract than S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans. In gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis, eugenol and hydroxychavicol appeared to be the major components of betel leaf extract. Given its efficacy, dogs with pyoderma could benefit from the use of betel leaf extract as a topical antimicrobial alternative.

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Lai, Cheng-Hung, Yu-Chan Ma, Wei-Yau Shia, Yu-Ling Hsieh, and Chao-Min Wang. "Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Dogs with Superficial Pyoderma and Their Owners." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070306.

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The microbial communities on the skin of dogs include several species of bacteria, which contribute to skin health and disease. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, cultured at high frequency from the skin of dogs, is an opportunistic pathogen causing superficial pyoderma. Effective treatment against S. pseudintermedius infections is an important issue in veterinary medicine. However, multiple antibiotic-resistant mechanisms gradually developed by bacteria make treatment more challenging nowadays. Drug-resistant genes may have the chance to be transferred from infected dogs to other staphylococci in humans. The objective of this survey is to investigate the bacterial species that cause canine superficial pyoderma and characterize the antibiotic-resistant profiles and drug-resistant genes of isolated S. pseudintermedius. In addition, the possible risk factors causing S. pseudintermedius colonizing owners were also evaluated by a questionnaire survey. Sixty-five bacteria were isolated from dogs with superficial pyoderma, which included 47 S. pseudintermedius (72.3%), 12 other staphylococci (18.5%), 4 other Gram-positive bacteria (6.2%) and 2 Gram-negative bacteria (3.1%). Strains containing mecA and blaZ genes showed multiple-drug resistance characteristics. Dogs that received antimicrobial treatment within a recent month were at significantly higher risk of MRSP infections. Only five S. pseudintermedius strains (8.33%) were isolated from 60 samples of owners. Risk factor analysis indicated there was no significant association between S. pseudintermedius isolated from dogs and owners, but the “Keeping three or more dogs” and “Dogs can lick the owner’s face” have high odds ratios of 3.503 and 5.712, respectively. MRSP isolates belonged to three different dru types, including dt11y (29.41%), dt11a (47.06%) and dt10cp (23.53%). In conclusion, the major pathogen of canine superficial pyoderma is found to be S. pseudintermedius in Taiwan, and isolates which are mecA- or blaZ-positive are generally more resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Although S. pseudintermedius isolated from the owners might be transferred from their dogs, definite risk factors should be examined in the future study.

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Viegas, Flávia Mello, Jordana Almeida Santana, Brendhal Almeida Silva, Rafael Gariglio Clark Xavier, Cláudia Teixeira Bonisson, Júlia Lara Sette Câmara, Mário Cesar Rennó, et al. "Occurrence and characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. in diseased dogs in Brazil." PLOS ONE 17, no. 6 (June 3, 2022): e0269422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269422.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a major commensal bacterium of the skin and mucosae of dogs and an opportunistic agent responsible for several clinical infections, such as pyoderma, otitis, and surgical wound infections. The emergence of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) has become a problem of great concern in veterinary and human medicine because it is multidrug resistant (MDR) and can also infect humans. This study aimed to identify the occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. in infected patients and investigate the antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular structure of MRSP isolates. Samples were obtained from two different veterinary clinics; suggestive colonies were submitted to matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry and confirmed at the species level by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sequencing of the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes were used in selected samples that were not identified by MALDI-ToF and by the species-specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility and PCR detection of mecA were performed. MRSP isolates were subjected to multilocus sequence typing. Of all the clinical staphylococci (n = 131), 98 (74.8%) were identified as S. pseudintermedius. Multidrug resistance (resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials) was observed in 63.2% of S. pseudintermedius isolates, and 24.5% of S. pseudintermedius isolates were methicillin-resistant. Half of the MRSP isolates were isolated from surgical site infections. Among the ten sequence types (ST) identified, nine were novel. ST71 was the most prevalent and associated with resistance to fluoroquinolones. Prior antimicrobial therapy, hospitalization, and surgical site infections seemed to be risk factors for MRSP acquisition. The present study showed a high rate of MDR staphylococci in infected dogs. MRSP was isolated from different clinical conditions, mainly surgical site infections. Additionally, this is the first study to extensively investigate the population structure of MRSP in Brazil, which revealed the dispersion of CC71 and nine novel ST. These findings raise concerns for both animal and human health due to the zoonotic potential of this species and limited therapeutic options available for MRSP infections.

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Vrbovská, Veronika, Ivo Sedláček, Michal Zeman, Pavel Švec, Vojtěch Kovařovic, Ondrej Šedo, Monika Laichmanová, Jiří Doškař, and Roman Pantůček. "Characterization of Staphylococcus intermedius Group Isolates Associated with Animals from Antarctica and Emended Description of Staphylococcus delphini." Microorganisms 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8020204.

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Members of the genus Staphylococcus are widespread in nature and occupy a variety of niches, however, staphylococcal colonization of animals in the Antarctic environment has not been adequately studied. Here, we describe the first isolation and characterization of two Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) members, Staphylococcus delphini and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, in Antarctic wildlife. Staphylococcus delphini were found exclusively in Adélie penguins. The report of S. pseudintermedius from Weddell seals confirmed its occurrence in all families of the suborder Caniformia. Partial RNA polymerase beta-subunit (rpoB) gene sequencing, repetitive PCR fingerprinting with the (GTG)5 primer, and matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry gave consistent identification results and proved to be suitable for identifying SIG members. Comparative genomics of S. delphini isolates revealed variable genomic elements, including new prophages, a novel phage-inducible chromosomal island, and numerous putative virulence factors. Surface and extracellular protein distribution were compared between genomes and showed strain-specific profiles. The pathogenic potential of S. delphini was enhanced by a novel type of exfoliative toxin, trypsin-like serine protease cluster, and enterotoxin C. Detailed analysis of phenotypic characteristics performed on six Antarctic isolates of S. delphini and eight reference strains from different animal sources enabled us to emend the species description of S. delphini.

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Kerek, Ádám, Ágnes Sterczer, Zoltán Somogyi, Dóra Kovács, and Ákos Jerzsele. "Investigation of the environmental presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria at small animal hospitals in Hungary." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 68, no. 4 (April 19, 2021): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/004.2020.00055.

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AbstractMultidrug-resistant bacteria can cause severe nosocomial infections in both human and veterinary clinics. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and antibiotic susceptibility of Enterococcus, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas strains at four small animal clinics of Hungary in 2018, as these bacteria can reliably represent the level of antimicrobial resistance in the investigated environment. A total of 177 Staphylococcus colonies were found, including 22 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 13 Staphylococcus aureus. As regards enterococci, 9 Enterococcus faecium, 2 E. faecalis and further 286 Enterococcus strains were isolated. The number of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates (n = 34) was considered too low for relevant susceptibility testing. Among staphylococci, the highest resistance was found to sulphamethoxazole (82.9%), penicillin (65.7%) and erythromycin (54.3%), while in the case of enterococci, resistance to norfloxacin and rifampicin was the most common, with 25.5% of the strains being resistant to both antibiotics. Ten methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and six vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) strains could be identified. Only 5.7% of the Staphylococcus isolates were susceptible to all tested agents, while this ratio was 36.2% among enterococci. The results of this study have revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Hungarian small animal clinics, which highlights the importance of regular disinfection processes and stringent hygiene measures in veterinary clinics.

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Melter, O., P. Svec, J. Tkadlec, J. Doskar, H. Kinska, and R. Pantucek. "Characterisation of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from canine infections and determination of virulence factors using multiplex PCR." Veterinární Medicína 62, No. 2 (February 13, 2017): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2016-vetmed.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a genuine opportunistic pathogen of the skin, especially in canids. However, characterisation of virulence, antimicrobial resistance and genotypic variability in methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius isolates has not been fully explored. In this study, coagulase-positive staphylococcal isolates collected from dogs of various breeds and ages suffering from dermatitis (n = 70), pyoderma (n = 7), and otitis (n = 7), from districts of Prague (Czech Republic) and surrounding areas, were characterised using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined, virulence factor genes for leukocidin (lukSF-I), exfoliatins (exi, expB, and siet), enterotoxin C (seccanine) and enterotoxin-related genes (se-int and sel) were detected using multiplex PCR and the genotypes of S. pseudintermedius isolates were determined using SmaI macrorestriction analysis. The majority of the staphylococcal isolates (n = 84) were identified as S. pseudintermedius (n = 79) and all of them were susceptible to methicillin/oxacillin (MSSP). About half of the strains (n = 41) were resistant to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B antimicrobial agents and resistance was mediated in all but one of the strains by the erm(B) gene. The genes for lukSF-I, siet, se-int, and sel were detected in the majority of the MSSP strains (96.2%, 100%, 100%, and 73.4%, respectively). Investigated canine S. pseudintermedius isolates were highly heterogeneous, which prevented the correlation of any specific lineage to a particular infection, dog breed, or region of origin.

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RAMSEY, KIMBERLY J., ERIN C. CARTER, MARIAN L. McKEE, and BRIAN J. BECK. "Reclassification of the Listeria-CAMP Test Strain ATCC 49444 Staphylococcus aureus as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Journal of Food Protection 73, no. 8 (August 1, 2010): 1525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-73.8.1525.

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ATCC 49444, originally designated as Staphylococcus aureus, has been cited as a component strain in the CAMP test for identification of Listeria monocytogenes. A polyphasic study, in which molecular data were combined with cytochemical properties and physiological characteristics, identified this isolate as Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. The nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA and sodA genes from ATCC 49444 were determined and found to be identical to those of other S. pseudintermedius strains. Ribotyping analysis of ATCC 49444 indicated a low (0.2) similarity index with S. aureus and Staphylococcus intermedius strains but a similarity index of more than 0.66 with S. pseudintermedius isolates. A functional comparison of ATCC 49444 with S. aureus ATCC 25923 utilizing the CAMP test demonstrated equivalent hemolytic enhancement with L. monocytogenes isolates. While this study demonstrates that ATCC 49444 is a valid component strain for the CAMP test, it is proposed that ATCC 49444 be reclassified as S. pseudintermedius and that users worldwide be alerted to this reclassification and name change.

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Ruzauskas, M., N. Couto, A. Pavilonis, I. Klimiene, R. Siugzdiniene, M. Virgailis, L. Vaskeviciute, L. Anskiene, and C. Pomba. "Characterization of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolated from diseased dogs in Lithuania." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjvs-2016-0002.

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AbstractThe aim of this study was to characterize Staphylococcus pseudintermedius for its antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors with a special focus on methicillin-resistant (MRSP) strains isolated from sick dogs in Lithuania. Clinically sick adult dogs suffering from infections (n=214) and bitches with reproductive disorders (n=36) from kennels were selected for the study. Samples (n=192) from the 250 tested (76.8%) dogs were positive for Staphylococcus spp. Molecular profiling using the species-specific nuc gene identified 51 isolates as S. pseudintermedius (26.6% from a total number of isolated staphylococci) of which 15 isolates were identified as MRSP. Ten MRSP isolates were isolated from bitches with reproductive disorders from two large breeding kennels. Data on susceptibility of S. pseudintermedius to different antimicrobials revealed that all isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, daptomycin and linezolid. Two isolates (3.9%) were resistant to rifampicin. A high resistance was seen towards penicillin G (94.1%), tetracycline (64.7%) and macrolides (68.7%). Resistance to fluoroquinolones ranged from 25.5% (gatifloxacin) to 31.4% (ciprofloxacin). The most prevalent genes encoding resistance included blaZ, aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2’’)-Ia, mecA, and tet(M). The Luk-I gene encoding a leukotoxin was detected in 29% of the isolates, whereas the siet gene encoding exfoliative toxin was detected in 69% of the S. pseudintermedius isolates. This report of MRSP in companion animals represents a major challenge for veterinarians in terms of antibiotic therapy and is a concern for both animal and public health.

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Schissler, Jennifer R., Andrew Hillier, Joshua B. Daniels, Lynette K. Cole, and Wondwossen A. Gebreyes. "Evaluation of Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute Interpretive Criteria for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 21, no. 5 (September 2009): 684–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870902100514.

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The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute published in 2008 new interpretive criteria for the identification of methicillin resistance in staphylococci isolated from animals. The sensitivity of the 2008 interpretive criteria for mecA gene-positive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, compared with the previous criteria of 2004, was investigated. Thirty clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius from dogs were used. The presence of the mecA gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction. The minimum inhibitory concentration for oxacillin was determined by broth microdilution. The 2008 breakpoint of 4 μg/ml for methicillin resistance resulted in a diagnostic sensitivity of 73.3% (22/30). The 2004 breakpoint guideline of 0.5 μg/ml resulted in a diagnostic sensitivity of 97% (29/30). For oxacillin disk diffusion, the 2008 interpretive criterion of 10 mm for methicillin resistance resulted in a sensitivity of 70% (21/30). If intermediate isolates (11 or 12 mm) were considered resistant, the sensitivity was 93% (28/30). Application of the 2004 interpretive criterion of 17 mm resulted in a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% (30/30). For cefoxitin disk diffusion, the interpretive criterion of 21 mm for methicillin resistance (as used for Staphylococcus aureus) resulted in a diagnostic sensitivity of 6.7% (2/30). The interpretive criterion of 24 mm (as used for coagulase-negative staphylococci) resulted in a diagnostic sensitivity of 43.3% (13/30). With the use of 2008 interpretive criteria, all 3 tests produced what we consider to be an unacceptable level of false negative results. Our findings also suggest that cefoxitin disk diffusion is an inappropriate screening test for methicillin resistance of canine S. pseudintermedius.

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Beça, Nuno, Lucinda Janete Bessa, Ângelo Mendes, Joana Santos, Liliana Leite-Martins, Augusto J. F. Matos, and Paulo Martins da Costa. "Coagulase-Positive Staphylococcus: Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 51, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 365–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6255.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is the most prevalent coagulase-positive Staphylococcus inhabitant of the skin and mucosa of dogs and cats, causing skin and soft tissue infections in these animals. In this study, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus species were isolated from companion animals, veterinary professionals, and objects from a clinical veterinary environment by using two particular culture media, Baird-Parker RPF agar and CHROMagar Staph aureus. Different morphology features of colonies on the media allowed the identification of the species, which was confirmed by performing a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Among 23 animals, 15 (65.2%) harbored coagulase-positive Staphylococcus, being 12 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius carriers. Four out of 12 were methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). All veterinary professionals had coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (CoPS) species on their hands and two out of nine objects sampled harbored MRSP. The antimicrobial-resistance pattern was achieved for all isolates, revealing the presence of many multidrug-resistant CoPS, particularly S. pseudintermedius. The combined analysis of the antimicrobial-resistance patterns shown by the isolates led to the hypothesis that there is a possible crosscontamination and dissemination of S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius species between the three types of carriers sampled in this study that could facilitate the spread of the methicillin-resistance phenotype.

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Zeman, Michal, Pavol Bárdy, Veronika Vrbovská, Pavel Roudnický, Zbyněk Zdráhal, Vladislava Růžičková, Jiří Doškař, and Roman Pantůček. "New Genus Fibralongavirus in Siphoviridae Phages of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Viruses 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2019): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121143.

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Bacteriophages of the significant veterinary pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are rarely described morphologically and genomically in detail, and mostly include phages of the Siphoviridae family. There is currently no taxonomical classification for phages of this bacterial species. Here we describe a new phage designated vB_SpsS_QT1, which is related to phage 2638A originally described as a Staphylococcus aureus phage. Propagating strain S. aureus 2854 of the latter was reclassified by rpoB gene sequencing as S. pseudintermedius 2854 in this work. Both phages have a narrow but different host range determined on 54 strains. Morphologically, both of them belong to the family Siphoviridae, share the B1 morphotype, and differ from other staphylococcal phage genera by a single long fibre at the terminus of the tail. The complete genome of phage vB_SpsS_QT1 was sequenced with the IonTorrent platform and expertly annotated. Its linear genome with cohesive ends is 43,029 bp long and encodes 60 predicted genes with the typical modular structure of staphylococcal siphophages. A global alignment found the genomes of vB_SpsS_QT1 and 2638A to share 84% nucleotide identity, but they have no significant similarity of nucleotide sequences with other phage genomes available in public databases. Based on the morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic analyses, a novel genus Fibralongavirus in the family Siphoviridae is described with phage species vB_SpsS_QT1 and 2638A.

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Alvarez V., Luis, Juan Siuce M., Joel Palomino F., Sofía Gonzales M., André Sedano S., and Sonia Calle E. "Detección molecular de Staphylococcus pseudintermedius en piodermas caninas." Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú 31, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): e18734. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rivep.v31i3.18734.

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La pioderma es una de las enfermedades de la piel más diagnosticada en caninostaphylococcus intermedius; sin embargo, en 2005 fue reclasificado en tres especies fenotípicamente similares: S. intermedius, S. pseudintermedius y S. delphini, por lo cual no pueden ser identificadas por bioquímica convencional. Diversos estudios reportan S. pseudintermedius como el agente bacteriano más frecuentemente aislado en piodermas. Por ello, este estudio evaluó la presencia S. pseudintermedius mediante PCR-RFLP en 141 aislados de Staphylococcus sp en el Laboratorio de Bacteriología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, provenientes de casos de pioderma canina en el periodo 2016-2018, encontrando que 87.9% de los aislados de Staphylococcus sp han sido identificados como S. pseudintermedius y 12.1% como Staphylococcus sp.

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Frosini, Sian Marie, Ross Bond, Alex J. McCarthy, Claudia Feudi, Stefan Schwarz, Jodi A. Lindsay, and Anette Loeffler. "Genes on the Move: In Vitro Transduction of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes between Human and Canine Staphylococcal Pathogens." Microorganisms 8, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8122031.

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Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) between people and pets, and their co-carriage, are well-described. Potential exchange of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes amongst these staphylococci was investigated in vitro through endogenous bacteriophage-mediated transduction. Bacteriophages were UV-induced from seven donor isolates of canine (MRSP) and human (MRSA) origin, containing tet(M), tet(K), fusB or fusC, and lysates filtered. Twenty-seven tetracycline- and fusidic acid- (FA-) susceptible recipients were used in 122 donor-recipient combinations (22 tetracycline, 100 FA) across 415 assays (115 tetracycline, 300 FA). Bacteriophage lysates were incubated with recipients and presumed transductants quantified on antimicrobial-supplemented agar plates. Tetracycline resistance transduction from MRSP and MRSA to methicillin-susceptible S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) was confirmed by PCR in 15/115 assays. No FA-resistance transfer occurred, confirmed by negative fusB/fusC PCR, but colonies resulting from FA assays had high MICs (≥32 mg/L) and showed mutations in fusA, two at a novel position (F88L), nine at H457[Y/N/L]. Horizontal gene transfer of tetracycline-resistance confirms that resistance genes can be shared between coagulase-positive staphylococci from different hosts. Cross-species AMR transmission highlights the importance of good antimicrobial stewardship across humans and veterinary species to support One Health.

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Scherer, Carolina B., Larissa S. Botoni, Antônio U. Carvalho, Kelly M. Keller, and Adriane P. Costa-Val. "Ceftaroline resistance in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius gene mecA carriers." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, no. 12 (December 2018): 2233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5680.

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ABSTRACT: Infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being a constant concern, ceftaroline fosamil has been recently approved as a new cephalosporin, active against MRSA, for use in humans; only rare cases of resistance have been reported till date. There is no report of resistance to ceftaroline in Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, which is the main bacterium causing dermatitis and otitis in dogs. To evaluate staphylococcal resistance to ceftaroline, 35 isolates of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), carrying the mecA gene, from 26 dogs with folliculitis and nine dogs with external otitis, underwent disk diffusion test with cefoxitin, oxacillin, and ceftaroline. Tests with cefoxitin and oxacillin showed > 90% sensitivity in methicillin resistance detection. In the disk diffusion test, 97.14% (34/35) were resistant to cefoxitin, 94.29% (33/35) to oxacillin, and 31.43% (11/35) to ceftaroline. Of the ceftaroline-resistant strains, 27.27% (3/11) were obtained from the ears of dogs while the rest (8/11) were from the skin. The current report is the first description of MRSP resistance to ceftaroline.

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Perreten, Vincent, Pattrarat Chanchaithong, Nuvee Prapasarakul, Alexandra Rossano, Shlomo E. Blum, Daniel Elad, and Sybille Schwendener. "Novel Pseudo-Staphylococcal Cassette ChromosomemecElement (ΨSCCmec57395) in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius CC45." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57, no. 11 (August 26, 2013): 5509–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00738-13.

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ABSTRACTGenetic characterization of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus pseudintermedius(MRSP) from Thailand and Israel revealed the presence of a predominant atypical clonal lineage which was not typeable by SmaI-PFGE and SCCmectyping. All the atypical isolates (n= 34) belonged to CC45 (30 ST45 and 2 ST179 isolates, 1 ST57 isolate, and 1 ST85 isolate). The isolates originated from healthy and diseased dogs and cats, as well as from the environment of one clinic. Cfr9I–pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (Cfr9I-PFGE) anddrutyping permitted the further distinction of CC45 isolates from the two different countries. Microarray analysis identified genes that confer resistance to β-lactams (mecA;blaZ), aminoglycosides [aac(6′)-Ie–aph(2′)-Ia;aph(3′)-III;ant(6)-Ia], macrolides and lincosamides [erm(B)], tetracyclines [tet(M)], trimethoprim [dfr(G)], streptothricin (sat4), and chloramphenicol (catpC221). Fluoroquinolone resistance was attributed to specific amino acid substitutions, i.e., Ser84Leu in GyrA and Ser80Ile and Asp84Asn in GrlA. A novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome (ΨSCCmec57395) element was identified in MRSP strain 57395 (sequence type ST45) by whole-genome sequencing. The 12,282-bp ΨSCCmec57395element contained a class C1mecgene complex but noccrgenes. In addition to the methicillin resistance genemecA, ΨSCCmec57395also carried determinants of resistance to heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, and copper. Bsu36I restriction analysis of the ΨSCCmec57395element amplified by long-range PCR revealed the presence of ΨSCCmec57395in the 33 additional isolates of MRSP CC45. The ΨSCCmec57395element represents a new class of SCCmecand has been identified in MRSP of CC45, which is a predominant clonal lineage in Israel and Thailand.

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Chanchaithong, Pattrarat, Nuvee Prapasarakul, Vincent Perreten, and Sybille Schwendener. "Characterization of a Novel Composite Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosomemecin Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from Thailand." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 2 (December 7, 2015): 1153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.02268-15.

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ABSTRACTA novel staphylococcal cassette chromosomemec(SCCmec) composite island (SCCmecAI16-SCCczrAI16-CI) was identified inStaphylococcus pseudintermedius. Four integration site sequences for SCC subdivided the 60,734-bp island into 41,232-bp SCCmecAI16, 19,400-bp SCCczrAI16, and 102-bp SCC-likeAI16elements. SCCmecAI16represents a new combination ofccrA1B3genes with a class Ameccomplex. SCCczrAI16containsccrA1B6and genes related to restriction modification and heavy metal resistance. SCCmecAI16-SCCczrAI16-CI was found in methicillin-resistantS. pseudintermediussequence type 112 (ST112) and ST111 isolated from dogs and veterinarians in Thailand.

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Quah, Y., N. Boby, and SC Park. "In vitro pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics evaluation of marbofloxacin against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Veterinární Medicína 65, No. 3 (March 28, 2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/82/2019-vetmed.

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This study aimed at determining the in vitro antibacterial activity of a clinically achievable marbofloxacin (MAR) concentration against the clinical isolate S. pseudintermedius in an in vitro dynamic model simulating the in vivo pharmacokinetics of dogs. The in vitro PK/PD (pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic) model that mimics the single daily doses of MAR (half-life, 8 h) was simulated. An inoculum (108 cfu/ml) of clinical isolate S. pseudintermedius (MIC = 0.0625 μg/ml) was exposed to monoexponentially decreasing concentrations of MAR with simulated AUC24 h/MIC varied from 34.81 h to 696.15 h. Every two hours, the multiple sample colony forming units were determined. The result of this study demonstrated that the clinically achieved MAR concentrations at AUC24 h/MIC ratios of 348.08 and 696.15 h produced a pronounced reduction in the bacterial counts and prevented the re-growth of the clinical isolate S. pseudintermedius. However, further study, considering the strains with different susceptibility levels, is recommended.

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Cho, Jae-Keun, Mi-Ree Lee, Jeong-Mi Kim, and Hwan-Deuk Kim. "Methicillin-resistant or susceptible Staphylococcus pseudintermedius isolates from dogs and cats." Korean Journal of Veterinary Service 39, no. 3 (September 30, 2016): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7853/kjvs.2016.39.3.175.

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Kadlec, Kristina, and Stefan Schwarz. "Antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Veterinary Dermatology 23, no. 4 (June 11, 2012): 276—e55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01056.x.

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Feßler, Andrea T., Anissa D. Scholtzek, Angela R. Schug, Barbara Kohn, Christiane Weingart, Anne-Kathrin Schink, Astrid Bethe, Antina Lübke-Becker, and Stefan Schwarz. "Antimicrobial and Biocide Resistance among Feline and Canine Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Diagnostic Submissions." Antibiotics 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2022): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11020127.

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A total of 114 Staphylococcus isolates from various infections of companion animals, including 43 feline Staphylococcus aureus, 19 canine S. aureus, 11 feline Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and 41 canine S. pseudintermedius were investigated for (i) their susceptibility to 24 antimicrobial agents and three combinations of antimicrobial agents by broth microdilution following CLSI recommendations and (ii) the corresponding resistance genes. In addition, the isolates were tested for their susceptibility to the four biocides benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine, polyhexanide and octenidine by a recently developed biocide susceptibility testing protocol. Penicillin resistance via blaZ was the dominant resistance property in all four groups of isolates ranging between 76.7 and 90.9%. About one quarter of the isolates (25.4%) proved to be methicillin-resistant and carried the genes mecA or mecC. Macrolide resistance was the second most prevalent resistance property (27.2%) and all isolates harbored the resistance genes erm(A), erm(B), erm(C), erm(T) or msr(A), alone or in combinations. Fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in 21.1% of all isolates tested, whereas tetracycline resistance via tet(K) and/or tet(M) occurred in 19.3% of the isolates. Resistance to last resort antimicrobial agents in human medicine was seen only in single isolates, if at all. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the four biocides showed unimodal distributions and were very similar for the four groups of staphylococci. Because of the large number of (multi)resistant isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of feline and canine S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius isolates is highly recommended before the start of an antimicrobial chemotherapy. Moreover, no hints towards the development of biocide resistance were detected.

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Jayalakshmi, V., S. Tamilarasu, VM Vivek Srinivas, SB Barbuddhe, PX Antony, and HK Mukhopadhyay. "Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius in dogs." INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 15, no. 04 (May 25, 2020): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.15.4.15.

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Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) in dogs were carried out. A total of 25 ear swabs were collected aseptically from both diseased (otitis externa) and apparently healthy dogs (for vaccination) presented to teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Veterinary Education and Research (RIVER), Puducherry. On analysis of 25 ear swab samples, a total of 14 (56%) Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (S. pseudintermedius) isolates were recovered, 6 (24%) isolates from healthy, and 8 (32%) isolates from diseased dogs. Among the 14 S. pseudintermedius isolates, eight isolates for mecA, which is 21.40% (3/14), and 35.70% (5/14) of MRSP isolates were detected in healthy and diseased dogs, respectively. The present study highlighted the presence of MRSP in dogs in Puducherry region.

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Garbacz, K., L. Piechowicz, S. Żarnowska, K. Haras, and M. Dąbrowska-Szponar. "Heterogeneity of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from diseased dogs." Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences 14, no. 2 (May 1, 2011): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10181-011-0043-6.

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Heterogeneity of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus pseudintermedius strains isolated from diseased dogs Thirty nine canine S. pseudintermedius strains were examined for antibiotic susceptibility and genetic polymorphisms. All strains were methicillin-sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP). Resistance to penicillin was most prevalent (66.6%), followed by resistance to neomycin (56.4%), erythromycin (53.8%), clindamycin (48.7%), chloramphenicol (48.7%), and tetracycline (46.2%). Pulsed-field electrophoresis (PFGE) showed a high genetic polymorphism in the investigated strains.

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Adeola, Morenike O., Faith I. Akinnibosun, and Odaro S. Imade. "Occurrence of community-acquired Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing and enterotoxin-producing methicillin-resistant staphylococci in companion dogs." Studia Universitatis Babeş-Bolyai Biologia 67, no. 1 (June 22, 2022): 23–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbbiol.2022.1.02.

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In Nigeria, available data on drug-resistant bacterial infections that are caused by companion dogs are scarce. Hence the present study evaluated the occurrence of some community-acquired toxigenic methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) on companion dogs harboured in Nigerian homes, as a pointer to the extent of exposure of humans to these pathogens. Samples were collected from 70 healthy companion dogs during dry and rainy season periods by swabbing a 125 cm2 fur area on the lumbar and thoracic sites. Phenotypic tests, Kirby Bauer disc diffusion test and 16S rRNA gene analysis were used to identify presumptive colonies of staphylococci and MRS. Molecular methods were employed to detect Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and prototypic enterotoxin B in MRS isolates. The counts of staphylococci on fur of companion dogs during the rainy season exceeded usual limits of bacteria (≤ 2.54 log10 CFU cm-2) on a healthy dog, thus, suggesting that companion dogs harboured in homes situated in Nigeria may be reservoirs of bacteria, especially during rainy season. The mean counts of staphylococci during the rainy season were estimated at 3.09 ± 2.78 log10 CFU cm-2 and 2.77 ± 2.43 log10 CFU cm-2 in Edo and Delta States, respectively. The main Staphylococcus species that were carried on fur of companion dogs included S. pseudintermedius, S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. simulans and S. saprophyticus. Amongst the staphylococci, expression of methicillin and multidrug resistance was mainly exhibited by S. pseudintermedius and S. aureus, while enterotoxigenicity was mainly expressed by methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Enterotoxigenic S. aureus was carried on the fur of companion dogs during the rainy season at estimated prevalence of 8.57% in both Edo and Delta States, respectively; while PVL-producing S. aureus was estimated at 5.71% and 2.86%, with PVL-producing S. pseudintermedius estimated at 25.71% and 34.29%, respectively. The high prevalence of toxigenic-producing isolates seen on the fur of companion dogs, especially during rainy season, could pose a risk for humans, particularly those that harbour pet dogs at their homes.

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Jantorn, Pavarish, Hawaree Heemmamad, Tanawan Soimala, Saowakon Indoung, Jongkon Saising, Julalak Chokpaisarn, Warapond Wanna, Varomyalin Tipmanee, and Dennapa Saeloh. "Antibiotic Resistance Profile and Biofilm Production of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolated from Dogs in Thailand." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 6 (June 20, 2021): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14060592.

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a zoonotic pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in animals and humans. The study of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) and its ability to produce biofilms is important to select the most suitable treatment. The prevalence and characteristics of S. pseudintermedius isolated from dogs admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand were assessed. Results showed that 28.30% (15/53) of the isolates were MRSP. Amplification of the mecA gene was observed in 93.33% (14/15) MRSP. Methicillin-resistant strains revealed co-resistant patterns against other antibiotics, including chloramphenicol, clindamycin, tetracycline, clarithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim. In this study, all bacterial isolates produced biofilms, while 90.55% of S. pseudintermedius isolates were strong or moderate biofilm producers. Most (45–60%) of the resistant strains were strong biofilm producers, while the correlation between biofilm production and antibiotic resistance was not statistically significant. This is the first study in southern Thailand to investigate the drug-resistant profile of S. pseudintermedius and its ability to form biofilm. The results will contribute to a better understanding of the emergence and prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in S. pseudintermedius.

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Savini, Vincenzo, Edoardo Carretto, Klaudia Polakowska, Paolo Fazii, Jacek Międzobrodzki, and Domenico D’Antonio. "May Staphylococcus pseudintermedius be non-haemolytic?" Journal of Medical Microbiology 62, no. 8 (August 1, 2013): 1256–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.061952-0.

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van Duijkeren, E., B. Catry, C. Greko, M. A. Moreno, M. C. Pomba, S. Pyorala, M. Ruzauskas, et al. "Review on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66, no. 12 (September 19, 2011): 2705–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr367.

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Bannoehr, J., A. Franco, M. Iurescia, A. Battisti, and J. R. Fitzgerald. "Molecular Diagnostic Identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 47, no. 2 (December 17, 2008): 469–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01915-08.

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Wegener, Alice, Peter Damborg, Luca Guardabassi, Arshnee Moodley, Lapo Mughini-Gras, Birgitta Duim, Jaap A. Wagenaar, and Els M. Broens. "Specific staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types and clonal complexes are associated with low-level amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 3 (December 17, 2019): 508–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz509.

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Abstract Background Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a common pathogen in dogs and methicillin resistance has emerged over recent decades. According to the current guidelines, S. pseudintermedius displaying oxacillin resistance should be reported as resistant to all β-lactams. Objectives To identify possible associations between β-lactam resistance levels and clonal complexes (CCs) and/or staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types in methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP). Methods MICs of oxacillin, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and cefalotin were determined by broth microdilution for 86 clinical canine MRSP isolates from Denmark and the Netherlands. PCR and sequencing were used for SCCmec typing and MLST. Results Isolates belonged to CC71 (n = 36), CC258 (n = 33), CC45 (n = 11), CC68 (n = 1) and five singleton STs. SCCmecII-III was exclusively found in CC71 and SCCmecIV was significantly associated with CC258. SCCmecV and non-typeable SCCmec types occurred in 4 and 14 isolates, respectively. SCCmecIV was associated with lower MICs of oxacillin (<2 mg/L), ampicillin (<8 mg/L) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (<4 mg/L) and with susceptibility to cefalotin (<4 mg/L). All isolates harbouring SCCmecV were susceptible to cefalotin as well. Conclusions SCCmec types were associated with different CCs and with either high- or low-level resistance to different β-lactams. The finding of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (20%) and cefalotin (70%) in vitro susceptibility across all CCs might have clinical implications, since amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and first-generation cephalosporins are first-choice antibiotics for treatment of S. pseudintermedius infections. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and clinical outcome studies are warranted to evaluate the in vivo efficacy of these β-lactams for treatment of MRSP infections.

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Azzariti, Stefano, Ross Bond, Anette Loeffler, Flavia Zendri, Dorina Timofte, Yu-Mei Chang, and Ludovic Pelligand. "Investigation of In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance Mechanisms in Skin Pathogens: Perspectives for Fluoroquinolone Therapy in Canine Pyoderma." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (September 6, 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091204.

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Fluoroquinolones (FQ) are commonly used in dogs with bacterial skin infections. Their use as first choice, along with the increased incidence of FQ-resistance, represents a risk to animal and public health. Our study determined minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of five FQs in Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, and Escherichia coli, together with FQ-resistance mechanisms. MICs, efflux pump (EP) overexpression and MBCs were measured in 249 skin infection isolates following CLSI guidelines (CLSI VET01-A4, CLSI M26-A). Chromosomal and plasmid-mediated resistance genes were investigated after DNA extraction and sequencing. FQ-resistance was detected in 10% of methicillin-susceptible (MS), 90% of methicillin-resistant (MR) staphylococci and in 36% of E. coli. Bactericidal effect was observed except in 50% of MRSA/P for ciprofloxacin and in 20% of MRSPs for enrofloxacin. Highest MICs were associated with double mutation in gyrA (Ser83Leu + Asp87Asn), efflux pumps and three PMQR genes in E. coli, and grlA (Ser80Phe + Glu84Lys) in S. aureus. EP overexpression was high among E. coli (96%), low in S. aureus (1%) and absent in S. pseudintermedius. Pradofloxacin and moxifloxacin showed low MICs with bactericidal effect. Since in vitro FQ resistance was associated with MR, FQ use should be prudently guided by susceptibility testing.

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Moses, Ikechukwu Benjamin, Fernanda Fernandes Santos, and Ana Cristina Gales. "Human Colonization and Infection by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius: An Emerging and Underestimated Zoonotic Pathogen." Microorganisms 11, no. 3 (February 25, 2023): 581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030581.

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S. pseudintermedius is a known resident of the skin and mucous membranes and a constituent of the normal microbiota of dogs. It has also been recognized as an opportunistic and zoonotic pathogen that is able to colonize humans and cause severe diseases, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Most importantly, methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), which is intrinsically multidrug-resistant, has emerged with serious public health consequences. The epidemiological situation is further exacerbated with reports of its zoonotic transmission and human infections which have been mostly attributed to the increasing frequency of dog ownership and close contact between dogs and humans. Evidence on the zoonotic transmission of MRSP from pet dogs to humans (such as dog owners, small-animal veterinarians, and other people in close proximity to dogs) is limited, especially due to the misidentification of S. pseudintermedius as S. aureus. Despite this fact, reports on the increasing emergence and spread of MRSP in humans have been increasing steadily over the years since its first documented report in 2006 in Belgium. The emergence of MRSP strains has further compromised treatment outcomes in both veterinary and human medicine as these strains are resistant to beta-lactam antimicrobials usually prescribed as first line treatment. Frustratingly, the limited awareness and surveillance of the zoonotic transmission of S. pseudintermedius have underestimated their extent of transmission, prevalence, epidemiology, and public health significance. In order to fill this gap of information, this review focused on detailed reports on zoonotic transmission, human colonization, and infections by S. pseudintermedius, their pathogenic features, antimicrobial resistance profiles, epidemiology, risk factors, and treatment. In writing this review, we searched Web of Science, PubMed, and SCOPUS databases using the keyword “Staphylococcus pseudintermedius AND humans”. A phylogenetic tree to determine the genetic relatedness/diversity of publicly available genomes of S. pseudintermedius was also constructed.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Staphylococcus pseudintermediu'

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